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Indra Spiecker gen. Döhmann, Vagelis Papakonstantinou, Gerrit Hornung, Paul De Hert - General Data Protection Regulation

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Indra Spiecker gen. Döhmann (ed.), Vagelis Papakonstantinou (ed.), Gerrit Hornung (ed.), Paul De Hert (ed.)

General Data Protection Regulation

2023

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Art. 6(1)(f) Opinion and market research in the age of Big Data Domingos Farinho S. 340-344

„… highlights the relation between marketing and market research5 as a circuit of personal data processing and …” „… )(f)Opinion and market research in the age of Big DataLiterature: Art. 29 WP 203, ‘Opinion 03/2013 on purpose …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17III. Rights of the data subject: adapting GDPR rights to market and opinion research …”

Art. 6(1)(f) Data processing for marketing purposes Domingos Farinho S. 345-355

„… concerning data subjects’ rights in the context of market and opinion research, contrary to what happens …” „… object whenever personal data are used for the purposes of direct marketing.The DPD does not define …” „… regarding direct marketing for instance (→ Art. Art. 6(1)(f) Data processing for marketing purposes). But …”

Art. 1 Subject-Matter and Objectives Gerrit Hornung and Indra Spiecker gen. Döhmann S. 77-91

„… The second object of protection of the GDPR is the free movement of data within the internal market …” „… the unified European market for data processing in accor25 Even more reserved Roßnagel in Roßnagel, …” „… information market since data protection now plays a significant role in relation to non-European competitors …”

Art. 3 Territorial scope Gerrit Hornung S. 116-134

„… unchanged.71Connection to the Union and the internal marketOffering of goods and services to data subjects …” „… argumentation on the market place → mn. 23 et seq.).24In contrast to para. 2 (→ mn. 33), the processing of data …” „… services to data subjects in the Union (lit. a), but only targets its home market.98 This substantial …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Art. 6(1)(f) 328Opinion and market research in the age of Big Data …” „… changed the way of communication, online marketing has targeted in personalized ways, big data has turned …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Art. 6(1)(f) 340Data processing for marketing purposes …”

Art. 2 Material scope Vagelis Papakonstantinou and Paul De Hert S. 92-115

„… market.Art. 2Material scope1. This Regulation applies to the processing of personal data wholly or partly by …” „… within the GDPR as an instrument of self-commitment. Hence, the transfer of data from one …” „… one and the same controller, as is commissioned data processing in different Member States. In …”

Art. 4(25) Definitions Judith Rauhofer and Burkhard Schafer S. 253-257

„… Market’, in A. Lodder and A. Murray (eds), EU Regulation of E-Commerce: A Commentary, Cheltenham 2017, 15 …” „… Commissioner’s Office, ‘The General Data Protection Regulation: Children and the GDPR’; C. Gardiner, ‘Star Taxi …” „… Platform Services?’, Journal of European Consumer and Market Law, 10(2) (2021); M. Y. Schaub, ‘Why Uber is …”

Art. 60 Cooperation between the lead supervisory authority and the other supervisory authorities concerned Cooperation between the lead supervisory authority and other authorities S. 904-914

„… that there is an urgent need to act in order to protect the interests of data subjects, the urgency …” „… means, using a standardised format.Literature: European Commission ‘Data Protection as a Pillar of …” „… General Data Protection Regulation’, COM(2020) 264 final, 24 June 2020; European Commission. ‘A …”

Introduction S. 1-76

„… IntroductionI. History and Motives of Data Protection Legislation …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5aa) Automated data processing …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6bb) Necessary juridification of data protection …”

Art. 89 Safeguards and derogations relating to processing for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientific or historical research purposes or statistical purposes Laura Carmichael, Emma Crado... S. 1113-1121

„… , https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/information-management/guide-to-archiving-personal-data.pdf. 6 The ERA – founded in 2000 – aims to create “a single, borderless market for research …” „… of the data subject. Those safeguards shall ensure that technical and organisational measures are in …” „… place in particular in order to ensure respect for the principle of data minimisation. Those measures …”

Index S. 1169-1211

„… – law firms 4(7) 34– mail marketing 4(7) 39– market research agency 4(7) 38– municipial authorities …” „… – Websites 3 45Market research agency 4(7) 38Marketing 6(1)(f) 1Material scope 2 1 et seq.– automated …” „… data flows 49 15 et seq.– marketing 49 16– outsourcing 49 17– PNR 49 16– third country transfer …”

Art. 6 Lawfulness of processing Giovanni Sartor S. 291-327

„… interests of the controller or of third parties (e.g., market analyses, advertising, sale of data and so …” „… new technology applications will not be forced upon the data subjects – in this case, the …” „… attitudes and preferences. Concerning data analyses with Big Data, the data subjects will only notice …”

Art. 20 Right to data portability Alexander Dix S. 508-517

„… Art. 20Right to data portability1. The data subject shall have the right to receive the personal …” „… data concerning him or her, which he or she has provided to a controller, in a structured, commonly …” „… used and machine-readable format and have the right to transmit those data to another controller …”

Art. 4(9) Recipient András Jóri S. 189-191

„… another body to whom the personal data are disclosed, whether or not a third party. However, public …” „… authorities which may receive personal data in the framework of a particular inquiry in accordance with Union …” „… or Member State law shall not be regarded as recipients; the processing of those data by those public …”

Art. 4(7) Controller András Jóri S. 175-185

„… databases are to be treated as a single database (making therefore, for example, requests by data subjects …” „… applicable to all data kept in them, rather than to data stored only in one of their …” „… with others, determines the purposes and means of the processing of personal data; where the purposes …”

Art. 4(21) Supervisory authority Sebastian Bretthauer S. 242-243

„… intervene in the event that unlawful data processing is an expression of the abuse of a dominant market …” „… EU undertakes to adhere to BCR as personal data protection policies with regard to data transferred …” „… liability of the BCR (→ Art. 47 mn. 17) and an easily reachable point of contact for data subjects and SAs …”

Art. 87 Processing of the national identification number Niko Tsakalakis S. 1090-1093

„… Art. 29 WP 140, Opinion 7/2007 on data protection issues related to the Internal Market Information …” „… order to reconcile public access to official documents with the right to the protection of personal data …” „… data included in official documents held by them according to Union or Member State law which they are …”

Art. 7 Conditions for consent Judith Rauhofer and Burkhard Schafer S. 376-390

„… “dependent on what other market players do and whether an individual data subject would find the other …” „… market developments to ensure the continued validity of consent for their data processing activities, as …” „… situations, where the service in question dominates a specific online market.Addressing the power …”

Art. 68 European Data Protection Board Stephanie Schiedermair S. 986-990

„… guarantee the integrity and confidentiality of the data during their transmission within the scope …” „… can be used.The EDPB has so far used the Comm's existing Internal Market Information (IMI) system,17 …” „… authorities or the EDPB can also use this instrument as directly affected parties.20Section 3European data …”

Art. 90 Obligations of secrecy Cristina Pauner S. 1122-1127

„… of information society services, in particular electronic commerce, in the internal market.Art. 90 …” „… the data subject in relation to the processing.Processing serves another purpose at the same time …” „… (para. 4)In some cases, the same data may be processed for concurrent purposes42 – i.e., where: one …”

Art. 4(6) Filing system Vagelis Papakonstatinou and Paul De Hert S. 168-174

„… on the Concept of Personal Data, 20 June 2007; S. Simitis, ‘From the Market To the Polis: The EU …” „… to pseudonymise personal data in court decisions is meant to balance the protection of the data …” „… subjects and the legal interests promoted by open access to judicial data.Even without an explicit …”

Art. 85 Processing and freedom of expression and information Alexander Dix S. 1070-1085

„… data pursuant to this Regulation with the right to freedom of expression and information, including …” „… (rights of the data subject), Chapter IV (controller and processor), Chapter V (transfer of personal data …” „… ), Chapter VII (cooperation and consistency) and Chapter IX (specific data processing situations) if they are …”

Art. 11 Processing which does not require identification Laura Carmichael, Emma Cradock and Sophie Stalla-Bourdillon S. 426-433

„… the GDPR on the data-driven market’ Computer Law & Security Review 38, (2020); M. Veale, R. Binns and …” „… , ‘Information asymmetries: recognizing the limits of the GDPR on the data-driven market,’ Computer Law …” „… access to the processed data, which is not necessarily a condition for qualifying as a controller …”

Art. 43 Certification bodies Irene Kamara S. 767-774

„… international data transfers. Another market-based effect is boosting the reputation and image of a controller …” „… (…)”. Art. 29 Data Protection Working Party has pointed out that even “non-compliance with self-regulatory …” „… Articles 57 and 58, certification bodies which have an appropriate level of expertise in relation to data …”

Art. 28 Processor András Jóri S. 626-645

„… the protection of the rights of the data subject.2. The processor shall not engage another processor …” „… duration of the processing, the nature and purpose of the processing, the type of personal data and …” „… categories of data subjects and the obligations and rights of the controller. That contract or other legal …”

Art. 33 Notification of a personal data breach to the supervisory authority Alexander Dix S. 670-680

„… date (cf. recital 82 and Art. 30); undertaking audits of all systems processing personal data …” „… ; reviewing and updating the data protection policies; establishing a programme of ongoing monitoring of the …” „… , whichever is higher.IV. Requirement to process personal data according to the instructions of the …”

Art. 4(15) Data concerning health András Jóri S. 225-228

„… and apps freely available on the commercial market and irrespective whether these devices are marketed …” „… special categories of personal data as they are covered by the definition of biometric data only when …” „… only to the definition, but also to “processing of special categories of data”, appearing in Art. 9 …”

Art. 50 International cooperation for the protection of personal data Stephanie Schiedermair S. 854-857

„… of the data, which would be difficult to reconcile with the idea of the free flow of data in the …” „… internal market. The problem therefore remains unsolved.Art. 50International cooperation for the protection …” „… of personal dataIn relation to third countries and international organisations, the Commission and …”

Art. 25 Data protection by design and by default Marco Almada, Juliano Maranhao and Giovanni Sartor S. 580-601

„… select among the systems available on the market, the ones that better comply with data protection …” „… the controller to liability towards the data subject or any other person who suffered damages …” „… compliance. While the burden of proof in this case would in principle remain with the data subject, it has …”

Art. 98 Review of other Union legal acts on data protection Domingos Farinho S. 1161-1164

„… The GDPR is also seen to be a role model for global data protection ambitions, as other countries …” „… other Union legal acts on data protectionThe Commission shall, if appropriate, submit legislative …” „… proposals with a view to amending other Union legal acts on the protection of personal data, in order to …”

Art. 99 Entry into force and application Gerrit Hornung and Indra Spiecker gen. Döhmann S. 1165-1168

„… - and also for many controllers and processors outside the EU due to the market-place principle …” „… concerning personal data protection have been amended pursuant to Art. 98, such as:– Regulation (EC) No …” „… (VIS) and the exchange of data between Member States on short-stay visas (VIS Regulation);15– Directive …”

Art. 55 Competence Eva Souhrada-Kirchmayer S. 880-883

„… market location principle in relation to third countries. In any case, a “targeting” exists, if the data …” „… confidentiality is based, namely the violations of the GDPR reported by natural persons. This protects the data of …” „… ” data.The obligation of confidentiality does not end with the termination of membership of the SA, as the …”

Art. 83 General conditions for imposing administrative fines Olivia Tambou S. 1051-1063

„… concerned as well as the number of data subjects affected and the level of damage suffered by them(b) the …” „… mitigate the damage suffered by data subjects(d) the degree of responsibility of the controller or …” „… adverse effects of the infringement;(g) the categories of personal data affected by the infringement(h …”

Art. 63 Consistency mechanism Indra Spiecker gen. Döhmann S. 927-937

„… from Art. 61 and the broader data protection purposes should be interpreted as creating an obligation …” „… decisive significance for the effective implementation of a consistent Data Protection Law in the EU.12 …” „… enforcement of Data Protection law.13 The consistency mechanism ensures the coordination of national …”

Art. 4(5) Pseudonymisation Marco Almada, Juliano Maranhao and Giovanni Sartor S. 162-167

„… the data subject; yet, in case of decisions based solely on a profiling, safeguards are required.A …” „… for the rights and freedoms of the data subject, in case of profiling. Therefore, a DPIA is demanded …” „… monitoring of data subjects on a large scale”, the designation of a DPO is required (→ Art. 37 para. 1 lit. b …”

Art. 95 Relationship with Directive 2002/58/EC Vagelis Papakonstantinou and Paul De Hert S. 1150-1154

„… : European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights and Council of Europe, 2018 Handbook on European Data …” „… Implementation; New Rules on Data Protection, Spam, Data Breaches and Protection of Intellectual Property Rights …” „… certainty regarding the provisions applicable to the processing of personal data in the particular context …”

Art. 81 Suspension of proceedings Olivia Tambou S. 1036-1040

„… GDPR and the LED adopted in June 201722 does not contain provisions on the representation of the data …” „… subject.By contrast, section 187 of the UK Data Protection Act 201823 includes such provisions. Section 187 …” „… provides for a legal framework for representation of the data subject in relation to the processing of …”

Art. 4(26) International organisation Stephanie Schiedermair S. 258-260

„… data protection matters.1 This is based on the realisation that effective data protection in the …” „… a common purpose with at least one effective institution.43.27 Para. 3 of Annex I Single Market …” „… international organisations in data protection matters, e.g. in the field of security, data protection in the …”

Art. 4(11) Consent Judith Rauhofer and Burkhard Schafer S. 195-215

„… between EU Consumer Law and Data protection Law’, Common Market Law Review, 54, pp. 1427-1466; E. Kosta …” „… Data protection Law’, Common Market Law Review (2017) 54, pp. 1427-1466, p. 1459.101 EDPB, Guidelines …” „… referred to above).Art. 4(11)Consent(11) ‘consent’ of the data subject means any freely given, specific …”

Art. 4(16) Main establishment Sebastian Bretthauer S. 229-236

„… decisions on the purposes and means of the processing of personal data are taken in another establishment of …” „… , ‘The concept of establishment and data protection law: rethinking establishment’, E.L. Rev. 2017, 491 …” „… ; D. J. B. Svantesson, ‘Article 4(1)(a) ‘establishment of the controller’ in EU data privacy law …”

Art. 61 Mutual assistance S. 915-921

„… data subjects, neither does it create any obligations to controllers or processors. Instead, it is an …” „… its operation is of limited interest to data subjects, controllers and processors. Decisions that …” „… to it), this could presumably form a court process that could indeed be cross-border (by a data …”

Art. 8 Conditions applicable to child's consent in relation to information society servicesThe authors would like to thank Ayça Atabey for her assistance in conducting the research for this chapter. J... S. 391-399

„… information society services directly to a child, the processing of the personal data of a child shall be …” „… relation to a child.Literature: European Data Protection Board, Guidelines 5/2020 on consent under …” „… Regulation 2016/679, 4 May 2020; European Data Protection Supervisor, ‘Opinion on the Data Protection Reform …”

Art. 37 Designation of the data protection officer Stefan Drewes and Sebastian Bretthauer S. 714-724

„… authorisation is envisaged here instead of mere consultation.42Section 4Data protection officerArt. 37 …” „… Designation of the data protection officer1. The controller and the processor shall designate a data …” „… purposes, require regular and systematic monitoring of data subjects on a large scale; or(c) the core …”

Art. 13 Information to be provided where personal data are collected from the data subject Alexander Dix S. 448-457

„… meaning of certain pictures or symbols in different countries and cultures. The European Data Protection …” „… . 40.Section 2Information and access to personal dataArt. 13Information to be provided where personal …” „… data are collected from the data subject1. Where personal data relating to a data subject are collected …”

Art. 24 Responsibility of the controller Jos Dumortier and Pieter Gryffroy S. 564-579

„… compliance of a controller or processor, to build trust (with data subjects, in the market, with an SA), to …” „… referred to in paragraph 1 shall include the implementation of appropriate data protection policies by the …” „… principle in data protection regulation: origin, development and future directions’, in: D. Guagnin, L …”

Art. 9 Processing of special categories of personal data András Jóri S. 400-419

„… para. 1 lit. c avoiding verification solutions which involve excessive collection of personal data …” „… acceptable cost/benefit ratio.43 This does not just include costs for the data controller. Also from the …” „… include harmonisation of national provisions of contract law and clarifies that both data protection and …”

Art. 46 Transfers subject to appropriate safeguards Peter Schantz S. 803-822

„… (e.g. the cloud computing provider) to seek for judicial review.III. EU-US Data Privacy FrameworkIn …” „… personal data to US under a new EU-US Data Privacy Framework (DPF). With regard to the Principles for …” „… citizens (e.g. with regard to data retention, Sec. 2(c)(iii)(A)(2)). Clearly, E.O. 14086 endeavours to …”

Art. 65 Dispute resolution by the Board Indra Spiecker gen. Döhmann S. 959-974

„… , it is not surprising that the Comm is seeking to regulate data markets in other ways. Most of the …” „… processor and to the data subject. The final decision of the supervisory authorities concerned shall be …” „… dispute settlement procedure. This is without precedent in data protection law1 and also in the rest of EU …”

Art. 4(18) Enterprise Stefan Drewes and Sebastian Bretthauer S. 239

„… activity that process personal data are qualified as “enterprise”. This definition has certain …” „… activity” is defined as “any offering of goods and services on a given market”.5 The term is to be …”

Art. 64 Opinion of the Board Indra Spiecker gen. Döhmann S. 938-958

„… dysfunctionalities can be observed in cross-border data processing, i.e. because of the lack of draft decisions by …” „… includes creation of legal remedies to enable individual supervisory authorities, but also data subjects to …” „… requirement for a data protection impact assessment pursuant to Article 35(4);(b) concerns a matter pursuant …”

Art. 5 Principles relating to processing of personal data Alexander Roßnagel and Philipp Richter S. 261-290

„… of marketplace location in Art. 3(2) or the principle of independence of data protection supervision …” „… CHAPTER IIPRINCIPLESArt. 5Principles relating to processing of personal data1. Personal data shall …” „… be:(a) processed lawfully, fairly and in a transparent manner in relation to the data subject …”

Art. 14 Information to be provided where personal data have not been obtained from the data subject Alexander DixInformation to be provided where personal data have not been obtained S. 458-465

„… marketing purposes. The obligation to inform the data subjects under Art. 14 is non-negotiable (→ Art. 12 …” „… Art. 14Information to be provided where personal data have not been obtained from the data subject1 …” „… . Where personal data have not been obtained from the data subject, the controller shall provide the data …”

Art. 21 Right to object Laura Carmichael, Emma Cradock and Sophie Stalla-Bourdillon S. 518-524

„… , exercise or defence of legal claims.2. Where personal data are processed for direct marketing purposes, the …” „… objects to processing for direct marketing purposes, the personal data shall no longer be processed for …” „… ., the right to object to personal data being processed for direct marketing purposes is retained – the …”

Art. 26 Joint controllers Jos Dumortier and Pieter Gryffroy S. 602-616

„… regards the exercising of the rights of the data subject and their respective duties to provide the …” „… which the controllers are subject. The arrangement may designate a contact point for data subjects.2 …” „… of the joint controllers vis-à-vis the data subjects. The essence of the arrangement shall be made …”

Art. 6(1)(f) Content personalisation Marco Almada, Juliano Maranhao, Giovanni Sartor S. 328-339

„… personalisation purposes.Personalisation has been driven by marketing, which relies on personal data – including …” „… , however, we do not address the use of personal data for marketing purposes (see → Art. 6 para. 1 lit. f …” „… Data processing for marketing purpose). We shall rather address content personalisation which is meant …”

Art. 49 Derogations for specific situations Peter Schantz S. 838-853

„… measure only serves the interests of the controller, e.g. follow-up marketing28 or a data backup in a …” „… data to a third country or an international organisation shall take place only on one of the following …” „… conditions:(a) the data subject has explicitly consented to the proposed transfer, after having been informed of …”

Art. 39 Tasks of the data protection officer Stefan Drewes and Sebastian Bretthauer S. 730-735

„… that a DPO must fulfil will influence his view of the data processing which he/she must assess …” „… sufficiently independent.21 In these departments a lot of data processing operations take place and an …” „… DPO.Companies should restrain from combining compliance and data protection in one department. The position of a …”

Art. 45 Transfers on the basis of an adequacy decision Peter Schantz S. 785-802

„… direct marketing purposes, strict rules on the processing of special categories of personal data (Art. 9 …” „… personal data to a third country or an international organisation may take place where the Commission has …” „… authorities to personal data, as well as the implementation of such legislation, data protection rules …”

Art. 22 Automated individual decision-making, including profiling Olivia Tambou S. 525-542

„… right to object is “more restricted”26 in this instance, because the data subject must provide for …” „… authority vested in the controller. A data subject is unable to object to the processing for scientific or …” „… ), this can be withdrawn by the data subject (Art. 7 para. 3).It should also be noted that Union or Member …”

Art. 6(1)(f) Credit scoring Hans-W. Micklitz and Giovanni Sartor S. 356-362

„… general right to object with the duty of offering grounds relating to the particular situation of the data …” „… invoked under Art. 6 para. 1 lit. f it also foresees a higher protection for data subjects if such legal …” „… . 3 that allows the controller to continue processing personal data under the same legitimate interest …”

Art. 6(1)(f) Video recording Domingos Farinho S. 363-375

„… ) “preventing fraud”; ii) direct marketing; iii) the transmission of “personal data within the group of …” „… dress data as the only criterion for scoring individuals’ creditworthiness, prohibited by the …” „… addressing credit scoring from a data protection perspective are either redundant or unlawful: they are …”

Art. 80 Representation of data subjects Olivia Tambou S. 1030-1035

„… Finally, the choice of the data subject will need to be articulated with the national procedural …” „… invoked. Recital 145 refers to the choice for the data subject to bring the action where he or she resides …” „… , first, a data subject without residence in the EU, but who is in the EU, and second, a controller …”

Art. 4(4) Profiling Olivia Tambou S. 158-161

„… more than the marking of information. In order to restrict the processing of personal data, other …” „… technical procedures may have to performed on the data. This is confirmed by recital 67 when it offers …” „… examples of “methods by which to restrict the processing of personal data”, such as “temporarily moving the …”

Art. 40 Codes of conduct Alexander Roßnagel and Philipp Richter S. 736-749

„… use of personal data in direct marketing, WP 77; Article 29 Data Protection Working Party, Opinion …” „… 4/2010 on the European Code of Conduct of FEDMA for the Use of Personal Data in Direct Marketing, WP 174 …” „… of European Direct Marketing”; Cf. also Art. 29 Data Protection Working Party, WP 77 and WP 174 on …”

Art. 4(8) Processor András Jóri S. 186-188

„… institutions. While the SWIFT presented itself as a data processor, its management could decide autonomously …” „… disclosing processed personal data to a third country authority.80 Therefore, in the assessment of the Art …” „… . 29 WP, the SWIFT acted as a data controller.81Art. 4(8)Processor(8) ‘Processor’ means a natural or …”

Art. 27 Representatives of controllers or processors not established in the Union Gerrit Hornung S. 617-625

„… to comply with any of the other substantial obligations of the GDPR, e.g., compliance with the data …” „… processing principles contained in Art. 5 GDPR or the data subject rights pursuant to Art. 12 to Art. 22 GDPR …” „… not include, on a large scale, processing of special categories of data as referred to in Art. 9(1) or …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845276984

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Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz (ed.), Max-Planck-Institut für Innovation und Wettbewerb (ed.)

Data Access, Consumer Interests and Public Welfare

2021

Results in this title

Axel Metzger Access to and porting of data under contract law: Consumer protection rules and market-based principles S. 287-318

„… Access to and porting of data under contract law: Consumer protection rules and market-based …” „… for other purposes, namely for marketing and advertising, for market analysis, as training data for …” „… and freedom of contract lead to an allocation of goods, here the data in question, to the market actor …”

Bertin Martens Data access, consumer interests and social welfare – An economic perspective on data S. 69-102

„… voluntary data exchange is a market-based transaction. A key question for data policy makers is whether …” „… strategy for data’ COM (2020) 66 final, 13 note 39, where the Commission also advocates a market-failure …” „… market-entry and transaction costs. However, even in the digital data economy some markets still remain blocked …”

Heike Schweitzer, Robert Welker A legal framework for access to data – A competition policy perspective S. 103-154

„… in determining the ‘right’ amount of data openness and argues for a market-driven system of data …” „… adjacent data-driven markets, the expected monopoly rent may exceed the expected value from marketing that …” „… data. The new data innovators shall be able to build on the scale of the Single Market, thereby …”

Jörg Hoffmann Safeguarding innovation in the framework of sector-specific data access regimes: The case of digital payment services S. 343-400

„… , which may potentially exclude traditional market actors.7 Moreover, data entail multidimensional …” „… ) competition law. Even under the sole analysis of a market failure with regard to data-driven innovation …” „… capacities of a European Single Data Market, such considerations may ultimately also define the ideal legal …”

Josef Drexl Connected devices – An unfair competition law approach to data access rights of users S. 477-528

„… final, 2. 477 turers. Beyond this, firms active in secondary markets also depend on data access. An …” „… to grant access to data constitutes a form of market regulation and intervention. From a …” „… , data access regimes should only be adopted where they respond to a market failure. The Commission …”

Wolfgang Kerber From (horizontal and sectoral) data access solutions towards data governance systems S. 439-476

„… Single Market: Rights to Use Data’ (2016) 11 Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 460 …” „… and Nomos 2017) 109; Josef Drexl, ‘Designing Competitive Markets for Industrial Data – Between …” „… solutions are also discussed for the data in connected cars or for data in energy markets. One of the main …”

Matthias Leistner The existing European IP rights system and the data economy – An overview with particular focus on data access and portability S. 209-252

„… development of functioning data markets in the EU.2 Since then, literature has increasingly focused on A …” „… abolishment of national data localisation requirements in the EU market. Moreover, the Commission has taken …” „… /publications/reports/kd0419345enn.pdf> accessed 31 August 2020; Wolfgang Kerber, ‘Digital Markets, Data and Privacy …”

Josef Drexl Data access as a means to promote consumer interests and public welfare – An introduction S. 11-24

„… hand, data protection rules may reduce effective market solutions because they prevent firms of the …” „… Common Market Law Review 1427. Data access as a means to promote consumer interests and public welfare 15 …” „… public interest dimension. Data access rights will typically address particular market failures in …”

Heiko Richter The law and policy of government access to private sector data (‘B2G data sharing’) S. 529-572

„… decentralised, market-driven system of data collection that is unprecedented in scope. Moreover, cloud and …” „… Governance-by-Data on Data Markets’ (2019) 86 University of Chicago Law Review 403; Alfred Früh, ‘Datenzugangsrechte …” „… , the flourishing of data-driven markets has shifted the balance: public sector data stocks are no …”

Michael Grünberger Data access rules: The role of contractual unfairness control of (consumer) contracts S. 253-286

„… Metzger‚ ‘Access to and porting of data under contract law: Consumer protection rules and market-based …” „… > accessed 31 August 2020. 7 Josef Drexl, ‘Designing Competitive Markets for Industrial Data’ (2017) 8 …” „… (machine-generated data): ‘In order to extract the maximum value from this type of data, market players need to have …”

Christian Reimsbach-Kounatze Enhancing access to and sharing of data: Striking the balance between openness and control over data S. 25-68

„… new products, processes, organisational methods and markets (data-driven innovation),1 a phenomenon …” „… data are poorly captured by market transactions.7For example, data can be shared and re-used to enhance …” „… application in data-enabled multi-sided markets, i.e. economic platforms in which distinct user groups …”

Louisa Specht-Riemenschneider Data access rights – A comparative perspective S. 401-438

„… the level of data protection (market-based approach to data privacy). Gateways Gateways are intended …” „… Competitive Markets for Industrial Data – Between Propertisation and Access’ (2017) 8 Journal of Intellectual …” „… of market power, before categorising these particular instruments. Fig. 1 – B. Data access rights – A …”

Thomas Fetzer The constitutional framework for data access rights S. 155-174

„… of private data monopolies which are capable of permanently eliminating competition in markets in …” „… proportionate in relation to that goal. The abovementioned protection of competition from ‘data market power …” „… Urheberrecht 702, 703. Referring to market dominance in data, cf. Sec. 18(3a) No. 4 German Act against …”

Indra Spiecker genannt Döhmann The legal framework for access to data from a data protection viewpoint – especially under the GDPR S. 175-208

„… international data transfer market, have the power to control data. Most of the many approaches to solving these …” „… . Indra Spiecker genannt Döhmann 192 of a failing market order are not the prime interests of data …” „… and without loss of data. From an economic view obstacles to market access are reduced, hence …”

Ruth Janal Data portability under the GDPR: A blueprint for access rights? S. 319-342

„… ownership to access With the rise of industry 4.0 and the advent of Big Data, data markets and data value …” „… manufacturing chains or service industries, data often relates to the interests of various market players.16 …” „… right: A portability rule to enhance competitive markets should provide less access to data than a rule …”

Christine Lambrecht Special Address of the Federal Minister of Justice and Consumer Protection S. 7-10

„… : Consumer protection rules and market-based principles 287 Axel Metzger Data portability under the GDPR: A …” „… topic of the 2019 Consumer Law Conference – ‘Data access, consumer interests and public welfare’ – is a …” „… which image best illustrates the current significance of data. Is data the new ‘oil’, the new ‘raw …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-6

„… Innovation and Competition Nomos Data Access, Consumer Interests and Public Welfare BUT_BM_Justiz_8081-5 …” „… .indd 2 26.02.21 11:05 Data Access, Consumer Interests and Public Welfare Edited by German Federal …” „… Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748924999

Sebastian Lohsse, Reiner Schulze, Dirk Staudenmayer - Data as Counter-Performance - Contract Law 2.0?

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Sebastian Lohsse (ed.), Reiner Schulze (ed.), Dirk Staudenmayer (ed.)

Data as Counter-Performance - Contract Law 2.0?

2020

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Axel Metzger A Market Model for Personal Data: State of Play under the New Directive on Digital Content and Digital Services S. 23-46

„… Legal Nature and Economic Value of Data in the Contractual Relationship A Market Model for Personal …” „… Supervisor (n 5) 7: ‘There might well be a market for personal data, just like there is, tragically, a market …” „… Inhalte’ (2016) 19(3) MMR 147, 150. A Market Model for Personal Data 27 and consumer organisations,10 a …”

Philipp Hacker Regulating the Economic Impact of Data as Counter-Performance: From the Illegality Doctrine to the Unfair Contract Terms Directive S. 47-76

„… of the DCDS Directive. Part IV addresses two types of market failure in the context of data as …” „… methods:5 financial results per data record; market prices for data; a comparison of the prices charged …” „… only offer educated guesses about the value of personal data. Market valuation methods The first method …”

Andreas Sattler Autonomy or Heteronomy – Proposal for a Two-Tier Interpretation of Art 6 GDPR S. 225-252

„… is not focused on personal data. Put short: The GDPR will help GAFAM to strengthen their market …” „… market and the right to the protection of personal data is an ambiguous starting point and has to be …” „… Single Market: Rights to use data’ (2016) 11(6) Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 460, 463 …”

Sebastian Lohsse, Reiner Schulze, Dirk Staudenmayer Data as Counter-Performance – Contract Law 2.0? An Introduction S. 9-22

„… Supervisor, that ‘there might well be a market for personal data, just like there is, tragically, a market …” „… considerable market share. As the principal reason for the inclusion of data within the scope, it stresses that …” „… see Axel Metzger, ‘A Market Model for Personal Data: State of Play under the New Directive on Digital …”

Rebekka Weiß Data as Counter-Performance & the Digital Content Directive – The End of a Debate? S. 279-282

„… Data as Counter-Performance & the Digital Content Directive – The End of a Debate? Rebekka Weiß* …” „… Data is undoubtedly one of the cornerstones of today´s economy, industrial developments and innovation …” „… . Many data driven services, platforms and products are offered free of charge to users. However …”

Martin Fries Data as Counter-Performance in B2B Contracts S. 253-262

„… market participants unreflectedly pay with non-personal data, there is no legal safety net that allows …” „… phenomena occur in data trading platforms in the same way as in the established online marketplaces has not …” „… Data as Counter-Performance in B2B Contracts Martin Fries* Introduction It is one of the foundation …”

Sergio Cámara Lapuente Termination of the Contract for the Supply of Digital Content and Services, and Availability of Data: Rights of Retrieval, Portability and Erasure in EU Law and Practice S. 163-192

„… of portability of personal data as regards to a more competitive market environment were also …” „… even more so in ‘complementary markets’77, when exporting all the data from one account facilitates …” „… Data: Rights of Retrieval, Portability and Erasure in EU Law and Practice Sergio Cámara Lapuente …”

Sjef van Erp Management as Ownership of Data S. 77-94

„… a private, market based approach. Does this mean that data are there for anybody to use? This …” „… Management as Ownership of Data Sjef van Erp* Introduction It is often stated that the law is …” „… technology that we are talking about when we use the word ‘disruptive’ or do we mean the impact of data, data …”

Václav Janeček, Gianclaudio Malgieri Data Extra Commercium S. 95-126

„… consent withdrawal or a claim for erasure of personal data). 26 M Radin, ‘Market Inalienability’ (1987 …” „… commercial implications, etc. And although even ‘[t]he processing of personal data for direct marketing …” „… Data Extra Commercium Václav Janeček* / Gianclaudio Malgieri** Introduction Law permits trade in …”

Anne Riechert Data as a Counter-Performance S. 267-278

„… explains that market privacy is the deliberate blind spot of the European Data Protection Law.7 Therefore …” „… Data as a Counter-Performance Anne Riechert* What are the challenges in the context of ‘Data as a …” „… Counter-Performance’? Value of Data There are many difficulties to determine the value of data despite the – in the …”

Benjamin Görs Statement S. 263-266

„… point of view three aspects have to be highlighted: Rules for goods with digital elements The market for …” „… rules for this market and establish new consumer rights. These new rules for goods with embedded digital …” „… Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection. 265 Economic value of data The Digital Content Directive is …”

Martin Schmidt-Kessel Right to Withdraw Consent to Data Processing – The Effect on the Contract S. 127-146

„… Schmidt-Kessel* Introduction A general discussion on data markets and especially on a digital internal market …” „… Performance of Contract and Withdrawal from the Contract with respect to Data Protection – Contract …” „… Law at a Crossroads? Right to Withdraw Consent to Data Processing – The Effect on the Contract Martin …”

Christiane Wendehorst Personal Data in Data Value Chains – Is Data Protection Law Fit for the Data Economy? S. 193-224

„… constellations, ie where a controller uses personal data for direct marketing of its own products and services to …” „… Personal Data in Data Value Chains – Is Data Protection Law Fit for the Data Economy? Christiane …” „… Wendehorst* Introduction Personal data are considered emanations of an individual’s personality, and it is …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… Contractual Relationship A Market Model for Personal Data: State of Play under the New Directive on Digital …” „… Data as Counter-Performance – Contract Law 2.0? Sebastian Lohsse/Reiner Schulze/Dirk Staudenmayer …” „… 22.06.20 09:26 Sebastian Lohsse/Reiner Schulze/Dirk Staudenmayer (eds.) Data as Counter-Performance …”

Juliette Sénéchal Article 16(2) of the ‘Digital Content and Digital Services’ Directive on the Consequences of Termination of Contract, or the Difficult Articulation between Union Law on Consumer Contract and Union Law... S. 147-162

„… the Protection of Personal Data Juliette Sénéchal* According to a preliminary analysis, the right to …” „… failure, while the law on the protection of personal data conveys the idea of the necessary protection of …” „… a fundamental right that is inextricably linked to the person whose data are collected: two distinct …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748908531

Christa Larsen, Jenny Kipper, Aleksandra Webb, Moreno Baruffini, Alessandra Motz, Christian Müller - Shortages of Labour and Skills

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Christa Larsen (ed.), Jenny Kipper (ed.), Aleksandra Webb (ed.), Moreno Baruffini (ed.), Alessandra Motz (ed.), Christian Müller (ed.)

Shortages of Labour and Skills

Series: Forschung und deren Anwendung im Bereich des regionalen und lokalen Arbeitsmarktmonitorings im transnationalen Vergleich (Veröffentlichungen des IWAK)

Volume 15 2024

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Christa Larsen, Jenny Kipper Shortages of Labour and Skills: Causes, Measures, and Data to Inform Strategies Relevant to Regional and Local Labour Markets and Labour Market Observatories S. 11-18

doi.org/10.5771/9783748947769

Christa Larsen, Jenny Kipper, Alfons Schmid, Marco Ricceri - The Relevance of Artificial Intelligence in the Digital and Green Transformation of Regional and Local Labour Markets Across Europe

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Christa Larsen (ed.), Jenny Kipper (ed.), Alfons Schmid (ed.), Marco Ricceri (ed.)

The Relevance of Artificial Intelligence in the Digital and Green Transformation of Regional and Local Labour Markets Across Europe

Series: Forschung und deren Anwendung im Bereich des regionalen und lokalen Arbeitsmarktmonitorings im transnationalen Vergleich (Veröffentlichungen des IWAK)

Volume 2022

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Anna Giabelli, Fabio Mercorio, Mario Mezzanzanica, Francesco Trentini Capturing the Skill Transformation Using Big Data and Artificial Intelligence: a Novel Change Index to Observe how the Italian Labour Market has been Changing over Time S. 107-128

„… that Big Data – the fuel of AI – can be the basis of a labour market observatory to support …” „… markets: Evidence from online vacancy data. In: Labour Economics 66, 101886. Bessen, James (2018): AI and …” „… , 107049. Mezzanzanica, Mario/Mercorio, Fabio (2019): Big Data Enables Labor Market Intelligence. In: Sakr …”

Christa Larsen, Jenny Kipper The Relevance of Artificial Intelligence in the Digital and Green Transformation of Regional and Local Labour Markets Across Europe. Perspectives on Employment, Training, Placement, and Social Inclusi... S. 13-26

„… monitoring of regional and local la-bour markets by their way of integrating real-time data and information …” „… , finding only limited applicability in labour market monitoring. Using data from online job portals …” „… this research gap. AI opens not only a better avenue to real-time data in labour market studies, but …”

INFORMATION ON THE AUTHORS S. 345-362

„… market data for European and North African countries. Her focus is on data visualisation, designing and …” „… data scientists and analysts working with real time labour market data to further public policy. Recent …” „… market data and other data to meet customer requirements and prototype new potential solutions. His main …”

Anna Clara Gatti, Ettore Colombo, Elena Magrini, Simone Perego, Mauro Pelucchi Understanding Talent Attraction Using Online Job Ads: the Impact of Artificial Intelligence and Green Jobs S. 129-164

„… providing an almost real time snapshot of the labour market, artificial intelli-gence (AI) and big data …” „… this paper offers a new way to lev-erage big data and AI to gain insights into local labour markets. As …” „… online data updated daily, the types of profiles required by the Basque labour market, with respect to …”

Iwona Ganko, Eva Jansova New Business Models Powered by Artificial Intelligence: Platform Work in the EU Neighbourhood S. 187-212

„… data collection tools, which are used for the monitoring of countries’ labour markets as well as …” „… transmittable services (for example via freelance marketplaces); • digital labour markets for on-location …” „… marketing support as well as clerical and data entry tasks. This suggests that such workers tend to be …”

Julia Nania, Layla O’Kane, Bledi Taska The Relevance of Artificial Intelligence in the Digital Transformation of Regional and Local Labour Markets Across Europe S. 165-186

„… Emsi Burning Glass data from 2022. The growth rates of AI in the labour market across countries shown …” „… Labour Markets Across Europe Julia Nania, Layla O’Kane, and Bledi Taska Introduction and Project …” „… Overview In recent decades, the labour market has faced transformative trends in the skills required of …”

Ciprian Panzaru, Gabriela Negoiță Artificial Intelligence: Challenges and Opportunities for the Labour Market S. 27-44

„… Labour Market – Current Data and Forecasts There is a significant amount of data and forecasts depicting …” „… , big data/data mining, and labour market intelligence. In order to achieve a human-centric scenario for …” „… 27 1. BASICS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE CONCERNING THE LABOUR MARKET, WORK, SKILLS DEVELOPMENT …”

Borja Pulido Orbegozo AI-Machine Learning Serving People and Employment: Profiling Jobseekers S. 317-326

„… market every month. The historical data of the last 18 months is used to calculate this index and the …” „… market. Dashboard The data processed in this way can be consulted in an internal dashboard, where a tab …” „… to their em-ployability on the labour market. It could also be defined as a customised diag-nostic …”

Mattia Martini, Malvina Ficai Veltroni, Dario Cavenago Enhancing Perceived Employability of University Students in Turbulent Times: the Importance of Personal Resources and Organisational Support S. 327-344

„… identify alternative opportunities that are available to them and become involved in the labour market …” „… and even thrive in an increasingly competitive labour market requires elevated levels of perceived …” „… self-sufficiently in the labour market, realising their potential through sustainable and satisfying employment …”

Javier Armaolea Juaristi Artificial Intelligence Solutions and Challenges in Modernising the Content and Structures of Vocational Education and Training S. 255-276

„… a globalised labour market. Evidence, Analysis, and Data to Justify the Need for the Investment …” „… , resilient and inclu-sive labour market; • Component 20: the Strategic Plan for Vocational Training in the …” „… Dynamic, Resilient, and Inclusive Labour Market For decades, the Spanish labour market has been dragging …”

Aleksandra Webb Artificial Intelligence and Digital Innovation in the Cultural Sectors: Technology, Sustainability, and new Creative Jobs. Are we Ready? S. 77-94

„… MARKET INTELLIGENCE. URL: https://www.etf.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2020-11/guide_big_data_lmi_en_2 …” „… , and consume creative industry products. The focal point is the idea of market-driven and responsive …” „… cultural heritage sites in an evidence-informed manner. This new discourse of a digital and data …”

Moreno Baruffini, Dorit Griga, Laurence Dévaud Digitisation, Artificial Intelligence, and the (Re)integration of Vulnerable Groups in the Labour Market: Evidence from Switzerland S. 301-316

„… , the authors used readily available labour market data to display relevant alternative occupations and …” „… digitisation. The “Digitisation-Labour Market-Nexus” from an Institutional Perspective When it comes to …” „… Labour Market: Evidence from Switzerland Moreno Baruffini, Dorit Griga, and Laurence Dévaud Introduction …”

Marco Ricceri Artificial Intelligence: Ethical Codes and State Laws. An Open Process for a Competitive and Inclusive Society S. 45-76

„… data misuse, misinformation, and cybercrime. “Our personal information is being exploited to control or …” „… of the OECD and its group of experts on data ethics, 47 to support the G20 in its choices regarding …” „… data governance for growth and well-being. In a paper of 3 November 2021, the group of experts tackles …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-12

„… pleasant reading. Oliver Schärli Head of the Labour Market/Unemployment Insurance Division at the Swiss …” „… Intelligence in the Digital and Green Transformation of Regional and Local Labour Markets Across …” „… Perspectives on Research and its Application in the Field of Regional and Local Labour Market Monitoring Edited …”

Renato Fontana, Ernesto Dario Calò the Relevance of Digital Transformation and Remote Working. How Work Processes and the Skills of Employees Change People’s Lives S. 213-254

„… labour market in small and medium enterprises (SMEs), in big cities and small villages, in the North and …” „… – in our opinion – more the needs of the market than those of the workforce. Literature often uses the …” „… followers neither in Italy nor else-where. After all, in a “market society” (Polanyi 1944) he could not have …”

Ralitsa Savova Technology and Society: Innovation and the Digital Transformation as Drivers of Development S. 95-106

„… ), SiteGround, one of the leaders in the international web host-ing market-based in Bulgaria with an investment …” „… of business (including electronic information sharing, social media, big data, and the cloud) in 2020 …” „… 2016” (UN Conference on Trade and Devel-opment/UNCTAD 2021). The data show that as of April 2022, there …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783957104113

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