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Matthias Heise, Kathrin Rucktäschel - Indonesia's Search for Democracy

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Matthias Heise (Hrsg.), Kathrin Rucktäschel (Hrsg.)

Indonesia's Search for Democracy

Reihe: Transformation, Development, and Regionalization in Greater Asia

Band 10 2013

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Markus Paesler, Katharina Vitt Quintessential Elements of Indonesian Economic Policy in SBY’s First Term 2004–2009 S. 191-210

„… 192 deducing future tendencies. For different reasons the development of economic policy is a …” „… supposed to be reduced by rural development programs.17 A closer look at his more concrete economic policy …” „… nation’s democratic development, may be identified and economic success can be highlighted from …”

Aknolt Kristian Pakpahan Micro, Small, and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Indonesia: Towards More Coordinated Policies and More Competitive-based SME S. 299-318

„… . Unfortunately, low access to financial services and “unfriendly” economic conditions hamper the development of …” „… . The point is that innovation is a foundation for promoting economic development.28 Tambunan added …” „… creation, poverty reduction, and rural economic development. Unfortunately, the existence of Indonesian …”

I Nyoman Sudira Interethnic Conflict Management in Indonesia: The Municipality of Denpasar, Bali S. 123-142

„… controlled by the center.7 Economic development was central to New Order government. Up to mid- 1997, the …” „… New Order regime was successful in engineering economic growth. This development brought about an …” „… economic development was strong and heavy reliance on the state’s control and exploitation of natural …”

Kathrin Rucktäschel Indonesia’s Environmental Policy Related to Forestry Issues: Caught between International Posture and Internal Conditions S. 67-96

„… population requiring a steady economic development for the supplying of the needed goods, such as food, jobs …” „… , therefore, faces the challenge to keep the balance between rapid, short-term economic development to combat …” „… economic development as well as the concentration of most of Indonesia’s population on the island of Java …”

Enrico Fels Dancing with the Dragon: Indonesia and Its Relations to a Rising China S. 163-190

„… Lines of Communication (SLOC) to the global and regional economy. Economic Development The AFC in …” „… Product (GDP) larger than USD 1 trillion.35 The country’s good economic development also allowed the …” „… powers.46 To briefly summarize the findings above: Considering the impressive economic development of …”

Matthias Heise, Kathrin Rucktäschel Indonesia’s Democratic Consolidation: Political, Security, and Economic Perspectives S. 7-18

„… Indonesia’s economic performance. After more than a decade of development toward a consolidated democracy …” „… 7 Indonesia’s Democratic Consolidation: Political, Security, and Economic Perspectives In February …” „… and investigating recent developments in Indonesia. Since 1998, the transformation of Indonesia …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-6

„… _6802-1.indd 2 16.01.13 10:47 Political, Economic, and Social Developments Indonesia’s Search for …” „… The Series Transformation, Development, and Regionalization in Greater Asia is edited by …” „… . Dr. Reimund Seidelmann Center for International Development and Environmental Research (ZEU …”

Will Albert Triwibowo, Aknolt Kristian Pakpahan Fighting Corruption in Indonesia: In Search of Greater Political S. 233-258

„… the Political and Economic Risk Consultancy, it is obvious that Indonesia is still struggling with …” „… and Economic Risk Consultancy agency that grades Indonesia with 7.98 in 2008.7 Judging on the grade …” „… . However, the eradication of corruption should continue because corruption harms the economic and human …”

Bangkit Rahmat Tri Widodo Indonesia’s Peacekeeping Missions within the “Independent and Active Foreign Policy” S. 143-162

„… policy independent from global rivalries in order to prioritize domestic issues to overcome economic …” „… announced the People Twofold Command (DWIKORA) in the middle of May 1963 to oppose the development of the …” „… conservative ones and was seeking for economic autarky with little integration into the 15 Cf. Leifer 1983 …”

Yasintha Sembiring The Indonesian Media between Freedom and Responsibility: A Study of the Ambalat Block DisputeMargareth S. 277-298

„… her neighbor in terms of economic development and order and security with millions of people living …” „… scarcity of oil and gas resources. First of all, the economic and infrastructure developments at border …” „… observation that the lack of economic development at border areas may cause the wearing away of the sense of …”

Matthias Heise The Challenge of Civil-Military Relations in Indonesia’s Democratic Consolidation: Reforming the Institutional Setting and Military Education S. 37-66

„… governance, regional neighborhood policy, as well as socio-economic and economic development. This approach …” „… ). Some Social Requisites for Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy. In: American …” „… the limitations of the contribution of civic education to this desirable development will thus be …”

Franz Magnis-Suseno Indonesia’s Challenge: Making Democracy Succeed S. 23-36

„… , Indonesia has seen astonishing political developments. Only a week after the fall of Suharto democracy was …” „… development is something normal and only to be expected. No country, and certainly not a complex, young …” „… , without regard to the rhythm of her own social-cultural development, can expect to have a straight line of …”

Adrianus Harsawaskita Rationale for Defending Indonesia: The Case of the Lombok Treaty S. 97-122

„… . Indeed, Indonesia’s domestic political development would have ramification for Australia. In the context …” „… , development in the political sphere that requires consideration whether the agenda is set according to or …” „… concentration on development. More than anything else, Indonesia has problems with its budget. Diverting other …”

Sylvia Yazid Practicing Democracy in Indonesia: The Involvement of NGO in the Process of Making and Implementing Policies on Labor Migration S. 211-232

„… overcome 6 Cf. Riker 1995a. 7 Cf. Shigetomi 2002. Shigetomi goes further to include economic space …” „… and Abdurrahman Wahid governments were more occupied with issues like economic recovery, political …” „… then Director for Economic and Socio-cultural Affairs of the Directorate General of Legal Affairs and …”

Antje Missbach Stuck in Limbo: Transit Migration in Indonesia S. 259-276

„… legally overseas.2 In the past, most labor migrants were men, driven by economic hardship and high …” „… circumstances of departure (voluntary or forced), or the motivations for departure (economic reasons or rescue …” „… hard to maintain the distinction between economic migrants and political refugees, as the former can …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845239118

Kristen Ringdal, Sabrina P. Ramet, Danica Fink-Hafner - Small States, Big Challenges

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Kristen Ringdal (Hrsg.), Sabrina P. Ramet (Hrsg.), Danica Fink-Hafner (Hrsg.)

Small States, Big Challenges

2016

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Jože Mencinger, Jonathon Moses 9 Economic developments in Slovenia and Norway S. 226-251

„… Part Three – The Economy & the Environment Jože Mencinger and Jonathon Moses Economic developments …” „… emphasis is on describing the country's economic development from “the success story” to the Troika. In …” „… under Centralized and Decentralized Planning: Yugoslavia - A Case Study” in Economic development and …”

Kristen Ringdal, Sabrina P. Ramet, Danica Fink-Hafner 1 Comparing Two Small States, Norway and SloveniaAn Introduction S. 8-37

„… : political history, economic and social development Political history The self-perception of Slovenians as …” „… national banks after Slovenia’s joining the Eurozone had not been spent wisely for economic development …” „… been important for the economic development of Norway for centuries and more recently even more …”

Matej Knep 10 Slovenia: An Evironmental Leader, a Laggard or Both? S. 252-269

„… Performance Review” (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD Environmental Performance …” „… (economic) development. Environmental policies based on the sustainable environmental paradigm are typi- 13 …” „… regarding economic and social development. 264 Matej Knep Under the pressure of the accession to the EU …”

Anders Todal Jenssen, Aleksandra Kanjuo-Mrcela 6 Gender Equality in Norway and Slovenia S. 146-175

„… fact that the history of the development of the economic and political systems in the two countries has …” „… mainly by the choice of models of further economic development as well as the choice of legal and …” „… . – The Editors 6 Gender equality in Norway: Mobilization from below and economic-bureaucratic rationality …”

Damjan Lajh, Jonathon Moses 12 Relations with the EU S. 288-309

„… (and skeptical). While Slovenia’s economic development and integration with the world economy brings it …” „… Jaklič, “Economic policies and development of the Slovenian economy after EU accession”, in Damjan Lajh …” „… (mostly post-socialist) states to the integration and the developments in global economic markets at the …”

Toril Aalberg, Marko Milosavljević 4 The Norwegian and Slovenian Media System Compared S. 82-123

„… multiplication of media channels (radio, television, online); however, economic development could not follow the …” „… development of commercial media and a clear integration of the media into party politics and a strong role of …” „… main characteristics of this media market structure is therefore to look at the development of a mass …”

Alenka Krašovec, Ola Listhaug 3 Political Parties in Norway and Slovenia S. 62-81

„… s.35 Despite “favourable” socio-economic conditions for the development of radical right wing …” „… institutions, involvement of citizens in politics, instability of the party system or development and …” „… the following sections development and characteristics of parties and governments will be analysed …”

Christine M. Hassenstab, Sabrina P. Ramet 8 The Norwegian Church: From the Reformation to Partial Disestablishment S. 194-225

„… (12,618), followed by the Methodists (10,286).42 Economic Development and the Social Welfare State, I …” „… “downplays the role of economic development and other ‘demand factors’…and focuses instead on competition …” „… membership was 18,185. The Methodist Church had 11,186 members in 1946.67 Economic Development and the Social …”

About the Contributors S. 340-345

„… , comparative economics, economic policies, and EU economy. He is the author of the first Yugoslav econometric …” „… model and co-author of several econometric models, he published extensively on transition, economic …” „… policies, development of CEE countries, and EU economy. Since 1991, he has been editor of a monthly …”

Espen Moe 11 Environmental Issues in Norway S. 270-287

„… Environment and Development certainly boosted Norwegian environmental egos, among other things making the …” „… phrase sustainable development (bærekraftig utvikling) part of household Norwegian vocabulary.1 To some …” „… ; Liv Astrid Sverdrup. “Norway’s institutional response to sustainable development”, in Environmental …”

Torbjørn L. Knutsen, Zlatko Sabic 13 Norwegian and Slovenian Foreign Policy S. 310-337

„… economic base for the nation. It involves the ability to manage the resources with which its territory and …” „… its inhabitants are endowed, put them to a productive use, ensure a reasonable rate of economic growth …” „… of the union with Sweden. And this rapid development was an important reason why the union burst …”

Kristen Ringdal, Mitja Hafner-Fink 2 Changes and Stability in Democratic Cultures Norway and Slovenia 1990 – 2008 S. 38-61

„… culture and economic development. His main finding is that the civic culture is a crucial link between …” „… economic development and a stable democratic society. Inglehart’s concept of civic culture consists of …” „… social capital deemed important for the development and sustainability of democratic political systems …”

Ola Svein Stugu, Peter Vodopivec 5 Narratives of the Nation History Textbooks and National Identities in Norway and Slovenia S. 124-145

„… structured nation with an "enviable" cultural level. Fast Slovene social, economic and cultural development …” „… in scholarly interests and interpretations, exemplified by a gradually growing emphasis on economic …” „… pedagogic changes and developments. 9 During the two centuries since 1814 two successive grand, national …”

Marjan Smrke 7 The Roman Catholic Church in Post-Socialist Slovenia: From Pride to Decapitation S. 176-193

„… broader social, political, economic and cultural developments.3 This structure is contingent upon (1) size …” „… developments in relation to religion and religious organizations in the context of Slovene society, it is …” „… religious exploration, the development of a personal and direct relationship between an individual and God …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-7

„… 195 THE ECONOMY & THE ENVIRONMENTPART THREE – Jože Mencinger and Jonathon Moses Economic developments …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845265797

Karl-Heinz Nassmacher - The Funding of Party Competition

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Karl-Heinz Nassmacher

The Funding of Party Competition

2009

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Stages of political and economic development S. 121-124

„… economic development.1. Stages of political and economic developmentWhen Heidenheimer published comparative …” „… developmentBecause our sample essentially includes OECD countries only,8 a high level of economic out put in each …” „… volumes on political ? nance,3 he argued that economic development helps decrease the cost of elective …”

Interaction of causal factors S. 149-154

„… experience, freedom of individual action, economic and social development. Even low levels of corruption and …” „… variables, which can be run in a regression: Gross domestic product per capita in PPP-$, Human Development …” „… spending: per capita GDP in PPP-$, Human Development Index, experience with democracy (measured by years of …”

Cost push or demand pull? S. 183-192

„… neglect of the link between political and economic development. The application of cost intensive campaign …” „… to people may be a consequence of new technology, social change or economic development.127A …” „… economic theory to this subject. Price ? xing is a result of supply and demand. Consequently, in? ation …”

Size of the electorate (economies of scale) S. 124-128

„… study.Table 4-1: Party spending, development and size of of democraciesCountry Index ofParty SpendingEconomic …” „… scale, length of democratic tradition and level of economic development, there must be other forces at …” „… to other indicators describing the impact of development.16 Thus it seems fair to conclude that …”

State intervention in the economy S. 146-149

„… for political purposes … where the extent of govern ment spending and economic regulation is great.”86 …” „… economic activity will thus be induced to let their interests be known to their rulers, not least via …” „… involvement of the central government in many economic activities” by “personal contacts in government of …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-14

„… development 121a) Economic development 122b) Democratic tradition 1232. Size of the electorate (economies of …” „… (campaign spending) 742. Organisation maintenance 793. Policy development (research and training) 84CHAPTER …” „… cycle, country size and economic performance 109C) Comparison of spending levels 115CHAPTER FOUR …”

Party spending S. 37-40

„… political competition. Similarly, economic power and ? nance can be politically potent in other ways than …” „… on the fairness of party competition, the development of party systems, and the structure of party …” „… the consequence of social, political and economic factors. That is, political money is considered as …”

Adjustment for election cycle, country size and economic performance S. 109-115

„… development of campaign expenses, this estimate may be too generous. A more conservative approach would set …” „… ) Adjustment for election cycle, country size and economic performanceAs expenses by parties and candidates …” „… reasonable number of democracies (see column 6 in Table 3-2). Any comparison of such economic data, however …”

Demarcation of the subject of this study: party funding S. 34-37

„… competition, their actions to transform social or economic power into political power are mostly indirect …” „… narrow. However, as long as the suspicion prevails that behind an egalitarian facade money and economic …” „… beyond just the ? nancing of political competition. Similarly, economic power and ? nance can be …”

Bibliography S. 407-450

„… , James M. (2003): Why is There so Little Money in U.S. Politics? In: Journal of Economic Perspectives, 17 …” „… Interpretation of the Development of National Politics. In: Thorburn, Hugh G. (ed.), 1996, pp. 128-145.413Carty …” „… ): Developments in Australian Election Finance. In: Alexander, Herbert E./ Shiratori, Rei (eds.), 1994a, pp. 29-40 …”

Paid TV advertising S. 167-172

„… , which fall prey to social and economic developments and have to adapt to a general trend of increasing …” „… unlikely. The development of political ? nance legislation probably indicates a different pro cess. Direct …” „… , offer an im portant insight that is frequently ignored in U.S. literature on the topic. In economic …”

Professional politics S. 177-183

„… sub-national headquarters of the major parties.Nevertheless, during the 1970s and 1980s developments in …” „… party-building (organisational development). Depleted party coffers led to shrinking routine spending, too …” „… can apply a rather traditional ? nding of economic theory to this subject. Price ? xing is a result of …”

Areas of interest: issues in political finance S. 19-26

„… , property or economic power have been regarded as a fun damental element in politics. The results of …” „… for political purposes and those who take it.7 As a follow-up to the economic theory of democracy …” „… exchange between two markets, the political or administrative market and the economic or social market.18 …”

External influences (electorate and inflation) S. 155-162

„… development of [television and of other] mass media as the main forms of modern electioneering.”8 In ana …” „… . 81/82.9 Alexander/ Bauer 1991, p. 4; Pollock 1926, pp. 170/171.157and economic trends (creeping in? ation …” „… average a 17-fold (i.e. 2 times 8.5) in crease in nominal political spending, in political and economic …”

Comparison of spending levels S. 115-120

„… , sub-section A1 (political and economic development).152 Nassmacher/ Nassmacher 2001, p. 183 and Nassmacher …” „… “development theory” of political spending as advanced by Heidenheimer and Pinto-Duschinsky.155 As a general …” „… ; Pinto-Duschinsky 1981, p. 15 – See below in chapter IV, sub-section A1a (stages of development).156 Despite …”

Sources of revenue S. 40-43

„… involved.Looking at the development of political expenses over time (i.e. the dynamic aspect of politi cal ? nance …” „… electorates, in? ationary trends and economic growth in modern democracies during the 20th century have to be …”

Access for new parties: Openness of the party system? S. 346-352

„… party type(s)In general, stability and change of party systems are caused by social developments and …” „… . (the recently created policy development fund), in Italy (during the 1980s) or in the Netherlands …” „… Austria.In Germany the uni? cation process and its economic consequences favoured a new party representing …”

Revenue/ income S. 393-397

„… and parties is an expression of economic and political freedom, not necessarily the consequence of in …” „… individual candidates and extend to the development of party systems. If money is a means to success in …”

Costs of small democracies: Austria, Switzerland, Israel, Denmark, Ireland S. 105-109

„… development of campaign expenses, this estimate may be too generous. A more conservative approach would set …” „… ) Adjustment for election cycle, country size and economic performanceAs expenses by parties and candidates …”

Index S. 451-467

„… development/ growth, impact on political spending 114, 122-3, 183-90, 192economies of scale 123-7, 151-2 …” „… 113-4Human Development Index (HDI) 123, 125, 150Hungary 33Iceland 33ideology, political (and …” „… , 183-91, 323independent expenditures 90, 256, 261, 270, 276-7Index of Economic Freedom (IEF) 147-8 …”

Corporate contributions (money from the business community) S. 260-269

„… donations but never actually did” (Schefold 1996, p. 12) is not a fair account of this important development …” „… economic sectors.”170Contributions of companies (and wealthy people) always played a major role for the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845216515

Bernard M. Hoekman, Ernesto Zedillo - Trade in the 21st Century

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Bernard M. Hoekman (Hrsg.), Ernesto Zedillo (Hrsg.)

Trade in the 21st Century

2021

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Part III: Economic Development and the Trading System S. 409-516

„… succumb.”Needed: A New Paradigm for Trade and Development PoliciesTurning to the economic development challenge …” „… po-tential role of trade in economic development? How did governments ad-just their trade and development …” „… new trade and development policy paradigm has become more obvious since the economic crisis of …”

Contributors S. 523-530

„… Organ ization for Economic Co- operation and Development, Development Cooperation Directorate. He …” „… for Economic Co- operation and Development, SECO, the International Growth Centre, the World Bank, and …” „… environment.Simon Evenett is professor of international trade and economic develop-ment at the University of …”

Index S. 531-0

„… OECD. See Organ ization for Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentOffice of the United States Trade …” „… countriesDevelopment. See Research and development; Trade and develop-ment policyDigital economy, 336, 336t; economic …” „… , 284Organ ization for Economic Coopera-tion and Development (OECD): agricultural supports from, 281–84 …”

Appendix S. 517-522

„… .” In Economic Development and Multilateral Trade Cooperation, edited by S. Evenett and B. Hoekman …” „… Institute for International Economics.2002 Harnessing Trade for Development and Growth in the Middle East …” „… Emmanuel Cocq).2005 Trade for Development, Report to the U.N. Secretary General Mr. Kofi Annan, Task Force …”

Part II: Challenges for Multilateral Cooperation S. 273-408

„… University Press.Organ ization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). 2009. Ag-ricultural Policies …” „… economic activities deemed desirable from an economic growth and devel-opment perspective. This is nothing …” „… strike a balance between the legitimate role of governments to support economic development goals and to …”

Introduction: The International Trading System in Prostration, Courtsey of the United States S. 1-34

„… member nations of the Organ ization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in the 1980s to …” „… its economic development are historically unpre ce dented. China’s rapid export growth led many …” „… implement policies that promote eco-nomic development in a world of global value chain- based production, e …”

Preface

„… irrelevant because of geo-economic conflict and the turn toward unilateral protectionism in the United States …” „… , YaleGlobal; former editor of Far Eastern Economic Review“At a time when the international trading system is …” „… Bruxelles; senior fellow, Bruegel; and former economic adviser to the president of the European …”

Part I: Trade Policy Trends and Developments S. 35-272

„… PART ITRADEPOLICYTRENDS ANDDEVELOPMENTS556-86611_ch01_6P.indd 35 11/10/20 8:31 AM556-86611 …” „… discriminating against foreign commercial interests during and after the worst global economic cri-sis in three …” „… on top of the failure to conclude the Doha Development Agenda and the breakdown in the Appellate Body …”

doi.org/10.5771/9780815729051

Markus D.W. Stoffels - Can the European Union Force its Member States to Introduce the Euro?

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Markus D.W. Stoffels

Can the European Union Force its Member States to Introduce the Euro?

2019

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2. Historical development of Economic and Monetary Union S. 12-19

„… Historical development of Economic and Monetary Union Following the Werner Report group’s ambitious …” „… and (iv) the 1995 acceding State Sweden has not joined by now. 2. Historical development of Economic …” „… . 109e(5) TEEC Maastricht. 2. Historical development of Economic and Monetary Union 14 Stage three began …”

3. Obligation to introduce the euro in principle S. 20-29

„… economic convergence criteria in Article 109j(2) and the Protocol on the convergence criteria62 (price …” „… integration of markets, the situation and development of the balances of payments on cur- 3. 3.1 58 See …” „… chapter 4. 59 See chapter 3.3. 60 For this argument see also Sideek, Legal Issues of Economic Integration …”

1. Introduction S. 11

„… , however, be prefaced by an overview of the historical development of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) to …” „… relevance, legal complexity and political and economic importance. The exploration of these issues must …” „… concluding (5.), some final considerations will deal with potential enforcement problems, like economic and …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-10

„… Historical development of Economic and Monetary Union2. 12 Obligation to introduce the euro in principle3. 20 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748901877

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