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William G. Gale, J. Mark Iwry, David C. John - Wealth After Work

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William G. Gale (ed.), J. Mark Iwry (ed.), David C. John (ed.)

Wealth After Work

2021

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Changing Wealth Accumulation Patterns: Evidence and Determinants S. 47-72

„… , oversampling the wealthy is an impor tant component of the survey, because wealth is so highly concen-trated …” „… WEALTHWe analyze the influence of changes in demographic characteristics on wealth accumulation across …” „… wealth.Appendix tables 2A-1 and 2A-2 provide regression results using the hyper-bolic sine of wealth as the …”

How Will Retirement Saving Change by 2050? Prospects for the Millennial Generation S. 11-46

„… data. The lit er a ture suggests that several significant subgroups Gale-Iwry-John_Wealth After …” „… Work_i-xii_1-392.indd 11 6/7/21 10:14 AM12 Wealth After Workof the population— including racial and …” „… difference in wealth between Blacks and whites is growing over time, controlling for other factors. These …”

Preface

„… WealthAfterWorkInnovative Reforms to Expand Retirement SecurityEdited byWILLIAM G. GALEJ. MARK …” „… IWRYDAVID C. JOHNWealth After WorkWealth After WorkGALEIWRYJOHNADVANCE PRAISE FOR Wealth After Work“When I …” „… volume offers a clear-eyed assessment of why and what to do about it. Data on wealth differentials of …”

Introduction S. 1-10

„… only real decision necessary Gale-Iwry-John_Wealth After Work_i-xii_1-392.indd 1 6/7/21 10:14 AM2 …” „… Wealth After Workwas when to retire and start claiming benefits; the age- or service- based in-centives …” „… for many people. Those with stable, well- paying jobs can accumulate substantial wealth in employer …”

Index S. 371-0

„… enrollment in retirement savings plan, 161, 162fAge- wealth profiles by constant- age group, median and …” „… ; deferred (deferred- income), 257–58, 286, 334; Gale-Iwry-John_Wealth After Work_i-xii_1-392.indd 371 …” „… ; variations in structure of, 285–86; and “wealth illusion” preference for lump sum over equivalent set of …”

When Income Is the Outcome: Reducing Regulatory Obstacles to Annuities in 401(k) Plans S. 284-331

„… than for estate planning purposes, such as transferring wealth tax- free across generations. Wealthy …” „… benefits for the lifetime of the worker (and often the worker’s spouse), provide Gale-Iwry-John_Wealth …” „… soon after the annuity is purchased (an “immediate annuity” Gale-Iwry-John_Wealth After Work_i-xii …”

State-Sponsored Retirement Saving Plans: New Approaches to Boost Retirement Plan Coverage S. 158-181

„… amount of wealth in retirement, especially if the onset of retirement saving is delayed. As a result …” „… 2014, an Obama administration executive order established the Gale-Iwry-John_Wealth After Work_i-xii …” „… a retirement saving plan by Gale-Iwry-John_Wealth After Work_i-xii_1-392.indd 159 6/7/21 10:15 …”

From Saving to Spending: A Proposal to Convert Retirement Account Balances into Automatic and Flexible Income S. 255-283

„… lems. Poterba, Venti, and Wise (2011) found that wealth-ier retirees tend to be conservative about …” „… products in diff er ent ways. Although they do not Gale-Iwry-John_Wealth After Work_i-xii_1-392.indd 255 …” „… 6/7/21 10:15 AM256 Wealth After Workalways provide guaranteed lifetime income, the innovations …”

You Get What You Pay For: Guaranteed Returns in Retirement Saving Accounts S. 230-254

„… possibility of offering state- level guarantee programs.Gale-Iwry-John_Wealth After Work_i-xii_1-392.indd …” „… costs.Gale-Iwry-John_Wealth After Work_i-xii_1-392.indd 231 6/7/21 10:15 AM232 Wealth After WorkGUARANTEE DESIGNA rate …” „… potentially higher returns on their investments.Gale-Iwry-John_Wealth After Work_i-xii_1-392.indd 232 6/7/21 …”

Retirement Tontines: Using a Classical Finance Mechanism as an Alternative Source of Retirement Income S. 332-364

„… have afforded.2Gale-Iwry-John_Wealth After Work_i-xii_1-392.indd 332 6/7/21 10:15 AM Retirement …” „… retirement income, then discuss theoretical and practical considerations regarding Gale-Iwry-John_Wealth …” „… After Work_i-xii_1-392.indd 333 6/7/21 10:15 AM334 Wealth After Worktontines as a way to finance …”

A Retirement Dashboard for the United States S. 82-115

„… it would not address systemic prob lems such as cov-Gale-Iwry-John_Wealth After Work_i-xii_1-392.indd …” „… Gale-Iwry-John_Wealth After Work_i-xii_1-392.indd 83 6/7/21 10:14 AM84 Wealth After WorkFinding and Consolidating …” „… respon-Gale-Iwry-John_Wealth After Work_i-xii_1-392.indd 84 6/7/21 10:14 AM A Retirement Dashboard for the United States 85 …”

How Does Gender Equality Affect Women in Retirement? S. 73-81

„… status in retirement should focus on the ways women participate in the labor market and in wealth …” „… accumula-tion programs, as well as on specific retirement programs and benefits.Gale-Iwry-John_Wealth After …” „… Work_i-xii_1-392.indd 73 6/7/21 10:14 AM74 Wealth After WorkEARNINGSFor several interrelated reasons …”

Structuring State Retirement Saving Plans: A Guide to Policy Design and Management Issues S. 182-202

„… access makes it difficult to build retirement wealth. A study by the Employee Benefit Research Institute …” „… ).Gale-Iwry-John_Wealth After Work_i-xii_1-392.indd 182 6/7/21 10:15 AM Structuring State Retirement Saving Plans 183 …” „… . Savers receive regular statements.Gale-Iwry-John_Wealth After Work_i-xii_1-392.indd 183 6/7/21 10:15 …”

Supplemental Transitions Accounts for Retirement: A Proposal to Increase Retirement Income Security and Reform Social Security S. 135-157

„… receiving Social Security benefits. STARTs Gale-Iwry-John_Wealth After Work_i-xii_1-392.indd 135 6/7/21 …” „… 10:15 AM136 Wealth After Workwould be mandatory add-on savings accounts funded by employees, employ-ers …” „… Gale-Iwry-John_Wealth After Work_i-xii_1-392.indd 136 6/7/21 10:15 AM Supplemental Transition Accounts for …”

Public Pensions in Flux: How the Federal Government's Experiences Can Inform State Responses S. 203-229

„… defined benefit (DB) plan than CSRS, mandatory enrollment in Social Security, Gale-Iwry-John_Wealth After …” „… Work_i-xii_1-392.indd 203 6/7/21 10:15 AM204 Wealth After Workand a new defined contribution (DC) plan …” „… ser vice), Gale-Iwry-John_Wealth After Work_i-xii_1-392.indd 204 6/7/21 10:15 AM Public Pensions …”

Retirement Plans for Contingent Workers: Issues and Options S. 116-134

„… , they earn less than traditional employees and have more volatile Gale-Iwry-John_Wealth After Work_i-xii …” „… work-ers. Thus they also tend to miss out on provisions that encourage retirement wealth accumulation, such …” „… Gale-Iwry-John_Wealth After Work_i-xii_1-392.indd 117 6/7/21 10:15 AM118 Wealth After Workare established, both …”

Chapter Credits S. 369-370

„… - Change - By - 2050 - Prospects - for - the - Millennial - Generation.Chapter 2: “Changing Wealth …” „… on Research in Income and Wealth, https:// conference . nber . org / conf _ papers / f129660 …” „… _options.Gale-Iwry-John_Wealth After Work_i-xii_1-392.indd 369 6/7/21 10:15 AM370 Chapter CreditsChapter 6: “Supplemental …”

Contributors S. 365-368

„… retirement policy initiatives and reforms, including 401(k) automatic Gale-Iwry-John_Wealth After Work_i-xii …” „… Center. His re-Gale-Iwry-John_Wealth After Work_i-xii_1-392.indd 366 6/7/21 10:15 AM Contributors 367 …” „… labor and education economics.Gale-Iwry-John_Wealth After Work_i-xii_1-392.indd 367 6/7/21 10:15 AM …”

doi.org/10.5771/9780815739357

Luca Schicho - State Entities in International Investment Law

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Luca Schicho

State Entities in International Investment Law

Series: Studien zum Internationalen Investitionsrecht

Volume 4 2012

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Sovereign Wealth Funds S. 78-81

„… 78 F. Sovereign Wealth Funds Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs) are special purpose investment funds …” „… owned by a government and created for macroeconomic purposes.311 The specific term “Sovereign Wealth …” „… recent years, Sovereign Wealth Funds have existed for many decades, beginning in 1960 when Kuwait created …”

Public Private Partnerships S. 75-78

„… . “Multiple control”. 78 F. Sovereign Wealth Funds Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs) are special purpose …” „… “Sovereign Wealth Funds” first arose in 2005.312 While the precise overall volume of assets of all SWFs …” „… recent years, Sovereign Wealth Funds have existed for many decades, beginning in 1960 when Kuwait created …”

List of Sources S. 231-249

„… Wealth Funds, Press Release No.08/06, (published 2008, available at: http://www.iwg-swf.org/pr/swfpr0806 …” „… .htm) International Working Group of Sovereign Wealth Funds, “Sovereign Wealth Funds – Current …” „… Wealth Funds and Recipient Countries- - Working together to maintain and expand freedom of investment …”

Separate legal personality S. 58-59

„… State territory even beyond commercial viability. At the same time, it would cover Sovereign Wealth …” „… Funds such as the Norwegian Pension Fund, which invest the wealth entrusted to them like other …” „… Billion to Invest, but in China”, The New York Times, 29 November 2007; Ionescu, D., Sovereign Wealth …”

State entities in scholarly writings S. 56-58

„… commercial viability. At the same time, it would cover Sovereign Wealth Funds such as the Norwegian Pension …” „… Fund, which invest the wealth entrusted to them like other investment funds, but additionally take into …” „… , 29 November 2007; Ionescu, D., Sovereign Wealth Funds – The Impact of the Financial Crisis, Current …”

Political influence S. 62-68

„… Partnerships,241 and SWFs (Sovereign Wealth Funds).242 Concerning political influence, there are three main …” „… (2008); Davis, B., “Americans See Little to Like in Sovereign Wealth Funds”, Wall Street Journal, 21 …” „… ”, International Herald Tribune, 13 July 2007; Tassell, T., Chung, C., “How Sovereign Wealth Funds are Muscling in …”

Distinguishing from other entities S. 60-62

„… (Sovereign Wealth Funds).242 Concerning political influence, there are three main aspects to 238 Such …” „… ); Davis, B., “Americans See Little to Like in Sovereign Wealth Funds”, Wall Street Journal, 21 February …”

Table of Abbreviations S. 13-14

„… Ownership Fund SWF Sovereign Wealth Fund UCLA Unilaterally Controlled Latino Assets UNCTAD United Nations …”

Table of Contents S. 9-12

„… agencies 73 D. Privatization agencies 75 E. Public Private Partnerships 75 F. Sovereign Wealth Funds 78 6 …”

Acting in official capacity S. 94-102

„… natural resources, by pillaging its assets and wealth, by failing to take adequate measures to prevent the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845236261

Dag Detter, Stefan Folster - The Public Wealth of Cities

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Dag Detter, Stefan Folster

The Public Wealth of Cities

2017

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Chapter 6: Succeeding with Urban Wealth Funds: Some Case Studies S. 147-178

„… mobilize such wealth.Locum AB was established in 1992 in response to the reor ga ni za-tion of the Swedish …” „… CHAPTER 6Succeeding with Urban Wealth Funds: Some Case Studies 149MANY CITIES ARE MOVING in the …” „… and urban wealth funds to manage their commercial wealth to the benefi t of the entire community. In …”

Chapter 5: The Urban Wealth Fund: A Conduit for Maximizing Value S. 121-146

„… CHAPTER 5Th e Urban Wealth Fund: A Conduit for Maximizing Value 123EVEN POOR CITIES own large …” „… is derived from international trade, the bulk of which is waterborne.124 THE PUBLIC WEALTH OF …” „… special interests that try to infl uence city politics. In other words, the key to unlocking this wealth …”

Preface

„… . Doing so can uncover hidden social, human, and economic wealth.Dag Detter and Stefan Fölster make a …” „… book on how successful nations manage their wealth.Our book Th e Public Wealth of Nations: How …” „… PROSPERITYD A G D E T T E R S T E F A N F O L S T E RThe authors of The Public Wealth of Nations (listed …”

Index S. 245-261

„… governance of, 81–83, 84, 137, 139–41, 154–55, 163, 166, 169–70, 173, 221 (see also urban wealth funds …” „… , 221 (see also urban wealth funds); rich vs. poor city approaches to, 5, 6–9; of social assets, 16, 17 …” „… turnaround cities, 72–73, 84; urban wealth funds for, 22, 83, 123–46, 149–77Associated British Ports, 49 …”

Chapter 4: Taking Control of a City's Balance Sheet S. 87-120

„… city’s wealth.THE HIDDEN VALUE OF PUBLIC WEALTH IN C LEVEL ANDCities generally do not assess the market …” „… quality of asset management.90 THE PUBLIC WEALTH OF CITIESIn the following three chapters we will …” „… sheet— deserve to understand the true state of public wealth at all levels of government. Th is may also …”

Chapter 1: The Investment Trap S. 1-24

„… build economic, social, and human wealth.In spite of the many eyesores that meet strollers on city …” „… development.3 But such pro gress does not come 4 THE PUBLIC WEALTH OF CITIESautomatically with population …” „… what successful cities do is critical. In fact, helping more cities to build social and economic wealth …”

Chapter 9: Reinventing City Democracy S. 211-222

„… that cities do well that manage their wealth wisely— their social wealth, human capital, and economic …” „… cult to 214 THE PUBLIC WEALTH OF CITIEStransfer this often tacit insight of particularly talented …” „… , profes-sional organ ization such as an urban wealth fund not only can turn a tread-mill town into a turbo city …”

Chapter 3: Turbo Cities S. 55-86

„… THE PUBLIC WEALTH OF CITIESand now has four times as many inhabitants as in 1990. Portland’s …” „… / images / Liveability _ August2016 . pdf).60 THE PUBLIC WEALTH OF CITIESVancouver, Canada, regularly ranks …” „… growth Employment growthFigure 3 - 1 . Index Value and Growth of GDP and Employment62 THE PUBLIC WEALTH …”

Chapter 7: Shrinking the Social Debt of Cities S. 179-198

„… THE PUBLIC WEALTH OF CITIESLester was a high school dropout. He is dyslexic and never really had a …” „… all made so user- friendly that a school 184 THE PUBLIC WEALTH OF CITIESprincipal, a city …” „… spending on social investments to improve long- run social wealth and outcomes. And they also provide data …”

Chapter 2: Why Some Cities Fail S. 25-54

„… few hapless cities.28 THE PUBLIC WEALTH OF CITIESTREADMILL TRIBUL ATIONSIn 2005, the city of New …” „… nonindustrial assets, their existence might have left it less 30 THE PUBLIC WEALTH OF CITIESexposed to the kind …” „… photographer/Shutterstock.com.32 THE PUBLIC WEALTH OF CITIESthe city’s erosion in the fi rst place if it had been undertaken on …”

Chapter 8: Boosting the Value of Human Assets S. 199-210

„… among the inhabitants they already have.202 THE PUBLIC WEALTH OF CITIESTHE EDUCATION - AS - INVESTMENT …” „… THE PUBLIC WEALTH OF CITIESGROW HUMAN ASSETS WITH BETTER LIFELONG LEARNINGActual knowledge is a …” „… PUBLIC WEALTH OF CITIESas fast in terms of population as those with fewer college educated.8 But that is …”

Notes S. 223-244

„… NotesPREFAC E1. Dag Detter and Stefan Fölster, Th e Public Wealth of Nations: How Manage-ment of …” „… scandals are described in Detter and Fölster, Th e Public Wealth of Nations: How Management of Public …” „… Fölster, Th e Public Wealth of Nations: How Management of Public Assets Can Boost or Bust Economic Growth …”

doi.org/10.5771/9780815729990

Bruce Katz, Jeremy Nowak - The New Localism

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Bruce Katz, Jeremy Nowak

The New Localism

2018

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Reclaiming Public Wealth: Copenhagen Case Study S. 119-144

„… 119SIXReclaiming Public WealthCOPENHAGEN CASE STUDYWe are not here for a quick fix: we are here …” „… only way to protect public owner ship and wealth—in keeping with their values.A privatization …” „… with public wealth.The inability to identify a more dramatic integration of public purpose and …”

Index S. 275-286

„… ; Ørestad Development Corporation in, 122–26, 133, 240; policy in, 13–14, 241; public wealth in, 121–26 …” „… , 127–28, 134–38; public wealth and, 134–38; social impact bonds in, 195–97; for TIF districts, 138–42; in …” „… ; for power, 7–10; for problem solving, 223–29, 242–47; as progress, 47–52; public wealth in, 126–34 …”

Preface

„… capital to a public purpose and recover the potential of public wealth. This is a book about the future …” „… and recover the potential of public wealth. This is a book about the future and it could not be more …” „… wealth. This is a book about the future and it could not be more timely.”—DARREN WALKER, President of …”

Notes S. 249-274

„… ca’s Wealth,” Business Insider, June 28, 2017 (www.businessinsider . com / richest - us - families …” „… - own - a - startling - proportion - of - americas - wealth - 2017 - 6). 4. “The American Middle Class …” „… Fölster and Dag Detter, The Public Wealth of Nations (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015); and Dag Detter …”

Toward a Nation of Problem Solvers: A Call to Action S. 223-248

„… city where there was none, then using that value as public wealth to finance a modern city transit …” „… interests. But private sector management also enables the maximization of value and public wealth and the …” „… productive and vis i ble use, for creating real wealth through economy shaping, placemaking, and talent …”

Inventing Metro Finance S. 173-200

„… in increased public wealth.Unfunded pension and health care liabilities became a central point …” „… focused capital is somewhere around $3.5 trillion.Major wealth management firms such as Goldman Sachs and …” „… dramatic transfer of intergenerational wealth may turn out to be decisive with re spect to impact capital …”

Financing the Future S. 201-222

„… demands of the future. Better management of public assets will generate higher levels of public wealth …” „… corporations: New public asset corporations must be or-ga nized to capture more public wealth and reinvest it …” „… funds, sovereign wealth funds, and specialized infrastructure funds are critical for rebuilding Amer i …”

Power Reimagined S. 1-16

„… wealth is disproportionately generated— resided at the bottom, often acting as administrative arms of …” „… accumulate public, private, and civic wealth to create alternative paths for the design, financing, and …”

Everything Has Changed S. 41-58

„… , resulting in a shakeup in wealth creation, income distribution, and global politics.Global economic change …” „… bottom 90 percent of earners. In terms of wealth, the top 10 percent of Americans have about $51 …” „… , cities embody globalization’s flawed economic outcomes: a wealthy upper class connected to finance …”

Reader's Guide S. 287-291

„… wealth. This is a book about the future and it could not be more timely.”—DARREN WALKER, President of …”

New Localism and the American City S. 17-40

„… wealth.Waterfronts too have been reinvented in myriad ways as both private development sites and public amenities. As …” „… architecture of the American federal government is in contrast to the fact that American demography and wealth …”

New Localism and Economic Inclusion S. 145-172

„… low home prices and hence drives down both public and private wealth. Thus hard- hit Detroit has one …” „… internet is the new super- casino. Using an extractive industry like gambling to build wealth generates as …”

Rethinking Governance: Indianapolis Case Study S. 89-118

„… local government can unlock the hidden wealth of public assets, leverage private sector investment, and …”

doi.org/10.5771/9780815731658

Marc Bungenberg, Jörn Griebel, Stephan Hobe, August Reinisch - International Investment Law

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Marc Bungenberg (ed.), Jörn Griebel (ed.), Stephan Hobe (ed.), August Reinisch (ed.)

International Investment Law

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2015

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Christian Tietje XI. Investment Law and Sovereign Wealth Funds S. 1802-1816

„… XI. Investment Law and Sovereign Wealth Funds Christian Tietje A. Introduction …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 b) OECD Declaration on Sovereign Wealth Funds and Recipient Country Policies …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 c) A Common European Approach to Sovereign Wealth Funds . . . . 20 d) Conclusions …”

Sabine Konrad B. Protection of Investments Owned by States S. 545-554

„… 2010,1 including both State-owned enterprises and sovereign wealth funds. State-owned enterprises …” „… Sovereign wealth funds, by contrast, are special purpose investment funds that 1. * The author thanks Lisa …” „… governed by the usual corporate mechanisms.3 Recently, sovereign wealth funds have experienced particularly …”

Marc Bungenberg, Jörn Griebel, Stephan Hobe, August Reinisch Chapter 1: General Introduction to International Investment Law S. 1-5

„… as free trade agreements which have investment chapters. It is the wealth of arbitral jurisprudence …” „… has produced a wealth of cases unprecedented in the field of international law arbitration and dispute …”

Joachim Karl F. The Negotiations on the OECD Multilateral Agreement on Investment S. 342-360

„… wealth funds, aiming to improve their transparency and ensure that they bring economic benefits.33 Also …” „… no bread’. 33 International Working Group of Sovereign Wealth Funds (IWG-SWF), Santiago Principles …” „… Kuwait Declaration of April 2009 the IWG-SWF established an ‘International Forum of Sovereign Wealth …”

Marc Bungenberg, Stephan Hobe II. The Relationship of International Investment Law and European Union Law S. 1602-1628

„… Control for Sovereign Wealth Funds …” „… Control for Sovereign Wealth Funds? Investments by sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) from third countries100 …” „… , ‘Investment Law and Sovereign Wealth Funds’, ch. 13.XI., 1804–1818. 101 See the overview at …”

Index S. 1913-1952

„… III D 38 – scope of investment protection Chapter 4 III D 30 – sovereign wealth funds Chapter 13 II 34 …” „… Wealth Funds Chapter 13 XI 17 OECD Development Assistance Committee – DAC list Chapter 12 III 31 OECD …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… ? .....................................X. 1784 Andreas R. Ziegler Investment Law and Sovereign Wealth Funds …” „… International Working Group of Sovereign Wealth Funds J. Journal J. Air L. & Com. Journal of Air Law and …” „… Sovereign Wealth Fund Syracuse J. Int’l L. & Com. Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce Tampa …”

Michael Waibel II. Investment Arbitration: Jurisdiction and Admissibility S. 1212-1287

Ursula Kriebaum VIII. Expropriation S. 959-1030

„… Foreign-Owned Wealth’ (1981) 75 AJIL 437–475; Gillian White, Nationalisation of Foreign Property (Stevens, 1961 …” „… foreign property without compensation would lead to an unjustified wealth transfer from the investor’s …” „… . Weston, ‘The Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States and the Deprivation of Foreign-Owned Wealth …”

Stephan Hobe I. The Development of the Law of Aliens and the Emergence of General Principles of Protection under Public International Law Stephan HobeThe Development of the Law of Aliens S. 6-22

„… declared that ‘the rights of peoples and nations to permanent sovereignty over their natural wealth and …”

Marc Bungenberg, Manjiao Chi C. Chinese Investment Law S. 221-239

„… such a BIT between China and the EU: transparency obligations especially in regard to sovereign wealth …”

Stephan Wittich II. State Responsibility S. 23-45

„… consolidated by the wealth of case law, even though mainly limited to cases of injuries to foreigners and the …”

Jan K. Schäfer I. Alternatives to Investment Arbitration S. 1186-1211

„… the research project provide for a wealth of information and ideas. The materials are, however, not …”

Marc Jacob, Stephan W. Schill I. Fair and Equitable Treatment: Content, Practice, Method S. 700-763

Stephan Wittich V. Investment Arbitration: Remedies S. 1391-1430

„… concerned with a socially just allocation of goods in a society. Redistributive justice removes wealth from …”

August Reinisch II. The Interpretation of International Investment Agreements S. 372-410

„… tribunals have broadly interpreted the notion of indirect expropriation as any wealth deprivation of a …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845258997

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