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Veronika Kneip - Consumer Citizenship und Corporate Citizenship

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Veronika Kneip

Consumer Citizenship und Corporate Citizenship

Series: Studien zur Politischen Soziologie. Studies on Political Sociology

Volume 9 2010

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Consumer Citizenship S. 59-63

„… 59 III. Übertragung des Bürgerbegriffs auf Konsumenten und Unternehmen 1 Consumer Citizenship und …” „… Corporate Citizenship – begriffliche Abgrenzung 1.1 Consumer Citizenship Das Konzept einer …” „… treat consumers as citizens“ (Scammell 2003: 128f.). Daneben kann eine Auseinandersetzung mit der …”

Corporate Citizenship und Consumer Citizenship – Bürgerschaft durch Öffentlichkeit S. 296-338

„… Citizenship und Consumer Citizenship – Bürgerschaft durch Öffentlichkeit Bereits im theoretischen Teil dieser …” „… Konsumenten und Unternehmen identifiziert. Die jeweiligen Zuschreibungen als Consumer Citizen bzw. Corporate …” „… können: „If you are thinking about Corporate Citizenship [...] I suppose you could say that consumer good …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 353-380

„… ): Where Are the Workers in Consumer-Worker Alliances? Class Dynamics and the History of Consumer-Labor …” „… Limitations of Consumer-Citizenship, in: Journal of Consumer Culture, 7/2, 231–254. Kagan, Robert A. (2001 …” „… Consumer Choice: Framing Critical Consumersim, in: Brewer, John/Trentmann, Frank (Hrsg.): Consuming …”

Freiheit und Gleichheit: Ökonomische Ungleichheit und divergierendes Freiheitsverständnis S. 93-96

„… consumerism appears profoundly undemocratic: in the market, where the political consumer acts, the votes are …” „… Konzeptionen von Consumer Citizenship thematisiert. Substanzielle Ungleichheit wird hier im unterschiedlichen …” „… Hochpreis- und Luxusgütern oder auch mit Blick auf Aktionäre als Consumer Citizens, so z.B. Neil Carter und …”

Regieren und regiert werden: Unternehmerische Machtausübung unter kollektiver Konsumentenkontrolle S. 87-93

„… the power behind political consumerism is not the power of the individual consumer, but the power of …” „… Anspruch des Consumer Citizen, an der Regulierung gesellschaftlicher Prozesse mitzuwirken. Ingo Schoenheit …” „… (2007: 216) grenzt den Begriff des politischen Konsums als Handlungsprogramm des Consumer Citizen von …”

Status und Praxis: Bürgerschaft durch Bürgerpraxis S. 83-87

„… Consumer Citizenship und Corporate Citizenship durchaus über Beschreibungen einer Marktbürgerrolle im Sinne …” „… „desirable-activity“ (Kymlicka/Norman 1994: 353) formuliert wird, sind die Möglichkeiten, Consumer Citizenship und …” „… politischen Prozess aus-84 drückt. In diesem Sinne wird mit Blick auf den Consumer Citizen der aktive …”

Machtkontrolle und Steuerung in politischen Marktarenen S. 238-296

„… 238 Bedeutung. Dies verdeutlicht, dass durch die Figur des Consumer Citizen weder …” „… Corporate Citizenship und Consumer Citizenship im vorangegangenen Teil dieser Arbeit vermuten ließ, ist hier …” „… . dazu auch die Analyse des Konfliktfeldes „Corporate Citizenship und Consumer Citizenship – Bürgerschaft …”

Fallbeschreibung S. 124-144

„… Deutungshoheit über das Unternehmensimage zu halten, während gleichzeitig ein „consumer’s-eye view“ vermittelt …” „… . - Raising awareness among consumers by providing accurate information about working conditions in the global …” „… garment and sportswear industry, in order to mobilise citizens to use their power as consumers …”

Konsumenten als (gute) Bürger S. 218-238

„… bottling partners, suppliers and retail customers to give consumers what they want“ (C03: 3). Anspruch des …” „… consumers’ evolving lifestyles and taste preferences“.269 Vor diesem Hintergrund räumt Coca-Cola der …” „… spirit by anticipating our consumers’ desires and needs“ (C04: 2). Dieser Betrachtungsweise entsprechend …”

(Trans-)Nationale Bürgerrollen von Konsumenten und Unternehmen S. 339-344

„… Entwürfe von Consumer Citizenship und Corporate Citizenship wurden mit Hilfe dieses Analyserahmens an die …” „… deutlich und zeigte sich, dass (Selbst-)Zuschreibungsprozesse als Consumer Citizen bzw. Corporate Citizen …” „… spezifischer und übergreifender Zuschreibungen von Corporate Citizenship und Consumer Citizenship deutlich. So …”

Rechte und Pflichten: Zwischen (trans-)nationalen Ordnungsrahmen und transnationaler (Selbst-)Verpflichtung S. 74-83

„… müssen Consumer Citizen und Corporate Citizen als Mitbürger innerhalb dieser Arenen betrachtet werden …” „… Hintergrund eines so strukturierten Bezugsrahmens kommt den Konzepten Consumer Citizenship und Corporate …” „… ist. Für den Consumer Citizen ist dieser Bezugsrahmen zudem nicht an die Figur des Konsumenten …”

Bürgertugend und Gemeinwohl: Gemeinwohl durch Eigenwohl oder Eigenwohl durch Gemeinwohl? S. 96-105

„… Consumer Citizen mit der Konzentration auf öffentliche Tugendideale (public virtue tradition of politics …” „… economicus“ und „Homo politicus“ und Margret Scammell fasst die Diskussion um die Bürgertugend des Consumer …” „… individuelle Konsum- und Partizipationsinteressen in Entwürfen von Consumer Citizenship …”

Transnationale Bezugsrahmen entlang konkreter struktureller Abhängigkeiten S. 69-74

„… 69 braucher-)Verbände eine kollektive Dimension von Consumer Citizenship deutlich.47 Anders als für …” „… muss mit Blick auf den Consumer Citizen folglich eher der Herausforderung begegnet werden …” „… Konsums hervor: „Political consumers express a higher degree of global orientation and sense of global …”

Individual- und Kollektivbürgerschaft S. 66-69

„… 66 und Consumer Citizenship aufgezeigt werden und zudem hinterfragt wird, welche Implikationen mit …” „… Unternehmens andererseits, wie es in der begrifflichen Abgrenzung des Konzepts Consumer Citizenship dargestellt …” „… des Consumer Citizen spielen kollektive Aspekte eine wichtige Rolle. So betont etwa Birger Priddat …”

Öffentlichkeit und Privatheit: Öffentlichkeit als Macht- und Legitimationsinstrument S. 105-110

„… Handelns wird eine Rolle als Consumer Citizen in bestehenden Entwürfen in der Regel an einen Prozess …” „… Versammlungs-öffentlichkeit dienen. Neben der Kollektivierung wird das Handeln des Consumer Citizen vor allem durch mediale …” „… . zu stützen, als auch, um Druck auf Unternehmen auszuüben. Für eine 107 Rolle als Consumer Citizen …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-8

„… MarktesConsumer Citizenship und Corporate CitizenshipNomosVeronika Kneip1. Auflage 2010© Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft …” „… Unternehmen 59 1 Consumer Citizenship und Corporate Citizenship – begriffliche Abgrenzung 59 1.1 Consumer …” „… Kollektivbürgerschaft 66 2.2 Transnationale Bezugsrahmen entlang konkreter struktureller Abhängigkeiten 69 3 Consumer …”

Gegenstand und Aufbau der Arbeit S. 14-16

„… gestaltet? Sowohl in der strukturierten Anbindung von Corporate Citizenship und Consumer Citizenship2 an die …” „… Begründungslinien des Bürgerbegriffs explizit zu berücksichtigen.3 Aber auch die Verwendung der Begriffs Consumer …” „… Citizen oder Consumer Citizenship wird vielfach nur punktuell an die ‚Vorgaben‘ bestehender …”

Corporate Citizenship S. 63-66

„… wie der Begriff Consumer Citizen den Konsumenten als Bürger beschreibt, steht der Begriff Corporate …” „… hinarbeite (Wieland 2003: 17). Hintergrund dieser Konzeption ist – analog zum Konzept des Consumer Citizen …” „… ). Die vorangegangenen Skizzierungen der Begriffsverwendung von Consumer Citizen und Corporate Citizen …”

Fallauswahl S. 116-124

„… erwarten, die für eine Analyse des Verhältnisses von Consumer Citizen und Corporate Citizen von besonderer …” „… Zuschreibung einer Rolle als Consumer Citizen haben. Zum anderen konzentriert sich die Untersuchung – gemäß der …” „… „consumer democracy“ bzw. einem „model of an all-embracing consumer culture“, das allerdings nach Ende des …”

Bürgerschaft als dynamischer Prozess der wechselseitigen Zuschreibung und Aushandlung S. 110-114

„… Beschränkung der Reichweite des Konzepts hin. Ähnlich hängt die kollektive Machtposition des Consumer Citizen …” „… Sichtbarmachung sowie der entstehenden Deutungskonflikte zwischen Consumer Citizen und Corporate Citizen in den …” „… - und Exklusionsmechanismen? Machtverhältnis zwischen Consumer Citizen und Corporate Citizen …”

Steuerung politischer Marktmacht S. 344-349

„… zum ‚fairen‘ Einkauf werden kaum gegeben. 345 Handlungsrepertoire des Consumer Citizen. Dessen …” „… Unternehmen zu verfolgen, die als Ansatzpunkt einer Adressierung durch Consumer Citizens genutzt werden können …” „… Steuerung durch das Wechselspiel von Consumer Citizen und Corporate Citizen müssen schließlich mit Blick auf …”

Dimensionen des Bürgerbegriffs – Zusammenschau S. 57-58

„… : „[…] the political consumer is supposed to reunite the Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde of modernity: the bourgeois …” „… Widersprüche der Verschmelzung verschiedener Bürgerrollen in den Figuren des Consumer Citizen und Corporate …”

Unternehmen als (gute) Bürger S. 180-218

„… Deutungen der Rolle des Unternehmens als Good Corporate Citizen bzw. des Konsumenten als Good Consumer …” „… Tatsache sei: „Many consumers do not realize this, but there is a distinction between our Company and our …” „… politischen Marktarenen“ und „Corporate Citizenship und Consumer Citizenship – Bürgerschaft durch …”

Grundlagen des Forschungsdesigns S. 115-116

„… ausgeführt, zu untersuchen, ob Selbst- bzw. Fremdzuschreibungen als Consumer und Corporate Citizen mit einem …”

Sprachlich-rhetorische Struktur S. 171-180

„… für Produkte des Unternehmens wird so beispielsweise als „[t]he honor our consumers gave us by …” „… Deutungen der Rolle des Unternehmens als Good Corporate Citizen bzw. des Konsumenten als Good Consumer …”

Der Markt als politische Arena S. 9-13

„… eine tatsächliche, öffentliche Freiheit (ebd.: 167). Auch Colin Crouch hält fest „The consumer has …”

Rechte und Pflichten S. 32-37

„… spätere Auseinandersetzung mit den Konzepten Consumer Citizenship und Corporate Citizenship bietet es sich …”

Postnationale Bürgerschaft S. 23-32

„… auf die spätere Auseinandersetzung mit den Konzepten Consumer Citizenship und Corporate Citizenship …”

Anhang S. 381-406

„… / SKC12 Consumer Choice Unterseite Anti-Coke Audio and Visual Programs YouTube killercoke.org/audvis.htm …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845226569

Lars S. Otto, Ingolf Pernice - Europa neu verfasst ohne Verfassung

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Lars S. Otto (ed.), Ingolf Pernice (ed.)

Europa neu verfasst ohne Verfassung

Series: Schriftenreihe Europäisches Verfassungsrecht

Volume 32 2010

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Meglena Kuneva Treaty of Lisbon. Revision of the Consumer Acquis and Consumer Redress S. 49-52

„… Treaty of Lisbon. Revision of the Consumer Acquis and Consumer Redress Dr. Meglena Kuneva* FCE …” „… transformation of European Consumer Policy Law. Being here with you today, in Berlin – at the centre of the new …” „… Europe's consumer strategy last year, my aim was to give power to consumers and new opportunities to …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-6

„… : Meglena Kuneva Treaty of Lisbon. Revision of the Consumer Acquis and Consumer Redress 49 FCE 4/2008 …”

Ingolf Pernice, Lars S. Otto Vorwort S. 7-14

„… widmet sich in ihrem Vortrag „Treaty of Lisbon. Revision of the Consumer Acquis and Consumer Redress“ der …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845224138

Hans-W. Micklitz - Modernising Consumer Law

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Hans-W. Micklitz (ed.)

Modernising Consumer Law

Series: Schriftenreihe des Instituts für Europäisches Wirtschafts- und Verbraucherrecht e.V.

Volume 34 2012

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Thomas Roethe Consultancy to the Legal Reform of Serbia: Consumer Law, Consumer Protection S. 403-485

„… 403 Consultancy to the Legal Reform of Serbia: Consumer Law, Consumer Protection Thomas Roethe …” „… 1 Contents I. 404 Introduction II. 405 Method III. 408 Interviews Interview 1 – Consumer …” „… Organisation AAA 408 Interview 2 – BBB (Consumer Association) 415 Interview 3 – CCC 424 Interviews 4, 5, 6 …”

Consumer Protection Act 16 detailed Tables of comparison S. 221-376

„… 221 CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT Model Law (by ZAP) SCPA Chapter I – Main Provisions Chapter I …” „… : Introductory Provisions Article 1 Scope This Law protects the fundamental rights of the consumers; lays …” „… down the conditions and means of consumer protection; specifies the rights and commitments of the …”

Ruth Anna Büttner, Drago Trbojevic Consumer Organisations in Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro and FYR Macedonia S. 377-402

„… Centres and 26 other consumer-oriented associations is responsible for political representation of …” „… 377 Consumer Organisations in Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro and FYROM1 Ruth Anna Büttner/Drago …” „… Trbojevic Contents I. 379 Introduction II. 380 Consumer Organisations in Serbia 1. 382 Basic functions …”

Marija Karanikic, Hans-W. Micklitz, Norbert Reich Explanatory Memorandum to the Draft Proposal of a Model Consumer Law (MCL) and the Final Text of the Serbian Consumer Protection Act (SCPA) S. 163-208

„… consumer organisations in 115 countries. See: http://www.consumersinternational.org. 7 United Nations …” „… consumer-debtor relationship”, will be documented separately in this book. When it comes to package tours, the …” „… 163 Explanatory Memorandum to the Draft Proposal of a Model Consumer Law (MCL) and the Final Text …”

Hans-W. Micklitz The Law of the Western Balkan Countries in the Mirror of Consumer Law S. 9-162

„… 9 The Law of the Western Balkan Countries in the Mirror of Consumer Law Hans-W. Micklitz with …” „… Consumer Law in the Western Balkan States 17 1. Enlargement and Pre-Accession with regard to CEE …” „… Copenhagen/Thessaloniki Criteria – Through the Eyes of the European Commission 35 c) The State of Consumer Law – Through …”

Marija Karanikic, Norbert Reich A Note on the New Serbian Consumer Legislation Annex I to the Explanatory Memorandum S. 209-216

„… A Note on the New Serbian Consumer Credit Legislation 209 A Note on the New Serbian Consumer …” „… support of Mateja Djurovic In the course of drafting the newly enacted Serbian Consumer Protection Act …” „… (SCPA),1 unyielding resistance to the idea of having a framework piece of consumer legislation that …”

Marija Karanikic, Norbert Reich A Note on Out-of-Court Settlement in the New Serbian Consumer Protection Legislation Annex II to the Explanatory Memorandum S. 217-220

„… Out-of-Court Settlement in the New Serbian Consumer Protection Legislation 217 A Note on …” „… Out-of-Court Settlement in the New Serbian Consumer Protection Legislation Annex II to the Explanatory …” „… consumers due to the relatively small value of consumer disputes in comparison to the costs, formalities …”

Introduction S. 7-8

„… 7 Introduction This book is the result of an EU project concerned with bringing EU consumer law …” „… – the so-called consumer acquis – to the West Balkans, in particular Serbia. The ideas were developed …” „… Serbia. To set the scene, Hans- W. Micklitz undertook a stock-take of consumer law in existence in 2008 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-6

„… Modernising Consumer Law Marija Karanikic | Hans-W. Micklitz | Norbert Reich The Experience of the …” „… Karanikic | Hans-W. Micklitz | Norbert Reich Modernising Consumer Law The Experience of the Western Balkan …” „… Consumer Law Hans-W. Micklitz with the collaboration of Mateja Djurovic Explanatory Memorandum to the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845243429

Reiner Schulze - Common European Sales Law (CESL)

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Reiner Schulze (ed.)

Common European Sales Law (CESL)

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2012

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Article 111 Consumer’s choice between repair and replacement S. 544-548

„… (P) differs at this point from the Consumer Sales Directive and its interpretation expressed by the …” „… . Although it goes below the standard of the Consumer Sales Directive, both texts cannot be just compared …” „… irrespective of the whole balance between the rights and duties of the parties. The Consumer Sales Directive …”

Article 64 Interpretation in favour of consumers S. 357-360

„… made an effort to do so. The latter explanation is the more consumer-friendly one and more in line with …” „… Article 64 Interpretation in favour of consumers 1. Where there is doubt about the meaning of a …” „… contract term in a contract between a trader and a consumer, the interpretation most favourable to the …”

Article 167 Interest when the debtor is a consumer S. 698-704

„… consumers, art 167(4) explicitly prohibits that interest be added to capital, ie it requires the calculation …” „… Interest when the debtor is a consumer 1. When the debtor is a consumer, interest for delay in payment is …” „… produce interest. 5. The parties may not, to the detriment of the consumer, exclude the application of …”

Article 101 Incorrect installation under a consumer sales contract S. 513-516

„… installation under a consumer sales contract 1. Where goods or digital content supplied under a consumer sales …” „… content were intended to be installed by the consumer and the incorrect installation was due to a …” „… shortcoming in the installation instructions. 2. The parties may not, to the detriment of the consumer …”

Article 142 Passing of risk in a consumer sales contract S. 642-645

„… 2 Passing of risk in consumer sales contracts Article 142 Passing of risk in a consumer sales …” „… contract 1. In a consumer sales contract, the risk passes at the time when the consumer or a third party …” „… designated by the consumer, not being the carrier, has acquired the physical possession of the goods or the …”

Article 45 Obligations of the consumer in the event of withdrawal S. 278-284

„… Article 45 Obligations of the consumer in the event of withdrawal 1. The consumer must send back …” „… and in any event not later than fourteen days from the day on which the consumer communicates the …” „… offered to collect the goods. This deadline is met if the consumer sends back the goods before the period …”

Article 71 Additional payments in contracts between a trader and a consumer S. 385-388

„… market-deterioration because of consumers being rationally disinterested in the content of general contract terms than …” „… between a trader and a consumer 1. In a contract between a trader and a consumer, a contract term which …” „… obliges the consumer to make any payment in addition to the remuneration stated for the trader’s main …”

Article 9 Standard Information Notice in contracts between a trader and a consumer S. 99-102

„… consumer could do is possibly raise a claim for damages based on culpa in contrahendo under the law …” „… consumer can more or less choose whether or not to rely on the application of the CESL (P). D. Criticism As …” „… and a consumer 1. In addition to the pre-contractual information duties laid down in the Common …”

Article 83 Meaning of ‘unfair’ in contracts between a trader and a consumer S. 419-423

„… mentioned above (cf art 80 no 5), in such a scenario the clause could not be enforced against the consumer …” „… the consumer. Secondly, the situation in which the term is listed under art 84 and is therefore unfair …” „… with the result that it is not binding on the consumer. Thirdly, a similar situation is also …”

Article 6 Exclusion of mixed-purpose contracts and contracts linked to a consumer credit S. 86-90

„… consumer law of the target country. This, in turn, largely deprives the trader of the benefits which the …” „… mixed-purpose contracts and contracts linked to a consumer credit 1. The Common European Sales Law may not be …” „… European Sales Law may not be used for contracts between a trader and a consumer where the trader grants or …”

Article 2 Definitions S. 50-67

„… that in cases of dual use, consumer-specific rules may not be relied on ‘unless the trade or …” „… purposes relating to that person’s trade, business, craft, or profession; (f) ‘consumer’ means any natural …” „… digital content by consumers or any other interaction with the creations of other users; (k) ‘sales …”

EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM Explanatory Memorandum S. 788-817

„… 3 consumer sales contract – definition RegCESL (P) 2 25 consumer-friendly interpretation – language …” „… – consumer-friendly 61 10, 63 6 et seq, 64 1 et seqq, 7 et seq – context 60 1 et seqq – contra proferentem 61 9, 63 …” „… Differences in contract law between Member States hinder traders and consumers who want to engage in …”

Abbreviations S. 20-28

„… . Chambre commerciale, financière et économique C2C consumer-to-consumer Cass Civ 1re Cour de cassation …” „… business-to-consumer BB Der Betriebsberater BGBl Bundesgesetzblatt BGer Bundesgericht (Switzerland) BGH …” „… (2008) 614 final Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on consumer …”

Article 63 Preference for interpretation which gives contract terms effect S. 354-357

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1. Art 63 and consumer-friendly interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 …” „… effect. II. Relationship with other rules Art 63 and consumer-friendly interpretation The most difficult …” „… of consumer-friendly interpretation is concerned a conflict between the two rules arises where the …”

List of contributors S. 18-20

„… 2C consumer-to-consumer Cass Civ 1re Cour de cassation, Première chambre civile Cass Com Cour de …” „… unit B2B business-to-business B2C business-to-consumer BB Der Betriebsberater BGBl Bundesgesetzblatt …”

Article 62 Preference for individually negotiated contract terms S. 352-354

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1. Art 63 and consumer-friendly interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 …” „… in favour of consumers and the rule in art 63 about interpretation giving contract terms effect …” „… particular in consumer contracts (art 72 no 3), also oral modifications of not individually negotiated …”

Article 44 Obligations of the trader in the event of withdrawal S. 273-278

„… II. Wording of art 43(b) Where the effect of the withdrawal on the offer made by a consumer is …” „… reimburse all payments received from the consumer, including, where applicable, the costs of delivery …” „… informed of the consumer’s decision to withdraw from the contract in accordance with Article 41. The trader …”

Article 40 Right to withdraw S. 247-260

„… , the consumer has a right to withdraw from the contract without giving any reason, and at no cost to …” „… the consumer except as provided in Article 45, from: 2 Cf for more detail Schulze, ‘Widerrufsrechte …” „… (eds), Handbook of Research on International Consumer Law, pp 145–157; Rott, ‘Information obligations …”

Article 1 Objective and subject matter S. 38-50

„… business-to-consumer transactions and in business-to-business transactions. This also leads to disadvantages for …” „… consumers due to limited access to goods. Different national contract laws therefore deter the exercise of …” „… proportions and legal obstacles stemming from the differences between national mandatory consumer protection …”

Article 17 Information about rights of withdrawal when concluding a distance or off-premises contract S. 179-182

„… D. Criticism The Consumer Rights Directive requires there to be a reminder of the existence of the …” „… existence of the consumer’s rights in respect of nonconformity,6 although this was removed in the CESL (FS …” „… to inform the consumer of codes of conduct under the heading information about the terms of the …”

Article 41 Exercise of right to withdraw S. 260-265

„… provision the Member States may exclude the application of the Consumer Rights Directive to off-premises …” „… contracts up to a total value of 50 EUR. The Consumer Rights Directive therefore does not stipulate such a …” „… Consumer Rights Directive the Member States do not have to select the one extreme of excluding the right of …”

Article 18 Off-premises contracts: additional information requirements and confirmation S. 182-185

„… D. Criticism Art 45(2) provides that the consumer must bear the direct costs of returning goods …” „… , unless the trader had agreed to bear those costs or the trader failed to inform the consumer that the …” „… consumer has to bear them. As noted in the distance contracts context, the consumer is to be informed he …”

Article 85 Contract terms which are presumed to be unfair S. 426-430

„… that would fall under art 84(a) would prevent either the consumer from receiving compensation for …” „… personal injury, or compensation for the consumer’s successors in the event of death, if the trader could …” „… exclude or limit the liability. Consequently, all terms are unfair which deny the consumer compensation …”

Article 84 Contract terms which are always unfair S. 423-426

„… death or personal injury caused to the consumer through an act or omission of the trader or of someone …” „… to the consumer caused deliberately or as a result of gross negligence; (c) limit the trader’s …” „… or hinder the consumer’s right to take legal action or exercise any other legal remedy, particularly …”

Article 46 Ancillary contracts S. 284-288

„… service during the withdrawal period is conditional on the consumer’s express consent (arts 18[2 …” „… ], 19[6]). Accordingly, if the consumer has not given permission for the service to be provided he shall …” „… consumer’s prior express consent and with the acknowledgement by the consumer of losing the right to withdraw …”

Article 25 Additional requirements in distance contracts concluded by electronic means S. 203-207

„… that the article is only applicable to consumer contracts (cf art 2 RegCESL [P] no 31). If the …” „… information is to be provided to a consumer, there appear to be no express formal requirements with regard eg …” „… better solution to ensuring that the pre-contractual information provided to a consumer is subject to the …”

Article 13 Duty to provide information when concluding a distance or off-premises contract S. 164-171

„… (art 23). In the consumer context there is no one general provision but rather rules governing distance …” „… the following information to the consumer, in a clear and comprehensible manner before the contract is …” „… concluded or the consumer is bound by any offer: (a) the main characteristics of the goods, digital content …”

Article 16 Information about the contract terms S. 176-179

„… trading name is provided is that sufficient? The consumer may need more than that if eventually it needs …” „… , this wording has also been adopted in the Consumer Rights Directive.6 It should be clarified whether …” „… useful for the consumer to know the address of any such agency or branch in his own state, but this does …”

Article 42 Withdrawal period S. 265-269

„… V. Burden of proof According to paragraph 5 the consumer bears the burden of proving that, in …” „… the elements pertinent to such right.12 In particular, it is for the consumer to prove that he sent …” „… art 42) and the notice contains an unequivocal statement that the consumer wants to withdraw from the …”

Article 8 Agreement on the use of the Common European Sales Law S. 94-99

„… provisions in the Common European Sales Law. 2. In relations between a trader and a consumer the agreement on …” „… the use of the Common European Sales Law shall be valid only if the consumer’s consent is given by an …” „… . The trader shall provide the consumer with a confirmation of that agreement on a durable medium. 3. In …”

Introduction to arts 13–29 Howells/Watson S. 162-164

„… information to be given by a trader dealing with a consumer Introduction to arts 13–29 Information duties seek …” „… also have a certain protective function in that they are aimed at protecting consumers and SMEs, albeit …” „… not to the same extent (cf eg arts 13 and 23). A major function of EU consumer law has been to ensure …”

Article 19 Distance contracts: additional information and other requirements S. 185-189

„… durable medium. It is a matter of policy whether the consumer should be provided with two copies – one …” „… telephone call to a consumer, with a view to concluding a distance contract, the trader must, at the …” „… beginning of the conversation with the consumer, disclose its identity and, where applicable, the identity …”

Article 14 Information about price and additional charges and costs S. 171-174

„… ). There may be an interesting discussion as to whether a trader can effectively opt-out of the Consumer …” „… ? Unfortunately, the Consumer Rights Directive does not provide any further guidance on this matter. Article 14 …” „… provided. 3. Where applicable, the trader must inform the consumer of the cost of using the means of …”

Article 20 Duty to provide information when concluding contracts other than distance and off-premises contracts S. 189-193

„… information in paragraph 2, have to inform the consumer of where the remaining information can otherwise be …” „… provide the following information to the consumer, in a clear and comprehensible manner before the …” „… contract is concluded or the consumer is bound by any offer, if that information is not already apparent …”

Article 177 Mandatory nature S. 756-759

„… Article 177 Mandatory nature In relations between a trader and a consumer the parties may not, to …” „… the detriment of the consumer, exclude the application of this Chapter or derogate from or vary its …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 I. Relation between trader and consumer …”

Article 43 Effects of withdrawal S. 269-273

„… before the consumer was bound by an offer; art 13[1]), but provided the information within one year after …” „… ). In this case there is no justification for granting the consumer the entire remainder of the one year …” „… . In paragraph 2 letter b it is also always required that the trader has provided the consumer with all …”

Article 4 Cross-border contracts S. 71-77

„… contract between a trader and a consumer is a cross-border contract if: (a) either the address indicated by …” „… the consumer, the delivery address for goods or the billing address are located in a country other …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 II. Consumer contracts …”

Article 93 Place of delivery S. 477-482

„… of a consumer sales contract or a contract for the supply of digital content which is a distance or …” „… off-premises contract, or in which the seller has undertaken to arrange carriage to the buyer, the consumer’s …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 II. Place of performance in distance and off-premises contracts with consumers …”

Article 102 Third party rights or claims S. 516-523

„… official instructions. In such cases, the consumer acts on his or her own risk. The shortcomings of the …” „… average consumer. Similarly to the case of wrong installation by the seller, the main purpose of this …” „… 105(3), this moment will be postponed when the consumer had reasonable time for the installation. III …”

Article 47 Mandatory nature S. 288-291

„… applicable to B2C contracts, the applicable law will generally be the law of the state in which the consumer …” „… trader’s pre-contractual information obligations. If the consumer is not granted a direct right of …” „… inform the consumer that he does not have such a right. As such, if the trader fulfills this duty in …”

ANNEX II STANDARD INFORMATION NOTICE Standard Information Notice S. 786-788

„… Common European Sales Law, which is an alternative system of national contract law available to consumers …” „… been designed to provide consumers with a high level of protection. These rules only apply if you mark …” „… between Member States hinder traders and consumers who want to engage in cross-border trade within the …”

Article 90 Extended application of rules on payment and on goods or digital content not accepted S. 463-469

„… consumer (art 44[1] and [2]) and to return the payments in the frame of restitution after termination and …” „… reimbursement using the same means of payment as the consumer used for the initial transaction unless the …” „… consumer has expressly agreed otherwise. The application of art 124(2) (acceptance of the cheque or other …”

Introduction to arts 40–47 S. 246-247

„… Chapter 4 Right to withdraw in distance and off-premises contracts between traders and consumers …” „… Introduction to arts 40–47 Under arts 40–47 the consumer is granted a right of withdrawal when concluding …” „… possible if they are to the detriment of the consumer (art 47). The provisions stipulate the necessary …”

Article 28 Duty to ensure that information supplied is correct S. 209-212

„… B. Context It is a familiar technique in EU and national consumer law to make the consumer rights …” „… as well as in the Consumer Rights Directive.3 C. Explanation The mandatory nature applies to the …” „… consumer. It is not available in B2B contracts. In B2C contracts a trader is not excluded from providing …”

Article 15 Information about the identity and address of the trader S. 174-176

„… and e-mail address of the trader, where available, to enable the consumer to contact the trader …” „… applicable that of the trader on whose behalf it is acting, where the consumer can address any complaints …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 A. Function It is important that the consumer knows who their trading partner is and how to …”

Article 186 Agreements concerning prescription S. 777-780

„… effects. 5. In a contract between a trader and a consumer this Article may not be applied to the detriment …” „… of the consumer. Contents A. Function …” „… the applicable prescription rules. In addition to concerns related to debtor and consumer protection …”

Article 99 Conformity with the contract S. 500-508

„… otherwise. 3. In a consumer sales contract, any agreement derogating from the requirements of Articles 100 …” „… , 102 and 103 to the detriment of the consumer is valid only if, at the time of the conclusion of the …” „… contract, the consumer knew of the specific condition of the goods or the digital content and accepted the …”

Article 70 Duty to raise awareness of not individually negotiated contract terms S. 380-385

„… , although probably drafted with the good intention of heightening consumer protection, misses its point …” „… scope of application, the rules could still be mandatory only in regard to consumer protection and …” „… this Article, in relations between a trader and a consumer contract terms are not sufficiently brought …”

Article 27 Mandatory nature S. 208-209

„… all pre-contractual information to be given by a trader dealing with a consumer in contracts concluded …” „… consumer, the parties may not, to the detriment of the consumer, exclude the application of this Section or …” „… contrary to the intention of creating a minimum standard of consumer protection. In particular, one also …”

Article 110 Requiring performance of seller’s obligations S. 540-544

„… the side of the creditor requires also that the non-performance is not excused. In consumer cases, it …” „… may, however, produce the effect below the standard of the Consumer Sales Directive. The qualification …” „… below the standard of the Consumer Sales Directive, although the solution of the CESL (P) seems to be …”

Article 82 Duty of transparency in contract terms not individually negotiated S. 418-419

„… Section 2 Unfair contract terms in contracts between a trader and a consumer Article 82 Duty of …” „… not been individually negotiated with the consumer within the meaning of Article 7, it has a duty to …” „… subject to a duty of transparency. Such a duty obliges the trader to ensure that the consumer can take …”

Article 65 Interpretation against supplier of a contract term S. 360-364

„… favourable to the consumer. Arguably, there is no real difference between an interpretation ‘more favourable …” „… ’ and one ‘most favourable’ to the consumer, except that the latter term more vividly reminds the user …” „… of how important the rule is. To what extent different interpretations are favourable to the consumer …”

Article 72 Merger clauses S. 388-391

„… carrying no actual benefit for the consumer (eg insubstantially longer periods of guarantee) will be …” „… view of the fact that this is a norm granting rights and protection to consumers. Art 22 Dir No 2011/83 …” „… statements from being used to interpret the contract. 3. In a contract between a trader and a consumer, the …”

Article 141 Identification of goods or digital content to contract S. 640-642

„… risk in consumer sales contracts Article 142 Passing of risk in a consumer sales contract 1. In a …” „… consumer sales contract, the risk passes at the time when the consumer or a third party designated by the …” „… consumer, not being the carrier, has acquired the physical possession of the goods or the tangible medium …”

Article 22 Mandatory nature S. 194-195

„… pre-contractual information to be given by a trader dealing with a consumer in off-premises and distance contracts …” „… cover ‘the information required in the appropriate manner’. The Consumer Rights Directive is clearer in …” „… nature The parties may not, to the detriment of the consumer, exclude the application of this Section or …”

Article 24 Additional duties to provide information in distance contracts concluded by electronic means S. 200-203

„… article appear to be required irrespective of whether the other contractual party is a consumer or trader …” „… the CESL (FS).2 The Consumer Rights Directive does not regulate these matters as the E-Commerce …” „… be filed by the trader and whether any such document will be accessible. Here the consumer needs to …”

Article 12 Unilateral statements or conduct S. 157-162

„… pre-contractual information to a consumer in a clear and comprehensible manner (cf art 13[1]). If paragraph 2 of …” „… defence that the consumer could be expected to have been aware of the clear meaning of the information …” „… Pre-contractual information Section 1 Pre-contractual information to be given by a trader dealing with a consumer …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-17

„… the internal market under a uniform set of contract law rules for traders and consumers. At the same …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 5 40 Exclusion of mixed-purpose contracts and contracts linked to a consumer credit …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 8 57 Standard Information Notice in contracts between a trader and a consumer . . .Article 9 62 …”

Appendix 1 Model instructions on withdrawal S. 780-784

„… ordered by the consumer in one order and delivered separately: ‘on which you acquire, or a third party …” „… address. 3 If you give the option to the consumer to electronically fill in and submit information about …” „… back the goods, whichever is the earliest’. 5 If the consumer has received goods in connection with the …”

Article 26 Burden of proof S. 207-208

„… Article 26 Burden of proof In relations between a trader and a consumer, the trader bears the …” „… information is in dispute. The consumer may have mislaid his documentation and have only a shaky memory of …” „… provided a general rule of the reversal of the burden of proof with respect to ‘disadvantaged consumers’;1 …”

Article 5 Contracts for which the Common European Sales Law can be used S. 77-86

„… Upon a closer look, however, traders are not safe against foreign law anyway, as the consumer may …” „… contracts where the buyer is another trader and rules for contracts where the buyer is a consumer it is not …” „… possible to sell to a person who is neither a trader nor a consumer under the CESL (P) (cf art 2 no 18 …”

Article 23 Duty to disclose information about goods and related services S. 195-200

„… for the consumer. Imposing mandatory requirements concerning the manner and the language style in …” „… information. B. Context It is a familiar technique in EU and national consumer law to make the consumer rights …” „… as well as in the Consumer Rights Directive.3 C. Explanation The mandatory nature applies to the …”

Article 10 Penalties for breach of specific requirements S. 102-105

„… still more difficulties because of the insecurity for the trader whether or not the consumer will …” „… the existing information overload, but is also very dangerous for the consumer and potentially …” „… misleading: Information of the kind that the consumer has a right of withdrawal ‘in most cases’ suggests that …”

Article 3 Optional nature of the Common European Sales Law S. 67-71

„… fulfil the information duties thereby causing some loss to the consumer, the latter can enforce a claim …” „… for consumer contracts and art 9(2) Reg (EC) No 593/2008 regarding overriding mandatory provisions …” „… as art 6(2) Reg (EC) No 593/2008 would have obliged the trader to comply with the mandatory consumer …”

Article 21 Burden of proof S. 193-194

„… the Consumer Rights Directive also does not contain this information requirement.10 Article 21 …” „… information is in dispute. The consumer may have mislaid his documentation and have only a shaky memory of …” „… adopt such an approach and it only applied to particular aspects. The Distance Marketing of Consumer …”

Article 87 Non-performance and fundamental non-performance S. 433-445

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 III. Insignificant non-performance in consumer contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 …” „… contract, the consumer may, however, not terminate the contract if the lack of conformity is insignificant …” „… the case of a lack of conformity in consumer contracts: only an insignificant lack of conformity would …”

Article 155 Remedies of the customer S. 666-668

„… the service provider to cure whether or not the customer is a consumer. 3. In the case of incorrect …” „… installation under a consumer sales contract as referred to in Article 101 the consumer’s remedies are not …” „… subject to a right of the service provider to cure. 4. The customer, if a consumer, has the right to …”

Article 92 Performance by a third party S. 473-477

„… relations between a trader and a consumer the parties may not, to the detriment of the consumer, exclude the …” „… from its own liability. According to paragraph 3, the parties in consumer contracts may not discharge …” „… clarification, combined with paragraph 3, which makes paragraph 2 mandatory in consumer contracts, creates …”

Article 32 Revocation of offer S. 225-228

„… the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive that exactly tries to rule out proposals that make consumers …” „… this provision in art 40(4) that states that where a consumer has made an offer which, if accepted …” „… would lead to the conclusion of a contract from which there would be a right to withdraw, the consumer …”

Article 119 Loss of right to terminate S. 561-563

„… . Paragraph 1 does not apply: (a) where the buyer is a consumer; or (b) where no performance at all has been …” „… reasonable time.1 In the case of B2C contracts, a right to protect the consumer’s interest is here more …” „… important than the stability of contract. Hence this limitation does not concern consumers (art 119[2][a …”

Article 12 Information requirements resulting from the Services Directive S. 109-115

„… Directives’, in Schulte-Nölke et al (eds), EC Consumer Law Compendium. The Consumer Acquis and its …” „… between traders and consumers in general, art 20(1)(c) CESL (P) requires information on the identity of …” „… of the trader, where available, to enable the consumer to contact the trader quickly and communicate …”

Article 69 Contract terms derived from certain pre-contractual statements S. 374-380

„… consumer then, for the purposes of paragraph 1, a public statement made by or on behalf of a producer or …” „… not be expected to have known of it. 4. In relations between a trader and a consumer the parties may …” „… not, to the detriment of the consumer, exclude the application of this Article or derogate from or …”

Article 108 Mandatory nature S. 531-532

„… Mandatory nature In a contract between a trader and a consumer, the parties may not, to the detriment of the …” „… consumer, exclude the application of this Chapter, or derogate from or vary its effect before the lack of …” „… conformity is brought to the trader’s attention by the consumer. Art 108 makes all provisions governing the …”

Appendix 2 Model withdrawal form S. 784-786

„… content/for the provision of the following related service* – Ordered on*/received on* – Name of consumer(s …” „… ) – Address of consumer(s) – Signature of consumer(s) (only if this form is notified on paper) – Date * Delete …” „… alternative system of national contract law available to consumers in cross-border situations. These common …”

Article 39 Conflicting standard contract terms S. 241-246

„… Chapter 4 Right to withdraw in distance and off-premises contracts between traders and consumers …” „… Introduction to arts 40–47 Under arts 40–47 the consumer is granted a right of withdrawal when concluding …” „… possible if they are to the detriment of the consumer (art 47). The provisions stipulate the necessary …”

Article 130 Early delivery and delivery of wrong quantity S. 605-611

„… paid for at the contractual rate. 5. In a consumer sales contract paragraph 4 does not apply if the …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3. Excess delivery to consumers …” „… to consumers Paragraph 5 makes an exception from the obligation to pay the difference for buyers who …”

Article 76 Language S. 402-404

„… of the consumer’s domicile, leading to the consumer’s language as the court language and a need to …” „… traders and consumers, applying art 76 might lead to this type of problems. D. Criticism Strictly speaking …” „… standards and the consumers’ need for being able to communicate in their native language. A solution might …”

Article 135 Termination for delay after notice fixing additional time for performance S. 625-628

„… consumer, the additional time for performance must not end before the 30 day period referred to Article …” „… consumer sales contract, the parties may not, to the detriment of the consumer, exclude the application of …” „… contracts between a trader and a consumer. Paragraph 4 makes the entire article semi-mandatory in favour of …”

Article 29 Remedies for breach of information duties S. 212-216

„… provision creates the impression that the consumer has to prove that the trader has fulfilled his …” „… trader must prove that he supplied the information, yet it would be for the consumer to prove that the …” „… applicable yardstick is the (varying) ‘average consumer’ standard. However, art 28 is not limited in its …”

Article 77 Contracts of indeterminate duration S. 404-408

„… standards and the consumers’ need for being able to communicate in their native language. A solution might …” „… to differing national requirements, but allowing consumers to send further communications (eg letters …” „… period of notice not exceeding two months. 2. In relations between a trader and a consumer the parties …”

Article 109 Cure by the seller S. 532-540

„… improvement in the redaction of this provision is advisable. The CESL (P) follows the approach of the Consumer …” „… not only the interests of the individual consumer, who is a party to the contract, but the collective …” „… interests of the consumers. It is also possible to agree upon more beneficial terms for consumers than those …”

Article 100 Criteria for conformity of the goods and digital content S. 508-513

„… possibility to reduce the enhanced requirements for the consumer’s consent to the diminished qualities of the …” „… requirements for the validity of the consumer’s consent (eg by requiring a specific form). It is, however, also …” „… capabilities as the buyer may expect. When determining what the consumer may expect of the digital content …”

Article 104 Buyer’s knowledge of lack of conformity in a contract between traders S. 523-524

„… semi-mandatory rules in order to protect consumers (art 102[5]). The parties may agree on the more beneficial …” „… standards for consumers (eg confining the restriction concerning the liability of the seller in the case of …” „… exclude the consumer’s 1 Cf Schopper, ‘Verpflichtungen und Abhilfen der Parteien’, in …”

Article 105 Relevant time for establishing conformity S. 524-527

„… to the buyer under Chapter 14. 2. In a consumer sales contract, any lack of conformity which becomes …” „… be read as a reference to the time when the consumer had reasonable time for the installation. 4 …” „… contract between a trader and a consumer, the parties may not, to the detriment of a consumer, exclude the …”

Article 149 Obligation to prevent damage S. 657-659

„… derogated from if this would be to the consumer’s disadvantage; however, such rules can be amended to the …” „… consumer’s benefit. Article 149 Obligation to prevent damage The service provider must take reasonable …” „… damage to the trader’s or consumer’s property. Obligations and remedies of the parties Article 149 …”

Article 30 Requirements for the conclusion of a contract S. 217-221

„… pre-contractual information obligations imposed by the CESL (P), especially in the relationship with consumers …” „… between a trader and a consumer dependent on the signature of the offer by the consumer or on the sending …” „… copied from the Consumer Rights Directive11 – provides for a further derogation for distance contracts …”

Article 88 Excused non-performance S. 445-452

„… III. Insignificant non-performance in consumer contracts In consumer contracts, the requirement of …” „… consumer for the reason of lack of conformity of the goods or digital content with the contract. In such a …” „… case a consumer will be prevented from terminating a contract if the lack of conformity is …”

Article 7 Not individually negotiated contract terms Mazeaud/Sauphanor-Brouillaud S. 142-145

„… contract between a trader and a consumer, the trader bears the burden of proving that a contract term …” „… supplied by the trader has been individually negotiated. 5. In a contract between a trader and a consumer …” „… consumer introduced them to the contract. Contents A. Function …”

Article 166 Interest on late payments S. 692-698

„… payment is not excused. Furthermore, if the debtor is a consumer (a B2C contract), interest does not start …” „… running automatically when payment is due, but only under two further conditions: if the consumer was …” „… consumer received notice of such (art 167[2]). The interest rate defined in art 166(2) does not apply in B2 …”

Article 95 Time of delivery S. 487-490

„… the conclusion of the contract. 2. In contracts between a trader and a consumer, unless agreed …” „… requires – from the consumer – excessive advance payments of performance of obligations, as unfair in the …” „… . According to art 6(2) RegCESL (P), a B2C contract granting to the consumer a credit in a form of the …”

Article 148 Obligation to achieve result and obligation of care and skill S. 655-657

„… service. 4. Where in a contract between a trader and a consumer the related service includes installation …” „… required by Article 101. 5. In relations between a trader and a consumer the parties may not, to the …” „… detriment of the consumer, exclude the application of paragraph 2 or derogate from or vary its effects …”

Article 118 Notice of termination S. 560-561

„… buyer is a consumer; or (b) where no performance at all has been tendered. Contents A. Objectives …” „… reasonable time.1 In the case of B2C contracts, a right to protect the consumer’s interest is here more …” „… important than the stability of contract. Hence this limitation does not concern consumers (art 119[2][a …”

Article 134 Termination for fundamental non-performance S. 623-625

„… allows the consumer to terminate the contract if the seller fails to deliver the goods after an …” „… additional period of time has been set, but contains no corresponding provision for the consumer’s failure to …” „… the buyer does not object to it without undue delay. In relations between a trader and a consumer, the …”

Article 176 Equitable modification S. 751-756

„… between a trader and a consumer the parties may not, to the detriment of the consumer, exclude the …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 I. Relation between trader and consumer …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 III. To the detriment of the consumer …”

Article 112 Return of replaced item S. 548-551

„… ). Paragraph 2 is, according to its language, confined to consumers. However, it must also be applicable if the …” „… professional buyer requires the cure according to art 110(2). Paragraph 2 should not prevent the consumer from …” „… analogy. The consumer may claim the damages for the delay. After the cure is completed, the consumer may …”

Article 114 Termination for non-performance S. 553-555

„… of Article 87(2). 2. In a consumer sales contract and a contract for the supply of digital content …” „… between a trader and a consumer, where there is a non-performance because the goods do not conform to the …” „… contract, the consumer may terminate the contract unless the lack of conformity is insignificant. Contents …”

Article 124 Means of payment S. 574-580

„… contract between a trader and a consumer, the consumer is not liable, in respect of the use of a given …” „… protect consumers against excessive charges made for payments made eg by debit or credit cards. II …” „… charging a consumer more for using a particular means of payment than the costs to the business is also …”

Article 160 General measure of damages S. 676-682

„… consumer, including damages, were mandatory in the sense that any deviation from the CESL (P) to the …” „… detriment of consumer would be automatically invalid, then the fairness test would be obsolete. Between the …” „… two different and conflicting approaches of the CESL (P) with regard to consumer protection and the …”

Article 172 Restitution on avoidance or termination S. 716-728

„… relationships between a trader and a consumer. Of particular relevance is the interplay between art 172 and art …” „… goods to the consumer’s place of residence under art 93(1)(a), then the consumer has to restore them at …” „… can imagine that a consumer has picked up a good at the seller’s place of business in conformity with …”

Article 89 Change of circumstances S. 452-463

„… (art 106[2][a]). However, this rule does not apply in consumer contracts – a consumer’s rights are not …” „… subject to cure by the trader (art 106[3][a]). The consumer must tolerate a cure of the debtor in the case …” „… non-performance is fundamental (arts 114[1] and 134). In consumer cases, the contract is lesser protected because …”

Article 154 Provision of access S. 665-666

„… provider to cure whether or not the customer is a consumer. 3. In the case of incorrect installation under …” „… a consumer sales contract as referred to in Article 101 the consumer’s remedies are not subject to a …” „… right of the service provider to cure. 4. The customer, if a consumer, has the right to terminate the …”

Article 75 Determination by a third party S. 399-402

„… . In relations between a trader and a consumer the parties may not to the detriment of the consumer …” „… consumer in B2C transactions. C. Explanation I. Unavailability of third party Art 75(1) deals with the …” „… non-dispositive in B2C contracts to the disadvantage of the consumer. This is to serve consumer protection: when …”

Article 107 Limitation of remedies for digital content not supplied in exchange for a price S. 529-531

„… in B2B contracts do not apply in B2C contracts. The consumer may terminate the contract without …” „… giving to the trader a chance to cure (art 106[3][a]). The consumer does not need to examine the goods or …” „… eventually the consumer is not limited by the reasonable time in exercising the right to terminate the …”

Article 56 Exclusion or restriction of remedies S. 334-337

„… or restricted. 2. In relations between a trader and a consumer the parties may not, to the detriment …” „… of the consumer, directly or indirectly exclude or restrict remedies for mistake. 4 Von Bar/Clive …” „… ; insofar, the mandatory effect in favour of consumers applies also with regard to mistakes. II. Position …”

Article 178 Rights subject to prescription S. 759-762

„… related services requested and provided before the consumer’s withdrawal from a distance or off-premises …” „… consumer contracts; – art 55: damages for loss suffered as a result of mistake, fraud etc; – art 97(3 …” „… , according to arts 44 and 45(1), in case of the consumer’s withdrawal from distance and off-premises consumer …”

Article 94 Method of delivery S. 482-487

„… deliver: (a) in the case of a consumer sales contract or a contract for the supply of digital content …” „… to the consumer; (b) in other cases in which the contract involves carriage of the goods by a carrier …” „… consumer or the buyer includes a third party, not being the carrier, indicated by the consumer or the buyer …”

Article 7 Parties to the contract S. 90-94

„… related services is a trader. Where the buyer, user or customer is a consumer, the CESL (P) is available …” „… and a consumer the agreement on the use of the Common European Sales Law shall be valid only if the …” „… consumer’s consent is given by an explicit statement which is separate from the statement indicating the …”

Article 1 Freedom of contract Schulte-Nölke S. 122-126

„… certain situations. This is mainly, but not only the case with regard to consumer contracts. For the …” „… relations between a trader and a consumer. Unless otherwise provided, these provisions are mandatory, which …” „… : ‘Unless otherwise provided, the parties may not, to the detriment of the consumer, exclude the application …”

Article 106 Overview of buyer’s remedies S. 527-529

„… consumer: (a) the buyer’s rights are not subject to cure by the seller; and (b) the requirements of …” „… family of the CISG, PECL, DCFR, UNIDROIT PICC and the Consumer Rights Directive, it differs from these …” „… measures applicable in B2B contracts do not apply in B2C contracts. The consumer may terminate the contract …”

Article 115 Termination for delay in delivery after notice fixing additional time for performance S. 555-557

„… of the seller’s obligation, the consumer may terminate the contract according to art 114(1) – the …” „… ) 518 Zoll 8 1 2 the lack of conformity. Beyond this category of the non-performance, the consumer must …” „… consumer may terminate the contract immediately, without fixing the additional time. It is not a fully …”

Article 103 Limitation on conformity of digital content S. 523

„… semi-mandatory rules in order to protect consumers (art 102[5]). The parties may agree on the more beneficial …” „… standards for consumers (eg confining the restriction concerning the liability of the seller in the case of …” „… exclude the consumer’s 1 Cf Schopper, ‘Verpflichtungen und Abhilfen der Parteien’, in …”

Article 81 Mandatory nature S. 417-418

„… that has the objective or effect of reducing or neutralising the level of protection of the consumer or …” „… Section 2 Unfair contract terms in contracts between a trader and a consumer Article 82 Duty of …” „… not been individually negotiated with the consumer within the meaning of Article 7, it has a duty to …”

Article 173 Payment for monetary value S. 728-741

„… and used by businesses and consumers who would not necessarily be specialists in the area of contract …” „… case of digital content the monetary value of what was received is the amount the consumer saved by …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 4. Restriction to consumers …”

Article 73 Determination of price S. 391-395

„… consumer. As any agreement binding the consumer will be viewed as detrimental to the consumer, not even an …” „… 72(4), because paragraph 3 already states that a merger clause cannot affect consumers. If one …” „… paragraph states that a certain contract clause is not effective vis-à-vis a consumer, a clause in a …”

Article 159 Right to damages S. 672-676

„… that such (not individually negotiated) clauses in B2C contracts, which require a consumer to pay a …” „… limiting the remedies of the consumer is also on the list (art 85[b]). A 10 Von Bar/Clive (eds), DCFR, Full …” „… the presumption. If all remedies of the consumer, including damages, were mandatory in the sense that …”

Article 6 No form required S. 140-142

„… trader and a consumer, one can conclude argumentum e contrario that the agreement to use the CESL (P …” „… consumer, the trader bears the burden of proving that a contract term supplied by the trader has been …” „… individually negotiated. 5. In a contract between a trader and a consumer, contract terms drafted by a third …”

Article 180 Commencement S. 764-767

„… personal injury and damage to consumer property it is not easy to understand why the short prescription …” „… nature of the facts in question and the diligence required depends on whether the creditor is a consumer …” „… ignorance, cf text no 3. 12 Arts 13 and 15 concerning consumer distance and off-premises contracts, and art …”

Article 13 Member States’ options S. 115-118

„… the case of a contract between a trader and a consumer, the habitual residence of the trader, the …” „… address indicated by the consumer, the delivery address for goods and the billing address, are located in …” „… contract between a trader and a consumer, the habitual residence of the trader, the address indicated by …”

Article 133 Right to withhold performance S. 619-623

„… to reimburse the price after the consumer’s withdrawal to the consumer’s obligation to return the …”

Article 125 Place of payment S. 580-584

„… art 124(4) states that the consumer is ‘not liable’ for such fees to the extent that they exceed …” „… the transaction cost of the business. This implies that the consumer fulfils the obligation to pay the …” „… price by paying a correspondingly lower amount. In practice, however, consumers will be unable to order …”

Article 157 Remedies of the service provider S. 669-670

„… service provider has not disclosed the lack of conformity to the consumer. Article 157 Remedies of the …” „… to complete performance. 3. In relations between a trader and a consumer the parties may not, to the …” „… detriment of the consumer, exclude the application of this Article or derogate from or vary its effects …”

Article 97 Goods or digital content not accepted by the buyer S. 494-500

„… time when the consumer, or the third party designated by the consumer, would have acquired the physical …” „… had been performed, if the consumer is not excused under art 88. However, this rule does not apply in …” „… to art 142(3) maybe the case if the consumer’s failure to take delivery is excused, or because of The …”

Introduction to arts 79–86 S. 413-414

„… provided under the CESL (P) both for businesses and consumers. Regarding the application of rules on unfair …” „… between a trader and a consumer contains two exemplifying lists of contract terms that are considered or …” „… consumer or a trader can benefit from the application of this sanction. It follows a unilateral solution …”

Article 151 Obligation to provide invoice S. 659-661

„… consumer the parties may not, to the detriment of the consumer, exclude the application of paragraph 2 or …” „… distinction between traders or consumer and that the obligation to provide an invoice applies in B2B and B2C …”

Article 113 Right to withhold performance S. 551-553

„… non-performance under the contract is fundamental within the meaning of Article 87(2). 2. In a consumer sales …” „… contract and a contract for the supply of digital content between a trader and a consumer, where there is a …” „… non-performance because the goods do not conform to the contract, the consumer may terminate the contract unless …”

Article 185 Effects of prescription S. 775-777

„… between a trader and a consumer this Article may not be applied to the detriment of the consumer. Contents …” „… the applicable prescription rules. In addition to concerns related to debtor and consumer protection …”

Article 131 Overview of seller’s remedies Dannemann S. 611-614

„… legal acts of the EU Neither the Consumer Sales Directive nor the Consumer Rights Directive contain …” „… , art 131 contains no specific provisions for contracts between traders and consumers. II. Buyer’s …”

Article 147 Application of certain general rules on sales contracts Zoll/Watson S. 653-655

„… service. 4. Where in a contract between a trader and a consumer the related service includes installation …” „… required by Article 101. 5. In relations between a trader and a consumer the parties may not, to the …” „… detriment of the consumer, exclude the application of paragraph 2 or derogate from or vary its effects …”

Article 129 Taking delivery S. 602-605

„… rules on delivery of goods, but not on the consumer’s obligation to take delivery. C. Explanation I. No …” „… under the contract and must be paid for at the contractual rate. 5. In a consumer sales contract …”

Article 10 Notice S. 151-154

„… addressed to a consumer, to the addressee’s habitual residence; (c) in the case of a notice transmitted by …” „… . 6. In relations between a trader and a consumer the parties may not, to the detriment of the …” „… consumer, exclude the application of paragraphs 3 and 4 or derogate from or vary its effects. Contents A …”

Article 150 Performance by a third party S. 659

„… consumer the parties may not, to the detriment of the consumer, exclude the application of paragraph 2 or …”

Article 9 Mixed-purpose contracts Schulte-Nölke S. 147-151

„… business or the notice is addressed to a consumer, to the addressee’s habitual residence; (c) in the case …” „… at the same time as the notice. 6. In relations between a trader and a consumer the parties may not …” „… , to the detriment of the consumer, exclude the application of paragraphs 3 and 4 or derogate from or …”

Article 74 Unilateral determination by a party S. 395-399

„… determine the price at the time of delivery or to raise the price without allowing the consumer to terminate …” „… and a consumer the parties may not to the detriment of the consumer exclude the application of …”

Article 15 Review S. 119-120

„… given rise to litigation and on the state of play concerning differences in the level of consumer …” „… given rise to litigation, and on the state of play concerning differences in the level of consumer …”

Article 158 Customer’s right to decline performance S. 670-672

„… to complete performance. 3. In relations between a trader and a consumer the parties may not, to the …” „… detriment of the consumer, exclude the application of this Article or derogate from or vary its effects …”

Article 80 Exclusions from unfairness test S. 415-417

„… consumers against unfair contract terms, which a judge may exercise, cannot represent a control of the …” „… that has the objective or effect of reducing or neutralising the level of protection of the consumer or …”

Article 8 Termination of a contract Zoll S. 145-147

„… that the contract was drafted by a third party has no effect on the protection granted to the consumer …” „… freely into the contract by the consumer. Article 8 Termination of a contract 1. To ‘terminate a contract …”

Article 161 Foreseeability of loss S. 682-684

„… (P) would cause a reduction in the level of consumer protection. This will certainly not contribute …” „… foreseeable in consumer contracts (B2C), eg loss of production, loss of profit from resale, loss resulting …”

Article 128 Imputation of payment S. 595-602

„… for EU contract law. The Consumer Credit Directive contains information duties on the order in which …” „… related services of the same kind are supplied on a continuing basis and the consumer pays for such goods …” „… ] RegCESL [P]). Contracts under which a consumer pays for one order in instalments are outside the scope of …”

Article 86 Meaning of ‘unfair’ in contracts between traders S. 430-433

„… considerably differs from the test used for the B2C transactions; it stems from the consumer acquis. The …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 III. Insignificant non-performance in consumer contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 …”

Article 49 Fraud S. 301-309

„… , trader or a consumer. Art 23(2) is limited to B2B contracts; it applies only to information concerning …” „… the fact that a party is a business or a consumer. Art 49 applies to B2B and B2C contracts concluded …” „… than a consumer.12 Particular problems arise with regard to so-called entrepreneurial information …”

Article 123 Main obligations of the buyer Dannemann S. 570-574

„… contract between a trader and a consumer, the consumer is not liable, in respect of the use of a given …”

List of Cases S. 34-38

„… business-to-consumer transactions and in business-to-business transactions. This also leads to disadvantages for …” „… consumers due to limited access to goods. Different national contract laws therefore deter the exercise of …”

Article 31 Offer S. 221-225

„… relevant cases being too heterogeneous.11 However, especially with regard to proposals to consumers, there …” „… Practices Directive that exactly tries to rule out proposals that make consumers believe goods are available …”

Article 55 Damages for loss S. 330-334

„… or restricted. 2. In relations between a trader and a consumer the parties may not, to the detriment …” „… of the consumer, directly or indirectly exclude or restrict remedies for mistake. 4 Von Bar/Clive …”

Article 132 Requiring performance of buyer’s obligations S. 614-619

„… the circumstances’. II. Relationship to other legal acts of the EU Neither Consumer Sales Directive …” „… nor Consumer Rights Directive contain provisions on the seller’s right to require performance. III …”

Article 181 Suspension in case of judicial and other proceedings S. 767-771

„… before Consumer Complaints Boards authorised by statute or agreement to make binding decisions,25 and …” „… Bar/Clive (eds), DCFR, Full Edition, p 1170. 25 Eg art 4(a) in the Danish act on consumer complaints …”

Article 126 Time of payment S. 584-589

„… delivery will thus decide the time when payment is due. In the case of a consumer contract in which the …” „… seller has undertaken to provide carriage, this is when the consumer acquires physical control over the …”

Article 5 Reasonableness S. 134-140

„… extend a contract of fixed duration unless the consumer indicates otherwise, in cases where contract …” „… inform the consumer with reasonable notice’ – (o) …‘allow a trader to reserve an unreasonably long or …”

Article 59 Relevant matters S. 344-349

„… consumer. II. The factors listed Circumstances of conclusion (letter a) a) Preliminary negotiations. The …” „… /policies/consumer/docs/interpretation_en.pdf (30.5.2012). Interpretation Article 59 Wendehorst 309 6 7 c) Other relevant circumstances. Other …”

Article 78 Contract terms in favour of third parties S. 408-413

„… provided under the CESL (P) both for businesses and consumers. Regarding the application of rules on unfair …” „… between a trader and a consumer contains two exemplifying lists of contract terms that are considered or …”

Bibliography S. 28-34

„… and the right of withdrawal‘, in Howells et al (eds), Handbook of Research on International Consumer …” „… Research on International Consumer Law, Edward Elgar Publishing: Cheltenham (2010) 130–157 UNIDROIT (ed …”

Article 14 Communication of judgments applying this Regulation S. 118-119

„… have given rise to litigation and on the state of play concerning differences in the level of consumer …”

Article 156 Requirement of notification of lack of conformity in related service contracts between traders S. 668-669

„… have known.2 Secondly, the service provider has not disclosed the lack of conformity to the consumer …”

Article 79 Effects of unfair contract terms S. 414-415

„… consumer or a trader can benefit from the application of this sanction. It follows a unilateral solution …”

Article 121 Examination of the goods in contracts between traders S. 565-566

„… is a consumer does not have a duty to examine the goods and to notify the lack of conformity. 1 …”

Article 16 Entry into force and application S. 120-122

„… concerning differences in the level of consumer protection between the CESL (P) and national law. The …”

Article 120 Right to reduce price S. 563-565

„… is a consumer does not have a duty to examine the goods and to notify the lack of conformity. 1 …”

Article 61 Language discrepancies S. 350-352

„… must hold true for the rule in art 64 on interpretation in favour of consumers and the rule in art 63 …”

Article 162 Loss attributable to creditor S. 684-686

„… 2B) are not generally foreseeable in consumer contracts (B2C), eg loss of production, loss of profit …”

Article 48 Mistake S. 291-301

„… business or consumer may be relevant indirectly: for determining whether a party caused the contract to be …” „… issues, it is not the formal distinction between businesses and consumers but the capabilities of a party …”

Article 57 Choice of remedy S. 337-340

„… be applied analogously. Art 56(2) operates only in favour of the consumer; art 56(1) and (2) operate …”

Article 179 Periods of prescription S. 762-764

„… CESL (P) is indeed short.9 In cases concerning damages for personal injury and damage to consumer …”

Article 4 Interpretation S. 131-134

„… , in particular, the consumer directives and other legislation in the area of contract law (eg the Late …”

Article 54 Effects of avoidance S. 327-330

„… 54 does not differentiate between businesses and consumers, there are such differences in the …”

Article 122 Requirement of notification of lack of conformity in sales contracts between traders S. 566-570

„… consumer does not need to notify the lack of conformity. In the case of B2B transactions it focuses again …”

Article 68 Contract terms which may be implied S. 371-374

„… developed only in a trading environment. In the few cases in which a business and a consumer have …”

Article 175 Compensation for expenditure S. 747-751

„… a consumer who has paid money to a trader that did not deliver, because he will receive no interest …”

Article 11 Consequences of the use of the Common European Sales Law S. 105-109

„… by local competitors and consumer organisations. Having to comply with two legal regimes instead of …”

Article 67 Usages and practices in contracts between traders S. 366-371

„… in which a business and a consumer have established a standing usage between themselves, the usage …”

Article 174 Payment for use and interest on money received S. 741-747

„… rule may disfavour a consumer who has paid money to a trader that did not deliver, because he will …”

Article 51 Unfair exploitation S. 313-321

„… applies to B2B as well as B2C contracts. The fact that one party is a consumer may become relevant …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845265469

Steve Peers, Tamara Hervey, Jeff Kenner, Angela Ward - The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights

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Steve Peers (ed.), Tamara Hervey (ed.), Jeff Kenner (ed.), Angela Ward (ed.)

The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2014

Results in this title

Steve Weatherill Article 38 – Consumer Protection S. 1048-1069

„… ConsumerThe Court’s role in the legislative elaboration of EU consumer law has not been confined solely to …” „… Article 38 Article 38 Consumer ProtectionUnion policies shall ensure a high level of consumer …” „… Fractured European Consumer’ (2011) 36 European Law Review 362.J Davies, ‘Entrenchment of New Governance in …”

Erika Szyszczak Article 36 – Access to Services of General Economic Interest S. 1012-1025

„… creation of consumer-citizenship ideas and soft governance techniques to enhance the quality of SGEI …” „… protection; Article 38—consumer protection. No mention is made as to how Article 36 interacts with these …” „… momentum to reduce public expenditure, as well as adapt public services to meet consumer demands for …”

Ruth Lamont Article 24 – The Rights of the Child S. 704-735

„… in the Directive on the safety of toys,20 recognising the role of children as consumers with …” „… particular needs. EU consumer policy has acknowledged the more vulnerable position of children in the unfair …” „… economic behaviour by impairing a consumer’s ability to make an informed decision. Whilst this provision …”

Index S. 1904-1937

„… also marriageconstitutional adjudication, 444, 447, 462Consumer protection (Article 38), 1008–10, 1025 …” „… case law, 1019–24commercial freedom and, 1018–19consumers interests:basic rights, 1008explanatory note …” „… safety, 7, 865, 955–56children and young people, 870, 873, 882consumers and, 1007–08, 1013legality …”

Elisa Morgera, Gracia Marín Durán Article 37 – Environmental Protection S. 1026-1047

„… ’ (2008) 17(3) European Energy and Environmental Law Review 165.A Kiss, ‘Environmental and Consumer …” „… ). 49 A Kiss, ‘Environmental and Consumer Protection’ in S Peers and A Ward (eds), The EU Charter of …” „… (non-discrimination).96 Which is used in Art 9 TFEU (employment and social protection) and Art 12 TFEU (consumer …”

Michele Everson, Rui Correia Gonçalves Article 16 – Freedom to Conduct a Business S. 480-507

„… pharmaceutical regulation and regulation for the protection of the health of consumers may be regarded as posing …” „… approach to an interpretation based on sound economic principles,’ within which protection of the ‘consumer …” „… consumers, thereby ensuring the well-being of the European Union’.80 The distinction from Mario Monti’s …”

Pekka Aalto, Herwig CH Hofmann, Liisa Holopainen, Elina Paunio, Laurent Pech, Debbie Sayers, Dinah Shelton, Angela Ward Article 47 – Right to an Effective Remedy and to a Fair Trial S. 1240-1319

„… non-discrimination, consumer protection and health and safety provisions have been particularly productive. In …” „… EU consumer protection Directives, that a national rule which in effect prohibits the national court …” „… even in absence of specific pleadings by the consumer, ‘effective protection of the consumer may be …”

Gabriel N Toggenburg The EU Fundamental Rights Agency and the Fundamental Rights Charter: How Fundamental is the Link Between them? S. 1656-1669

„… consumer protection (Art 38), to mention only two articles. ‘Victims of crime, including compensation to …” „… related to consumer protection (Art 38 of the Charter). ‘Rights of the child’ is an area where the …”

Appendix S. 1868-1903

„… sustainable development.Article 38Consumer protectionUnion policies shall ensure a high level of consumer …” „… on Article 38—Consumer protectionThe principles set out in this Article have been based on Article …”

Lorna Woods Article 11 – Freedom of Expression and Information S. 354-383

„… the interests of consumer protection and transparency; Art 6 Directive 2000/31 (n 11).11.30324 Lorna …” „… expression-based challenges in the EU is advertising regulation, introduced in the interests of consumer welfare …” „… critical/analytical mode) versus passive (uncritical). This parallels the concerns underpinning consumer protection …”

Robin White Article 34 – Social Security and Social Assistance S. 970-993

„… services of general economic interest, environmental protection and consumer protection. The placement of …” „… before those dealing with health, and environmental and consumer protection. Reference is made in the …”

Deirdre Curtin, Joana Mendes Article 42 – Right of Access to Documents S. 1142-1163

„… law, K Cseres and J Mendes, ‘Consumers’ Access to EU Competition Law Procedures: Outer and Inner …” „… to the file to grant Verein für Konsumenteninformation—a consumer organisation, third party to a …”

Mats Lindfelt Article 44 – Right to Petition S. 1194-1203

„… , fundamental rights and justice, consumer protection, internal market, employment and social affairs.24 The …”

Charlotte O’Brien Article 26 – Integration of Persons with Disabilities S. 752-791

Niilo Jääskinen Fundamental Social Rights in the Charter—Are They Rights? Are They Fundamental? S. 1746-1757

„… (consumer protection) being exceptions to this. The rights under Title IV on solidarity can further be …”

Olivier De Schutter The Implementation of the Charter by the Institutions of the European Union S. 1670-1699

„… Regulation 323/1999, [1999] OJ L40/1 provides that ‘personal information concerning a consumer and generated …” „… consent of the consumer’.42 This followed the joint statement of 18 February 2003, in which the European …”

Article 17 – Right to Property S. 508-561

„… 124 and consumer protection125 as well as the protection of the environment126 can be mentioned. Next …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-43

„… ...............................................................................................................1002Article 38 – Consumer Protection …”

Ronan McCrea Article 10 – Right to Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion S. 334-353

„… such areas as consumers, producers or citizens. In each case the ECtHR upheld the right of the state to …”

Tamara Hervey, Jean McHale Article 35 – The Right to Health Care S. 994-1011

„… for consumers.49 As Kenner has pointed out,50 the ruling in Deutches Weintor does not rely on the …”

Anthony Arnull Protocol (No 30) on the Application of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union to Poland and the United Kingdom S. 1638-1655

„… consumer protection. Article 1(2) states that Title IV does not have direct effect in Poland or the United …”

Helen Stalford Article 32 – Prohibition of Child Labour and Protection of Young People at Work S. 912-933

„… image-based, consumer culture which has come to define the society in which we live. Indeed, it is these …”

Steve Peers, Sacha Prechal Article 52 – Scope and Interpretation of Rights and Principles S. 1498-1565

„… by the Charter provision on consumers’ rights.107 Finally, in Alemo-Herron, the Court ruled that …”

Sabine Michalowski Article 3 – Right to the Integrity of the Person S. 82-103

„… holds legislative powers, including consumer policy, environmental policy, and social policy. The main …”

Hanns Peter Nehl Article 48 – Presumption of Innocence and Right of Defence (Administrative Law) S. 1320-1345

„… Consumer Welfare, Evidence and Burden of Proof in Article 82 Cases’ [2006] 31 (4) European Law Review 518 …”

Lamin Khadar, Jo Shaw Article 39 – Right to Vote and to Stand as a Candidate at Elections to the European Parliament S. 1070-1099

„… , the environment and consumer protection all applied in Gibraltar.The argument between the parties was …”

Debbie Sayers Article 13 – Freedom of the Arts and Sciences S. 422-443

„… critique of consumerism and mockery of life styles related to it is not unduly hampered.’113 V. Remedies …”

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