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Bruce M. Lawlor - When Deadly Force Is Involved

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Bruce M. Lawlor

When Deadly Force Is Involved

2017

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Introduction S. 1-8

„… force to kill their attackers. Self-defense is part of what Sig-mund Freud called the “deepest essence …” „… . Pardons weregranted, or not, as was the king’s want.The evolution of self-defense is an interesting one …” „… Grotius, believed that an individual’s inalienablerights included a right of self-defense. He wrote: “If a …”

1 Necessity S. 9-24

„… as trying to confirmthat Jason acted in self-defense. Others described them as trying to dis-prove it …” „… one more time and de-cided that Jason had acted in self-defense. No criminal charges were filedagainst …” „… worn. The issues that arise when there isa claim of self-defense are well understood, and the questions …”

Index S. 273-278

„… 273INDEXaccident: eliminates self-defense, 31, 38;negligence or involuntarymanslaughter, 32, 33 …” „… ; unintendedresults and self-defense, 31. See alsointent; involuntary manslaughter;murderous intent …” „… self-defense, 21; duty to retreat,21; path of retreat, 217; last option, 217;preference for avoiding violence …”

3 Provocation S. 41-58

„… who misbehave accountable and deniesthem the right of self-defense because it assumes that had the …” „… responsible for theother person’s death. With forfeiture of the right of self-defense at stake,a key issue in …” „… every self-defense case is whether the shooter was innocentor whether he or she somehow misbehaved …”

2 Intent S. 25-40

„… prosecutorhas failed to prove his case and Michael cannot be convicted of murder.The role of self-defense in …” „… Michael’s claimof self-defense. He didn’t start the fight, didn’t know his attacker, hadnever met the man …” „… drivingbehavior in the middle of the night, a jury could have concluded thatMichael acted in self-defense, based …”

11 De-escalation S. 175-190

„… prosecutor for the Commonwealth of Pennsyl-vania charged David with murder and David claimed self-defense …” „… death. In his mind it extinguishedDavid’s right of self-defense and made him guilty of voluntary …” „… self-defense recognizes that a person who starts a fightmay, at some point, decide that he or she no longer …”

5 Verbal Threats S. 77-92

„… shot John in self-defense,responding to John’s deadly threat with deadly force, killing John be-cause …” „… takes more than just words to triggerthe right of self-defense. He argued that there must be some …” „… PROVOCATIONIn some states, but not all, words in self-defense cases have consequencesfor both parties. Where …”

9 Stand Your Ground S. 143-158

„… ” standard of self-defense. Nevertheless, it illustrates nicely thedifference between the two approaches. So …” „… would have been futile or too dangerous. 4On October 1, 2005, Florida’s new self-defense statute went …” „… where self-defense is an issue because thegovernment can no longer use the duty to retreat to suggest …”

7 Reasonable Fear S. 111-126

„… when Hank shot Mitch, he was trying to avoid being killed, andhe wanted to claim self-defense at Hank …” „… the judge refused to let the jury decide whetherhe had shot Mitch in self-defense. The judge said that …” „… self-defense. Moreover, the fact that those shots werefired into an unarmed man at close range suggested that …”

6 Imminent Harm S. 93-110

„… trial judge refused her attorney’s request to instruct the jury in thelaw of self-defense.1CHAPTER 6104 …” „… single question: How soon isimminent?There are two important questions in every self-defense case: (1 …” „… risk of death or serious bodily injury. Normally, itoccurs just before the act of self-defense intended …”

13 Reasonable Force S. 207-222

„… and says he wants peace,then the threat is no longer deadly, and the right of self-defense is …” „… self-defense.”4 The Michigan Appeals Court agreed with the trialjudge’s view of the case, reiterating that …” „… preemptive strikes have no placein the law of self-defense.Notwithstanding repeated judicial decisions to the …”

15 Decisions S. 239-256

„… think of the Holder shooting?” she asked“Looks like self-defense,” RJ said.DECISIONS 245“Maybe, but …” „… we talk about Holder?”“We can.”“So what do you think?”“I think it looks like self-defense.”“OK, let’s …” „… to shoot them both.”“OK, so she gets to keep her self-defense claim,” Catherine said.“It would seem …”

14 Threatened S. 223-238

„… self-defense to the jury.1IGNORING THE THREATGary’s behavior, returning to the house with a gun to help Sallie …” „… provocation, misbehavior that disqualified Garyfrom claiming self-defense in connection with Harry’s …” „… firearm for purposes of self-defense. The U.S. Supreme Courtrecognized self-defense as one reason why …”

12 Mistake S. 191-206

„… produced a death, made him guilty of murder. 3TRANSFERRED INTENT IN SELF-DEFENSE CASESHow does the doctrine …” „… critical in determiningwhether a self-defense claim is valid. If the shooter acts with murderousintent …” „… someone else, then he orshe acted in self-defense. So what happens if the shooter acts with goodintent …”

4 Deadly Threats S. 59-76

„… the core of every self-defense claim is an act of unlawful force, aferocious attack that creates …” „… killing in self-defense, the ferociousattack that creates deadly danger, must be just that: unlawful. If …” „… the forceis lawful, permitted by law, then self-defense is taken off the table, madeunavailable to …”

8 Duty to Retreat S. 127-142

„… particular type of case. Self-defense was one of them.DUTY TO RETREAT 137In early England, indeed in modern …” „… such cases, gradu-ally, begrudgingly, began to recognize an individual right of self-defense …” „… claim self-defense. One of the controls they devisedwas that before a person could fight back, he had to …”

10 Castle Doctrine S. 159-174

„… defeated his claim of self-defense.NO REQUIREMENT TO FLEE FROM THREATS IN ONE’SHOMEThere are several …” „… RIGHTSThe fear that judges have of self-defense being used to mask murder hasled them into deep legal swamps …” „… its self-defense law. Title XLVI,CHAPTER 10172Section 776.013 (3) of Florida statutes now makes it …”

About the Author S. 279

„… , thedefendant’s claim of self-defense.Mr. Lawlor is a certified firearms instructor, who teaches self …” „… , and his criminal de-fense work includes a murder trial, in which he argued successfully …”

Preface

„… YourGround, Duty to Retreat, and OtherQuestions of Self-DefenseBruce M. LawlorROWMAN & LITTLEFIELDLanham …” „… self-defense / Bruce M. Lawlor.Description: Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield, 2017. | Includes bibliographical …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781442275294

Urs Kindhäuser, Michael Pawlik - Notwehr in Deutschland und China

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Urs Kindhäuser (ed.), Michael Pawlik (ed.)

Notwehr in Deutschland und China

Series: Studien zu Recht und Rechtskultur Chinas

Volume 8 2020

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Yu Chong The Application of the Principle of Legal Procedure Priority in Justifiable Defense S. 149-176

„… “the right of nature”, the universal self-defense right that is reflected in the legal motto of “law …” „… , 118. 6 The theory of urgency clarifies that justifiable self-defense is a supplement to legal …” „… , self-defense is not necessary among citizens. They do not need to attack each other and should sue in courts …”

Wang Gang Notwehrbefugnis von Amtsträgern S. 119-148

„… Verteidigungsgründe wie etwa self-defense und necessity. Hingegen werden Verteidigungsgründe wie z.B. insanity und …” „… in self-defense verteidigende Privatperson nicht nur die Entscheidung über die Rechtmäßigkeit ihrer …” „… Gericht ex post bestimmt, ob die betreffende Verteidigungshandlung wegen self-defense gerechtfertigt …”

Walter Perron Verteilung des Irrtumsrisikos bei Notwehr S. 337-350

„… Referats. ____________________ 29 Vgl. z.B. Fletcher, A Crime of Self-Defense: Bernhard Goetz and the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845297156

Andreas Fischer-Lescano, Hans-Peter Gasser, Thilo Marauhn, Natalino Ronzitti - Frieden in Freiheit - Peace in liberty - Paix en liberté

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Andreas Fischer-Lescano (ed.), Hans-Peter Gasser (ed.), Thilo Marauhn (ed.), Natalino Ronzitti (ed.)

Frieden in Freiheit - Peace in liberty - Paix en liberté

2008

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Mary Ellen O’Connell Defending the Law against Preemptive Force S. 249-260

„… gradually changing to accommodate new realms of self-defense. Had American forces found nuclear weapons in …” „… http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss.pdf. “The claim to preemptive self-defense is a claim to entitlement to use unilaterally, without …” „… Self-Defense, 100 AM. J. INT’L L. 525, 526 (2006). 7 Michael Bothe, Terrorism and the Legality of …”

Alain Pellet Le recours à la force, le droit et la légitimité – Notes sur les problèmes posés par le principe de l’interdiction du recours à la force armée en cas de carence du Conseil de sécurité S. 261-280

„… of War: Self-Defense, Inherence, and Incoherence in Article 51 of the United Nations Charter …” „… défense ou l’intervention humanitaire telle qu’elle est préconisée par l’administration américaine ? Si …” „… cogens »7. 4 V. Michael Reisman, « Coercion and Self-Fetermination : Construing Charter Article 2 (4 …”

Bakhtiyar Tuzmukhamedov The End of Contractual Disarmament? S. 345-350

„… against that particular state in the exercise of a delayed self-defense? It may be submitted that the UN …” „… national emergency management and ensuring rapid deployment of civil defense components, the state that has …” „… military assets and, moreover, is flying in clear view of a prospective missile defense radar in the Czech …”

Georges Abi-Saab Whatever happened to Article 19? S. 831-850

„… , the staunch defense of the integrity of the international legal system, while striving to perfect its …” „… self-determination and the prohibition of the use of force and of institutionalized racial discrimination. However …” „… self-determination of peoples, such as that prohibiting the establishment or maintenance by force of colonial …”

Marco Sassòli Human Shields and International Humanitarian Law S. 579-590

„… . Fred Buzhardt, General Counsel of the Department of Defense to Senator Edward Kennedy, Chairman of the …” „… ] military commander”. 17 This is what the US accused Iraq of, see U.S. Department of Defense, Conduct of …” „… self-defeating. If it were correct, the presence of human shields would not have any legal impact on the ability …”

Sabine Schlemmer-Schulte Sovereign Debt: The Argentine Bonds Case S. 985-1030

„… cases on the merits, because courts rejected defenses traditionally available to the sovereign, such as …” „… re-examined in Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino34 establishes a judicial self-restraint vis-à-vis the acts …” „… defense of sovereign immunity was equally unsuccessful in light of the restriction that the respective …”

David P. Forsythe The United States and International Humanitarian Law S. 421-428

„… on the homeland, and fueled by a sense of self-righteous indignation that the virtuous and divinely …” „… implemented by regular military personnel at a regular military installation. Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld …”

Heike Spieker The Conduct of Hostilities and the Protection of the Environment S. 753-780

„… , Vol. XV, p. 296, Ann. 27. 47 Witteler, St., ibid., p. 400. 48 Cf. U.S.: Department of Defense …” „… self-executing. Notwithstanding doubts with regard to its quality as a rule of customary law88, part one of Rule …” „… due regard to the environment is not self-executing, and it is operationalised by the obligation to …”

Gerhard Hafner The ECHR torn between the United Nations and the States: The Behrami and Saramati Case S. 115-134

„… self-defense shall be immediately reported to the Security Council and shall not in any way affect the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845209593

Peggy Wittke - The Bush Doctrine Revisited

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Peggy Wittke

The Bush Doctrine Revisited

Series: Völkerrecht und Außenpolitik

Volume 88 2018

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Literaturverzeichnis S. 459-478

„… , 1975, Vol. 47, No. 1, S. 1-53 Alexandrov, Stanimir A., Self-Defense Against the Use of Force in …” „… , Stephanie A.; Salzman, Zoe A., “The Tangled Web”: The Right of Self-Defense Against Non-State Actors in the …” „… Beard, Jack M., America’s New War on Terror: The Case for Self-Defense Under International Law, Harvard …”

3. Kapitel – Die Bush-Doktrin S. 43-80

„… Selbstverteidigungsmaßnahme sieht. Siehe dazu ausführlich McDougal, The Soviet-Cuban Quarantine and Self-Defense, 1963, Yale …” „… : Security Council Mandates and Preemptive Self-Defense, AJIL, Vol. 97, No. 3, 2003, S. 576 (584-585 …” „… ); Reisman/Armstrong, The Past and Future of the Claim of Preemptive Self-Defense, AJIL, Vol. 100, No. 3, 2006, S. 525 …”

9. Kapitel – Auswirkungen der Bush-Doktrin auf das Völkerrecht S. 371-454

„… will, if necessary, act preemptively in exercising its right of self-defense to forestall or prevent …” „… Between Collective Self-Defense and Intervention by Invitation: Reflections on the Use of Force against …” „… Against Terrorists Under International Law: The Fog of Law: Self-Defense, Inherence, and Incoherence in …”

4. Kapitel – Geltendes Völkerrecht vor 9/11 S. 81-155

„… , Self-Defense Against the Use of Force in International Law, 1996, S. 77 ff. 333 Resolution VIII: Reciprocal …” „… (para. 57). 336 Kelsen, Collective Security and Collective Self-Defense Under the Charter of the United …” „… Nations, AJIL, Vol. 42, No. 4,1948, S. 783 (792 f.); Alexandrov, Self-Defense Against the Use of Force in …”

8. Kapitel – Rechtsprechung des IGH nach 9/11 S. 349-370

„… Murphy, Self-Defense and the Israeli Wall Advisory Opinion: An Ipse Dixit from the ICJ? AJIL, Vol. 99, No …” „… dirigiert und kontrolliert werden, von dem An- 1225 Murphy, Self-Defense and the Israeli Wall Advisory …” „… Opinion on the Israeli Security Fence and the Limits of Self-Defense, AJIL, Vol. 99, No. 1, 2005, S. 52 …”

7. Kapitel – Staatenpraxis nach 9/11 S. 225-348

„… Selbstverteidigung (“the United States will, if necessary, act preemptively in exercising its right of self-defense …” „… Völkerrecht, NJW 2003, S. 1015 ff.; O’Connell, The Myth of Preemptive Self-Defense, The American Society of …” „… Self-Defense in Customary International Law, Pace Int'l L. Rev., Vol. 15, No. 2, 2003, S. 283 ff.; Glennon, The …”

1. Kapitel – Einleitung S. 17-22

„… of Preemptive Self-Defense, AJIL, Vol. 100, No. 3, 2006, S. 525 (530). Siehe auch Glennon: “It thus …” „… Völkerrecht vor dem 11. September 2001 im I. for Anticipatory Self-Defense, The Weekly Standard, 28. Januar …” „… Reisman/Armstrong, The Past and Future of the Claim of Preemptive Self-Defense, AJIL, Vol. 100, No. 3, 2006, S. 525 …”

5. Kapitel – Staatenpraxis vor 9/11 S. 156-209

„… ‘reprisal’; the other, which is expressly contemplated and authorized by the Charter, is self-defense …” „… action“), Elfenbeinküste („not justified under the principle of self-defense“), siehe Zusammenfassung der …” „… . […] We would characterize this situation as legitimate self-defense under the U.N. Charter.”603 Nach …”

6. Kapitel – 9/11 S. 210-224

„… , para. 603; Franck, Terrorism and the Right of Self-Defense, AJIL, Vol. 95, No. 4, 2001, S. 839 ff …” „… .; Stahn, Terrorist Acts as “Armed Attack”: The Right to Self-Defense, Article 51(1/2) of the UN Charter …” „… . Siehe auch den Kommentar von Franck, Terrorism and the Right of Self-Defense, AJIL, Vol. 95, No. 4, 2001 …”

2. Kapitel – Völkergewohnheitsrecht S. 23-42

„… approved by the other parties. “, in: Self-Defense in Response to Attacks by Non-state Actors in the Light …” „… organization to an armed aggression by a state, entitling the victim state to resort to individual self …” „… -defence and third states to act in collective self-defence.“32 Die Einheitlichkeit der Übung ergibt sich aus …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845287478

Corinna Dau - Die völkerrechtliche Zulässigkeit von Selbstverteidigung gegen nicht-staatliche Akteure

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Corinna Dau

Die völkerrechtliche Zulässigkeit von Selbstverteidigung gegen nicht-staatliche Akteure

Series: Völkerrecht und Außenpolitik

Volume 87 2018

Results in this title

Literaturverzeichnis S. 255-272

„… Proportionality in the Law of Self-Defense, AJIL 107 (2013), S. 563 ff. Akande, Dapo/Milanovic, Marco: The …” „… , Stanimir: Self-Defense against the Use of Force in International Law, 1996 (zitiert: Alexandrov …” „… , Self-Defense) Antonopoulos, Constantine: Force by Armed Groups as Armed Attack and the Broadening of …”

— Die Aktivierung des Selbstverteidigungsrechts im Kontext nicht-staatlicher Gewalt S. 33-112

„… Völkerrecht, Rn. 260. 113 McDougal/Feliciano, World Public Order, S. 234 ff.; Bowett, Self-Defense, S. 188 …” „… self-defense only within the strict confines there laid. It does not allow the use of force by a State to …” „… shall possess the right to take measures of self-defense. The right to take measures of self-defense …”

— Die Ausübung des Selbstverteidigungsrechts auf dem Hoheitsgebiet dritter Staaten S. 113-249

„… State that the right of self-defense in case of a non-State armed attack is of a subsidiary nature …” „… ____________________ ion or self-defense?« sowie Stein/von Buttlar, Völkerrecht, Rn. 845: »[K]ann dem …” „… Self- Defense against non-State Actors in International Law and the ‘Unwilling or Unable’ Doctrine …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845290096

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