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Nadiya Farah

Harmful Trademarks

Series: Munich Intellectual Property Law Center - MIPLC Studies

Volume 36 2019

Results in this title

I. Challenges of regulating immoral trademarks S. 15-31

„… Challenges of regulating immoral trademarks Introduction This chapter considers the tensions with …” „… applying moral bars to exclude certain trademarks from the register. Part A introduces the idea of ‘harm …” „… ’ as an alternative conceptualisation of trademark regulation issues. As such, it offers a framework …”

II. The legal system for trademarks S. 32-50

„… The legal system for trademarks Introduction This chapter maps the terrain of legal sources of …” „… trademark rights. Part A charts the path towards a property right in trademarks, a path forged largely by …” „… the courts. Part B outlines the legal sources of trademark rights. The sources of law include …”

III. The trademark system of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) S. 51-67

„… from the GCC Trademark Law. Banned items: products and services that cannot be trademarked Even if a …” „… The trademark system of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Introduction This chapter sets out the …” „… trademark system in the GCC. Part A explains the religious foundations of these countries in order to …”

List of Works Cited S. 97-103

„… Citation of Legal Authorities (OSCOLA). Monographies and Articles Abdel-khalik J, ‘Disparaging Trademarks …” „… . Prop. L. 450, 462 Baird S, ‘Moral Intervention in the Trademark Arena: Banning the Registration of …” „… Scandalous and Immoral Trademarks’ (1993) 83(5) Trademark Reporter 661 Bonadio E, ‘Brands, Morality and …”

V. Moral thresholds – case law S. 82-92

„… discussion of taxonomies in Chapter II and the idiosyncrasies of the GCC trademark system in Chapters III and …” „… IV, to present a harm-based taxonomy for immoral trademarks. Part B tabulates a small selection of …” „… GCC trademark decisions to expose thresholds 376 and provides brief insights where possible.377 The …”

IV. Dominant rationales in applying moral exclusions S. 68-81

„… . Part B introduces a couple of interesting aspects of GCC practice in assessing trademarks. Rationales A …” „… considered in light of three factors [1] they are based on subjective opinions of trademark attorneys and not …” „… moral principles function as a bar to trademark protection, the question is whose principles matter and …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-10

„… Challenges of regulating immoral trademarksI. 15 A concept of harmA. 15 Appropriation of trademarksB. 20 Are …” „… The legal system for trademarksII. 32 Development of trademark lawA. 32 Legal systemB. 35 Sources of …” „… Fa ra h • H ar m fu l T ra de m ar ks MIPLC Studies Harmful Trademarks Nadiya Farah Towards a …”

Introduction S. 11-14

„… Introduction Background Ever since a legal concept of ‘trademark’ began to emerge after 1860,2 the …” „… law regulating trademarks has often been asked to define the contours of this ‘brand’ of property …” „… right. Modern day developments continue to raise the issue of the boundaries of trademark rights and the …”

Conclusion S. 93-94

„… tensions with limiting trademark protection and then set out the legal bases of such protection. It then …” „… dug into the landscape of GCC trademark law and proposed an appropriate approach based on the concept …” „… of harm. Some GCC trademark decisions were presented and considered in light of moral thresholds and …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845294568

Paul Lange - International Trade Mark and Signs Protection

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Paul Lange (ed.)

International Trade Mark and Signs Protection

2010

Results in this title

. Trademarks S. 1240-1249

„… ; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm § 4. Trademarks para. A. Definition of a trademark …” „… .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5522 B. What a trademark should do …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5545 D. Creating a trademark …”

. Brands and trademarks S. 1260

„… ; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm § 7. Brands and trademarks 5637 Brands and trademarks are inextricably …” „… strategic management. 5638 A trademark can be seen as a protectable, distinguishing signal for a brand …”

. Defences S. 516-527

„… Regulation. − Earlier Community trademark/later Community trademark. Art. 54(1) of the Community Trademark …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2321 A. Non-use 2274 Trademark Act. In validity,1247 cancellation1248 and opposition proceedings1249 …” „… based on an earlier national trademark a defendant can claim that the trademark could be revoked for …”

. Loss of protection S. 478-489

„… ) of the Trademark Act (Art. 12(1) of the First Trademark Directive1149) a trademark will, on request …” „… , it has not been put to genuine use pursuant to § 26 of the Trademark Act and there are no proper …” „… reasons for non-use. A comparable provision also applies to Community trademarks, first element of Art …”

. Requirements of protection S. 209-224

„… .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 884 I. Formal requirements 811In China, the trademark right is obtained through trademark registration …” „… before the China Trademark Office, which is stipulated in Article 4 of the Trademark Law. The right of …” „… prior use of a trademark, in contrast, is hardly ever protected in China. 812There are, however, some …”

. Requirements of protection S. 136-152

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555 V. Protection for trade-marks registered abroad …” „… trade-mark in Canada, but registration does not.578 With one important exception, registration merely serves …” „… to confirm the title which has already been established by use.579 517Section 30 of the Trade-marks …”

. Scope of protection S. 239-249

„… .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1084 1024In China, registered trademarks enjoy nation wide protection. They can prevent others from …” „… within the territory of the PR China. I. Acts of infringement 1025To establish trademark infringement, it …” „… is at least necessary to prove that (1) the trademark right of the infringed party is valid in China …”

. Requirements of protection S. 336-383

„… misled in regard to the composition of the trademarked products (for example, the trademark Evian Fruité …” „… registration”. The trademark grants a right of ownership to the applicant. In French law, everything that is …” „… ). Consequently, the trademark is movable property, with consequences which will be able to induce in terms of …”

. Types of signs S. 314-334

„… trademarked by various manufacturers of the sector. 1489 Lastly, the service trademark corresponds to the sign …” „… . 1495 Alongside these trademarks,”blocking trademarks” serve to register a sign which is not intended to …” „… conditions which the goods or services which will be thus trademarked must respect. This type of trademark …”

. Scope of protection S. 164-177

„… .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649 621 Aside from the action for passing off,641 the owner of a registered trade-mark has three …” „… potential causes of action under the Trade-marks Act. First, none of these causes of action are available …” „… for unregistered or invalidly registered trade-marks. Secondly, to s. 19 of the Act, the registration …”

. Requirements of protection S. 10-36

„… 215) that the importing of trademark-infringing goods from a non- EU Member State to an Austrian …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 V. Protection for foreign trademarks …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 I. Formal requirements 31 Trademarks are established through registration. The trademark right …”

. Requirements of protection S. 721-735

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3096 V. Protection for trademarks registered abroad …” „… .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3100 I. Formal requirements 3052Trademarks come into existence upon registration, which is granted …” „… principle, and intent to use is sufficient for a trademark to come into existence. 3053Without registration …”

. Scope of protection S. 493-515

„… the case of goods in transit a trademark is used in the course of trade if the trademark-infringing …” „… 2. Trademark/sign identity or similarity …” „… particular recognition of the earlier trademark on the market, and vice versa. 2. Trademark/sign identity or …”

. Scope of protection S. 399-415

„… trademarked product. In these circumstances, the wrongful act of suppression of the trademark is not …” „… trademarked (Dior) products as lottery packages constitutes an illicit use of the trademark of another974. It …” „… exhaustion of rights since the trademarked products were put on the market by the owner of the trademark or …”

. Requirements of protection S. 447-471

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2045 V. Protection of foreign trademarks …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2052 I. Formal Requirements 2001Registration. Community trademarks and nationally registered trademarks …” „… are acquired by registration (Art. 6 of the Community Trademark Regulation and § 4 (1) of the German …”

. Infringement proceedings S. 537-544

„… mm 240.00mm therefore, an application for restraint of use of a combined trademark has to be …” „… System. Declaratory actions under § 256 ZPO are mostly encountered in trademark matters in the form of a …” „… trademark matters can typically be brought under § 256(1) ZPO to counter the assertion of injunctive relief …”

. Types of signs S. 194-205

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 A. Trade marks I. Term and function 715 In China, the Trademark Law is the revised legislation in …” „… 2001 of the old Trademark Law, of which the amendments are made to meet the requirement to accede to …” „… the World Trade Organization. Such amendments include the extension of the objects of trademark and …”

. Conflict with earlier rights S. 234-238

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1019 987 Trademarks, trade names, domain names, titles, geographical indications, names and other signs …” „… express provisions in the Trademark Law, the Patent Law and other laws and regulations, they are usually …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 997 990 In the Trademark Law and the Interpretations of the Supreme People’s Court Concerning the …”

. Scope of protection S. 50-68

„… .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 IV. Protection of well-known trade-marks …” „… .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 177 With respect to the scope of protection of trademarks, a distinction must be made between the …” „… trademark is not geographically limited.240 This is in contrast to other signs, where the scope of …”

. Ownership, transfer, licensing S. 384-392

„… assign them. The trademark is not assigned with trade secrets of the trademarked product. 1771The …” „… the first one which proceeded with the publication in the National Register of Trademarks, in …” „… . 1757 While it is true that the trademark belongs to intellectual property rights, which the legislation …”

. Claims in cases of infringement S. 528-536

„… commission of a trademark infringement establishes the likelihood of an offence (in the sense of a likelihood …” „… of repetition) needed for an injunction to be granted.1289 1288 §§ 14(5) sentence 2 (trademarks …” „… §§ 126 et seq. of the Trademark Act), 135(1) sentence 2 of the Trademark Act (designations of origin and …”

. Scope of protection S. 750-765

„… .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3232 3186 Article 25 of the Trademark Law provides that a trademark registrant will have an exclusive …” „… right to use a registered trademark with respect to the designated goods or services. However, when an …” „… exclusive right to use the registered trademark. Further, by Article 27 of the Law the scope of a registered …”

. Ownership, transfer, management, licensing S. 472-477

„… .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2114 A. Trade marks 2090 Proprietorship of rights. Under § 7 of the Trademark Act protection is …” „… afforded under trademark law to natural persons, legal persons and partnerships that have the capacity to …” „… acquire rights and enter into obligations. There are no restrictions on foreigners as the Trademark Act …”

. Loss of protection S. 741-745

„… non-used trademarks, mainly because an assertion of intended use in a trademark application is sufficient …” „… for a trademark to be registered, and also because of the existence of the associated trademark system …” „… . Accordingly the law was greatly amended in 1996 to abolish the associated trademark system as well as to make …”

. Types of signs S. 712-719

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3010 I. Term and function 3000 In Japan, a trademark is defined to mean character(s), figure(s), sign(s …” „… (Article 2, Paragraph 1 Trademark Act1882). 3001 Even if a trademark satisfies the above definition, this …” „… does not mean that it has fulfilled requirements for registration of a trademark. Thus Art. 3 …”

. Defences S. 766-771

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3289 A. Non-use I. Trade marks 3262 An assertion by a defendant of non-use of a registered trademark by …” „… start using his trademark and thus enable him to avoid an action for cancellation based on non-use. A …” „… . Moreover, non-use may be taken into consideration in an assertion of a defense of an abuse of trademark …”

. Defences S. 69-74

„… to a registered trademark liable to cause deception.353 262 No case in which a famous trade-marked …” „… an action for injunctive relief under civil law (§ 51 of the Austrian Trademark Protection Act) and …” „… of an application for cancellation filed with the Patent Office (§ 30 of the Austrian Trademark …”

. Loss of protection S. 156-160

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600 590 The exclusive right to the use of a trade-mark may be lost in any one of the following cases …” „… trade-mark has been used; fraud; removal from the Register. 591 Expungement of a trade-mark registration does …” „… common law and its statutory equivalent of s. 7 of the Trade-marks Act. 592 The Trade-marks Act provides …”

. Conflict with earlier rights S. 46-49

„… of trademarks without distinction, the only decisive criterion being priority. A conflict between …” „… several trademark rights, regardless of whether they are names, company names, non-registered business …” „… priority.227 There is equivalence between the various trademark rights insofar as there are no “stronger …”

. Statutory regulations and their interrelationship S. 205-208

„… Organization and has joined various international treaties, agreements and conventions, trademarks, trade names …” „… the prior civil right or interest. 799With regard to trademarks, China joined the Paris Convention for …” „… Paris Convention is the most important international convention governing trademarks. It requests its …”

. Defences S. 416-421

„… the trademark. Indeed, by way of defense, it will be possible for the defendant to raise the …” „… non-exploitation of the trademark during an uninterrupted period of five years or even that the owner of the …” „… trademark must be cancelled of his rights for having, of his own acts, allowed his sign to become generic or …”

. Ownership, transfer, licensing S. 736-740

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3147 A. Trade marks I. Ownership 3126 In Japan, “ownership” of a trademark has not been specially …” „… provided in a trademark license agreement that “the licensor’s trademarks” mean trademarks being currently …” „… a right in a trademark registration are freely assignable. However, the Patent Office should be …”

. Infringement proceedings S. 255-256

„… and signs, the prelimininary injunctions are only applied for in the trademark infringement cases …” „… . According to the Trademark Law, where a trademark registrant or any interested party submits evidence …” „… trademark right, and that, unless the illegal behaviour of another party is stopped promptly, it will cause …”

. Ownership, transfer, licensing S. 153-155

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589 A. Trade marks 580The Trade-marks Act of 1953 completely changed the law relating to assignments …” „… of trade-marks in Canada. Section 48 now provides that: (1) a trade-mark, whether registered or …” „… association with which it has been used. (2) nothing in ss.(1) prevents a trade-mark from being held not to be …”

. Types of signs S. 438-446

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1993 1964 The term “sign” (Kennzeichen) within the meaning of the MarkenG (Trademark Act) is a generic …” „… term for trademarks, trade designations (geschäftliche Bezeichnungen) and indications of geographical …” „… origin (geographische Herkunftsangaben), § 1 of the Trademark Act. “Trade designations” are designations …”

. Conflict with earlier rights S. 161-163

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612 I. Later trade mark 609Subject to all other applicable conditions under the Trade-marks Act, a …” „… trademark is registrable if it is not confusing with a previously registered trade-mark. 610Any applicant …” „… who has filed an application for a trade-mark that is otherwise registrable and that he or his …”

. Defences S. 178-182

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686 671 The defences available in trade-mark infringement, depreciation of goodwill, and passing off …” „… actions, delay, acquiescence, and fraud, are identical. In addition, the Trade-marks Act has generally …” „… codified certain of the common law defences to passing off actions, such as the right to use a trade-mark …”

. Loss of protection S. 229-233

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 968 I. Non-use 957According to Article 44 of the Trademark Law, registered tradermarks are liable for …” „… non-use. However, if no such cancellation is raised, the trademark will be maintained in the register. II …” „… . Absolute grounds of invalidity 958The absolute grounds to invalidate a registered trademark are prescribed …”

. Conflict with earlier rights S. 746-749

„… unreasonable result arising from this principle and to protect goodwill already acquired by use of a trademark …” „… applied-for trade mark will be rejected if it is identical or similar to a well known trademark as indicating …” „… of similar trademarks which are used in respect of such goods or services or similar goods or …”

. Types of signs S. 780-789

„… . Trademarks …” „… trademark (goods or services) and geographical indication (goods).1940 Distinctive individual signs have …” „… mm 240.00mm A. Trademarks I. Term and function 3322Essentially art. 222/1 of the IPC adopts the …”

. Types of signs S. 130-135

„… 13:45:11 3B2 9.1.431; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm § 1. Types of signs para. A. Trade-marks …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510 A. Trade marks 493 The name of a business, its trade-marks and other symbols used to identify it …” „… sales. In Canada, symbols of source and quality in the form of trade names, trademarks and other indicia …”

. Conflict with earlier rights S. 108-112

„… corporate designation 404 Proceedings may be based upon an earlier, and still valid trademark against a …” „… trademark.485 III. Later other signs and later other rights 405 Art. 2.20, 1 BTIP offers the owner of an …” „… earlier and still valid trademark the possibility to act against a later domain name, a later title, later …”

. Ownership, transfer, licensing S. 37-41

„… Austrian Trademark Protection Act). Several individuals may be the joint proprietors a mark. 134Before the …” „… 1999 amendment of the Austrian Trademark Protection Act, the principle prevailed that only a person who …” „… has a company, from which the goods and services to be distinguished with the trademark can originate …”

. Infringement proceedings S. 775-777

„… court is commonly a court of first instance in the case of trademark infringement. Trademark …” „… action concerning a trademark infringement or unfair competition act proceeds together with that for a …” „… a trademark registration was published in the Trademark Official Gazette, in a case where a …”

. Types of signs S. 2-8

„… services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings (§ 1 Austrian Trademark Protection Act). This …” „… adjusted to the latter until the 1999 amendment to the Trademark Act2. 2 In line with their intended …” „… purpose, trademarks must be suitable to distinguish the goods or services of a company. Each application …”

. Loss of protection S. 42-45

„… revoked if it has not genuinely been used as a trademark within the past five years and there is no …” „… . The application for cancellation under § 33a(1) of the Austrian Trademark Protection Act corresponds …” „… of invalidity 152 Anyone may request the cancellation of a trademark under § 33 of the Austrian …”

. Statutory regulations and their interrelationship S. 719-720

„… and Services under the Nice Agreement in 1990, all the trademark registrations for which applications …” „… , in 1994 the Trademark Law was partially revised to include a new bar against of registration against …” „… registration of a trademark, it had to be filed after registration (Articles 43-2~43-14. Law Dec. 14, 1994 Law …”

. Claims in cases of infringement S. 75-77

„… .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 A. Injunction 264The proprietor of a trademark right with earlier priority is entitled to claim …” „… injunctive relief under the law. This claim is based on § 51 of the Austrian Trademark Protection Act for …” „… trademark infringements are linked to money claims which are based on § 53 of the Austrian Trademark …”

. Strategy for the protection of signs S. 80-82

„… . Necessity of trade mark registration 280 Since non-registered trademarks will not become trademark-protected …” „… .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 A. Prevention by research 279 Both in order to detect imminent trademark infringements by third …” „… parties and to determine whether a trademark right to be registered is free, it is advisable to perform a …”

. Strategy for the protection of signs S. 257-260

„… .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1187 A. Prevention by research 1179Currently, in regarding signs, only a trademark search is available …” „… because the China Trademark Office is the only government authority that is responsible for the trademark …” „… registration in China, which makes the trademark search technically available. 1180In practice, the trademark …”

. Infringement proceedings S. 427-434

„… trademark and it can be even more tricky to discover its origin. It is for this reason that the legislation …” „… today under Article L.716-7 of the CIP. Previously only the owner of a registered trademark could ask …” „… been duly published in the National Register of Trademarks in order for it 994 Crim. Supreme Court …”

. Infringement proceedings S. 186-190

„… registered trade-mark has three potential causes of action under the Trade-marks Act. None of these causes of …” „… action are available for unregistered or invalidly registered trade-marks. First, s. 19 of the Act …” „… provides that the registration of a trade-mark in respect of the associated wares or services, unless shown …”

. Claims in cases of infringement S. 422-426

„… trademark of another in relation with the products and services covered by the trademark. In case of the …” „… reinforces it. If the trademark is not renewed, it will in principle be possible to reproduce this sign …” „… , the owner of the trademark suffers a prejudice which varies in proportion as to the well-known nature …”

. Reasons for brand valuation S. 1267-1268

„… from a corporate point of view Purpose Description Average importance in business survey* (1) Trademark …” „… transaction Purchase/Sale/Merger of companies with important trademarks Licensing of trademarks 6.2 6.0 (2 …” „… ) Trademark protection Determination of damages from infringement of trademark rights 5.1 (3) Trademark …”

. Types of signs S. 84-90

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 A. Trade marks I. Term and function 285 In Belgium no Belgian trademark law exists. The legal …” „… rules concerning trademarks can be found in the Benelux Treaty of 25 February 2005 on Intellectual …” „… that if someone wants trademark protection in Belgium, he only can ask and receive protection for the …”

. Ownership, transfer, licensing S. 225-228

„… .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 955 930In theory, trademarks, trade names, domain names, titles, geographical indications, names and …” „… _4.3d from 09.04.2010 13:47:17 3B2 9.1.431; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm Trademark Law, there also …” „… have the restrictions on the ownership, assignment of the trademarks. A brief introduction is given …”

. Ownership, transfer, licensing S. 815-824

„… 9.1.431; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm § 4. Ownership, transfer, licensing para. A. Trademarks …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3617 A. Trademarks para. I. Ownership …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3572 I. Ownership 3556Art. 222/1 of the IPC gives the trademark the function of distinguishing the …”

. Requirements of protection S. 791-814

„… 9.1.431; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm § 3. Requirements of protection para. A. Trademarks …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3551 A. Trademarks para. I. Formal requirements …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3442 I. Formal requirements 3386The principle is that the right to a trademark only comes into being …”

. Ownership, transfer, licensing S. 100-103

„… name. D. Titles 372If titles are protected as trademarks, the rules relating to trademarks apply.450 If …” „… . E. Geographical indications 373If an indication of geographical origin is protected as trademark …” „… , the rules concerning trademarks apply.451 Council regulation (EC) N° 510/2006 of 20 March 2006 on the …”

. Statutory regulations and their interrelationship S. 8-9

„… national and international laws that ensure trademark protection in Austria are: 23 Trademark: – Austrian …” „… Trademark Protection Act (implementing Directive 2008/95/EC31), in particular § 10 (1): Formulation of the …” „… exclusivity right § 10 (2): Protection of the known trademark §§ 29–34: Reasons for cancellation §§ 51–59 …”

. Claims in cases of infringement S. 772-774

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3298 A. Injunction 3290 Article 36 of the Trademark Law lays down that (1) a trademark registrant or a …” „… . Unauthorized use of a registered trademark (see para. 3080 et seq) constitutes an infringing act. But if a …” „… trademark “use” is not conducted in a territory of Japan, it cannot be a trademark infringement in Japan. B …”

. Defences S. 250-252

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1146 A. Non-use I. Trade marks 1118 According to Article 44 of the Trademark Law, a registered …” „… trademark which has not been used for three or more consecutive years is liable to cancellation. However, if …” „… no such cancellation is raised, the trademark will remain in the register. 1119 In addition, in …”

. Claims in cases of infringement S. 183-185

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696 688The remedies available for breaches of the Trade-marks Act and in relation to the various …” „… remedies available for trade-mark infringement and other similar offences originate with the common law and …” „… , for purposes of the Trade-marks Act, are generally codified in s. 53.2 of that Act. Specifically, s …”

. Conflict with earlier rights S. 490-492

„… Action may be taken against the following on the basis of an earlier trademark – a later trademark, cf …” „… following on the basis of an earlier trademark – a later Community-protected indication of geographical …” „… geographical restrictions – a later trademark, cf. below para. 2237. – a later designation of an undertaking …”

. Loss of protection S. 393-396

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1807 1802Several grounds will bring about the loss of protection of a trademark. I. Non-use 1803The …” „… function of the trademark is to identify goods or services of its owner with respect to those put forth by …” „… his competitors. However, trademarks which are not exploited do not fulfill this purpose and they …”

. Defences S. 856-864

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3831 I. Trademarks …” „… .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3847 I. Trademark …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3853 I. Trademark …”

. Infringement proceedings S. 78-79

„… Commercial Court) have jurisdiction for actions relating to trademark infringement and unfair competition …” „… the Austrian Trademark Protection Act or § 24 of the Austrian Act against Unfair Competition. The …” „… Trademark Protection Act, only the provisions on forfeiture need to be complied with (see paras 252 et seq …”

. Requirements of protection S. 92-99

„… trademark if it is not filed, and if this filing has not resulted in a registration. According to art. 2.19 …” „… for a sign that can be considered as a trademark in the sense of art. 2.1 BTIP, unless the sign has …” „… , namely the case of well-known trademarks within the meaning of art. 6bis of the Paris Convention. A …”

. Scope of protection S. 841-855

„… 9.1.431; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm § 7. Scope of protection para. A. Trademarks …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3830 A. Trademarks para. I. Acts of infringement …” „… .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3749 IV. Protection of well-known trademarks …”

. Conflict with earlier rights S. 833-840

„… 9.1.431; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm § 6. Conflict with earlier rights para. A. Earlier trademark …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3729 A. Earlier trademark para. I. Later trademark …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3698 I. Later trademark para. 1. Company names and business identifier …”

. Loss of protection S. 104-107

„… 9.1.431; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm § 5. Loss of protection para. A. Trademarks …” „… side and a trademark, trade name, company name, a indication of geographical origin and a family name …” „… similar to a trademark, trade name, company name, a indication of geographical origin or family name in …”

. Conflict with earlier rights S. 397-398

„… availability of the sign, a basic condition necessary for the registration of a trademark, see para. 1670 et …” „… trademark which has already reserved the proposed products or services, see para. 1673 et seq. B. Earlier …” „… corporate sign 1819The reader should refer to para. 1677 et seq, 1681 et seq. A trademark must not infringe …”

. Strategy for the protection of signs S. 435-436

„… the sign, it is necessary to proceed with searches for any anticipatory trademarks (in regard to …” „… registered trademarks and company names declared at the time of registration of the companies) with, amongst …” „… application for registration of a trademark, to initiate infringement proceedings. B. Necessity of trade mark …”

. Statutory regulations and their interrelationship S. 334-335

„… with L. and the regulatory part of which the articles starting with R. Trademark law is considered in …” „… go on the Internet to verify the status of positive law (the last significant reform in trademark law …” „… other than trademarks (company names, trade names, shop signs, Internet domain names, etc.) are …”

. Statutory regulations and their interrelationship S. 565-568

„… . 2458In addition to the CIP, substantive trademark law is also to be found in some articles of the Civil …” „… essentially a brief summary. 2459In addition to the above, trademarks may also be protected by those articles …” „… non-registered trademarks is confirmed by Art. 2.4 CIP, which states that “distinctive signs other than the …”

. Loss of protection S. 825-832

„… 9.1.431; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm § 5. Loss of protection para. A. Trademarks …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3681 A. Trademarks para. I. Non-use …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3638 I. Non-use 3624Non-use leads to the elimination of the right to the trademark: art. 269 of the IPC …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… the part of lawyers practicing in the international trademark arena. It has arisen from a pivotal need …” „… aspects of the creation, maintenance and defense of distinguishing signs. It deals with trademarks …” „… meaningful international trademark strategy in the states concerned. The country reports also serve to focus …”

. Strategy for the protection of signs S. 191-192

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711 B. Necessity of trade-mark registration …” „… of a trade-mark, in order to identify any potential third party marks that may be an obstacle to such …” „… use and registration. On application, a trade-marks Examiner will also conduct such a search of the …”

. Statutory regulations and their interrelationship S. 446

„… Trademark Act (since 1. 1. 1995). Since 1. 1. 1995 distinguishing signs have been governed by the Trademark …” „… Act, which transposed the First Trademark Directive.1026 On 1. 9. 2008 the Act Promoting the …” „… / 48/EC into German law.1027 1998 Community Trademark Regulation. The Community Trademark Regulation …”

. Defences S. 120-123

„… portrait of someone) is protected as a trademark, the rules concerning trade marks apply.557 If a name is …” „… information 459Regarding trademarks, see Chapter 13, para. 5102 et seq, dealing with the Netherlands …” „… design or a portrayal (a portrait of someone) is protected as a trademark, the rules concerning trade …”

. Claims in cases of infringement S. 253-254

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1161 A. Injunction 1148In China, when dealing with the trademark infringement, a preliminary injunction …” „… the acts carried out by the infringer. 1153As to trademark infringement, according to the Trademark …” „… trademark, trade name, domain name and other signs. Thus, in its decision, the court cannot cancel any marks …”

. Statutory regulations and their interrelationship S. 789-790

„… April. – The Madrid Agreement of 1891 on the International Registration of Trademarks1968 and the …” „… joined the 1994 Treaty on Trademark Law. Nor has it signed the new Treaty (Singapore, 27.III.06). 1968 …” „… 240.00mm B. Community 3380 – Directive n.° 08/95/CE, of 22 October 2008, on trademarks. – Regulation n …”

. Future developments S. 1257-1259

„… the branding issues that will affect the environment within which trademarks exist. A. The future is …” „… holistic 5623Branding is all about creating difference. Trademarks are a representation and summing-up of …” „… difference in a form that is visible, distinctive and protectable. But a trademark, in brand terms, is like …”

. Strategy for the protection of signs S. 545-546

„… ascertain every conceivable opposing sign. 2385Trademark applications. Registration of trademarks is a …” „… uncertainty in Germany as to whether it is possible in most cases for trademark proceedings to be instituted …” „… against a designation of an undertaking based on a trademark, and vice versa, see paras 2190 and 2237 …”

. Introduction and definitions S. 1228-1229

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5487 § 4. Trademarks …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5621 § 7. Brands and trademarks …” „… organisation. Within this context, a trademark is to be seen as a representation of a brand – a vital …”

. Strategy for the protection of signs S. 778

„… defend itself. B. Necessity of trade mark registration 3317 Trademark registration is one of the most …” „… existence of the trademark right from a cost-free search at the Patent Office, and any person will be …” „… reluctant to use the that trademark as it would be in violation of the law and even liable to incur a …”

. Brand value and Corporate value S. 1269

„… sub-trademarks/company parts/business fields are directly linked with a company trademark in a standardized form, so that …” „… , the company’s trademark is in the forefront as a “family name”; however it is advisable to include the …” „… strength of the attached sub-brand separately. 5674Distinctive brand support. The fourth trademark …”

. Scope of protection S. 113-119

„… .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 IV. Protection of well-known trademarks …” „… trademarks 426 See Chapter 13, para. 5046 et seq, dealing with the Netherlands. V. Use of one’s own name 427 …” „… a company name, trademark or domain name. The protection given to a trade name in Belgium depends on …”

. Types of signs S. 549-564

„… that of the previous legislation, also allows those who do not intend to use the trademark directly but …” „… registered as trademarks, by (or with the consent of) the party entitled under Copyright Law. 1335 See para …” „… shape trademarks see V-DC, pp. 56–71 and pp. 161–165; F, pp. 76–77; G-DB, pp. 24–25; RICOLFI, in DI, pp …”

. International and global brands S. 1235-1239

„… national characteristics. 5493 Indeed, names and trademarks are often invented, which attempt to associate …” „… (fast-moving consumer gooods) – we can note different attitudes to brands and trademarks, and different …” „… brands and trademarks that address millions of people. FMCG companies are usually highly brand-aware and …”

. Brands in context S. 1250-1256

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5615 5586 Brands, and their trademarks, operate in an almost endless variety of circumstances, from …” „… consumers to specialist professionals. Brand development and, with it, trademark development, often forms an …” „… interpretation in a large part of the world. 5596 As with so many areas of brands and trademarks, there are so …”

. Models for brand valuation S. 1270-1274

„… . However, the problem of applying it to trademarks is that the investments in the brand are used up. There …” „… their trademarks or publicity, are practically exhausted in these processes. Substance values such as …” „… company was attributable to the brand name Wella. Apart from the trademark, the development and sales …”

. Strategy for the protection of signs S. 1143-1144

„… protection for a distinguishing sign in the Netherlands it is advisable to register it as a trademark. A …” „… trademark also normally provides protection against later trade designations, domain names etc. However …” „… comprehensive protection for a word in the Netherlands it is necessary to lodge a trademark application …”

. How and where the value of a brand is created S. 1262-1265

„… developed, picked out as a central theme and transferred in a suitable form to all aspects of the trademark …” „… to be used free of charge any time by the company for the buyer. 5649 Trademark energy. The positive …” „… bias, familiarity and trust built up under a trademark sign, are what one can call “trademark energy …”

. Requirements of protection S. 897-914

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4065 b) Trademarks representing public signs …” „… ) Trademarks representing public signs 4069 Designations representing state emblems, flags and symbols …” „… registered trademark owner to use the mark, but non-use of the mark may lead to the loss of the exclusive …”

. Statutory regulations and their interrelationship S. 135

„… Trade-mark rights are acquired at common law through adoption and use and, under the Trade-marks Act, through …”

. Infringement proceedings S. 126-127

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489 A. Ordinary proceedings before the court 485 In the case of an infringement of trademarks …” „… a trademark, an indication of geographical origin or a trade name can, in the case of infringement …”

. On the origin of brand valuation S. 1265-1266

„… consumer, when he notices the trademark symbol that can be translated into economic results in the …” „… , aimed at making the unknown product, together with its name and trademark sign, known and attractive. He …”

. Statutory regulations and their interrelationship S. 273-274

„… pursuant to Act No 513/1991 Coll., Civil Code as amended – rights to trademarks pursuant to Act No 441/2003 …” „… – criminal law against infringement of rights to trademark, trade name and protected designation of origin …”

. Statutory regulations and their interrelationship S. 90-91

„… contains penal provisions concerning trademarks.392 316 The Belgian Company Code contains rules concerning …” „… protected not only as trademarks but also by design and copyright law. The rules concerning design …”

. What is a brand? S. 1229-1234

„… trademark today. 5458Over time, products also came to be “branded”, not with hot irons on skin, but with …” „… . 5460The understanding of the word “brand” was still largely centred on trademarks and other visual …”

. Infringement proceedings S. 869-873

„… trademark it is regulated in art. 270 of the IPC. The application for a statement of expiry is submitted to …” „… the complaint (art. 329).2265 3937The type of sentence for trademark infringement refers only to use …”

. Types of signs S. 262-273

„… Industrial Property Office (Czech Patent and Trademark Office), Antonína Čermáka 2 a, 160 68 Prague, Czech …” „… protection is not – e. g. unlike trademarks – limited. F. Names 1244The right to a name is established in …” „… , – precedence of an identical or confusable trademark, indication of origin or geographical indication …”

. Conclusion S. 1286

„… increased awareness of the fact that the trademark represents a high value and can only be built with great …”

. Strategy for the protection of signs S. 128

„… who is using the trademark to distinguish his goods or services. The activities performed by the legal …”

. Selected brand valuation models of commercial suppliers S. 1275-1283

„… of the trademark. 5744Another important influence on the brand value is the amount of the …” „… value: – financial value of the company – trademark protection – brand strength – brand image 5752 These …”

. Claims in cases of infringement S. 124-125

„… gives the holders of intellectual property rights (for instance holders of trademarks, designs …”

. Requirements of protection S. 275-285

„… ”. In the free English version of the Act issued by the Czech Patent and Trademark Office (Website …” „… registered trademarks. V. Protection of trade marks registered abroad 1294 See para. 1262. Part 1. Country …”

. Strategies for the protection of signs S. 874-878

„… for the trademark. C. Necessity of company formation 3944 Protection of the mark in Portugal does not …”

. Conflict with earlier rights S. 294-297

„… defined. Such designations include not only trademarks acquired by use but also other signs used in the …”

. Infringement proceedings S. 1217-1223

„… believe that a trademark infringement was being committed, see para. 5445. Doing something 3873 See the …”

. Infringement proceedings S. 699-706

„… relate to some or all of the trademark-infringing objects, their means of production and probative …”

. Scope of protection S. 933-942

„… committed intentionally, i. e. whether there was an intentional falsification of another person’s trademark …”

. Requirements of protection S. 1043-1079

„… 2005, 85, Case C-418/02 (Praktikerbau- und Heimwerkermärkte/German Patent and Trademark Office). 2830 …” „… as a trademark for chocolate), such sign is registrable2912. However, according to the case-law of …” „… and Trademark Office). § 3. Requirements of protection van der Kooij 1057 Reemers Publishing Services …”

. Scope of protection S. 1189-1200

„… of Trademark Protection” (1927) 40 Harv LR 813, 825. 3678 See comments in Taittinger v Allbev [1993 …”

. Requirement of protection S. 967-986

„… corporate purposes. Use as a trademark is use of this sign in a functional context with the claimed goods or …”

. Requirements of protection S. 1155-1173

„… , 3(3)(a). 3379 Basic Trademark SA TM App [2005] RPC 25, par 26; also see the ultimately successful …”

. Requirements of Protection S. 569-606

„… , especially with regard to the distinction between strong and weak trademarks1415, of which we have already …” „… trademarks containing, it is true, descriptive elements, but which are characterised, to a greater or lesser …”

. Scope of protection S. 1001-1016

„… discussions to tighten this rule. 2579 For example, use of a trademarked object (e. g. bottle of cognac) as a …”

. Defences S. 1126-1135

„… bringing to the public’s attention the further commercialization of the trade-marked goods, unless it is …” „… trademarked goods3202. The trade mark proprietor is further not entitled to demand from the reseller to remove …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845266404

Murray Lee Eiland - Patenting Traditional Medicine

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Murray Lee Eiland

Patenting Traditional Medicine

Series: Munich Intellectual Property Law Center - MIPLC Studies

Volume 2 2009

Results in this title

TRADEMARKS S. 36

„… held a patent. GI best suit a more extensive operation. IX. TRADEMARKS Trademarks are, according to …” „… trademarks via registration. In addition, TRIPS article 23 states that members must provide legal means for …” „… preventing registration of trademarks that mislead the public about geographical origin. Trademarks are …”

TRADE SECRET PROTECTION S. 37-38

„… 37 The use of trademarks under either the US or EU model suggests a high level of organization: In …” „… particular, the necessary registration of a collective mark, as well as the management of a trademark once …” „… addition, the success of a trademark also depends on knowledge about the best marketing strategies …”

Novelty S. 17-20

„… naturally. The US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) and courts have traditionally used the term ‘work of …” „… . PAT. & TRADEMARK OFF. SOC’Y 473 (1970) (citing the Manual of Patent Examining Procedure § 706.03(a …” „… Now?, 70 J. PAT & TRADEMARK OFF. SOC’Y 42 (1988). 58 A prior user must physically embody the …”

Categories of Patent S. 16-17

„… occur naturally. The US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) and courts have traditionally used the term …” „… . PAT. & TRADEMARK OFF. SOC’Y 473 (1970) (citing the Manual of Patent Examining Procedure § 706.03(a …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-6

„… ORIGIN 30 VII. PROSPECTING AGREEMENTS 32 VIII. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 35 IX. TRADEMARKS 36 X. TRADE …”

Patenting Traditional Medicine S. 7

„… was previously published in the Journal of the Patent and Trademark Office Society 89:1, 45-83 …”

INTRODUCTION S. 7

„… was previously published in the Journal of the Patent and Trademark Office Society 89:1, 45-83 …”

Traditional Knowledge: A Certain Term? S. 13

„… Knowledge, Patents, and the New Mecantalism (Part II), 85 J. PAT. & TRADEMARK OFF. SOC’Y 885 (2003). The …”

IP Laws and Traditional Knowledge S. 13

„… Knowledge, Patents, and the New Mecantalism (Part II), 85 J. PAT. & TRADEMARK OFF. SOC’Y 885 (2003). The …”

Statutory Protection S. 39-40

„… in its manufacture. Finally, as with GI and trademark protection, trade secret protection is ideal …”

Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples S. 12-13

„… Ghosh, Traditional Knowledge, Patents, and the New Mecantalism (Part II), 85 J. PAT. & TRADEMARK OFF …”

CONCLUSION S. 44-48

„… and trademark protection are only useful for commercial interests. In the latter two cases the …”

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Claire Guillemin

Law & Odeur

Series: Schriften zum geistigen Eigentum und zum Wettbewerbsrecht

Volume 80 2016

Results in this title

§ 14 Trademark Protection S. 92-98

„… Fragrances and Trademarks Trademark Protection “We all, more often than we know, select and …” „… distinguish products by fragrances.” (James E. Hawes, 1989)356 Trademark Definition Function of a Trademark …” „… While an official trademark definition is difficult to find, the question of what makes a sign a mark …”

§ 17 The Inherent Difficulties of Olfactory Signs S. 130-148

„… indirectly represented graphically should nevertheless enjoy trademark protection by being entered in the …” „… trademark register.511 § 17 I. 1. a) 509 Viefhues, Geruchsmarken als neue Markenform, MarkenR 8-9/1999, 249 …” „… scope of existing trademark rights. Still, Walter Guth remarked that, while this decision clarified many …”

§ 16 The Registration of Olfactory Signs in Practice S. 109-129

„… Historical Registration in the US The US was a pioneer in olfactory trademark registration. A closer …” „… examination of the registration procedure of the first trademark in history is interesting as it reveals the …” „… issues raised by such registrations. The Lanham Act (US Trademark Act of 1946) states: “The term …”

§ 15 The Olfactory Sign S. 99-108

„… of the product and that its continual use in commerce can be established. Trademarks may, therefore …” „… granted by copyright. Financially, trademark is also a very compelling form of protection as the owner of …” „… ” § 15 I. 1. a) 380 Hawes, Fragrances as Trademarks, TMR 1989, Vol. 79, 134, p. 135. 381 Elias, Do Scents …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-22

„… Fragrances and TrademarksPart 3: 92 Trademark Protection§ 14 92 Trademark DefinitionI. 92 Function of a …” „… Trademark1. 92 Evolution of Trademarks over the Years2. 93 Legal BasesII. 94 Community Law1. 94 …” „… Distinctiveness(ii) 96 International Law2. 96 Trademark Law Treatya) 96 WTOb) 97 Trademark RegistrationIII. 97 …”

§ 24 Recapitulation and Final Summary S. 212-220

„… today nearly totally disappeared from the community trademark landscape. In contrast, trademark forms …” „… and acoustic marks873 - have meanwhile established themselves. The fact that such trademark forms have …” „… bit more flexibility regarding the graphical representation of olfactory trademarks could open the …”

Bibliography S. 221-228

„… . 2470-2472. ELIAS, BETTINA: Do Scents signify Source? - An Argument against Trademark Protection for …” „… , MarqIntellPropLRev. 1998, Vol. 2, 105-156. HAWES, JAMES E.: Fragrances as Trademarks, TMR 1989, Vol. 79, 134-157 …” „… the US, Trademark World February 1991, no. 34, 18-21. KELLER, HELEN: The World I live In, New York …”

§ 18 Conclusion of Part 3 S. 149

„… trademarks for different goods has failed. Potential applicants also seem to be discouraged and there are …” „… presently no olfactory trademark registrations pending at the OHIM. There are no accepted means today of …” „… , their protection as a trademark is hardly possibly. In this context, the analogy of fragrances with …”

§ 1 Introduction S. 23-29

„… “the container more often than the content.”11 Name, packaging and bottle all enjoy trademark, design …” „… in trademark law and a work in copyright.42 After an introduction, this study will therefore analyse …” „… the applicability of patents, trademarks and copyright to fragrances. This implies that fragrances …”

§ 20 Chronology of Fragrances and Copyright Case Law S. 156-178

„… his part, that the past years saw copyright and trademark law protect more and more creations, and …” „… ) with Inmate for Men which was sold at prices much lower than the original. Other trademark and …” „… Cour de cassation by the defendant Senteur Mazal. As this litigation also featured trademarks, designs …”

§ 21 Olfactory Form and Implicit Copyright Requirements S. 179-189

„… Caron, while these are real difficulties in trademark law they play no role in granting copyright …” „… the subjectivity of perception which was already adduced to deny olfactory trademarks is 2. 715 Cronin …” „… representation necessary in trademark law, it is not a condition to access to copyright protection. There simply …”

§ 8 Conclusion of Part 1 S. 67-68

„… , while trademarks and copyright address the olfactory message. § 8 Conclusion of Part 1 68 …”

§ 13 Conclusion of Part 2 S. 90-91

„… of view. It will be assessed whether trademark and copyright law apply to the olfactory form of the …”

§ 12 Practical Relevance of Patent Protection for Perfumes S. 86-89

„… pharmaceutical industry, the ex-patent holder typically turns to trademark after patent protection expires …”

§ 3 Behind the Scenes of Perfumery S. 35-41

„… Luxury Lost its Luster, p. 164. 116 Ellena, Le Parfum, p. 82. 117 Hawes, Fragrances as Trademarks, TMR …”

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Rudolf Moegele, Friedrich Erlbacher

Single Common Market Organisation

2011

Results in this title

l Relationship with trademarks S. 486-487

„… Relationship with trademarks 1. Where a designation of origin or a geographical indication is protected under …” „… this Regulation, the registration of a trademark corresponding to one of the situations referred to in …” „… refused if the application for registration of the trademark is submitted after the date of submission of …”

k Grounds for refusal of protection S. 482-486

„… protected as a designation of origin or geographical indication where, in the light of a trademark’s …” „… ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 III. Reputed trademarks …” „… become generic or, in the light of a trademark’s reputation and renown, protection is liable to mislead …”

Introduction S. 458-466

„… the geographical origin of the good. Furthermore, the registration of a trademark containing a …” „… geographical indication shall be refused or invalidated if use of the indication in the trademark is of such a …” „… deceptive element is not required. – The registration of a trademark for wines or spirits containing a GI …”

Single CMO Regulation and WTO rules S. 586-614

„… Article 21.3(c) of the DSU, WT/DS265/33, WT/DS266/33, WT/DS283/14, 28 October 2005. EU-Trademarks and …” „… Geographical Indications: Panel Report, European Communities – Protection of Trademarks and Geographical …” „… 2005. Panel Report, European Communities – Protection of Trademarks and Geographical Indications for …”

m Protection S. 487-490

„… with trademarks. On the other hand, one may hold that the approach of this Regulation is a consequence …” „… PDOs/PGIs and trademarks (TMs) as follows: – Conflict between a new TM and already registered and protected …” „… of the situations referred to in Art. 118m(2). – Conflict between an PDO/PGI and a prior trademark …”

v Protection S. 499-500

„… originates or b) in the language used in commerce for that term3. 3 With particular regard to trademarks …” „… 607/2009 provides for the refusal or the invalidity of the application of a trademark which: i) does not …” „… term is subsequently protected. However, a trademark may continue to be used and renewed …”

Implementing rules S. 583-586

„… October 2005. EU-Trademarks and Geographical Indications: Panel Report, European Communities – Protection …” „… of Trademarks and Geographical Indications for Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs, Complaint by …” „… Australia, WT/DS290/R, adopted 20 April 2005. Panel Report, European Communities – Protection of Trademarks …”

i Decision on protection S. 477-480

„… protected as a designation of origin where it has become generic or, in the light of a trademark’s …” „… relevant, proof of the filing, registration or use of an earlier trademark must be attached11. If the …”

u Definitions S. 496-499

„… originates or b) in the language used in commerce for that term3. 3 With particular regard to trademarks …” „… 607/2009 provides for the refusal or the invalidity of the application of a trademark which: i) does not …” „… term is subsequently protected. However, a trademark may continue to be used and renewed …”

w Definition S. 502

„… this Section: (a) “labelling” means any words, particulars, trademarks, brand name, pictorial matter or …”

Index S. 1038-1045

„… – register 118n – relationship with trademarks 118l – reputed trademarks 118j, 118k 12 et seq. – scope 118a …”

za Languages S. 511-512

„… smaller geographical area. Trademarks protected prior 11 May 2002 which consist in or contain a smaller …”

x Applicability of horizontal rules S. 502-504

„… this Section: (a) “labelling” means any words, particulars, trademarks, brand name, pictorial matter or …”

Introduction to Section Ib S. 500-502

„… ) “labelling” means any words, particulars, trademarks, brand name, pictorial matter or symbol placed on any …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… 26.04.2011 15:25:19 3B2 9.1.431; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm III. Reputed trademarks …” „… ..................................................................................................... 484 Article 118l Relationship with trademarks …”

z Optional particulars S. 507-511

„… smaller geographical area. Trademarks protected prior 11 May 2002 which consist in or contain a smaller …”

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