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Peter Mankowski (ed.)

Commercial Law

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2018

Results in this title

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 8.1 (Conditions of set-off) S. 698-705

„… of set-off (which they may be inclined to do e.g. in the context of a settlement agreement about …” „… a certain percentage (e.g. 5 or 10 %). Chapter 8 Set-off Article 8.1 (Conditions of set-off) (1 …” „… of set-off, 34 Vogenauer/McKendrick Art. 7.4.13 no. 22 with description of a case where the Arbitral …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 8.2 (Foreign currency set-off) S. 706-708

„… respect to the conditions of set-off91 which may or may not discard the chosen UNIDROIT Principles-regime …” „… . Article 8.2 (Foreign currency set-off) Where the obligations are to pay money in different currencies, the …” „… right of set-off may be exercised, provided that both currencies are freely convertible and the parties …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 8.5 (Effect of set-off) S. 713

„… 2.(iii)). Article 8.5 (Effect of set-off) (1) Set-off discharges the obligations. (2) If obligations …” „… differ in amount, set-off discharges the obligations up to the amount of the lesser obligation. (3 …” „… ) Set-off takes effect as from the time of notice. A. Defined Substantive Effect for the Future Art. 8.5 …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 8.3 (Set-off by notice) S. 709

„… other party) to declare a set-off against its obligation under the second contract will depend upon …” „… . Contractual Options If the parties negotiate on the level of set-off, they may consider to adapt the rule in …” „… Art. 8.2 (last part) in order to enlarge the freedom of set-off (”provided … the parties have not …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 10.10 (Right of set-off) S. 782

„… which is not extinguished (para. 1). It can however not be used for set-off once the obligor has …” „… ). Article 10.10 (Right of set-off) The obligee may exercise the right of set-off until the obligor has …” „… notice, Art. 1.10), Art. 10.10 cuts off the right to rely on the time-barred right as a tool for set-off …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 1.12 (Computation of time set by parties) S. 498

„… time set by parties) (1) Official holidays or non-business days occurring during a period set by …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.1.13 (Defences and rights of set-off) S. 734-737

„… set-off) (1) The obligor may assert against the assignee all defences that the obligor could assert …” „… against the assignor. (2) The obligor may exercise against the assignee any right of set-off available to …” „… . Scope of Application Art. 9.1.13 applies to defences and set-off relating to (i) a straightforward …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 11.1.5 (Effect of performance or set-off) S. 794

„… determine if one of them has a personal right of set-off which it would like to use (Arts. 8.3, 8.5), in …” „… (Art. 9.1.1) of the co-obligor’s right in order to create a personal defence or right of set-off for …” „… several co-obligors (Art. 11.1.3); if the co-obligor with a personal right of set-off uses this right, the …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.3.6 (Defences and rights of set-off) S. 757-758

„… from the future assignor. Article 9.3.6 (Defences and rights of set-off) (1) To the extent that the …” „… accordingly. A. Overview For the issues of defences and set-off, Art. 9.3.6 (inspired by the preparatory …” „… assignment of contract. B. Defences and Rights of Set-Off with Respect to Rights Assigned in the Context of …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.2.7 (Defences and rights of set-off) S. 748-749

„… regarding subcontracting.6 Article 9.2.7 (Defences and rights of set-off) (1) The new obligor may assert …” „… obligor may not exercise against the obligee any right of set-off available to the original obligor …” „… against the obligee. A. Scope of Application Art. 9.2.7 applies to defences and set-off relating to (i) a …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 11.1.4 (Availability of defences and rights of set-off) S. 791-793

„… Article 11.1.4 (Availability of defences and rights of set-off) A joint and several obligor against …” „… whom a claim is made by the obligee may assert all the defences and rights of set-off that are personal …” „… to it or that are common to all the co-obligors, but may not assert defences or rights of set-off …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 11.1.6 (Effect of release or settlement) S. 795-797

„… A. A Generally Accepted Rule on Discharge by Performance For the effect of performance and set-off …” „… also a logical consequence of Art. 11.1.3. Any amount paid in money or by set-off by one joint and …” „… set-off to the coobligors (e.g. by a copy of the notice pursuant to Art. 8.3).7 Article 11.1.6 (Effect of …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 8.4 (Content of notice) S. 710-712

„… to consider a set-off declaration in the context of a formal dispute about the other obligation (in …” „… which the other party is suing the first party who wants to declare a set-off in defending itself), the …” „… set-off declaration can be introduced to the arbitration or court proceeding9 (→ Art. 8.1 no. 22 at E (2 …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Introduction S. 714

„… – at usually different interest rates – “continues to accrue until notice of set-off is given”.13 (iii …” „… receipt of the set-off notice; e.g. interest for failure to pay money (under Art. 7.4.9); full …” „… discharged as a result of the set-off (and only then), all related rights such as personal or real securities …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 10.11 (Restitution) S. 783

„… Convention and national systems which, like Art. 10.10, do permit set-off even after prescription has …” „… . Any set-off with a time-barred right under Art. 10.10 (by notice, Art. 8.3 et seq.)4 requires that the …” „… general requirements for a set-off under Art. 8.1 et seq. are met5 (in particular mutuality, money or …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 11.1.12 (Defences in contributory claims) S. 808-811

„… obligation : (a) may raise any common defences and rights of set-off that were available to be asserted by …” „… assert defences and rights of set-off which are personal to one or several of the other co-obligors. A …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4. Set-Off …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 11.1.13 (Inability to recover) S. 812

„… position of never having to perform.”)25 This should not exclude, however, a personal right of set-off …” „… (or a claim based on subrogation under Art. 11.1.11) may not raise a right of set-off that is personal …” „… of them wishes (i) to use a personal right of set-off against the obligee which would (ii) create a …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 11.2.3 (Availability of defences against joint and several obligees) S. 820-824

„… , set-off, release, settlement, prescription and judgement.6 Again, from a practical perspective, the …” „… against any of the joint and several obligees all the defences and rights of set-off that are personal to …” „… diverging background of the contracting partner. B. Defences and Set-Off under Para. 1 Defences Which are …”

Peter Mankowski Article 26 S. 450

„… carve-out from the rule in (1) in the event of set-off.4 If either or two conditions is fulfilled, the …” „… defence or for the purposes of set-off against a claim asserted by the other party. This pays regard to …” „… counter-claim might constitute a right to retain. Successful set-off leads to both claims being extinguished …”

Stefan Kröll Article 39 Assignment of Proceeds S. 1504-1531

„… party UNIDROIT 9.3.4 – consent UNIDROIT 9.3.1 4, 9.3.3 – defences and rights of set-off UNIDROIT 9.3.6 …” „… 2–3 – conditions on set-off UNIDROIT 8.1 5 – defences UNIDROIT 9.1.13 – defined UNIDROIT 9.1.1 1–3 …” „… 12 – adaptation of set-off UNIDROIT 8.1 20, 8.2 12 – adaptation of system of joint and several …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.3.7 (Rights transferred with the contract) S. 759-760

„… Set-Off (i) By referring to Art. 9.2.7(2), para. 2 cuts off set-off rights for which mutuality (→ above …” „… party by way of set-off prior to the transfer of the contract, there is no reason to permit any …” „… combination with Art. 9.2.7) does not exclude set-off between the assignee (as the new obligor of the …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 3.2.8 (Third persons) S. 548

„… for avoidance set forth in para. 1 must be ‘imputable’ to such third party either because it sets the …” „… without ‘Responsibility’ If the Other Party Needs No protection Para. 2 copes with two sets of cases in …” „… ground for avoidance set by the third party8 whereby, in cases of gross disparity, knowledge of the …”

Petra Butler Article 57 CISG S. 284

„… Article 56 governs the purchase price where it is set by weight. This is not the case if the …” „… purchase price is set by pieces or units and the weight is only used to specify those items.1 It only …” „… purchase price is set by weight it will be net weight, if in doubt, which means the measured weight minus …”

Stefan Kröll Article 19 Transport Document Covering at Least Two Different Modes of Transport S. 1469-1473

„… description of the goods for all other documents, which is set out in Article 14 (e). While for those other …” „… the sole original transport document or, if issued in more than one original, be the full set as …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 c) Indicating Shipment from the Port of Loading to the Port of Discharge 13 d) Full set of …”

Stefan Kröll Article 23 Air Transport Document S. 1479-1480

„… ) requires the submission of the (single) original or the full set of originals should there be more than one …” „… original for consignor or shipper, even if the credit stipulates a full set of originals. 3. 5 ICC Opinion …” „… 23 (a) (v)). Air transport documents are generally not issued in sets of several originals. Thus …”

Stefan Kröll Article 31 Partial Drawings or Shipments S. 1490-1491

„… shipments are allowed. b. A presentation consisting of more than one set of transport documents evidencing …” „… Kröll 1 2 3 than one set of transport documents, the latest date of shipment as evidenced on any of the …” „… sets of transport documents will be regarded as the date of shipment. A presentation consisting of one …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 41 S. 984-986

„… .14 Other examples include the prohibition of a set-off of claims15 or a right of retention.16 …” „… limits set by the underlying national law.2 Chapter VII Nullity of stipulation to the Convention Article …” „… interference.1 Para. 1 of this article sets out the general rule and para. 2 of the article highlights two …”

Peter Mankowski Article 5 CISG S. 31-32

„… governed by the CISG.17 To which extent set-off and recoupment fall outside the CISG is perhaps the most …” „… covers set-off at least where all claims concerned are governed by the CISG (so-called “intra-Convention …” „… set-off ”).19 Culpa in contrahendo is generally outside the CISG.20 This applies in particular to …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Introduction to the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (“PICC”) S. 462-476

„… (ed.), Chitty on Contracts, 32nd Edition (2015); Berger, Klaus-Peter, Set-Off, ICC International Court …” „… , Edwin, The law of contract, 14th ed (2015); Pichonnaz, Pascal/Gullifer, Louise, Set-Off in Arbitration …” „… and Commercial Transactions (2014) (cited as “Pichonnaz/Gullifer, Set-Off (2014)”); Pietrancosta …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.1.3 (Partial performance) S. 599-600

„… by set-off of part of the claim21 (Art. 8.5(2)). If (a) the obligation is to pay a sum of money and …” „… (b) the obligor has a counter-claim, it can displace the application of Art. 6.1.3(1) by set-off …” „… which permits partial performance in case of a set-off of obligations of different amounts (→ Art. 8.5 …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 11.2.4 (Allocation between joint and several obligees) S. 825-827

„… property law which is an issue beyond the scope of the UNIDROIT Principles.12 Set-Off with Expenses Either …” „… the performance.13 Such a claim will often be deducted by way of a notice of set-off14 (Art. 8.3 …” „… . 1.10(1)) in order to communicate the set-off. Contractual Options (i) If the parties take the time to …”

Marco Torsello Article 30 CISG S. 156-162

„… agreement between the parties,3 whereas the purpose of the default rules set forth in Sections I and II …” „… sets of commercial terms dealing with the parties’ delivery obligations, as well as with the passing of …” „… Incoterms® consists of the ease of their use, resulting from the fact that each set of rules is identified …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 7.4.13 695 Chapter 8 Set-off Conditions of set-off …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 8.1 698 Foreign currency set-off …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 8.2 706 Set-off by notice …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 31 Other modes of transport S. 1107

„… law. However, for the purposes of these Uniform Rules, the upper limit per passenger shall be set at …” „… sets the minimal amount of the compensation due, where the national law sets the maximum cap. In …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 30 Form and amount of damages in case of death and personal injury S. 1107

„… law. However, for the purposes of these Uniform Rules, the upper limit per passenger shall be set at …” „… sets the minimal amount of the compensation due, where the national law sets the maximum cap. In …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 29 Compensation for other bodily harm S. 1107

„… law. However, for the purposes of these Uniform Rules, the upper limit per passenger shall be set at …” „… sets the minimal amount of the compensation due, where the national law sets the maximum cap. In …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.1.15 (Undertakings of the assignor) S. 740

„… has given notice of set-off concerning the assigned right and will not give any such notice; (f) the …” „… raised by the obligor9 (→ Art. 9.1.13(1)) (lit. d) or (b) that the right is free from any set-off …” „… declarations in the past or any set-off declarations in the future10 (→ Art. 9.1.13(2)) (lit. e); (iv) an …”

Marco Torsello Article 31 CISG S. 163-174

„… Marco Torsello 165 5 6 7 Delivery and the transfer of risk The rules on delivery set forth in Article 31 …” „… .14 II. Delivery in sales involving carriage (Article 31(a)) The entire set of rules in Article 31 …” „… rule set forth in Article 31(a) CISG has been held to apply ordinarily for sales at a distance.16 …”

Petra Butler Introduction to Articles 45–65 CISG S. 232-237

„… perform its contractual obligations. Article 45 and 61 set out those available remedies for buyer and …” „… when the seller breaches the sales contract are set out in Articles 45 to 52 and 7313 and the remedies …” „… certain circumstances, exempts the breaching party from the consequences of their breach. The CISG sets …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 1 Subject matter and scope S. 1307-1310

„… pay the invoice. The term for payment is usually agreed between the parties in the contract, set out …” „… a lack of cash.18 The Late Payment Directive not only deals with factual late payment, but also sets …” „… Article 1 (2) of the Directive sets out its field of application. According to this provision, all …”

Stefan Kröll Article 17 Original Documents and Copies S. 1464-1465

„… transport or insurance documents where all of the originals, i.e. “full set”, must be presented.1 These …” „… of the full set ensures that no one else can legitimately claim the goods. 1. 2. 1 See Art. 19(a)(iv …” „… is also no requirement that all originals must be identical. It is common that documents in a set of …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 5.1.3 (Co-operation between the parties) S. 573-574

„… intention of the parties’, the black-letter rules suggest to apply Art. 4.8. The more specific rules set …” „… particular applications of ‘implied duties’, explicitly set forth in the UNIDROIT Principles and thereby …” „… set up another franchise store in the immediate neighborhood.14 B. Limits (i) The duty to co-operate …”

Petra Butler Article 47 CISG S. 243-248

„… obligation. It has to be noted that an effective additional time-period can only be set when the time for …” „… the additional time-period.3 Since the right to set an additional time-period exists even without …” „… in accordance with Article 47.4 Thus, Article 47(1) sets out the requirements for an effective …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.1.6 (Exemption clauses) S. 637-640

„… was set for a “longer than a ‘reasonable’ period”34) or (b) the obligor has sent a notice (Art. 1.10 …” „… Eckart J. Brödermann 637 4 1 emption clause meeting the limits set forth in Art. 7.1.6 provides the only …” „… consequences for the individual term as set forth in Art. 3.2.13). 12 Vogenauer/Schelhaas Art. 7.1.6 no. 3. 13 …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 2 Definitions S. 1311-1320

„… Member State whose currency is not the euro, the equivalent rate set by its national central bank; (8 …” „… reimbursement obligation was set and published by decree of law. When the State of Italy failed to reimburse the …” „… and the recitals of the Recast Directives set forth how to read and interpret the provisions correctly …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 25 S. 955-956

„… between the parties.2 The parties are free to agree the value provided it exceeds the limit set in Art. 23 …” „… para. 3 CMR.3 The limits set by Art. 23 para. 1 and 2 CMR nevertheless apply so that, if the declared …” „… damages for damaged cargo are calculated.1 The limits set out herein apply, save for agreements under Art …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 11.1.1 (Definitions) S. 786-788

„… beause these issues are usually treated within the corporate set-up which is beyond the scope of the …” „… each obligor is bound only for its share. A. Two Kinds of Obligations Section 11.1 provides a set of …” „… question) sets the ground by a basic distinction between two kinds of obligations.4 It thereby excludes …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 34 S. 975-977

„… CMR sets out the requirements which have to be met to speak of successive carriers. It also …” „… and several creditors of the sender/consignee.2 Art. 36 CMR sets out which of these jointly and …” „… succession does not qualify under Art. 34 CMR.7 The consignment note needs to fulfil the requirements set out …”

Sebastian Omlor Article 26 CISG S. 143-145

„… avoidance16 or the return delivery of the goods without further notice17 do not meet the requirements set …” „… . This clarity requirement is set at a high level.18 The content of the statement must leave no doubt as …” „… contractual provision that sets up a special form requirement26 and focuses on the receipt with regard to the …”

Raimond Emde Article 17 S. 1287-1295

„… may only verify whether national legislation exceeds that margin. To recall the framework set by the …” „… indemnity or limited indemnity is payable on the bankruptcy of the principal. Secondly, the conditions set …” „… of equity is considered as set out in Article 17 para. 2 letter a second indent of the Directive. The …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 32 Formal requirements of assignment S. 1395

„… defences and rights of set-off available to the debtor against the assignee. 4. The debtor may at any time …” „… by agreement in writing waive all or any of the defences and rights of set-off referred to in the …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 31 Effects of assignment S. 1395

„… defences and rights of set-off available to the debtor against the assignee. 4. The debtor may at any time …” „… by agreement in writing waive all or any of the defences and rights of set-off referred to in the …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 16 Transit periods S. 1147

„… transit period also cannot exceed the maximum transit periods set by the CIM UR. Subject to §§ 3 and 4 …” „… thereof, to the shortest possible route. Article 16 § 2 of the CIM UR sets ex lege the different maximum …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 10.9 (Effects of expiration of limitation period) S. 781

„… (essentially self-explanatory) paragraphs of Art. 10.9, which are supplemented by a right to set-off under Art …” „… obligee and the obligation of the obligor. Paras. 2 and 3 set forth how and to what extent (i) the obligor …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 1 Scope of Application S. 1184-1187

„… interests; HAVE AGREED AS FOLLOWS: The preamble of the Montreal Convention sets out its guiding principles …” „… of assistance in interpreting the Convention and its purpose. Since harmonization of the rules set …” „… set out in Chapter V, subject to the terms contained therein. Overview …”

Petra Butler Article 60 CISG S. 289-291

„… gers the remedies set out in Articles 61 et seq. and Article 78. It is important to note that …” „… 64(1)(b) allows the seller to avoid the contract after the seller has set an additional time period. In …” „… / Mistelis/Perales Viscasillas, para. 7. 18 Compare: OLG Düsseldorf (Germany) 28 May 2004 (TV sets), CISG-Online 850 …”

Petra Butler Article 58 CISG S. 285-287

„… regard to the issues dealt with in Article 58 (Article 58(1)).3 The buyer’s duties set out in Article 58 …” „… States to implement a more obligation-friendly regime than that set out in Article 3 of the Directive.9 …” „… , as it is relevant for the different scenarios relating to the payment due dates set out in …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 2.1.8 (Acceptance within a fixed period of time) S. 506

„… the offeror is the ‘master of the offer’11 (who could set a time for acceptance or revoke an offer …” „… the offeree may like to have time to test the market.3 Absent an absolute time period set by the …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 12 Additional remedies S. 1379

„… with the mandatory provisions of this Chapter as set out in Article 15. The remedies afforded by the …” „… forms of interim relief other than those set out in paragraph 1. 1 See Regulation no 593/2008 (Rome I …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 9 Vesting of object in satisfaction; redemption S. 1375

„… any of the remedies set out in paragraph 1 or 2 shall be applied towards discharge of the amount of …” „… exercise of any remedy set out in paragraph 1 or 2 exceed the amount secured by the security interest and …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 5.3.5 (Restitution in case of fulfilment of a resolutive condition) S. 595

„… of a resolutive condition) (1) On fulfilment of a resolutive condition, the rules on restitution set …” „… that the resolutive condition is to operate retroactively, the rules on restitution set out in Article …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 5.3.4 (Duty to preserve rights) S. 595

„… of a resolutive condition) (1) On fulfilment of a resolutive condition, the rules on restitution set …” „… that the resolutive condition is to operate retroactively, the rules on restitution set out in Article …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 40 S. 984

„… limits set by the underlying national law.2 Chapter VII Nullity of stipulation to the Convention Article …” „… interference.1 Para. 1 of this article sets out the general rule and para. 2 of the article highlights two …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 33 Compensation for exceeding the transit period S. 1165

„… carrier must also refund the costs provided for in Article 30 § 4, in the proportion set out in § 1. The …” „… UR 1980 (version according to the 1990 Protocol of Revision). Article 33 of the CIM UR sets a …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.2.4 (Advance consent of obligee) S. 744

„… business agreement may be reached prior to the organisation of the legal ‘set-up’. Hence, it happens …” „… set forth directly in the request for consent (Art. 1.10). This would require essentially prior …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 3.3.2 (Restitution) S. 560

„… restitution is granted, the rules set out in Article 3.2.15 apply with appropriate adaptations. A. Art …” „… , para. 2 refers, mutatis mutandis,4 to the general criteria when determining remedies set forth in Art …”

Peter Mankowski Article 25 S. 449

„… set-off against a claim asserted by the other party, provided that in the latter case this may only be …” „… the same transaction; or b) if the claims could have been set-off at any time before the expiration of …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 36 Successive Carriage S. 1234

„… case of carriage to be performed by various successive carriers and falling within the definition set …” „… the rules set out in this Convention and is 4 BGH, 2 Apr 2009 – I ZR 60/06, TranspR 2009, 262; contra …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 42 S. 987

„… of Art. 41 para. 2 CMR relates only to those rules on the burden of proof set out in Art. 18 CMR or …” „… ; Messent/Glass, 12.8 consider a contractual provision on matters not explicitly set out in the CMR not a …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 31 S. 968-971

„… convention does not set out the consequences of not facilitating or even hindering the investigation, it is …” „… tribunals of the contracting states as well as certain non-contracting countries. Para. 2 sets rules for lis …” „… goods were not taken over. Given that Art. 4 of the convention also sets out rules for the conclusion of …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Preamble (Purpose of the Principles) S. 477-483

„… the Principles) These Principles set forth general rules for international commercial contracts. They …” „… Preamble sets forth the main characteristic of the UNIDROIT Principles in paragraph 1. It describes six …” „… J. Brödermann 3 4 tional, supranational or regional level as a neutral and balanced set of rules …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 35 S. 978

„… of the statutory liability are set out in the consignment note and are subject to the regulations of …” „… of article 9 shall apply to the relations between successive carriers. Art. 35 CMR does not set out …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 24 S. 955

„… between the parties.2 The parties are free to agree the value provided it exceeds the limit set in Art. 23 …” „… para. 3 CMR.3 The limits set by Art. 23 para. 1 and 2 CMR nevertheless apply so that, if the declared …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 14 CISG S. 58-69

„… seller – will be within contractually set parameters, such as a framework agreement,16 and domestic …” „… , Art. 14(1) sentence 2 seems to set a pre-requisite of price or price mechanism before an offer and …” „… capable of determination.31 Complications set in when an agent is involved, but the nature of the agency …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 11.2.1 (Definitions) S. 813-817

„… be only joint defences or right of set-off (as opposed to individual rights of the obligees);39 (ii …” „… set-off (above → no. 11 at D.1), release and apportionment (subjects which were covered in the 2008 drafts …” „… Obligation Offered by the UNIDROIT Principles Section 11.2 provides a set of rules for contractual plurality …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 75 CISG S. 349-352

„… transaction. Additional costs (e.g., increased transportation) must be compensated; saved expenses must be set …” „… additional damages should be set off against the ‘benefit’ from the substitute transaction (see para. 20 in …” „… the section on → Art. 74). Commentary suggests that a set- 1. 21 Harry M. Flechtner, ‘Articles 75/76 …”

Stefan Kröll Article 22 Charter Party Bill of Lading S. 1477-1478

„… original, be the full set as indicated on the non-negotiable sea waybill. v. contain terms and conditions …” „… one original, be the full set as indicated on the charter party bill of lading. b. A bank will not …”

Stefan Kröll Article 8 Confirming Bank Undertaking S. 1440-1441

„… sending the documents received onwards to the issuing bank. The full set of documents received must be …” „… methods for it are set out in Article 8 (a) (i) (a)-(e). Like the issuing bank under Article 7, the …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Introduction S. 1179-1183

„… transportation and sets out the substantive law applicable to such claims. The principle of presumed fault of the …” „… Warsaw Convention – was originally set at 125,000 Poincaré francs (at the time approximately 10,000 USD …” „… ). For checked baggage and cargo, limits of 250 Poincaré francs per kilogram apply. These limits were set …”

Marco Torsello Article 33 CISG S. 181-185

„… non-conforming goods in accordance with the timeframe set in Article 33, he is not in breach of Article 33 …” „… rules governing this matter.6 The contract may, in fact, expressly or impliedly set a fixed date …” „… applicable trade usages.7 Cases of set time of delivery must be kept distinct from cases where the parties …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 16 CISG S. 74-78

„… However, offers can also end by operation of law and the passage of time. An offer which sets a …” „… have been intended by a reasonable offeree: Art. 8(2). Offers which fail to set a time for acceptance …” „… depend on other circumstances.14 That the time period set is unreasonable will not necessarily preclude …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 13 Relief pending final determination S. 1379-1380

„… with the mandatory provisions of this Chapter as set out in Article 15. The remedies afforded by the …” „… forms of interim relief other than those set out in paragraph 1. 1 See Regulation no 593/2008 (Rome I …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.1.2 (Interference by the other party) S. 628-629

„… bears the risk. A. A Shield1 for the Obligor Art. 7.1.2 (which was inspired by Art. 80 CISG)2 sets a …” „… demarcation line between the ‘spheres’ of the parties and thereby sets limits to the ‘non-performance’ of the …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.1.6 (Place of performance) S. 604-605

„… performance by an early set-off.15 C. Other Remedies As additional costs are explicitly covered by para. 3 …” „… 314 and the obligee can set them off (Arts. 8.1 et seq.). There is no legitimate interest to reject …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 3.2.2 (Relevant mistake) S. 540-541

„… the circumstances. C. Legal Consequences Subject to passing the other tests of the test scheme set …” „… forth at → Art. 3.2.1 no. 2 at B, the consequences set forth in → Art. 3.2.1 no. 3 at C. apply. 10 Morán …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.4.4 (Foreseeability of harm) S. 681-682

„… . 7.4.1. Inspired by Art. 74 (second sentence) CISG,1 Art. 7.4.4 sets a foreseeability-test as a …” „… (including notably e.g. Dutch, German and English law)4 which, as a matter of comparative law, all set some …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 3.2.7 (Gross disparity) S. 546-547

„… ‘justified’ if (a) it takes advantage of certain forms of weakness9 as set forth in lit. a) while superior …” „… arguments, while both set of rules lead eventually to Art. 3.2.15). 2 Official Comments, Art. 3.2.7 no. 1 …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 11.2.2 (Effects of joint and several claims) S. 818-819

„… through and regulate details if they choose this kind of obligation such as release, set-off, serving of a …” „… , if the parties wish to agree on a legal regime as set forth in (i) or (ii) above, it is simpler to …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 37 S. 979-980

„… these carriers. Art. 36 CMR sets out which of the successive carriers may be sued by cargo interests and …” „… III. Distribution of liability Art. 37 CMR sets out the rules according to which liability is …” „… setoff raised in an action concerning a claim based on the same contract of carriage, legal proceedings …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 32 S. 972-973

„… become barred by lapse of time may not be exercised by way of counterclaim or set-off. I. Overview Art …” „… regardless of whether the claim is brought by a sender, carrier or consignee.1 II. Scope As set out above2 …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 22 S. 949-950

„… 1982, 1202, sets the requirement that the cargo does not only create general danger to the transport …” „… . 22 para. 4, 5; Ferrari/Otte, Art. 22 paras. 4 set seq.; Messent/Glass, 8.2; Clarke, para. 73. 8 …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Introduction S. 1076-1083

„… 1999 sets the rights and obligations for private actors – parties to the contract of carriage. COTIF …” „… set up as a legal entity in its own right in 2004. The CIT is an association under Swiss law (Article …” „… CIT drew up standard instructions, handbooks and tariffs to augment and explain the legal texts, set …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 37 Effects of assignor’s insolvency S. 1397-1399

„… of the defences and rights of set-off available to the debtor against the assignee are governed by …” „… time by agreement in writing waive such defences and rights of set-off, except for fraudulent acts on …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 10 Remedies of conditional seller or lessor S. 1375-1377

„… any of the remedies set out in paragraph 1 or 2 shall be applied towards discharge of the amount of …” „… exercise of any remedy set out in paragraph 1 or 2 exceed the amount secured by the security interest and …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 10.3 (Modification of limitation periods by the parties) S. 768-770

„… . 1 sustains the freedom of the parties to modify the limitation periods set forth in Art. 10.2 (→ Art …” „… a company and to close the books earlier than after four years as set forth in para. 2 lit. b (e.g …”

Klaus Ramming Article 12 Reservations in transport documents S. 1027-1029

„… document that the goods were in apparent good condition. 3. If, in accordance with the particulars set out …” „… during carriage. Introduction Article 12 in its paragraph 1 sets out the types of reservations the …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 7 Unfair contractual terms and practices S. 1342-1349

„… The European Commission responded to said criticism by issuing a set of ‘frequently asked questions …” „… the case and cannot rely on a conclusive set of criteria.16 Some indications that might suggest the …” „… is set lower than envisaged in this Directive, but interest is not excluded entirely, Article 7 (1 …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 3.2.15 (Restitution) S. 554-556

„… (iii) e.g. chapter 8 on set-off. E. Contractual Options (i) The parties are free to agree on rules …” „… B. Limits (i) Restitution is subject to the limits set forth in Art. 3.2.15. (ii) In case of …” „… scenario of Art. 3.2.8), Art. 3.1.4 does not prohibit a settlement (→ Art. 3.1.4 no. 2 at (ii)). F. Limits …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.3.6 (Restitution with respect to contracts to be performed at one time) S. 669-671

„… contract of sales).3 They state principles of restitution which correlate to the regime set forth in Art …” „… . 7.3.6 UNIDROIT Eckart J. Brödermann 669 4 5 6 1 legal compromise.5 The principle set forth in para. 1 is …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 4.1 (Intention of the parties) S. 561-563

„… ‘reasonable standard’ (another application of Art. 1.7),27 again supported by the factors set forth in Art …” „… persons of the same kind as the parties’ must have a similar background, skill set – including language …” „… Introduction to chapter 4 of the PICC no. 7 note 22 points to a settlement agreement integrating Arts. 4.1-4.3 …”

Sebastian Omlor Article 29 CISG S. 153-155

„… . Second, all restrictions set up by the domestic substantive law of the forum to claims for performance …” „… ) CISG is the exclusion of the consideration doctrine. Form requirements set up by domestic law must not …” „… quantity of the purchased goods,6 an adjustment to the delivery modalities,7 a settlement,8 a remission9 or …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 20 CISG S. 102-104

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 I. Overview Article 20 sets rules for calculation of the period for acceptance unilaterally set …” „… offeror’s sphere of control to take account of them in setting the period. By analogy, this extension is …”

CISG Marco Torsello Article 34 S. 186-189

„… provide tailor-made rules for the handing over of documents. However, the rule set forth in Article 34 …” „… documents in analogy to the mechanism set forth in → Arts. 38 and 39 CISG.16 This conclusion is confirmed in …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 18 CISG S. 81-92

„… “master of the offer”.85 Article 20 is relevant in the calculation of the period. A period set by …” „… period has been set at all, what would be reasonably understood is crucial: Art. 8(2). Where too …” „… (discussed below).86 If the offer sets additional requirements before acceptance can take effect, such as …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 10.1 (Scope of the Chapter) S. 761-764

„… European law of set-off and prescription (2002), pp. 72-75; Bonell Limitation Periods in: Hartkamp et al …” „… . IntWirtschR, no. 184. 16 Zimmermann, Comparative foundations of a European law of set-off and prescription …” „… 1989, 197 (197 et seq); Zimmermann, Comparative foundations of a European law of setoff and …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.4.9 (Interest for failure to pay money) S. 689-692

„… applicable private international law; it all depends on the circumstances of the case and the mind-set of the …” „… Requirements and One Clarification Para. 1 sets two requirements: (i) non-payment of a sum of money (with …” „… instead of repairing it;16 to reject a settlement offer “out of hand”;17 (ii) reasonable: to consider an …”

Petra Butler Article 52 CISG S. 274-278

„… little is dealt with under Article 51. Article 52(2) sets out the buyer’s right if the seller delivers …” „… period agreed on by the parties. Thus, Article 33 sets out a twofold obligation for the seller. First …”

Stefan Kröll Article 14 Standard for Examination of Documents S. 1451-1455

„… presentations. Taking into account that the various documents may serve different purposes and therefore set out …” „… compliant. Article 14 (j) contains a detailed set of rules declaring certain discrepancies, relating to …”

Petra Butler Article 51 CISG S. 269-273

„… which does not conform to the contract or has not been delivered at all. The following sets out the …” „… partial non-delivery Article 49(1)(b) can be applied.30 However, the availability of the set timeperiod …” „… the possibility to gain the right of avoidance by setting a specific time-period. By focusing on the …”

Petra Butler Article 49 CISG S. 257-261

„… interest in the contract.57 The CISG sets the threshold of seriousness in Article 25 as ‘fundamental’ for …” „… avoidance must be made within the time limits set there.29 Possibility to make restitution Pursuant to …”

Klaus Ramming Article 24 Limitation of actions S. 1056-1060

„… time may not be exercised by way of counter-claim or set-off. Introduction I. The actions subject to …” „… as counterclaims nor for the purpose of set-off. 5 Rechtbank Rotterdam, 9 March 2016, ECLI:NL:RBROT …” „… action has settled the Art. 24 CMNI Chapter VI Claims period 1056 Klaus Ramming 6 claim or has been …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 30 S. 963-967

„… carriage. While the general concept of the principal’s liability is set out in Art. 3 CMR, Art. 29 CMR …” „… preserve evidence, it is not necessary that a loss or damage is set out in the 1. 2. 1 OLG Hamm, 27 January …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 52 Agreements concerning recourse S. 1178

„… entitled under the contract of carriage. Article 51 of the CIM UR contains a set of procedural rules in …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 11 Cancellation and late running of trains. Missed connections S. 1095

„… requirements etc. Article 14 of the CIV UR further sets an obligation to comply with administrative formalities …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 10 Completion of administrative formalities S. 1095

„… requirements etc. Article 14 of the CIV UR further sets an obligation to comply with administrative formalities …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 14 Entry into force S. 1361

„… correlation table set out in the Annex. I. Repeal The intended effects of Directive 2000/35/EC could not be …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 13 Repeal S. 1361

„… correlation table set out in the Annex. I. Repeal The intended effects of Directive 2000/35/EC could not be …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 79 CISG S. 367-376

„… only limited practical relevance.1 This is due to the fact that the provision sets a high threshold for …” „… and trade that she has set in place in order to perform (eg, computer systems, organization of …” „… ). In addition, notification may set the stage for renegotiations.64 If the other party is already aware …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 53 Special principles of liability S. 1119

„… conditions set by the CIV UR. Title V Liability of the Passenger Article 53 Special principles of liability …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 52 Other actions S. 1119

„… conditions set by the CIV UR. Title V Liability of the Passenger Article 53 Special principles of liability …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 16 Consignment of registered luggage S. 1098

„… being removed from the carriage by the respective authorities in light of noncompliance with the set …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 15 Supervision S. 1098

„… being removed from the carriage by the respective authorities in light of noncompliance with the set …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.2.2 (Performance of non-monetary obligation) S. 647-651

„… requiring an individual skill set (e.g. of an artist, architect) or involving a “confidential and (long-term …” „… the rights set forth in (ii) below. (ii) In any case, and even if an exception from its right to …”

Section 3 Vehicles S. 1116

„… sets the maximum cap for the amount of compensation for total or partial loss of a vehicle. Since the …”

Article 34 Entry into force S. 1071

„… set for signature. 3. Instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall be …”

Article 33 Signature, ratification, acceptance, approval, accession S. 1071

„… set for signature. 3. Instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall be …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 8 Transparency and awareness raising S. 1350

„… may encourage the establishment of prompt payment codes which set out clearly defined payment time …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 51 Persons for whom the carrier is liable S. 1118

„… actual submission of such documents. Article 49 of the CIV UR sets standard conditions for conversion of …” „… claim to be finally settled, no interest shall accrue between the expiry of the time allotted and the …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 50 Liability in case of nuclear incidents S. 1118

„… actual submission of such documents. Article 49 of the CIV UR sets standard conditions for conversion of …” „… claim to be finally settled, no interest shall accrue between the expiry of the time allotted and the …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 18 Registration requirements S. 1383

„… Registrar as the Supervisory Authority thinks fit; (h) set and periodically review the structure of fees to …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.2.3 (Requirement of obligee’s consent to transfer) S. 743

„… is required because it affects its position.1 Without such consent (with the contents as set forth in …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.2.2 (Exclusion) S. 743

„… is required because it affects its position.1 Without such consent (with the contents as set forth in …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 63 Procedure for recourse S. 1126

„… to be set in an agreement. Article 6 § 3, Article 16 § 3 and Article 25 shall also apply to the …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 62 Right of recourse S. 1126

„… to be set in an agreement. Article 6 § 3, Article 16 § 3 and Article 25 shall also apply to the …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 61 Apportionment of the carriage charge S. 1125

„… limitation shall be governed by national law. Article 60 of the CIV UR sets the periods for the limitation of …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 5 Mandatory law S. 1089

„… more Member States may set between themselves conditions under which carriers are subject to the …”

Raimond Emde Article 3 S. 1272

„… procured for the principal. Characteristic for the rights and obligations of the parties set forth in …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 1.9 (Usages and practices) S. 495

„… of Usages and a Limit Art. 1.9 sets forth two widely recognised principles,1 requiring both the …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 1.5 (Exclusion or modification by the parties) S. 489

„… impact on the range of applicable mandatory law and thereby on the surrounding set-up of the UNIDROIT …”

Stefan Kröll Article 21 Non-Negotiable Sea Waybill S. 1476

„… presented must either be the sole original or a full set of originals has to be presented (iv.). Furthermore …”

Raimond Emde Article 12 S. 1282

„… become due. This statement shall set out the main components used in calculating the amount of commission …”

Raimond Emde Article 11 S. 1282

„… become due. This statement shall set out the main components used in calculating the amount of commission …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 60 Limitation of actions S. 1124

„… the CIV UR sets a number of conditions under which even in cases where the loss or damage have not …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 59 Extinction of right of action arising from carriage of luggage S. 1124

„… the CIV UR sets a number of conditions under which even in cases where the loss or damage have not …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 8 Remedies of chargee S. 1374

„… . 3. Any remedy set out in sub-paragraph (a), (b) or (c) of paragraph 1 or by Article 13 shall be …”

Stefan Kröll Article 26 On Deck, Shipper's Load and Count, Said by Shipper to Contain and Charges Additional to Freight S. 1484

„… the date of shipment. Normally the credit sets out other information which must then be complied with …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.1.8 (Obligor’s additional costs) S. 726

„… more set-off scenarios). 8 Vogenauer/Mazza Art. 9.1.8 no. 3. 9 See Official Comments, Art. 9.1.8 no. 1 …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 5.1.5 (Determination of kind of duty involved) S. 577

„… to also apply the other criteria set forth in Art. 4.3, as the classification is part of general …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 3.2.14 (Retroactive effect of avoidance) S. 553

„… (which includes the behaviour of the party which sets the ground for avoidance)3 suggest otherwise (to be …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 2.2.3 (Agency disclosed) S. 527

„… ) The third party cannot use any rights to set-off against the agent (Art. 8.1 et seq.). (iii) The third …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 3.2.13 (Partial avoidance) S. 553

„… (which includes the behaviour of the party which sets the ground for avoidance)3 suggest otherwise (to be …”

Raimond Emde Article 16 S. 1286

„… cause for termination in the law of the Member States beyond the reasons set out in Article 16.2 …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 4 Where debtor is situated S. 1371

„… purposes as set forth in the preamble, to its international character and to the need to promote uniformity …” „… which are not expressly settled in it are to be settled in conformity with the general principles on …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 11 Report S. 1357

„… . The Commission suggested that Member States set up a system or procedure to monitor progress, issue …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 26 Successive carriers S. 1159

„… of the goods is set at SDR 17 (approx. 23 EUR)1 per missing kilogram of gross mass (Article 30 § 2 of …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 25 Burden of proof S. 1158

„… UR further sets an additional requirement of proportionality, where the presumption of special risks …”

Stefan Kröll Article 30 Tolerance in Credit Amount, Quantity and Unit Prices S. 1490

„… shipments are allowed. b. A presentation consisting of more than one set of transport documents evidencing …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.3.5 (Discharge of the assignor) S. 756

„… ), the rules on set-off in Art. 11.1.5, on effect of relase and settlement in Art. 11.1.6 and on effect …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.4.12 (Currency in which to assess damages) S. 694

„… paid in instalments may be indexed. A. Flexibility to the Court Art. 7.4.11 also forms part of the set …” „… contract after his or her termination),4 it may also inspire the parties or a court in settlement …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.4.11 (Manner of monetary redress) S. 694

„… paid in instalments may be indexed. A. Flexibility to the Court Art. 7.4.11 also forms part of the set …” „… contract after his or her termination),4 it may also inspire the parties or a court in settlement …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.4.10 (Interest on damages) S. 693

„… and Function Art. 7.4.10 forms part of the set of rules in Arts. 7.4.2-7.4.13 which are meant to …”

Raimond Emde Article 5 S. 1274

„… mandatory effect to the rights and obligations of the parties set forth in Articles 3 and 4. The legal …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 41 Mutual Liability S. 1238

„… latter solely for the carriage which it performs. Article 40 sets forth the basic principle that the …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 40 Respective Liability of Contracting and Actual Carriers S. 1238

„… latter solely for the carriage which it performs. Article 40 sets forth the basic principle that the …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 10 Responsibility for Particulars of Documentation S. 1193

„… in the record preserved by the other means referred to in paragraph 2 of Article 4. Article 10 sets …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 9 Non-compliance with Documentary Requirements S. 1193

„… in the record preserved by the other means referred to in paragraph 2 of Article 4. Article 10 sets …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 5.2.2 (Third party identifiable) S. 587

„… and one of the parties has not yet finished organising its commercial and/or financial set-up …”

Petra Butler Article 63 CISG S. 295

„… , due to export control or because the seller wanted to set-off the purchase price. 14 CISG, Art. 60(a …”

Peter Mankowski Article 13 S. 439

„… od would restart. Ceasing to run as opposed to being set back to nil and being restored again …” „… , though. For instance, initiating judicial settlement proceedings might suffice under the law of the court …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.4.1 (Right to damages) S. 675

„… circumstances of the case (→ Art. 7.4.2 unless the ‘damages’ are ‘nominal’).4 Arts. 7.4.2 to 7.4.13 set forth …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 35 Limitation of Actions S. 1233

„… . I. Overview Article 35 sets forth the same two-year period of limitation that was already contained …”

Article 32 Regional provisions concerning liability S. 1070

„… that the carrier complied with the obligations set out for the crew in article 3, paragraph 3, unless …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 5.1.2 (Implied obligations) S. 572

„… law tribunal to overcome different mind sets of arbitrators from different backgrounds. Alone for that …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 3.1.4 (Mandatory character of the provisions) S. 537

„… pursuant to Art. 1.5 As a set of rules based on the goal of fair dealing in international trade (cf. Arts …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 3.1.3 (Initial impossibility) S. 537

„… pursuant to Art. 1.5 As a set of rules based on the goal of fair dealing in international trade (cf. Arts …”

Article 36 S. 979

„… these carriers. Art. 36 CMR sets out which of the successive carriers may be sued by cargo interests and …” „… setoff raised in an action concerning a claim based on the same contract of carriage, legal proceedings …”

Peter Mankowski Article 19 S. 444

„… its alleged claim by way of set-off.6 Article 19 Where the creditor performs, in the State in which …” „… ) or (2) have ended by whichever means whatsoever, be it a final judgment or be it a settlement. A mere …”

Peter Mankowski Article 18 S. 443

„… case; arbitration may be stayed or set aside by judicial authority within the same jurisdiction; the …” „… parties may agree on a settlement. The consequence stemming from (1) is harsh on the creditor. Therefore …” „… . for want of jurisdiction). It is less clear whether a settlement is also in. Formally, it would, for …”

Christoph Oertel IV. INCOTERMS® 2010 S. 828-897

„… Commerce (‘ICC’) undertook the task of developing a harmonized set of internationally recognized trade …” „… ) para. 125. Incoterms® 2010 Introduction Christoph Oertel 829 4 5 6 7 8 vide a worldwide uniform set of …” „… precisely defined set of obligations for specific aspects of a sales contract, such as the passing of risk …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 18 Damage to Cargo S. 1206-1212

„… grave fault (→ Art. 22, para. 3). Article 18 also sets rules for carriage by several modes of transport …” „… during surface transportation. The carrier is obligated to set forth detailed information relating to the …”

Petra Butler Article 50 CISG S. 262-268

„… . Also, a unified approach will in practice not eventuate. Instead, setting-off the seller’s purchase …” „… calculation Article 50 sets out to determine the amount of a price reduction may offer buyers higher …” „… , Art. 50 para. 19. 19 Markus Müller-Chen in Schwenzer, 2016, Art. 50 para. 17. 20 Buyer’s right is set …”

Petra Butler Article 59 CISG S. 288

„… contract which triggers the legal consequences set out in Articles 61 et seq. A demand note is unnecessary …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 3 Transactions between undertakings S. 1321-1333

„… . 3. Where the conditions set out in paragraph 1 are satisfied, Member States shall ensure the …” „… transactions, a few countries set stricter maximum payment terms in their national laws for B2B transactions …” „… 37 38 39 set up individually negotiated contracts.65 A provision laid down in general commercial …”

Petra Butler Article 65 CISG S. 296-297

„… to the remedies set out in Article 61.4 Relation to other provision Parties can agree to differ from …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 1 Definitions S. 1367-1368

„… are employed with the meanings set out below: (a) “agreement” means a security agreement, a title …”

Stefan Kröll Article 13 Bank-to-Bank Reimbursement Arrangements S. 1449-1450

„… so common that it has led to the development of a separate set of rules, the ICC rules for …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 2.1.1 (Manner of formation) S. 499-500

„… on the place of fulfilment. B. Relevant Time Zone With respect to any time set, it is best to …” „… place of business of the party setting the time, unless the circumstances indicate otherwise. A. Impact …” „… detail. As a defult rule, para. 3 refers to the time zone of the party setting the time as the default …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 17 Delivery S. 1148-1149

„… not unilaterally set additional periods after the conclusion of the contract of carriage and reaching …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 30 Compensation for loss S. 1162-1163

„… principles set therein largely reflect the provision of Article 4 of the CUV UR. The carrier must, in …” „… “already settled”. This would constitute a compensation for the indirect damage. It would then be a matter …”

Stefan Kröll Article 24 Road, Rail or Inland Waterway Transport Documents S. 1481-1482

„… , the number presented will be deemed to constitute a full set. c. For the purpose of this article …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.2.5 (Discharge of original obligor) S. 745-746

„… principles in Art. 11.1.3 and 11.1.1(a), the rules on set-off in Art. 11.1.5, on effect of release and …” „… settlement in Art. 11.1.6 and on effect of expiration or suspension of time limits).9 D. Additional Option …”

Raimond Emde Article 4 S. 1272-1273

„… procured for the principal. Characteristic for the rights and obligations of the parties set forth in …”

Klaus Ramming Article 9 Termination of the contract of carriage by the carrier S. 1019-1020

„… if the shipper has failed to perform the obligations set out in article 6, paragraph 2, or article 7 …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 5.3.3 (Interference with conditions) S. 593-594

„… obligation or contract upon ‘fulfilment’ of the condition9 and restitution as set forth in Art. 5.3.5;10 (iii …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 5.1.6 (Determination of quality of performance) S. 577-578

„… to also apply the other criteria set forth in Art. 4.3, as the classification is part of general …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 4.3 (Relevant circumstances) S. 564-565

„… cross-border contracting which requires an even more open mind-set than a contract interpretation within any …” „… commercial setting4 and the typical goals of such a transaction),5 are of a more general nature and helpful …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 3.2.10 (Loss of right to avoid) S. 549-550

„… Art. 3.2.10 is therefore part of the test scheme for avoidance due to a mistake set forth at → Art …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 32 Liability in case of cancellation, late running of trains or missed connections S. 1108-1109

„… liability regime set out in Art. 32, para. 1 of COTIF/CIV is linked to an individualised assessment of the …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 5 Interpretation and applicable law S. 1371-1372

„… purposes as set forth in the preamble, to its international character and to the need to promote uniformity …” „… which are not expressly settled in it are to be settled in conformity with the general principles on …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 12 Evidential value of the consignment note S. 1143-1144

„… railway must ascertain the gross mass of the goods or the number of packages are set in the Loading rules …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Introduction S. 784-785

„… difficult area … widely neglected by comparative lawyers”.3 The result is a well readable and compact set of …” „… rules: e.g. an eye-opener for any international contract lawyer who has ever had to settle a claim on …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.1.10 (Notice to the obligor) S. 729-730

„… , i.e. set-off, Arts. 8.1 et seq., and (ii) non-monetary performance to which Art. 9.1.10 also applies …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 29 Basis of Claims S. 1225-1226

„… limits of liability as are set out in this Convention without prejudice to the question as to who are the …”

Klaus Ramming Article 4 Actual carrier S. 1007-1008

„… carrier 1. A contract complying with the definition set out in article 1, paragraph 1, concluded between a …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.2.2 (Definition of hardship) S. 622-623

„… equilibrium caused by either of the two criteria set forth in the opening lines of Art. 6.2.2: (i) increase of …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 5.3.1 (Types of condition) S. 590-591

„… the consequences of agreeing on either form of condition, which includes, in some circumstances set …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 1.6 (Interpretation and supplementation of the Principles) S. 490-491

„… addition to the criteria set forth in Art. 1.6, interpretations of the UNIDROIT Principles will have to …” „… scope of these Principles but not expressly settled by them are as far as possible to be settled in …”

Peter Csoklich Article 18 S. 943-944

„… to one of these risks. (3) This presumption shall not apply in the circumstances set out in article …”

Peter Mankowski Article 10 S. 435-436

„… breach and when it is set to occur. Insofar recourse has to be held to the lex causae of the contract …”

Peter Mankowski Article 5 S. 431-432

„… , public, authentic or private, in particular set up by a notary which can be directly enforced, pursuant …”

Stefan Kröll Article 20 Bill of Lading S. 1474-1475

„… lading or, if issued in more than one original, be the full set as indicated on the bill of lading. 15 …”

Article 25 CISG S. 130-142

„… breach is set by the criterion of a detriment “as substantially to deprive him of what he is entitled to …” „… expect under the contract”. Art. 25 CISG sets a high standard for fundamentality.31 All specific …” „… standard is set by merchants in the same field of business that are subject to the same market conditions …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 11.1.11 (Rights of the obligee) S. 806-807

„… Consequences (i) The obligor (who fulfils the conditions as set forth in 1.) may address (a) ‘all or any of the …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.4.5 (Proof of harm in case of replacement transaction) S. 683-684

„… replacement transaction18 whereby “the bar for the reasonable test should not be set too high a level”.19 C …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.4.3 (Certainty of harm) S. 679-680

„… be deemed true or untrue. The judgment is to set out the reasons informing the conviction of the …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.1.5 (Additional period for performance) S. 635-636

„… fundamental delay as required for a termination under Art. 7.3.1.23 (iii) Absent ‘reasonableness’ of the set …” „… under Art. 7.1.5 setting a ‘reasonable’ deadline19 (with due regard to the circumstances such as the …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.1.1 (Time of performance) S. 596-597

„… . 3).1 They supply a sound set of rules (often default rules) which become important (e.g. ‘must’ in Art …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 5.1.8 (Termination of a contract for an indefinite period) S. 582-583

„… Indefinite Period of Time Contracts with an ‘indefinite period’ can be found in two sets of circumstances: (i …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 5.1.4 (Duty to achieve a specific result. Duty of best efforts) S. 575-576

„… (whereby the domestic mind-set around the globe tends to differ6 and Art. 5.1.4 requires an autonomous …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 27 S. 958-959

„… . Overview Art. 27 CMR sets out basic rules for the calculation of interest and the conversion into the …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 19 CISG S. 93-101

„… set-offs.41 Other matters could be material including different packaging requirements, termination clauses …” „… .83 The ‘knock-out’ rule merges the two sets of terms, minus any terms that clash. It does not sit 73 …” „… the settlement of disputes are considered to alter the terms of the offer materially. I. Overview …”

Peter Mankowski Article 1 S. 422-424

„… single type of contract and sets out to stipulate uniform rules for this single type of transaction with …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 1.4 (Mandatory rules) S. 486-488

„… law’ in the sense of Art. 1.4.10 Further, in light of the modern mind-set towards compliance, the …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 39 S. 981-983

„… carriage and sets out rules for the recourse between the successive carriers.1 II. Art. 39 para. 1 CMR In …”

Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli Article 44 CISG S. 229-231

„… – even if set very strictly – will constitute a deviation from → Art. 38, 39 and thus not impact Art. 44 …”

Raimond Emde Article 18 S. 1296-1298

„… the grounds for exclusion set out in Article 18 letter a to c should therefore be handled …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 12 Transposition S. 1358-1360

„… Article 12 (3)). This offers Member States the possibility to set more exacting standards and to maintain …” „… the discussions postponed.4 According to settled case-law of the European Court of Justice, in the …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 10.2 (Limitation periods) S. 765-767

„… The parties may modify the limitation periods35 pursuant to the conditions set forth in Art. 10.3. 2 …”

Article 29 Additional national provisions S. 1065-1067

„… set out in article 10, paragraph 1. Introduction Article 29 is a unique provision rarely found in …” „… parties. Such agreements are unusual in practise. However, if the parties settle claims, the day the …” „… settlement agreement is entered into would be the relevant day. In cases of a judgement which is subject to …”

Klaus Ramming Article 25 Nullity of contractual stipulations S. 1061-1063

„… , provided that the carrier complied with the obligations set out for the crew in article 3, paragraph 3 …” „… settles damage Art. 25 CMNI Chapter VII Limits of contractual freedom 1062 Klaus Ramming 2 3 4 5 6 7 …”

Klaus Ramming Article 13 Bill of lading S. 1030-1032

„… presumption set out in article 11, paragraph 3, and article 12, paragraph 2, shall not be admissible …”

Klaus Ramming Article 2 Scope of application S. 1000-1002

„… regulations apply, under the conditions set out in paragraph 1, unless: (a) a maritime bill of lading has been …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.1.12 (Imputation of payments) S. 612-614

„… case of set-off (→ Art. 8.4).8 Art. 6.1.12 is consistent with Art. 7:109 PECL and Art. III.-2:110 DCFR …” „… . 1.1, 1.3, 1.5). Settlement agreements sometimes contain such a rule on imputation, especially if some …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 2.1.14 (Contract with terms deliberately left open) S. 512-514

„… different tune; it is submitted that the circumstances set forth in Art. 4.3 can also be considered in the …”

Peter Csoklich Article 8 S. 918-920

„… not be set too high: The check has to be effected on the spot by the driver. Neither consignor nor …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 68 CISG S. 309-311

„… , the concept of a retroactive passing of risk sets the buyer at a disadvantage and may ultimately …”

Petra Butler Article 55 CISG S. 280-282

„… with the principles set out in Article 8 and Article 9 CISG. If not, the applicable domestic law will …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 10 Recovery procedures for unchallenged claims S. 1353-1356

„… days) six months after the Directive 2000/35/EC was adopted and therefore during the time frame set for …”

Lisa Spagnolo Introduction to Articles 14–24 CISG S. 55-57

„… binding contract – must, of course, seek to satisfy two opposing aims. The bar should not be set too low …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 22 Limits of Liability in Relation to Delay, Baggage and Cargo S. 1217-1220

„… 250,000 Poincaré francs set out in Article 22 paragraph 1 of the Warsaw Convention as amended by the Hague …”

Petra Butler Article 46 CISG S. 239-242

„… )) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 I. General features Overview Article 46(1) sets out the general rule that the buyer has the right …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 4 Transactions between undertakings and public authorities S. 1334-1338

„… allowed to fix an interest rate on a contractual basis which is lower than set forth by the Directive. At …”

Stefan Kröll Introduction S. 1416-1419

„… letters of credit, the ICC has developed a separate set of rules, the ISP 98.16 They take into account …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 23 S. 951-954

„… liability is compensated through the limited and lump sum liability set out in Art. 23 CMR.4 Consequential …”

Introduction Introduction LPC S. 418-421

„… and the requirements for the applicability as set out in the scope rules of the Convention are met. 19 …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 6 Contract of carriage S. 1134-1138

„… proposal to introduce a new Article 6 a CIM. This new article is intended to set down the statutory basis …” „… to methods which permit an accelerated settlement of the damage). Title II Conclusion and Performance …”

Stefan Kröll Article 38 Transferable Credits S. 1499-1503

„… then become a “second beneficiary” on the terms as set forth in the new credit. Legally, it is a …”

Peter Mankowski Article 8 CISG S. 42-46

„… The disputed case is set-off.53 Article 8 CISG (1) For the purposes of this Convention statements made …”

Peter Csoklich Article 1 S. 901-905

„… general principle – CMR only applies to contracts which meet all conditions as set out in → Art. 1 CMR …”

Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli Article 38 CISG S. 200-204

„… transport documents, the notification period may have to be set rather short.24 Redirection in transit or …”

Stefan Kröll Article 2 Definitions S. 1422-1426

„… payments, standby letters of credit are since 1998 regulated in a separate set of rules, the International …”

Peter Csoklich Article 17 S. 938-942

„… presumed negligence of the carrier whereby the level of due care is set high, obliging the carrier to …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 66 CISG S. 298-302

„… Purpose and function, historical background Article 66 sets out the Convention’s basic principle on the …” „… of contract. Economic foundations The sale of goods – particularly in an international setting – is …”

Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli Article 42 CISG S. 220-225

„… (→ Art. 62) and set an additional period of time (“Nachfrist”) for the buyer’s performance (→ Art. 63 …”

Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli Article 41 CISG S. 214-219

„… expected to discharge of the claim.46 No fundamental breach is assumed when the buyer can set off the cost …”

Klaus Ramming Article 1 Definitions S. 993-999

„… port place of destination (→ Art. 3.1). Correspondingly, Article 1 No. 5 sets out that the consignee is …”

Raimond Emde Article 2 S. 1266-1271

„… the Crown Agents for Overseas Governments and Administrations, as set up under the Crown Agents Act …” „… goods; at least some leeway must exist. According to the settled case law of the ECJ, however, the …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.3.1 (Right to terminate the contract) S. 656-661

„… non-performance due to two causes set by obligor’s behaviour, (i) if it was ‘intentional or reckless’ (‘intention …”

Petra Butler Article 48 CISG S. 249-256

„… period was set (‘Nachfrist’) and the party did not perform within the additional time period (Articles …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 21 CISG S. 105-111

„… Frankfurt 24 March 2009, CISG-online 2165 (held 7 days was acceptable although the offer set a period of 2 …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 78 CISG S. 360-366

„… interprets the Convention as governing a set-off if the counterclaim is based on the same contract.11 Where a …”

Peter Mankowski Introduction S. 1-8

„… commentary does not set out for highflying ambitions like circumscribing or establishing a body of …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 49 Settlement of accounts S. 1176

„… with Article 32, paragraph 3 of the CMR). Title V Relations between Carriers Article 49 Settlement of …”

Raimond Emde Introduction S. 1247-1264

„… mutatis mutandis to comparable situations, only to suddenly presume the existence of a different set of …” „… Settled ECJ case law, most recently judgment of 7 April 2016 – C-315/14 – Marchon, OJ 2016, C-211/8 …” „… wording shall serve as the initial basis. According to the settled case law of the ECJ, when in doubt the …”

Raimond Emde Article 15 S. 1284-1285

„… request a signed written document setting out the terms of the agency contract including any terms …”

Raimond Emde Article 14 S. 1284

„… request a signed written document setting out the terms of the agency contract including any terms …”

Raimond Emde Article 13 S. 1283

„… the other on request a signed written document setting out the terms of the agency contract including …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 64 Agreements concerning recourse S. 1127

„… against all the carriers with whom he has not reached a settlement, failing which he shall lose his right …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 56 Carriers against whom an action may be brought S. 1121

„… settlement of the claim, the carrier may require the surrender of the ticket, the luggage registration …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 43 Jurisdiction under Article 13 S. 1404-1405

„… , Art 43 underlines that the court chosen by the parties for the purpose of settling all their disputes …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 5 Mandatory law S. 1134

„… to methods which permit an accelerated settlement of the damage). Title II Conclusion and Performance …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 43 Claims S. 1171

„… copies, the copies, where appropriate, duly certified if the carrier so requests. On settlement of the …” „… duplicate or the cash on delivery voucher so that they may be endorsed to the effect that settlement has …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 38 Liability in respect of rail-sea traffic S. 1168

„… , the supporting documents required for the amount of the claim to be finally settled, no interest shall …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 32 Compensation for damage S. 1164

„… rule and as a provision that reflects the settled practice of rail carriage. Article 32 Compensation …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 31 Liability for wastage in transit S. 1164

„… rule and as a provision that reflects the settled practice of rail carriage. Article 32 Compensation …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 51 Procedure for recourse S. 1177

„… reached a settlement, failing which he shall lose his right of recourse in the case of those against whom …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 50 Right of recourse S. 1177

„… reached a settlement, failing which he shall lose his right of recourse in the case of those against whom …”

Stefan Kröll Article 37 Disclaimer for Acts of an Instructed Party S. 1498

„… . Introduction In an international setting it is common that the issuing bank, regularly located in the …”

Peter Mankowski Article 7 CISG S. 37-41

„… concerning matters governed by this Convention which are not expressly settled in it are to be settled in …” „… matters governed by the CISG which are not expressly settled in the CISG. A crucial and fundamental …”

Peter Mankowski Article 1 CISG S. 11-19

„… indicates which rule would otherwise lack any sensible meaning.9 This in principle also includes settlements …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 10.7 (Alternative dispute resolution) S. 777-778

„… (ii) ‘until the proceedings have been otherwise terminated’, e.g. by withdrawal, settlement or an …” „… person to assist them in their attempt to reach an amicable settlement of their dispute. A. Formal …” „… at C.), (iii) in their (good faith, Art. 1.7) attempt to reach an amicable settlement of their …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 10.5 (Suspension by judicial proceedings) S. 773-774

„… proceedings have been otherwise terminated’ (para. 2), e.g. by settlement. The (new and different) limitation …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.3.4 (Advance consent of the other party) S. 755

„… an instrument to provide a proper structural setting for the investment while the work on the …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.3.1 (Definitions) S. 751-752

„… setting will change shortly (for example, following the setting up of a project company and/or an …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.1.11 (Successive assignments) S. 731-732

„… different assignment contract settings relating to different assignees. (ii) The rule in Art. 9.1.11 does …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.1.9 (Non-assignment clauses) S. 727-728

„… of his circulating capital”4 which has been described as “trend setting”5 (it protects the obligee’s …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.1.1 (Definitions) S. 715-717

„… transfer of non-monetary rights provides a remarkable and possibly trend setting example.5 By providing …” „… , of course, it can also be used in a tri-partite (e.g. settlement) agreement which includes the …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.3.5 (Effects of termination in general) S. 667-668

„… not affect any provision in the contract for the settlement of disputes or any other term of the …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 34 Arbitration S. 1232

„… any dispute relating to the liability of the carrier under this Convention shall be settled by …” „… settled by arbitration. This agreement must be made in writing and concluded prior to damage. The claimant …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 23 Conversion of Monetary Units S. 1221

„… , the German constitution).11 Article 22 paragraph 6 stipulates – in order to induce settlement – that …”

Article 28 Unit of account S. 1065

„… parties. Such agreements are unusual in practise. However, if the parties settle claims, the day the …” „… settlement agreement is entered into would be the relevant day. In cases of a judgement which is subject to …”

Klaus Ramming Article 5 Delivery time S. 1009

„… full amount from both the contractual and the actual shipper. Insofar as the claim is settled by either …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 48 S. 988