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Karl-Heinz Nassmacher - The Funding of Party Competition

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Karl-Heinz Nassmacher

The Funding of Party Competition

2009

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Paid TV advertising S. 167-172

„… TV advertising“Political campaigning consists largely of communications – their preparation …” „… technology or paid TV advertising. “The growing signi? cance of media campaigning has entailed tremendous …” „… spending.”49 Modern campaigns, which use media advertising in radio and TV net works operated by commercial …”

Publicity S. 68-71

„… broad categories: printing, advertising, broadcasting and direct marketing. The total of such costs …” „… production of posters. Advertising can be widely inter preted, and then it would be equivalent to publicity …” „… magazine advertisements. More modern types of advertising, addressed here as broadcasting, use airwaves for …”

New technology S. 172-177

„… spot advertisements.77If modern technology and professional advertising substitute unpaid services …” „… advertising, mostly in national Sunday papers, and nation wide posters, which were removed when the election …” „… , central of? ce cam paign spending was mainly driven by newspaper advertising, posters, production of broad …”

Index S. 451-467

„… , 296-7advertising, political see communication, mediaadvertising, publicityaf? liated organisations …” „… , 381, 385-6Brazil 33452Britain see United Kingdombroadcasting see airtime charges, media advertising …” „… competition)government advertising 35-6, 75government contracts see contractsgovernment (expenditure/ spending …”

Communication S. 66-68

„… Advertising 7.4 8.0 7.9 7.1 4.9 4.1 7.3Broadcasting 0.0 0.0 1.5 4.6 0.0 0.0 5.3 …” „… , advertising, broadcasting and direct marketing. The total of such costs differs widely (in all democracies …” „… ? ets, brochures and other party literature as well as the design and production of posters. Advertising …”

Intensified competition S. 164-167

„… than radio, and its use and cost are continually increasing.”481. Paid TV advertising“Political …” „… profes sional services, such as improvement of campaign technology or paid TV advertising. “The growing …” „… media advertising in radio and TV net works operated by commercial broadcasters, are frequently seen as …”

Election campaigns (campaign spending) S. 73-79

„… advertising or interest organisations (lobby groups) may partly pick up the tab,123 thus rendering futile a …” „… spending was allocated to TV and radio advertising (broadcasting). The percentage increased slightly during …” „… that period.127 Publishing expenses (i.e. the costs of advertising in print media) 122 This does not …”

Subsidies-in-kind S. 296-300

„… their own advertising material in the electronic media, not even during campaigns. They may only …” „… options for dealing with paid po litical advertising. An Australian statute prohibited parties from buying …” „… representative government.42 A legal ban makes paid political advertising on radio or television unavailable to …”

Cost push or demand pull? S. 183-192

„… ), a single cause-effect relationship could not be established for any of them. Paid TV advertising may …” „… campaign technology and all demands caused by increased rates for TV advertising. An important con clusion …” „… driven. The use of modern technology and of paid TV advertising has not been the cause for constantly …”

Professional politics S. 177-183

„… campaign expenses depends on precise phrasing (i.e. no paid political advertising on TV) as well as on …” „… expensive media professionals, such as public relations experts, market researchers, advertising executives …” „… be established for any of them. Paid TV advertising may have become more expen sive but parties have …”

Bibliography S. 407-450

„… , Stephen/ Gerber, Alan S./ Snyder, James M. (2001): Does TV Advertising Explain the Rise of Campaign …” „… Spending? A Study of Campaign Spending and Broadcast Advertising Prices in US House Elections the 1990s and …” „… Politics. Chat ham NJ: Chatham House, 1988.Goldstein, Ken/ Freedman, Paul (2002): Campaign Advertising and …”

Demarcation of the subject of this study: party funding S. 34-37

„… important than the expensive spots of political advertising. Such costs only partially support political …” „… . Finally there is the issue of government advertising. Most governments distribute printed lea? ets …”

Stages of political and economic development S. 121-124

„… have been substituted by more modern instruments like mass meetings, canvassing or media advertising …” „… party’s routine and campaign expenditure. … In general election campaigns, the extra money for advertising …”

Abuse of public resources S. 276-279

„… criticised by parties in opposition. Advertising in favour of government policies has been an issue in many …” „… their municipal author ity’s staff and budget for media advertising, publications, and presents …”

Parties and their candidates S. 374-378

„… politicians into not paying for their advertising.56 Moreover it created the necessity to raise a large number …” „… advertising.65 In a way, it was exactly these aims, which led to the inception of the mass party in the 19th …”

Donations by wealthy individuals (contributions from personal wealth) S. 254-260

„… million in exchange for allowing cigarette advertising at For mula One motor racing events in …” „… self-? nancing the more she or he spends on media advertising and the less on all sorts of personal …”

Different levels of the party organisation (headquarters, branches and chapters) S. 378-387

„… ? eld organisation vs. profes sional advertising.Access to their own resources is expected to make …” „… party building are access to improved funding and targeted advertising.65 In a way, it was exactly these …”

Institutional fundraising S. 244-254

„… activities, such as parallel campaigns, independent expenditures, negative advertising, and have become an …” „… . 61.78 Canada and the U.K. enacted pre-emptive measures against “third party advertising” (non-candidate …”

Earmarked funds S. 300-302

„… can be used to buy advertising time on radio or tele vision.” In 2002 a total of NZD 2.08 million was …”

Party organisation and party penumbra S. 387-389

„… party advertising“ clause of the CEA is in place since 2004.127 Gidlund/ Koole 2001, pp. 116, 120.128 …”

Parliamentary party groups (caucuses) S. 58-60

„… step up their advertising effort, to employ full-time staff, to require professional services and to …”

Party spending S. 37-40

„… changes in spending patterns. Does an escalating use of paid media advertising or the recurrent …”

Sources of revenue S. 40-43

„… media advertising or the recurrent implementation of new campaign technology or the unlimited expansion …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-14

„… spending 1671. Paid TV advertising 1672. New technology 1723. Professional politics 177C) Cost push or …”

Paid labour S. 60-64

„… .72 Over time such need has increased, as parties started to step up their advertising effort, to …”

Revenue/ income S. 393-397

„… advertising, which is considered the principle villain far beyond the Anglo-Saxon orbit, is a symptom of …”

Definition of the subject: political finance S. 30-34

„… media advertising in their effort to reach the voting public. European parties face a ? nancial burden …”

Graft from business sources S. 279-284

„… mayors had used their municipal author ity’s staff and budget for media advertising, publications, and …”

Modes of party competition S. 135-141

„… . Candidates running for different of? ces spend money on personal advertising in order to reach out to their …”

External influences (electorate and inflation) S. 155-162

„… effort is: Does an escalating use of paid media advertising or the recurrent implementation of new …”

Corporate contributions (money from the business community) S. 260-269

„… spent on independent advertising to promote speci? c issues, which are of interest to the business …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845216515

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Johannes Mühling

Targeting

Series: Praxisforum Medienmanagement

Volume 8 2007

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MSN digital advertising solutions S. 93-94

„… advertising solutions Das Unternehmen Microsoft vermarktet unter anderem die Werbeplätze bei MSN - The …” „… Microsoft Network, seinem eigenen Internet Service Provider unter dem Begriff Microsoft digital advertising …” „… ): http://advertising.microsoft.com/ deutschland/Advertise/AdOpportunities.aspx (15.05.2007). 94 Targeting 10,03 Mio. Unique User …”

Interactive Media (UCA - User centric advertisings) S. 90-91

„… . Usern pro Monat liegt.375 6.2.3 Interactive Media (UCA - User centric advertisings) Der Vermarkter …” „… Interactive Media - ‚User Centric Advertising’ ermöglicht Targeting nach technografischen Kriterien, wie …” „… sind.378 Diese Menge an Eigenschaften unterscheidet das User Centric Advertising von anderen Anbietern …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… (UCA - User centric advertisings) ........ 90 6.2.4 America Online - AOL (Select …” „… digital advertising solutions................................... 93 6.2.8 Tomorrow Focus AG …” „… Interactive Advertising Bureau IP Internet Protocol IPTV Internet Protocol Television IVW …”

SevenOne Interactive S. 93

„… advertising solutions Das Unternehmen Microsoft vermarktet unter anderem die Werbeplätze bei MSN - The …” „… Microsoft Network, seinem eigenen Internet Service Provider unter dem Begriff Microsoft digital advertising …” „… ): http://advertising.microsoft.com/ deutschland/Advertise/AdOpportunities.aspx (15.05.2007). …”

Datenbasis als Voraussetzung für das Targeting S. 86-87

„… advertising.com, das nach eigenen Angaben über eine Reichweite von mehr als 150 Mio. Unique Usern pro Monat …” „… , Inc. (2007): http://www.revenuescience.com/ (23.04.2007). 364 Vgl. Advertising.com, Inc. (2007 …” „… ): http://www.advertising.com/advertisers/about.php (23.04.2007). …”

Targeting-Standards in der klassischen Online-Werbung S. 87-88

„… Unternehmen in den USA ist das Unternehmen advertising.com, das nach eigenen Angaben über eine Reichweite von …” „… , Inc. (2007): http://www.revenuescience.com/ (23.04.2007). 364 Vgl. Advertising.com, Inc. (2007 …” „… ): http://www.advertising.com/advertisers/about.php (23.04.2007). 88 Targeting che Daten verfügen, unter anderem jedoch aufgrund ihrer …”

IP Interactive S. 92-93

„… internet facts bei 9,50 Millionen Unique Usern.400 6.2.7 MSN digital advertising solutions Das …” „… Internet Service Provider unter dem Begriff Microsoft digital advertising solutions. Die Vermarktung bietet …” „… ): http://advertising.microsoft.com/ deutschland/Advertise/AdOpportunities.aspx (15.05.2007). …”

Tomorrow Focus AG S. 94-95

„… ): http://advertising.microsoft.com/adprograms/microsoft-targeting (15.05.2007). 404 Vgl. Microsoft Corporation (2007): http://advertising …” „… advertising Spezialisten DoubleClick aus den USA.414 DART for publishers ermöglicht als AdManagement und …”

Retargeting S. 82-84

„… Stirratt, Senior Vice President des Unternehmens Advertising.com beschreibt diesen Prozess wie folgt …” „… Beträge für den User bezahlt haben, der auf ihre Website gekommen ist, als im Display Advertising. Es ist …” „… überzeugen.354 Auch das Modell des Retargeting zeigt, dass die Werbeformen des Display Advertising und der …”

United Internet Media (TGP - Target group planning) S. 88-90

„… Monat liegt.375 6.2.3 Interactive Media (UCA - User centric advertisings) Der Vermarkter Interactive …” „… Interactive Media - ‚User Centric Advertising’ ermöglicht Targeting nach technografischen Kriterien, wie …” „… sind.378 Diese Menge an Eigenschaften unterscheidet das User Centric Advertising von anderen Anbietern …”

AdLink Internet Media AG S. 95-99

„… AdLink vermarktet. AdLink arbeitet mit der Technologie DART for Publishers des digital advertising …” „… , N24, wetter.com technografisch, Premiumumfelder nach Affinität, MSN digital advertising 10,03 …” „… Cross-media TV SevenOne Interactive 15% - 100% 3.500 € Spezialgebiet Cross-media TV MSN digital advertising …”

Literatur S. 128-141

„… (17.05.2007). Advertising.com, Inc. (2007): http://www.advertising.com/advertisers/about.php (23.04.2007 …” „… ): http://advertising.microsoft.com/adprograms/microsoft-targeting (15.05.2007). Microsoft Corporation (2007 …” „… ): http://advertising.microsoft.com/deutschland/Advertise/AdOpportunities.aspx (15.05.2007). Microsoft Corporation (2007 …”

Unterschiede zwischen den einzelnen Werbeformen S. 109-110

„… wenn es sich um Targeting handelt. In der Regel wird stattdessen von keyword advertising oder allgemein …”

Gemeinsamkeiten der Werbeformen S. 108-109

„… keyword advertising oder allgemein von Suchmaschi …”

America Online - AOL (Select) S. 91-92

„… Website des Vermarkters nicht angegeben. Die Möglichkeiten des User Centric Advertising unterscheiden sich …”

Einleitung und Zielsetzung S. 9-11

„… the money I spend on advertising is wasted, but I can never find out which half.”3 Und dennoch scheint …”

Die wirtschaftliche Bedeutung der Online-Werbung S. 43-46

„… Microsoft Digital Advertising Solutions 5 27,9 10,03 AdLINK Internet Media GmbH 6 27,6 …”

Ausblick: Die Zukunft des Targeting S. 121-125

„… Advertising. Das Unternehmen Nugg.ad weist beispielsweise auf seiner Website bereits auf die Kompatibilität …”

Klassische Online-Werbung S. 48-54

„… anderem vom Interactive Advertising Bureau (IAB) mit dem ‚Universal Ad Package (UAP)’ ein internationaler …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845214375

Benjamin Krämer, Philipp Müller - Questions of Communicative Change and Continuity

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Benjamin Krämer (ed.), Philipp Müller (ed.)

Questions of Communicative Change and Continuity

2022

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Christina Holtz-Bacha Political Advertising – Good or Bad? S. 208-222

„… the extent to which the advertising can be dysfunctional.Defining Political AdvertisingSince most of …” „… advertising—has also stimulated the debate about the Americanization of European election campaigns that peaked …” „… election advertising must bear in mind that political—just as commercial advertising—depends on the …”

Romy Fröhlich Journalism or Public Relations? S. 167-207

„… ‘advertising.’One way of avoiding the impression of advertising in PR is to give the PR texts in question a …” „… increasingly effective at churning out advertising that looks and sounds just like mainstream journalism” (p …” „… advertising and editorial work. Moreover, it is legally stipulated in section 8 of the State Media Treaty …”

Benjamin Krämer, Philipp Müller Cycles and Coexistences, Comparisons and Catastrophes S. 7-22

„… from the question of whether political advertising is actually useless or even harmful. Reviewing the …” „… literature on US election advertising, she identifies many studies with minimal effects on persuasion and …” „… potentially detrimental effects of attack advertising. She concludes that it remains a mystery why political …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-6

„… Research Program on the Confounding of the Two Genres OnlineRomy FröhlichPolitical Advertising – Good or …”

Christoph Neuberger How to Capture the Relations and Dynamics within the Networked Public Sphere? S. 67-95

„… ), misinformation (like rumors), advertising (viral marketing), recommendations, insults (firestorms), and emotions …”

Katharina Ludwig, Philipp Müller Does Social Media Use Promote Political Mass Polarization? S. 118-166

„… ., & Redlawsk, D. P. (2017). Effect of media environment diversity and advertising tone on information search …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748928232

Edd Applegate - The Rise of Advertising in the United States

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Edd Applegate

The Rise of Advertising in the United States

2012

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1 Colonial America and Advertising S. 1-28

„… Chapter OneColonial America and AdvertisingUnder Charles II, England occupied the Atlantic coast of …” „… advertising.Parker expanded by opening a print shop in New Jersey. He hired appren-tices and, like his mentor …” „… hundred. Most publishers were satisfied with their advertising.Few actually worried about how …”

6 Albert Lasker and the Lord & Thomas Advertising Agency’s Influence on Advertising S. 85-98

„… ” advertis-ing, which other agencies adopted. Lasker learned that writing advertisingcopy did not come easy to …” „… advertising:The history of advertising could never be written without first place in it beinggiven to John E …” „… Chapter SixAlbert Lasker and the Lord & ThomasAdvertising Agency’s Influence onAdvertisingTHE EARLY …”

5 John Wanamaker and Retail Advertising S. 71-84

„… wrote,This new “Wanamaker Style” of advertising—the bold use of consecutive full-page advertisements which …” „… Chapter FiveJohn Wanamaker and RetailAdvertisingIn the nineteenth century, primarily as a result of …” „… , “Advertising gave it shape; a new abundance of commodities estab-lished its foundation.”2 This culture …”

2 The First Advertising Agents in the United States S. 29-44

„… Principles of Advertising”:Honesty is by all odds the very strongest point which can be crowded into …” „… informative features andpromotional pieces about advertising.In 1878 Ayer allowed Henry Nelson McKinney to …” „… though we have to advise a mannot to spend any money in newspaper advertising.We aim to give as …”

3 P. T. Barnum and His Influence on Advertising S. 45-58

„… enthusiasmwherever he toured. Barnum applied reverse psychology in his advertising.Before the General appeared …” „… Chapter ThreeP. T. Barnum and His Influence onAdvertisingIn 1910 some celebrated the one hundredth …” „… proceededto dismiss Barnum and his contributions to advertising. According to thewriter,it is entirely …”

7 The Rise of Procter & Gamble and the Advertising of Ivory Soap S. 99-118

„… by JamesNorris Gamble. Harley Procter was responsible for the product’s advertising,which included …” „… Chapter SevenThe Rise of Procter & Gamble and theAdvertising of Ivory SoapCleanliness in the United …” „… soap, because most soapwas made at home.4The Rise of Procter & Gamble and the Advertising of Ivory Soap …”

10 The Development of Advertising Education in the United States: A Brief History S. 149-174

„… Chapter TenThe Development of AdvertisingEducation in the United States: A BriefHistoryThe academic …” „… advertising.Although arguments between the old and young professionals appeared inthe pages of several publications, in …” „… YMCA (Young Men’s ChristianAssociation) organizations and offered courses in advertising.Within a few …”

4 Lydia Pinkham and Her Vegetable Compound: The Advertising of a Patent Medicine S. 59-70

„… a complaint against the company, it none-theless scrutinized the company’s advertising.Sales of the …” „… Chapter FourLydia Pinkham and Her VegetableCompound: The Advertising of aPatent MedicinePeople who …” „… during theeighteenth and nineteenth centuries, partly because advertising paid the print-ers’ expenses …”

8 Elliott White Springs and the Mid-Twentieth-Century Advertising Campaign for the Springs Cotton Mills S. 119-132

„… Chapter EightElliott White Springs and the Mid-Twentieth-Century AdvertisingCampaign for the …” „… Wolfe, the headof the company’s advertising department in New York, and the advertisingagency Erwin …” „… column“Aesop Glim’s Clinic” discussed truth as well as good taste in advertising.According to the writer …”

Selected Bibliography S. 175-184

„… Biographical Dictionary of Advertising.Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994.Atherton, Lewis E. “The Pioneer …” „… , John, and Sela Sar. “Harlow Gale and the Origins of the Psychology of Advertising.”Journal of …” „… York Times, May 31, 1952.“Advertising Loses Titan as Resor Dies.” Advertising Age 33, no. 45 (November …”

9 Stanley B. Resor and the J. Walter Thompson Company: 1908–1961 S. 133-148

„… American Association of AdvertisingAgencies, which encouraged advertising agencies in the United States to …” „… advertising,generally he refused these invitations because he did not feel at ease behindlecterns or podiums. Besides …” „… advertising—the often-used but reliable endorsement or testimonial. Forinstance, the advertisements for Pond’s …”

Preface

„… 978-0-8108-8407-6 (ebook)1. Advertising—United States—History. I. Title.HF5813.U6A733 2012659.10973—dc232012018903 …” „… . Barnum and His Influence on Advertising 454 Lydia Pinkham and Her Vegetable Compound: The Advertisingof a …” „… thecontributions that Lasker and the agency made to advertising.The seventh chapter examines the first 100 years of …”

Index S. 185-196

„… League, 162, 168 Advertisers’ Gazette, 37Agate Club, 161 American Association of AdvertisingAitken …” „… . Frederic, 169College of New Jersey (Princeton Division of Market and AdvertisingUniversity), 106 Research …” „… Selling and Advertising,Pinkham, Charles Hacken, 62, 63, 67 163Pinkham, Daniel Rogers, 62, 63 P. T …”

About the Author S. 197-198

„… Copywriting: How toCreate Effective Advertising (2004), to mention a few. He coauthored withArt Johnsen Cases …” „… in Advertising and Marketing Management: Real Situa-tions for Tomorrow’s Managers (2006). He …” „… contributed to and edited The AdMen and Women: A Biographical Dictionary of Advertising (1994).He has …”

doi.org/10.5771/9780810884076

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Brett L. Abrams

Terry Bradshaw

2017

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6 From Advertising to Acting S. 119-138

„… 1196FROM ADVERTISING TO ACTINGBeing a Good Ol’ Boy“It was just a gig, but it limits the way people …” „… down few advertising opportunities,as he saw the value of making money while he could. The …” „… Bowls, his ad-vertising opportunities expanded to include national brands. Some ofthe first were Tony …”

10 Host, Guest Star, and Commercials S. 213-242

„… folksy charm. As Clinton took office in the White House,Bradshaw received new advertising offers.4Dick’s …” „… advertising campaign. Thebillboard slogan “Guess Who’s Back in Town?” played on Bradshaw’sdecade-long absence …” „… credit.Advertising proved an effective method for reaching the two groups.American Express had long depended on …”

Preface

„… From Advertising to Acting: Being a Good Ol’ Boy 1197 Leaving It on the Field: The Hero Digs Deep 1398 …”

Bibliography S. 289-298

„… , Roxanne, Joyce M. Wolburg, and Eric E. Haley. Readings in Advertising, Society,and Consumer Culture. New …”

Notes S. 251-288

„… , 1976, 28.18. Roxanne Hovland, Joyce M. Wolburg, and Eric E. Haley, Readings inAdvertising, Society, and …” „… Link, “The Witnesses—Hear Them Tomor-row,” Star, April 3, 1988, D3.NOTES 2676. FROM ADVERTISING TO …”

3 Two Golden Rings S. 53-76

„… revenue, only kicked in if all the advertising slots weresold. After beginning the season in July with …”

9 Studio Analysis and Hijinks S. 181-212

„… interview celebrities. Thenetwork spent a great deal of money on promotions and advertising todraw new fans …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781442277649

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