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Daniela Kietz, Peter Slominski, Andreas Maurer, Sonja Puntscher Riekmann - Interinstitutionelle Vereinbarungen in der Europäischen Union

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Daniela Kietz (ed.), Peter Slominski (ed.), Andreas Maurer (ed.), Sonja Puntscher Riekmann (ed.)

Interinstitutionelle Vereinbarungen in der Europäischen Union

Series: Internationale Politik und Sicherheit

Volume 64 2010

Results in this title

Daniela Kietz, Andreas Maurer The European Parliament and Treaty Change: Predefining Reforms through Interinstitutional Agreements S. 155-199

„… III. Einzeluntersuchungen 157 The European Parliament and Treaty Change: Predefining …” „… have an impact on treaty reform, above all due to the fact that institutional change is influenced by …” „… , awareness of incremental change suggests that treaty reform is subject to a wide range of actors. Member …”

Andreas Maurer, Daniela Kietz Interinstitutional Agreements: The Unnoticed Parliamentarisation of the CFSP S. 199-225

„… period between two IGCs. Awareness of incremental change suggests that treaty reform is subject to a …” „… change; they are reactive in that these ‘summits’ of treaty reform often “merely codify” key …” „… EP’s perspective, the Lisbon Treaty would bring some preferable changes to the CFSP. These were …”

Daniela Kietz, Peter Slominski Continuous Constitution-Building through Interinstitutional Agreements S. 31-48

„… informal change below the level of Treaty revison, Hummer points to the asymmetrical allocation of power …” „… has concentrated on changes to the institutional set-up below the level of treaty reform through …” „… further developed them. In turn, the changes to primary law proposed by the Lisbon Treaty build on the …”

Sonja Puntscher Riekmann The Cocoon of Power: Democratic Implications of Interinstitutional Agreements S. 313-336

„… only been achieved by Treaty change but also or perhaps even more so by the work of a „commissarial …” „… model though not always based on explicit treaty provisions. While Article 218 TEC3 explicitly refers …” „… www.eif.oeaw.ac.at/downloads/IIA.html (accessed: May 1, 2009). 3 See also Article III-397 of the Treaty establishing a Constitution …”

Daniela Kietz, Peter Slominski Kontinuierliche Verfassungsentwicklung durch interinstitutionelle Vereinbarungen S. 11-31

„… . 227–243; Henry Farrell/Adrienne Héritier, „Codecision and Institutional Change“, in: West European …” „… ; Berthold Rittberger/Jeffrey Stacey, „Dynamics of Formal and Informal Institutional Change in the EU“, in …” „… Treaty Reform: Beyond Diplomacy and Bargaining“, in: Journal of European Public Policy, 9 (2002) 1, S …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-6

„… Florian von Alemann III. Einzeluntersuchungen The European Parliament and Treaty Change: Predefining …”

Daniela Schwarzer Die Eurogruppe: Vom informellen Gremium zum Kooperationsgaranten in der Währungsunion S. 277-297

„… Explanation of Institutional Change, Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2007, S. 105–163. 279 1 Institutionelle …” „… Vertrags über eine Verfassung für Europa (VVE), Treaty/pdf/897 …” „… Explanation of Institutional Change, Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2007. 297 Interinstitutionelle Vereinbarungen und …”

Florian von Alemann Die rechtliche Einordnung der interinstitutionellen Vereinbarung als Handlungsform des Unionsrechts S. 111-154

„… Shaw, „The Treaty of Nice: Legal and Constitutional Implications“, in: European Public Law, 7 (2001) 2 …” „… Jeffrey Stacey/Berthold Rittberger, „Dynamics of Formal and Informal Institutional Change in the EU“, in …”

Isabella Eiselt, Johannes Pollak, Peter Slominski Zwischen Konflikt und Kooperation. Zur interinstitutionellen Interaktion im EU-Haushaltsverfahren S. 225-252

„… , Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 1997, sowie Johannes Lindner, Conflict and Change in EU Budgetary Policy …” „… in Parliament’s margin of manoeuvre under Article 203 [now 272] EC Treaty or its margin of manoeuvre …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845221540

Cornelius Adebahr - Learning and Change in European Foreign Policy

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Cornelius Adebahr

Learning and Change in European Foreign Policy

Series: DGAP-Schriften zur Internationalen Politik

Volume 2009

Results in this title

Treaty changes in Amsterdam and Nice S. 31-33

„… .1.2.1 Treaty changes in Amsterdam and NiceThe Treaty revision of Amsterdam brought significant changes …” „… Representatives in the recently passed Amsterdam Treaty. More importantly, though, their relation to new CFSP …” „… UhrLearning and Change in European Foreign Policy: The Case of the EU Special Representatives32The appointment …”

Summary and outlook S. 232-236

„… differentiate OL-based change from non-learning-based change?So far the EUSRs have been treated as a case of …” „… Learning and Change in European Foreign Policy: The Case of the EU Special Representatives232less …” „… theoretical-methodological side, a differentiation between organizational learning (phase 1) and organizational change (phase …”

Invention of EUSRs S. 117-119

„… (chapter 5), before taking all these instances together and analyzing their impact on organizational change …” „… Representatives in 1996 is, of course, the most fundamental change with regard to the research topic. It was …” „… the Great Lakes and the Middle East Peace Process that had led to a change of routines: First as a …”

List of Abbreviations S. 242-244

„… Learning and Change in European Foreign Policy: The Case of the EU Special Representatives242B …” „… network]CPCC Civilian Planning and Conduct CapabilityCSTO Collective Security Treaty OrganisationDG …” „… ParliamentMEPP Middle East Peace ProcessNATO North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationOAU Organization of African …”

Tenures extended S. 46-49

„… Learning and Change in European Foreign Policy: The Case of the EU Special Representatives46a …” „… . 2008_EU_Learn_Diss_Adebahr.indb 47 11.05.2009 15:41:09 UhrLearning and Change in European Foreign …” „… handed over to the Belgian Alexis Brouhns.120 This change of nationality in the person of EUSR also …”

Budgetary issues S. 125-128

„… yet joined forces to demand certain changes from the Council Secretariat (Interviewee #29).4.5 …” „… _EU_Learn_Diss_Adebahr.indb 125 11.05.2009 15:42:15 UhrLearning and Change in European Foreign Policy: The Case of the EU …” „… wake of the Maastricht Treaty on European Union.278 This practice was confirmed by the …”

New and different tasks S. 54-56

„… Learning and Change in European Foreign Policy: The Case of the EU Special Representatives54Compact …” „… government agreed upon a Reform Treaty, putting a (preliminary) end to years of discussion about …” „… far there nothing exists but a meagre Treaty reference, explaining that the new ‘High Representative …”

Increased number of EUSRs S. 119-121

„… instrument of EUSRs was written into the Treaty in 1997. There had already been discussions about European …” „… envoys in the meetings of the so-called Reflection Group preparing the Amsterdam Treaty (cf …” „… nomination is followed and not preceded by a Treaty reference: The EU has been following a trial-and-error …”

Envoys as boundary spanners S. 227-230

„… more coherence that could be taken without a Treaty change, and mentioned the EUSRs only as part of …” „… Chapter 7: Learning and Change in EU Foreign Policy—An Assessment2272004b, 4). This leads me to …” „… recommendations made there.2008_EU_Learn_Diss_Adebahr.indb 227 11.05.2009 15:43:20 UhrLearning and Change in …”

Cooperation with the Commission and the Parliament S. 172-176

„… Learning and Change in European Foreign Policy: The Case of the EU Special Representatives172row …” „… understanding of the organizational procedures of either party. 6.6.1 Ensuing changeChange resulting from the …” „… Change based on Organizational Learning173availability of these Community funds has strengthened the …”

The Great Lakes S. 21-26

„… account of their work, linking it to different phases of development as well as to changes in the …” „… European foreign policy, but they also foreshadowed some of its very developments. The Maastricht Treaty …” „… _EU_Learn_Diss_Adebahr.indb 21 11.05.2009 15:40:29 UhrLearning and Change in European Foreign Policy: The Case of the EU …”

Implications for the EU foreign service S. 230-232

„… more coherence that could be taken without a Treaty change, and mentioned the EUSRs only as part of …” „… Learning and Change in European Foreign Policy: The Case of the EU Special Representatives2307.3.2 …” „… Implications for the EU foreign service Due to the continuing political sensitivities of the Treaty …”

The U. S. Special Envoys S. 68-74

„… Learning and Change in European Foreign Policy: The Case of the EU Special Representatives68of …” „… has brought the well-known changes to the structure of international conflicts, demanding in response …” „… _EU_Learn_Diss_Adebahr.indb 69 11.05.2009 15:41:26 UhrLearning and Change in European Foreign Policy: The Case of the EU …”

Internal consolidation S. 49-51

„… pillars of EU policy as they were created under the Maastricht Treaty.127The double-hatting could be …” „… regarded as a real-life test case of one of the provisions of the Treaty establishing a new Constitution …” „… for Europe (TCE) that was signed two years earlier. The Treaty foresaw the post of an EU Foreign …”

Analytical inferences from antecedent envoys S. 74-80

„… Learning and Change in European Foreign Policy: The Case of the EU Special Representatives74of …” „… that the EU Special Representatives were initially appointed without an explicit Treaty reference210 is …” „… properly dispatched based on a Joint Action. However, this was an improvisation and the Treaty at that time …”

Former Yugoslavia S. 29-31

„… .1.2.1 Treaty changes in Amsterdam and NiceThe Treaty revision of Amsterdam brought significant changes …” „… 11.05.2009 15:40:39 UhrLearning and Change in European Foreign Policy: The Case of the EU Special …” „… the recently passed Amsterdam Treaty. More importantly, though, their relation to new CFSP …”

Double-hatting S. 195-200

„… Chapter 6: Institutional and Policy Change based on Organizational Learning195it increasingly …” „… .358 Ultimately, the EU is not a state in which a newly elected leader can change the whole foreign …” „… Change in European Foreign Policy: The Case of the EU Special Representatives196the Commission and the …”

The EU Special Representatives S. 57-62

„… invented as ‘substitutes for policy’ in 1996 and formalized by the Treaty of Amsterdam, the instrument of …” „… event of the time, the Treaty of Westphalia. Indeed, the diplomats of the modern world 157 Unless …” „… 1981.2008_EU_Learn_Diss_Adebahr.indb 57 11.05.2009 15:41:17 UhrLearning and Change in European Foreign …”

Cooperation with the Commission and the Parliament S. 128-131

„… Learning and Change in European Foreign Policy: The Case of the EU Special Representatives1284.6 …” „… is naturally a function of the institutional divide that exists under the current Treaty system.284 …” „… change of the rules reflects the more politicized role the Commission has acquired over the past decade …”

Selection of EUSRs S. 133-136

„… thinking.4.8.1 Rewriting of rulesBefore the 1999 Treaty reform, Special Envoys were nominated directly by …” „… 2008_EU_Learn_Diss_Adebahr.indb 133 11.05.2009 15:42:20 UhrLearning and Change in European Foreign …” „… referring to the Council’s Treaty right (Interviewees #8 and 21; cf. Diedrichs 2004, 37–38).As regards the …”

Introduction and Main Argument S. 13-20

„… transformations in major member states that trigger change at the EU level.3 This study makes an attempt to treat …” „… _EU_Learn_Diss_Adebahr.indb 13 11.05.2009 15:40:24 UhrLearning and Change in European Foreign Policy: The Case of the EU …” „… gauged. Thus, looking through the lens of learning theories provides a change of the analytical …”

Standardization of general mandate provisions S. 131-133

„… entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty (Interviewee #28). From this perspective, the EUSRs’ work is …” „… , 10–11).2008_EU_Learn_Diss_Adebahr.indb 131 11.05.2009 15:42:19 UhrLearning and Change in European Foreign …” „… Treaty reform, Special Envoys were nominated directly by the Council, following a Union-wide call for …”

Implications for explanations of European foreign policy S. 218-227

„… Learning and Change in European Foreign Policy: The Case of the EU Special Representatives218of …” „… organizational learning does take place within the EU and that it produces organizational change; consequently …” „… UhrChapter 7: Learning and Change in EU Foreign Policy—An Assessment219ferent impetuses are bound to cause …”

Lessons-learned seminars S. 179-180

„… Chapter 6: Institutional and Policy Change based on Organizational Learning179threatening to …” „… changeMeasured against the claim of the first seminar to “maximize the potential of the EUSRs to contribute to …” „… 15:42:50 UhrLearning and Change in European Foreign Policy: The Case of the EU Special Representatives180 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… . ical ional anding, to unity ussion in ializing om-13.05.2009 11:06:10 UhrLearning and Change in …” „… young: Formalization (1999–2001) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .311.2.1 Treaty …” „… changes in Amsterdam and Nice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311.2.2 New mandates …”

Tasks S. 180-182

„… Learning and Change in European Foreign Policy: The Case of the EU Special Representatives180sheet …” „… lasting change was brought about with regard to the learning character of this effort. 6.9.2 Potential …” „… regulations) or of the expected consequences of the new Treaty (Interviewees #12, 15, and 37). While some …”

Increased number of EUSRs S. 164-166

„… Learning and Change in European Foreign Policy: The Case of the EU Special Representatives164 …” „… barriers did exist, these did not impede but only slowed change, so that learning can be regarded as …” „… 6.5). Taken together, however, the EU’s organizational learning could still be turned into change.6.2 …”

Staff from European-policy think tanks S. 241-242

„… 2008_EU_Learn_Diss_Adebahr.indb 241 11.05.2009 15:43:30 UhrLearning and Change in European Foreign …” „… CapabilityCSTO Collective Security Treaty OrganisationDG Directorate-GeneralDPA Department of Political Affairs …”

Deliberate use of envoys S. 193-195

„… Chapter 6: Institutional and Policy Change based on Organizational Learning1936.15.2 Potential …” „… barriersThe main barriers to change based on the learning about the EUSRs’ policy input lie in the …” „… .6.16.1 Ensuing changeIn following the flexibility rule, the EU has gained leeway in deploying the …”

New mandates: Macedonia, Afghanistan S. 33-36

„… Amsterdam Treaty, the Council adopted guidelines on the appointing procedure of and administrative …” „… , 241–252.2008_EU_Learn_Diss_Adebahr.indb 33 11.05.2009 15:40:45 UhrLearning and Change in European Foreign …” „… , though—only a change of guard. At the end of October, Alain Le Roy replaced his fellow countryman Léotard …”

External cooperation S. 149-151

„… _EU_Learn_Diss_Adebahr.indb 149 11.05.2009 15:42:31 UhrLearning and Change in European Foreign Policy: The Case of the EU …” „… Treaty Organisation (CSTO), the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Program (CAREC) and the …” „… this change of routines.5.6.1 Rewriting of rulesToday’s routines stipulate that an EUSR should be sent …”

Secondary sources S. 251-267

„… UhrLearning and Change in European Foreign Policy: The Case of the EU Special Representatives252Allen, David …” „… Coleman (2005) Designing Police: Interpol and the Study of Change in International Organizations, in …” „… (1992) The lessons of learning: Reconciling theories of policy learning and policy change, in: Policy …”

The EU’s strategic role S. 158-162

„… Learning and Change in European Foreign Policy: The Case of the EU Special Representatives158 …” „… debate about a potential EU foreign minister. Discussions about the change of mandate for the EUSR ran …” „… Lisbon Treaty in 2007, the same can be said of the double-hat for the AU, even though no one would say …”

Integration into CFSP structures S. 121-124

„… Amsterdam Treaty, and the EUSRs needed to be integrated into these 2008_EU_Learn_Diss_Adebahr.indb 121 …” „… 11.05.2009 15:42:12 UhrLearning and Change in European Foreign Policy: The Case of the EU Special …” „… European Union 2000, 3 [Annex]); the latter implied budgetary changes that will be dealt with in more …”

Double-hatting S. 155-158

„… _EU_Learn_Diss_Adebahr.indb 155 11.05.2009 15:42:35 UhrLearning and Change in European Foreign Policy: The Case of the EU …” „… _EU_Learn_Diss_Adebahr.indb 157 11.05.2009 15:42:36 UhrLearning and Change in European Foreign Policy: The Case of the EU …” „… also of importance for the debate about a potential EU foreign minister. Discussions about the change …”

The Middle East Peace Process S. 26-29

„… Learning and Change in European Foreign Policy: The Case of the EU Special Representatives26efforts …” „… meeting in December 1993 just days before the new Treaty on European Union entered into force, the EU …” „… ). 2008_EU_Learn_Diss_Adebahr.indb 27 11.05.2009 15:40:38 UhrLearning and Change in European Foreign …”

Official publications and speeches S. 247-250

„… general 2008_EU_Learn_Diss_Adebahr.indb 247 11.05.2009 15:43:33 UhrLearning and Change in European …” „… Lords, Foreign Affairs Committee (2008) Foreign Policy Aspects of the Lisbon Treaty. Third Report of …” „… : Routledge.2008_EU_Learn_Diss_Adebahr.indb 249 11.05.2009 15:43:35 UhrLearning and Change in European …”

A working definition of organizational learning S. 85-91

„… . Considering alternative explanations of foreign policy change and how learning is conceived in political …” „… 11.05.2009 15:41:39 UhrLearning and Change in European Foreign Policy: The Case of the EU Special …” „… information,• and whether they see (successful) change as inherent to learning or not.224I will address each …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845217338

Yvonne M. Nasshoven - The Appointment of the President of the European Commission

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Yvonne M. Nasshoven

The Appointment of the President of the European Commission

Series: Studies on the European Union

Volume 5 2011

Results in this title

The impact of treaty change and enlargement: structuring the appointment process and identifying periodizations S. 208-209

„… may again lead to a shift in the patternof selection.The impact of treaty change and enlargement …” „… treaty change on the appointment process,it is difficult to separate cause and consequence: especially at …” „… , treaty change provided an important impetus in detaching the choice ofthe Commission President from that …”

The Presidency of Jacques Santer: The British veto S. 182-190

„… Ruud Lubbers, who proposed itto Wilfried Martens. Given the treaty change, it was then agreed that the …” „… , stepping back in order to prevent a motion of censure from the EuropeanParliament.Concerning treaty change …” „… Jacques Santer: The British vetoContextualisation: Single Market, treaty reform and another …”

The Presidency of Romano Prodi: timely crisis management S. 190-194

„… treaty change, the revision of the Treaty of Maastricht had alreadybeen foreseen in the IGC leading to …” „… Presidency of Jacques Santer lasted not even for five years.Although also during this time with the Treaty of …” „… justice and to further CFSP. Although the treaty was received very criticallyby the press as well as by …”

Parliamentary dynamics in and beyond the nation state: party or partisan politics? S. 49-52

„… appointment procedure. Inevitably,also effects of changes in the treaty framework will be looked at, whereas …” „… each time atreaty reform takes place, and also within the European institutions change occurs.With the …” „… European level.103Especially since the strengthening of the role of the European Parliament by theTreaty of …”

The Appointment of the Commission President and the treaties S. 83-94

„… qualified majority. However, viewing these treaty changes isolated from theliving constitution would mean to …” „… ignore inter- and intrainstitutional dynamics.After a general overview, treaty change will thus be …” „… institutional designThe Treaty of Amsterdam foresaw two changes, only slightly modifying the Treatyof Maastricht …”

The European Parliament and its rules of procedure: filling the gaps of incomplete contracting S. 94-102

„… decision.”245A contextualization of treaty change with the process leading to constitutionalchange and with …” „… a mere consideration of the treaties: forthe most part, treaty change followed the already existing …” „… decide on different grounds: before treaty change wanting toenhance its own institutional standing, after …”

Conclusion S. 214-226

„… changed over time, especially in relation to treaty change and enlargement? Finally, is the European Union …” „… of treaty changeIn 1994, treaty change had provided that the Commission President was to be chosen …” „… hypothesized to have been caused by enlargement, treaty change, and, eventually, by thefirst direct elections …”

Patterns in the choice of the Commission President: (institutionalist) logic or accidental choice? S. 199-208

„… . This development has also been caused by treaty change: by reversing the order of appointments and …” „… the patternof selection.The impact of treaty change and enlargement: structuring the …” „… appointmentprocess and identifying periodizationsWith regard to identifying the effects of treaty change on the …”

Widening the circle of actors: enlargement and the appointment of the Commission President S. 102-106

„… the treaties, the Parliamentmust be expected to decide on different grounds: before treaty change …” „… circle of actors: enlargement and the appointment of theCommission PresidentWhile treaty change has to be …” „… possibilities for periodization in addition to those established by treaty change, although4.2256 With the …”

The era of Jacques Delors S. 177-182

„… restartthe process of treaty reform, calling for more fundamental changes to the formatof the European …” „… Ruud Lubbers, who proposed itto Wilfried Martens. Given the treaty change, it was then agreed that the …” „… the European Parliament proposed a first initiative for Treaty Reform: the“Draft Treaty establishing …”

Literature review: trends, gaps and state of the art S. 24-29

„… of treaty reform and changes in rules of the appointmentprocedure as well as providing the attempt to …” „… Commis-1.215 See e.g. Moravcsik, Andrew; Nikolaïdis, Kalypso, ’Explaining the Treaty of …” „… ; Spence, David, ’Plusça change, plus c’est la même chose? Attempting to reform the European Commission …”

The quantitative framework S. 77-80

„… powerand the political affiliation of the Commission PresidentTreaty change and enlargement provide …” „… forperiodical clusters • Patterns change with a) treaty change, b) en-largementAppointment of the Commission …” „… President a positive correlationwill exist. Furthermore, patterns will have been impacted by treaty change …”

Supranationalist approaches S. 68-76

„… indirectly by an electoral process.RQ 2: Variation in the patterns identified resulting from treaty change …” „… andenlargement and detection of periodical clustersH2: Treaty change and enlargements represent critical …” „… contextperiodization oriented at treaty change/enlargementoriented at treaty change/enlargement/direct electionstype of …”

Bibliography S. 227-248

„… the Treaty establishing the EuropeanCommunity, in: Official Journal C325, 24 December 2002.Couve de …” „… -31 Décembre, Peter Lang, Brussels 1966, pp. 305 ff.Draft Treaty establishing the European Union, in …” „… Treaty, Official Journal 152, 13 July 1967.Message commun de M. François Mitterrand, président de la …”

Rationalist approaches S. 57-68

„… general treaty change in a liberalintergovernmentalist reading has enhanced the discretion of governments …” „… especially by treaty change and enlargements, altering the institutional setup.Hypotheses from rationalist …” „… any change must be measured.154RQ 2: Variation in the patterns identified resulting from treaty change …”

The Presidency of Walter Hallstein: inventing the Commission S. 148-154

„… ] ensure the application of the provisions of this Treaty and of the provisionsenacted by the institutions …” „… the subject of this Treaty, wherethe latter expressly so provides or where the Commission considers it …” „… necessary;under the conditions laid down in this Treaty [to] dispose of a power of decisionof its own and [to …”

The qualitative framework S. 80-81

„… will have been impacted by treaty change andenlargements so that new equilibrium positions are achieved …” „… arrive at anassessment of which preferences are dominant and which impact treaty change and3.2191 George …” „… appointment. With regard to the development of the interinstitutionalrelations since the Treaty of Maastricht …”

Profiles matter: the political and scientific relevance of the study of candidate selection S. 19-24

„… European Council, the heads of states and government legally speakingfrom the Treaty of Nice until the …” „… entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon met in the Councilof the European Union in the composition of …” „… number of treaty reforms since the beginning of the 1990s,the appointment process of the President of the …”

The Rey Commission: the first Commission of the merged Communities S. 154-160

„… EEC,ECSC and EURATOM institutions had been transformed: the Merger Treaty in1967 provided for a new …” „… the change in France to the first government of the Fifth Republic led by Charlesde Gaulle after a …” „… intoforce of the Merger Treaty.370Negotiations between the governments: the footprints of Walter …”

Executive-Legislative relations: the triangle of national governments, Parliament and European Commission and the interinstitutional game S. 52-56

„… treaty framework will be looked at, whereas explanations for the reasons to change the institutional …” „… their national governments in the appointment procedure. Inevitably,also effects of changes in the …” „… , and sincethe Treaty of Maastricht, a proposal for the person of the Commission President ispresented …”

Towards which system of governance? Comparative views on the appointment of the Commission President S. 209-213

„… necessary to identify which changes led towhich extent to the shift in patterns, but most likely this will …” „… be a combination oftreaty change detaching the choice of the Commission President from the collegeof …” „… hasnot represented the key force to cause change in the proposal, while of coursealtering the appointment …”

The role of time: The reappointment of the Commission President S. 124-126

„… Barroso 2004- 1*Until the entry into force of the Treaty of Maastricht, the term of office of the …” „… Hallstein the opinion consequently prevailed amonggovernments that a change in the personality of the …” „… the entry into force of the Treaty of Maastricht,the legal situation was then changed so that the term …”

Legitimacy and the President of the European Commission: why bother? S. 33-38

„… treaty change leading to an enhanced role of the EuropeanParliament in the investiture of the President …” „… explanation for treaty change in the European Union. Secondly, legitimacy is also brought into the process via …” „… mentioned, see e.g. Risse, Thomas; Kleine,Mareike, ’Assessing the Legitimacy of the EU’s Treaty Revision …”

The influence of the European Parliament: independent or intervening variable? S. 137-143

„… Parliament anticipated the entry into force of the Treaty of Maastricht, voting on the Commission President …” „… before the treaty had become legally binding. As Jacques Santer had committed himself to only accept the …” „… change in conduct can only be explained by looking at the context of theappointment: With the step-back …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… choice?6.12.1199The impact of treaty change and enlargement:structuring the appointment process and …” „… Patterns of change? The role of nationality and ideology in theappointment of the Commission President …” „… CommissionPresident6.12.3209Conclusion7. 214Bibliography8. 22711Annex 249Treaty provisions on the appointment of the …”

The Presidency of Gaston Thorn: Luxembourg’s turn S. 174-177

„… interpretation of Edward Heath this change of mind was also due to the fact thatJenkins was disappointed with the …” „… institutions, the working group onthe Spierenburg Report suggested changes for the structure and organization …” „… In the same timeframe,also the European Parliament proposed a first initiative for Treaty Reform …”

Dynamics at the intergovernmental level: 28 stages of decision-making S. 38-49

„… who unanimously or - since the Treaty of Nice - withqualified majority nominate the candidate for the …” „… only been established by the Treaty of Lisbon, whereas before both processes were separate and even …” „… until the entry into force of the Treaty of Maastricht at different moments in time.58• Thirdly, with …”

The Presidency of François-Xavier Ortoli: the Community of the Nine S. 168-171

„… , but not to changes of existing rules in the EC framework.424 This was especially addressed to the UK …” „… Treaty: On behalf of the rotating Presidency, Etienne Burin des Roziers on 17 December 1974 wrote to …” „… continuity in the office aftermany changes in the years before. Also France wanted to give more weight to …”

Nationality and the Commission Presidency: institutionalized rules at work? S. 114-118

„… contrast does not play a strongly important role.Patterns of change? The role of nationality and ideology …” „… Presidency in the Council. But also at otherlevels, regular and institutionalized patterns of change can be …” „… important that before the adoption of the Treaty of Maastricht the treatiesstipulated that the Commission …”

Italy at last: the Presidency of Franco Malfatti S. 160-164

„… Merger Treaty.392 With the end of the Rey Commission, hence therotation agreed in 1966 in the Council was …” „… comparedto Hallstein’s Presidency of almost a decade. Nevertheless, important changes hadhappened. In France …”

The Presidency of Sicco Mansholt: the conclusion of a career S. 164-168

„… the prior Commission, and then until the entry into force of theaccession treaty in January 1973.413 …” „… facilitate adoption of the ECrules, but not to changes of existing rules in the EC framework.424 This was …”

The Presidency of José Barroso: bringing party politics in S. 194-199

„… Treaty and preparations for the biggest enlargementWithin the European Commission, the time between 1999 …” „… HR PL Sinnitis Zapatero Medgyessy Belka Source: own design.Also, the pace of treaty reform …” „… remained high. In 2000 under the auspices of theFrench Presidency, the Treaty of Nice was elaborated …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845230009

Heinhard Steiger - Von der Staatengesellschaft zur Weltrepublik?

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Heinhard Steiger

Von der Staatengesellschaft zur Weltrepublik?

Series: Studien zur Geschichte des Völkerrechts

Volume 22 2009

Results in this title

Peace treaties from Paris to Versailles S. 527-567

„… the First Treaty ofParis of 30 May 1814 at the end of the Napoleonic wars to the Peace Treaties of …” „… will also be discussed.These one hundred years cover an era that saw stormy change and development in …” „… played an important, although greatly varying role inthese developments and changes, according to the …”

Remarks concerning the normative structure of Modern World Order in a historical perspective S. 763-790

„… them were includedin the peace, but not in the treaty.18 Sovereignty in the full and strict sense of …” „… briefly sketch the changes within the political sphere (II) andsome essential aspects of the social sphere …” „… international public lawIn a historical perspective the international public law changes not only itsstructure …”

Vorsprüche zu und in Friedensverträgen der Vormoderne S. 483-527

„… Treaty Serieswith Index 1648–1919, 243 Bände. Cambridge 1969–1986 benutzt. In einigen Fällen habe …”

Der Westfälische Frieden – Grundgesetz für Europa? S. 397-445

„… – Grundgesetz für Europa?[45]33 Clive Parry (Ed.), The Consolidated Treaty Series. Vols. 1–5. Dobbs Ferry, N. Y …” „… , The results of the ThirtyYears’ War in Russia and Ukraine and the Pereyaslave Treaty of 1654, Henryk …” „… , Treaty Series (wie Anm. 33), Vol. 5, 388; Vertrag vonNimwegen, Art. XVIII, XIX: Dumont, Corps (wie Anm …”

Rechtliche Strukturen der Europäischen Staatenordnung 1648–1792 S. 205-247

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Marc Bungenberg, August Reinisch - CETA Investment Law

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CETA Investment Law

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N. Jansen Calamita Article 8.36 Transparency of proceedings S. 787-807

„… changes on transparency from the2004 version.20 The outlier in this practice is Canada’s investment treaty …” „… change.67the scope of the Rules’ application to investment treaty disputes arising under different …” „… Consolidated CETA Text (26 September 2014) (no changes).Art. 8.36 Transparency of proceedings800 N. Jansen …”

Céline Lévesque Article 8.16 Denial of benefits S. 395-416

„… few changes:‘non-Party’ has been replaced by ‘third country’; the singular form of ‘investor …” „… changes.Denial of benefits Art. 8.16Céline Lévesque 40954II. The Pared-down DOB Provision and its Likely Rare …” „… Respective Provisions in Other EU Treaties: Energy Charter Treaty,Article 17; EU-Mexico Global Agreement …”

Stefanie Schacherer Article 8.9 Investment and regulatory measures S. 236-255

„… Economy of the Investment Treaty Regime (Oxford Uni-versity Press, Oxford 2017); Garrett W. Brown, Iain …” „… Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union.236 Stefanie SchachererColum. J. Transnat’l L., 58 …” „… , ‘Deference in Investment Treaty Arbitration: Re-Conceptualizing the Stan-dard of Review’ (2012) 3 J. Int’l …”

Irmgard Marboe Article 8.40 Indemnification or other compensation S. 856-875

„… version of 15November 2013 without any changes.Only at the last stage of the negotiations before the CETA …” „… and Akiko Ogawa,‘The Impact of Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) Proliferation on Demand for …” „… , whetherthey occur in host countries or result from changes in the international environment.’2It can be …”

August Reinisch Article 8.7 Most-favoured-nation treatment S. 216-230

„… treatment.Subsequently, the draft of the MFN provision underwent some significant changes.In the version of 1 August …” „… Chukwumerije, ‘Interpreting Most-Favoured-Nations Clausesin Investment Treaty Arbitrations’ (2007) 8 JWIT 597 …” „… Clause inInvestment Arbitration: Treaty Interpretation Off the Rails’ (2011) 2 J. Int’l Disp. Settlement …”

N. Jansen Calamita Article 8.37 Information sharing S. 808-812

„… ). See also Consolidated CETA Text,Article X.34(2) (26 September 2014) (no changes).Art. 8.37 …” „… havea foundation in the UNCITRAL Rules on Transparency in Treaty-based Investor-StateArbitration (2014 …” „… two purposes under the treaty.First, like Article 8.37(1), it facilitates the ability of a respondent …”

Crina Baltag Article 8.26 Third party funding S. 584-599

„… Garcia, ‘Third-Party Funding as Exploitation of the Investment Treaty System’(2018) 59(8) B. C. L. Rev …” „… in the finaldraft of the treaty and there are no publicly available records of their negotiation …” „… Party bears the ongoing duty todisclose any change in the information addressed in Section 11.1 occurred …”

Marc Bungenberg, August Reinisch An Overview of the CETA – Investment Chapter (Chapter 8) S. 1-42

„… Mechanisms with Existing Instruments of the Investment TreatyRegime’ (2017) 18 JWIT, 585; Richard Corbett …” „… Wuschka, ‘From the Jay Treaty Commissions Towards a MultilateralInvestment Court: Addressing the …” „… State Regulation to Mitigate Climate Change?’ (2007) 24(5) J. Int’l Arb., 469; ChristophSchreuer, ‘Fair …”

Stephan Hobe, Julian Scheu Article 8.24 Proceedings under another international agreement S. 553-565

„… proceedings and not yet common in investment treaty practice.3This may change in the future, as a few examples …” „… in BITs (Nomos, Baden-Baden 2019); RobinF. Hansen, ‘Parallel Proceedings in Investor-State Treaty …” „… Arbitration: Responses for Treaty-Drafters,Arbitrators and Parties’ (2010) 73 Mod. L. Rev., 523; Kaj Hobér …”

Lukas Stifter Article 8.44 Committee on Services and Investment S. 945-954

„… Treaty Interpretation: The Dual Role ofStates’ (2010) 104 AJIL 179; Geir Ulfstein, ‘Treaty Bodies and …” „… out obligationsbetween treaty parties. The conclusion of a treaty can, however, also entail the …” „… treaty organs that do not possess legal personality and do not exercisejudicial functions may be referred …”

Arnaud de Nanteuil Article 8.14 Subrogation S. 360-373

„… treaty and, on the other hand, the financial protection the same investormight get from an insurance …” „… full protection of the investor and toavoid any overlap between the protection granted by the treaty …” „… inthe rights held by the investor according to the applicable treaty – if any.2 Subrogationclauses are …”

Marc Bungenberg, August Reinisch Article 8.29 Establishment of a multilateral investment tribunal and appellate mechanism S. 633-653

„… Section on International Law, ‘Investment Treaty Working Group: Task Force Report on the In-vestment Court …” „… Baumgartner, Treaty Shopping in International Investment Law (OxfordUniversity Press, Oxford 2016); Charis …” „… Commercial Policy,The first 10 years after the Treaty of Lisbon (Brill 2020), 73: Marc Bungenberg, ‘The Scope of …”

Irmgard Marboe Article 8.39 Final award S. 826-855

„… TreatyArbitrations’ (2013) 28 ICSID Rev., 420; Steffen Hindelang, ‘Restitution and Compensation – Restruc-turing the …” „… Relationship in Investment Treaty Law’, in Rainer Hoffmann and Christian Tams (eds),International Investment …” „… Treaty Arbitration: The Case for Reform’ in Jean Kalicki and AnnaJoubin-Bret (eds), Reshaping the …”

Colin M. Brown Article 8.27 Constitution of the Tribunal S. 600-609

„… Commercial Policy, The first 10 years after theTreaty of Lisbon, Studies in EU External Relations, Vol. 18 …” „… change in investor-statedispute settlement.Other elements are drawn from the WTO Appellate Body. In many …” „… Treaty of Lisbon,Studies in EU External Relations, Vol. 18 (2019) 73-97.4 See, Gaukrodger, ‘Adjudicator …”

Marc Bungenberg, Angshuman Hazarika Article 8.1 Definitions S. 43-113

„… Trade Law; andUNCITRAL Transparency Rules means the UNCITRAL Rules on Transparency inTreaty …” „… : A Guide to the UNCITRAL Rules on Transparency in Treaty-Based In-vestor-State Arbitration (Cambridge …” „… Happ and Sebastian Wuschka, ‘From the Jay Treaty Commissions Towards a MultilateralInvestment Court …”

Richard Happ Article 8.34 Interim measures S. 767-778

„… , ‘The Authority of Investment Treaty Tribunals to Issue Orders Restraining DomesticCourt Proceedings …” „… Relief in Investment Treaty Arbitration’ in Katia Yannaca-Small (ed), Arbitration underInternational …” „… negotiations were resumed in 2015 with thenew model of an international investment court. What did not change …”

Richard Happ Article 8.35 Discontinuance S. 779-786

„… of Justice Revisited: Change or Plus Ca Change’ (2010) 49 Colum. J.Transnat’l L., 35; Bryan A. Garner …” „… the Jay Treaty Commissions Towards aMultilateral Investment Court: Addressing the Enforcement Dilemma …” „… Wuschka, ‘From the Jay Treaty Commissions Towards a Multilateral Investment Court:Addressing the …”

Marc Bungenberg, Afolabi Adekemi Article 8.18 CETA (Scope) S. 434-484

„… (Oxford University Press, Oxford 2008); Zachary Douglas, ‘The Plea of Illegalityin Investment Treaty …” „… competences strengthened by the Treaty of Lisbon,21 it becameimperative that the EU Commission negotiating on …” „… Rules, para.(xv)’.21 Treaty of Lisbon Amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty Establishing …”

Christina Binder Article 8.5 Performance requirements S. 175-193

„… ,https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements/treaty-files/5693/download.10 EU proposal of July 2015, https://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2015/july/tradoc …” „… https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements/treaty-files/5714/download; EU-Armenia …” „… – https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements/treaty-files/5669/download; EU-SADC …”

Lukas Stifter Article 8.33 Claims unfounded as a matter of law S. 757-766

„… can be tracedback to US investment treaty practice.3 Similar provisions are contained in …” „… numerousmodern investment treaties.4Despite existing treaty practice, case law on provisions similar to Article …” „… indicated above, Article 8.33 is inspired by US investment treaty practice (→mn. 2). Canadian treaty …”

Güneş Ünüvar Article 8.38 Non-disputing Party S. 813-825

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33I. Non-Disputing Treaty Parties as Participants in ICS Disputes . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Güneş …” „… any issue relating to the interpretation of treaty provisions. The last sentence ofthe paragraph also …” „… (Submissionby a third person) and Article 5 (Submission by a non-disputing Party to the treaty) ofthe UNCITRAL …”

Katia Fach Gómez Article 8.30 Ethics S. 654-703

„… textsreferred to. This fundamental change, which is not without problems, as will beseen later, is part of an …” „… is concerned, the content of theSeptember version, while containing many changes in format, was …” „… , following the incorporation of the notion of ‘foreign directinvestment’ into Article 207 of the Treaty on …”

Christoph Schreuer Article 8.11 Compensation for losses S. 277-296

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1II. Related Treaty Provisions …” „… Law of Armed Conflict (2019), 199.2 Treaty between the Federal Republic of Germany and Pakistan for …” „… adopted relating to losses suffered owingto armed conflict or civil strife.II. Related Treaty …”

Lars Markert Article 8.25 Consent to the settlement of the dispute by the Tribunal S. 566-583

„… Douglas, ‘TheHybrid Foundations of Investment Treaty Arbitration’ (2003) 74 BYIL, 151; Christopher …” „… 8.25 does however not change the character of ‘consent’ as‘arbitral consent’. This is not least …” „… for the consent of ‘[e]ach Party’ to the treaty,Article 8.25 refers to the consent of the ‘respondent …”

Armand de Mestral, Lukas Vanhonnaeker Article 8.4 Market access S. 159-174

„… Common CommercialPolicy: The First 10 Years After the Treaty of Lisbon (2020).6 An argument can be made …” „… (2008), 228 f.16 Article 54 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) provides that …” „… measures must be deemedconsistent with paragraph 1.This change in the approach adopted towards market …”

Ursula Kriebaum Article 8.12 Expropriation S. 297-336

„… case’ (2006) 2 TDM; Johanne Cox, Expropriation in In-vestment Treaty Arbitration (Oxford University …” „… Investment Treaty Arbitration’ (2003) 74 BYIL, 151; Zachary Douglas, International Law of InvestmentClaims …” „… Douglas, ‘Indirect Expropriation in Investment Treaty Arbitration’ in Nor-bert Horn and Stefan Kröll (eds …”

Lori Di Pierdomenico Article 8.42 Role of the Parties S. 917-922

„… dispute.Subject to a few changes made during the legal review, such as separating para-graph 1 into 2 separate …” „… treaty might be arbitrated between the State Parties to the agreementbut that the outcome of any such …” „… that concern the interpretationof substantive rights and guarantees in the treaty for individual …”

Julian Scheu Article 8.31 Applicable law and interpretation S. 704-737

„… Perspective’ in Emmanuel Gaillard and Yas Banifatemi (eds), Jurisdictionin Investment Treaty Arbitration …” „… in Foreign Investment Treaty Arbitrations’ (2006) 23(4) J. Int.’lArb., 267; Tomoko Ishikawa, 'Keeping …” „… Interpretation in Investment Treaty Arbitration “on Track”: TheRole of State Parties' in Jean Kalicki and Anna …”

Herman Verbist Article 8.20 Mediation S. 485-519

„… 2016; IBA, ‘Consistency, efficiency and transparency in investment treaty arbitration’, A report bythe …” „… IBA Arbitration Subcommittee on Investment Treaty Arbitration, November 2018, 46; United Na-tions …” „… Investor-State Disputes: A Treaty Survey’ (2020) 2 J. Disp. Resol., 327;Mark Feldman, ‘Review of Cases 2015-2016 …”

Jens Benninghofen Article 8.21 Determination of the respondent for disputes with the European Union or its Member States S. 520-533

„… and treaty-making powers which it may exercise alongside, in addition toor in place of its Member …” „… States’ sovereign powers in accordance with the Treatyof the European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the …” „… saw onlyminor editorial changes but remained stable on substance.Article 8.21 has been analysed by …”

Lori Di Pierdomenico Article 8.15 Reservations and exceptions S. 374-394

„… Mutual Coherence,’ in Kate Miles and Chester Brown (eds), Evolution in Invest-ment Treaty Law and …” „… sense of a reservation to a treaty as described in the VCLT, as a unilateralstatement by one of the …” „… treaty parties.31 Rather, the term reservation is used in thetreaty text itself to specify matters to …”

Marc Bungenberg, Anna Holzer Article 8.41 Enforcement of awards S. 876-916

„… Investment Treaty Regime’ (2017) 18 JWIT,585; Guiliana Canè, ‘The Enforcement of ICSID Awards: Revolutionary …” „… , ‘Fromthe Jay Treaty Commissions Towards A Multilateral Investment Court: Addressing The EnforcementDilemma …” „… Economic Order: The Public Function of Investment Treaty Arbitration andIts Significance for the Role of …”

Lori Di Pierdomenico Article 8.43 Consolidation S. 923-944

„… same events or measures are likely to present commonissues of treaty breach and treaty interpretation …” „… sometimesuse standard contracts with similar provisions so a change in host State policy relating to …” „… negotiation text provided many changes from the Canadian pro-posal that was largely agreed text between the …”

Frank Hoffmeister, Mattijs Kempynck Article 8.28 Appellate Tribunal S. 610-632

„… Calamita, ‘The (In)Compatibilityof Appellate Mechanisms with Existing Instruments of the Investment Treaty …” „… the Lisbon Treaty in 2009, the Commission’ regarded ISDS as ‘a key part of the in-heritance that the …” „… also beprovisionally applied. Famously, a tribunal established under the Energy CharterTreaty affirmed …”

Lukas Stifter Article 8.32 Claims manifestly without legal merit S. 738-756

„… treaty-based investor-State arbitration.2 Longand expensive proceedings become a particular concern where …” „… aboutsystemic changes in the form of the two-tier investment court system (ICS).16 Thisrendered linguistic …” „… changes of Article 8.32 necessary. Notably, the 30 days timelinewithin which an objection can be filed is …”

Patrick Dumberry Article 8.10 Treatment of investors and of covered investments S. 256-276

„… broadly worded most favoured nation(MFN) clause contained in that treaty to rely on provisions found in …” „… another treaty entered into by thehost State that provide for a ‘better’ treatment (i.e. the presence of …” „… that there has been a breachof another provision of this Treaty, or of a separate international …”

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