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Sophie Schram

Constructing Trade

Series: Denkart Europa | Mindset Europe

Volume 30 2019

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Chapter 5: Agricultural Trade – Abolishing the ‘Loi du Camembert’? S. 247-303

„… represent the agricultural outcome in terms of sub-sectoral trade-offs. A French diplomat asserted, for …” „… . Therefore, it is likely that the provisions in the agricultural chapter represented trade-offs between …” „… , thereby paving the way for trade-offs between European and Canadian demands. During two hearings in the …”

Chapter 1: Theoretical, Conceptual and Methodological Considerations S. 29-69

„… of trade-policy and have neglected the process that led to this outcome. Referring to President John …” „… 's government during CETA negotiations are difficult to account for if following conventional theories of trade …” „… deduced the determinants of international trade agreements from countries’ structural conditions, be they …”

Chapter 2: Setting the Agenda―a Discursive Strategy to Launch CETA S. 70-122

„… economic agreement. Although the provinces do not have jurisdiction over international trade―a prerogative …” „… Liberal government's strategy: the mandatory participation of Canadian provinces in trade-policy …” „… Setting the Agenda―a Discursive Strategy to Launch CETA The Comprehensive and Economic Trade …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-22

„… a) 46 Discursive and Coalitional Strategiesb) 51 Examining Political Positions on TradeSection 3: 53 …” „… Denkart Europa | Mindset Europe | 30 Constructing Trade Sophie Schram The Negotiation of the …” „… Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) in Quebec Denkart Europa | Mindset Europe Denkart …”

Bibliography S. 323-344

„… . 1997. Free Trade and Trade-Related Issues in Quebec: The Challenges of Continental Integration …” „… . 1994. Trade-Related Investment Measures in Bilateral Investment Treaties and the GATT: Moving toward a …” „… trade policy during the GATT Uruguay Round. Journal of European Public Policy, 21, 286-302. ANDERSON, L …”

Introduction S. 23-28

„… required a say in Canada’s trade-policy. They did so according to collectively shared representations of …” „… government were scheduled to sign the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA), a trade and …” „… before CETA negotiations were officially launched in May 2009, European Trade Commissioner Peter …”

Chapter 4: Attracting Foreign Direct Investment―a Discursive Conciliation for Province-Building S. 191-246

„… trade-distorting measures that are administered by the federal executive. NAFTA, to the contrary, has created …” „… forbidding trade-distorting measures, investment agreements reduce policy makers’ capacity to steer …” „… overall attractiveness for investors. Foreign direct investment was one of the many non-trade issues …”

Primary Empirical Sources S. 311-322

„… 's attitude to free trade. The Globe and Mail, 2 October. DAWSON, L. 2013. How soon will we get cheaper cheese …” „… comprehensive overview. 311 MCGREGOR, J. 2012. 5 key issues in the Canada-EU trade deal. 2-day ministerial talks …” „… Parliamentary Debates on Trade with Europe in Quebec's National Assembly (2008-2014) Government led by Jean …”

Conclusion: results and outlook S. 304-310

„… representatives constructed their policy position on trade. Focussing on four cases―agenda-setting, public …” „… role in trade policy-making and that a systematic empirical analysis of political discourse contributes …” „… to a better understanding of contemporary trade policy and complements conventional approaches by …”

Chapter 3: Public Procurement―a Promise Made, a Promise Kept? S. 123-190

„… Trade Peter Mandelson in 2007, Quebec’s Premier Jean Charest committed to opening provincial public …” „… engaged in the international trend to include public procurement in international trade agreements, the …” „… international agreement, which represents an exception both to the contemporary trade context and Canada’s …”

Index S. 345-348

„… , 289–294, 297, 298, 300–305, 328, 337 behind-the-border issues See non-tariff barriers Canada-US Free Trade …” „… pour la diversité culturelle 61 – Réseau Québécois d’Intégration Continentale (RQIC) 174 – Trade …” „… , 281 free trade 34, 49, 51, 71, 72, 77–80, 85, 89, 94, 95, 100, 101, 106, 120, 125, 128, 145, 151, 169 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845291666

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Ercüment Celik

Street Traders

Series: Nomos Universitätsschriften - Soziologie

Volume 13 2010

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Growing Solidarity Between Street Traders, Trade Unions and Social Movements Through the Campaign Activities S. 203-206

„… -the employer, the municipal workers, herself as a union organiserand the street traders:Our workers …” „… remove street traders,they will be charged. I am the one who must defend them. It is like a circle …” „… presented a memorandum of street traders’demands including some of the WCCA demands.There have also been …”

Street Traders in Their Communities S. 242-253

„… Street Traders in Their CommunitiesThe first part of the chapter focused on the street traders …” „… ’ workplace. In accordancewith the objective of connecting the street traders’ workplace and homes, this …” „… partfocuses on street traders’ lives in their communities. The empirical findings in this partalso confirm …”

Phoenix Plaza Street Traders Association (PPSTA) S. 97-123

„… TradersPhoenix Plaza Street Traders Association (PPSTA)HistoryIn the pre era of 1999-2000, the Phoenix Millennium …” „… arresting informal tradersfor Metro Police in the North Central Council. Street traders in Phoenix argue …” „… Letter submitted to Freedom of Expression Institute, issued by Phoenix Plaza Street Traders’Association …”

Opportunities and Challenges for Trade Union Cooperation S. 177-184

„… , Independent Municipal and Allied TradeUnion (IMATU), we have the same negotiation partner, the municipality. I …” „… gardens.Opportunities and Challenges for Trade Union CooperationA general criticism from governmental and political …” „… , trade unions for example. We are part of those entities by the fact that weare working class. It is …”

Mobilising Street Traders and Building Alliance in Durban S. 123-142

„… traders’leaders were negotiating with the Municipality officials in a meeting to resolve traders’grievances. It …” „… association of the street traders.They became more aware of the need to form an alliance to join StreetNet …” „… moratorium on the eviction of street traders.Moreover, on the 21st of March, 2007, they joined Human Rights …”

Incorporating Street Traders with the Shack Dwellers’ Movement S. 184-187

„… only the corruption, but also the violence threatening street tradersin Pinetown. A street trader …” „… theirdemands”148. Another spokesperson states that the ABM tries to move up street traders’power to fight the …” „… traders’movement. If they are independent, we encourage and help them. It is not onlyabout impressing or building …”

Trade Union Movement in Apartheid-Era South Africa S. 55-66

„… tradeunionism in a narrow overview of the liberation movement. This part also deals withhow trade unions …” „… todefine the areas of exclusion that street traders face within the new era. The tradeunions’ position is …” „… independent tradeunions in the following era.Durban Strikes and the Emergence of Independent Trade UnionsIn …”

Trade Unionism in Post-Apartheid South Africa S. 66-74

„… people’s government?Trade Unionism in Post-Apartheid South AfricaSouth Africa’s democratic transition has …” „… of the trade union leadership (Catchpowle and Cooper, 2003:13). The NationalEconomic, Development and …” „… harnessing trade unionpower” (Barchiesi, 1999:28-35). Many became more sceptical about the autonomousand …”

Integrating Street Traders into the Social Movement Unionism (SMU) Approach S. 263-270

„… external authority). Both the shack dwellers and street traders’movements do not only demand redistribution …” „… traders.These extraordinary decisions and actions are also strongly connected to the framingof ‘rights’. Cock …” „… arena for street traders’organisations as well as some other social movements. StreetNet and some …”

General Characteristics of Street Trading and Street Traders in Durban S. 217-242

„… proportions of street traders are between the ages of 36 and 45. Street tradersin the age group 26-35 and …” „… TradersEducation level Frequency PercentNo schooling 7 6,7Primary School 22 21,0High School (excluding Gr12) 54 …” „… Households of Street tradersTable-6.1: Household sizeHousehold size Frequency PercentOnly myself 2 1,92-4 31 …”

WCCA Campaign Tabling Demands in Cooperation with Trade Unions and Social Movements S. 206-213

„… TradeUnions and Social MovementsCampaign demands have been tabled in two platforms: negotiations with …” „… streets traders.”177Some other activities and developments in 2007 included the adoption of the Children’s …” „… children; the launch of Sisonke Traders’ Alliance inNovember of 2007 that has adopted the demands of the …”

Street Traders’ Awareness of Social Movements and Civic Organisations, and Their Perception on the WCCA Campaign S. 253-262

„… TradersAssociation. In spite of the fact that the highest proportion of street traders know aboutthe ABM, their …” „… The EyeTraders Association have been working in alliance to build up the Sisonke Traders’Alliance …” „… campaign will raise the levelof gains for street traders.On the contrary, the street traders who do not …”

Conclusion S. 271-278

„… street traders’movement as a purely issue-based movement like many other post-apartheid socialmovements …” „… thesignificant role street traders can play as a bridge between trade unions and socialmovements in …” „… workplace and communityissues of the street traders, shack dwellers and average workers. In the …”

Introduction S. 17-24

„… latter academic work, this bookexplores street traders/informal workers within the ‘marginalised labour …” „… trivet: the trade unions, social movements and street traders/informal workers. Trade unions played a …” „… IntroductionThis book explores street traders as a bridge between trade unions and social movements …”

Background S. 143-159

„… organisation of street traderslike PPSTA, Siyagunda or Eye Traders Association nor an external institution like …” „… the Sao Paulo region of the Brazil TradeUnion Centre, the StreetNet affiliate, and the union of …” „… alliance. It was acknowledged that the lack of unity among street traders’organisations was a problem that …”

Building Collective Struggles and the “World Class Cities for All” (WCCA) Campaign S. 187-190

„… the committee if they want to be independent and join the street traders’movement. If they are …” „… approach to further cooperation and engagement with street traders’organisations has brought more hope for …” „… street traders. In Pinetown the street traderscommittee has been searching for more support. At that time …”

Acknowledgements S. 5-10

„… Traders Association, Siyagunda Association and Eye TradersAssociation. I would like to thank Tommy and his …” „… Unions (SACTU)I.1.2. 57Durban Strikes and the Emergence of Independent TradeUnionsI.1.3.58Federation of …” „… in DurbanChapter III 97New Democratic Organisations of Street TradersI. 97Phoenix Plaza Street …”

StreetNet Leading the WCCA Campaign S. 191-203

„… bringing together their concerns, street traders,in other terms, their organisations and StreetNet, play a …” „… ofthe campaign172. They planned to organise joint meetings with all known street traders’organisations …” „… tradersto speak with one voice. They also expected to counter negative public images aboutstreet traders …”

The Role of the SACP S. 159-164

„… amenities and places of work…” (p. 37).160The SACP’s Engagement with Street TradersThe SACP perceives street …” „… , a few of which are street traders’organisations. Among others, some of the issues are107 …” „… traders-inparticular interaction with eThekwini Municipality.Besides developing a strategic approach to street trading …”

Illustrations S. 11-12

„… organisations in the campaign 258Table-28: Street traders’ opinion on the campaign as a platform for tradeunions …” „… Chart-5: Weekly earnings of street traders 227Chart-6: Income 229Chart-7: Type of work 229Chart-8 …” „… : General living standards 229Chart-9: Residential areas where street traders live at present 242Chart-10 …”

Rethinking Social Movement Unionism S. 39-47

„… Unionism‘Solidarity forever’ is one of the most fundamental trade union slogans. Solidarityhas a double meaning …” „… labour market situations in the contemporary world meansthat a traditional, standardised trade union …” „… point for a theoretical framework on social movement unionism (SMU)is to remember that “trade unions …”

Summary S. 94-96

„… intothe COSATU structures. In fact, after the International Confederation of Free TradeUnions’ (ICFTU …” „… informalworkers in South Africa. StreetNet has engaged with both the government in differentlevels and the trade …” „… unions in South Africa. Its coordinator views trade union form verypositively for informal workers, as it …”

Bibliography S. 279-292

„… & Revitalisation? The State of TradeUnionism in South Africa”, Review of African Political Economy, 100: 229-245 …” „… ”, International Sociology, 15(3):533-557.Bell, T. and Catane, N. (1996). “Foreign Trade and Employment in South …” „… : ILO.Beresford, A. (2006). “Trapped in Corporatism? Trade Union Linkages to the Abahlali baseMjondoloMovement in …”

COSATU’s Approach to Organising Informal Workers S. 92-94

„… intothe COSATU structures. In fact, after the International Confederation of Free TradeUnions’ (ICFTU …” „… Association (SEWA) in India. The activists with a trade union background built a new formof organisation that …” „… substantially differed both from the traditional trade unions andother new social movements in South Africa in …”

Informalisation as a Systemic and Historical Process S. 25-39

„… contemporary South Africa, my particular interest is to integratethe street traders’/informal workers’ agency …” „… relations and subordinate petty producers and traders. The legalists viewinformal work arrangements -or …” „… producers and traders, with dominant economic interests, while acknowledging that the government has a role …”

Visiting Social Movement Theories S. 47-54

„… street traders’movement within the contemporary discussions on social movements. As it can offerfurther …” „… . It articulates the struggles of organised labour under trade unions with theones of the communities …” „… people are and thus, aims at harmonising thedemands and needs of broad working class. It is a trade …”

The Emergence and Rise of the Shack Dwellers’ Movement in Durban S. 165-173

„… in post-apartheid South Africa. Similar to thestreet traders’ movement, the case of ABM first of all …” „… and challenges for trade union cooperation in thestruggles of the marginalised. In this chapter it …” „… movement, the trade union remains, at the present, absent within the communities. On the other hand, I …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-4

„… Nomos UniversitätsschriftenSoziologieBand 13Ercüment ÇelikStreet TradersA Bridge Between Trade …”

From Apartheid to Post-Apartheid S. 83-88

„… Africans, the government started the opening of ‘free trade zones’ incities where people of any racial …” „… stipulated that all traders required a suitable licence tohawk or trade. These restrictions defined street …” „… traders as illegal intruders into the city.In the 1980s massive urbanisation due to the collapse of …”

The State of Street Trading Under Current Policies S. 88-92

„… survivalists.At a national level, the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) acknowledges its lackof success …” „… should be accepted as part of the economic life of the province (p.32)– Informal traders are formally …” „… trader groupings. As a result, theChatsworth Market lay empty for a number of years since there was no …”

List of Abbreviations S. 13-16

„… BusinessAEC Anti-Eviction CampaignAFITO African Federation of Informal Traders OrganisationsAGM Annual General …” „… ’ UnionCOHRE Centre on Housing Rights and EvictionsCOSATU Congress of South African Trade UnionsCUP Coalition …” „… of Urban PoorDA Democratic AllianceDIEP Durban’s Informal Economy PolicyDTI Department of Trade and …”

Emergence of Social Movements in Post-Apartheid South Africa S. 74-79

„… must be mentioned that they have usually beenseen as two separate issues on the trade unions’ agenda …” „… the role ofstreet traders in both areas. Thereby, the bridging role of street traders also refers …” „… that a bunch of organised street traders in Phoenix and - laterin Durban city centre could institute a …”

COSATU’s Approach to Post-Apartheid Social Movements S. 79-83

„… Before moving towards the trade union side, to examine their relationship with thesemovements, I …” „… the other hand, trade unions’ mass mobilisation began to takeplace without the majority of the …” „… on the other side of the coin. Excluded movementsraised the level of their criticism on trade unions …”

Developing Democratic Structures of Their Own S. 173-177

„… vegetable gardens.Opportunities and Challenges for Trade Union CooperationA general criticism from …” „… . We speak about the streettraders, trade unions for example. We are part of those entities by the fact …” „… , informal workers, contract workers, and street traders, etc.,as well as for housing rights. 30 % of the ABM …”

WCCA in Solidarity with Other Campaigns S. 213-216

„… ), the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC), and the International Textile, Garment and Leather …” „… GlobalProgressive Forum and the Social Alert International and the European Trade UnionConfederation. This campaign …” „… fair job, adequate pay, social protection,trade union rights and non-discrimination. In partnership …”

Appendix S. 293-294

„… , Africa General Secretary (1999-2004),24.08.2006.Jabulani Ntsele Eye Traders Association, Chairperson …” „… Co-ordinator,17.08.2006.Roshan Singh Phoenix Plaza Street Traders Association, Chairper-son, 18.05.2007.S’bu …” „… Zikode Abahlali baseMjondolo, Chairperson, 14.05.2007.Sindy Mhlongo Abahlali baseMjondolo, Street Traders …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845225005

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VRÜ Verfassung und Recht in Übersee

Browse Volumes: VRÜ Verfassung und Recht in Übersee

VRÜ | WCL Volume 5 (1972) Issue 4 ISSN Online: 2941-9603

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FRANZ ANSPRENGER, Heide Traeder, Rainer Tetzlaff Die politische Entwicklung Ghanas von Nkrumah bis Busia S. 468-471

„… ANSPRENGER, HEIDE TRAEDER, RAINER TETzLAFF Winrich Frhr. von Blittersdorff Die politische Entwicklung …” „… African country an object of keen observation. Ansprenger, Traeder and Tetzlaff (all from the Free …” „… relieved that the Nkrumah era had eome to an end. Heide Traeder is eoncerned in the seeond part of the …”

Heribert Adam Modernizing Racial Domination. The Dynamics of South African Politics S. 467-468

„… innerhalb der Nationalpartei "Verligte - Verkrampte") . FRANz ANSPRENGER, HEIDE TRAEDER, RAINER TETzLAFF …” „… . Ansprenger, Traeder and Tetzlaff (all from the Free University of Berlin), have in this small but very in …”

Oluwole Agbede Conflict Between Customary and Non-Customary Systems of Law. Preliminary observations S. 415-422

„… 20. There is surely no acceptable reason why the hundreds of petty Syrian traders in Nigeria cannot …” „… the marriage ceremony. Before X go to Y's pI ace, Z (a native petty trader) offered Y the sum of f …”

Frank G. Dawson, Ivan L. Head International Law, National Tribunals and the Rights of Aliens S. 471-472

„… sectors of the developed nations through overseas in vestment and international trade (p. 1 03) . " 471 …”

Wilhelm Kewenig Der Grundsatz der Nichtdiskriminierung im Völkerrecht der internationalen Handelsbeziehungen. Band 1: Der Begriff der Diskriminierung S. 474-476

„… Handelsverlagerungen ("trade diversion") als Folge regionaler Wirtschaftszusammenschlüsse und in den …”

Agnes Klingshirn The Changing Position of Women in Ghana S. 476-478

„… economic life (excepting of course the market women and other small traders) . Where there has been a …”

Hellmuth Hecker Indien erläßt ein Prisengesetz. The Naval and Aircraft Prize Act, 1971 S. 455-465

„… Neutraler eingezogen haben. 11 Nur veröff. in : Indian Trade Journal v . 13. 10. 1965. 12 Diesmal veröff …”

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Matthias Ruffert (ed.)

Europa-Visionen

2019

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Cecilia Malmström Transforming Trade S. 231-238

„… Transforming Trade Cecilia Malmström, EU-Kommissarin für Handel, 15. Oktober 2018 Mr Dean …” „… gender equality and civil rights. To others it means a free market and open trade. But fundamentally it …” „… “What right does the state have to obstruct trade between people?” or “Why should the state decide what …”

Bohuslav Sobotka Europa am Scheideweg S. 115-130

„… market and single trade policy are all terms that anger opponents of European integration. For me as a …” „… small, we all can afford to move in this area on our own, and we can benefit from a single trade policy …” „… not the strongest player on the global economic scene. Trade relations are means for us of deepen …”

Simon Coveney Ireland, Germany and Europe: Shaping the post Brexit EU” S. 221-230

„… emphasise that though our trade with the rest of the European Union is more than twice as great. We both …” „… strong research links that will underpin our investment and trade connections. Ireland, Germany and …” „… when we argue for a rules-based system of free trade rather than the sort of loselose trade wars the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… Simon Coveney Transforming Trade 231 Cecilia Malmström Humboldt-Rede zu Europa 239 Olaf Scholz Inhalt 8 …”

Valdis Dombrovskis The Euro and the Future of Europe S. 131-146

„… almost 3 million new jobs. These benefits could be doubled if remaining trade barriers were removed, and …” „… less competitive goods or services and ran bigger and bigger trade deficits. This lack of productivity …”

Jean-Claude Trichet Tomorrow and the day after tomorrow: a vision for Europe S. 75-86

„… economies of scale and the free flow of trade and investment. For this reason, European integration is …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845295473

Marcus Peter - Multilateral Rules on Cross-Border Investment and the World Trade Organisation

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Marcus Peter

Multilateral Rules on Cross-Border Investment and the World Trade Organisation

Series: Saarbrücker Studien zum Internationalen Recht

Volume 42 2009

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Trade-Type Approach S. 145-146

„… trade-type approach to the Agreement – meaning the application of trade-experienced principles to foreign …” „… individual person and corporations acting as investors. III. Trade-Type ApproachThe existence of a …” „… of both principles were found. Whether and by which mechanism the trade-type principles will be …”

Broad Trade Mandate S. 130-132

„… investment. These provisions are scattered among several trade agreements. However, almost all of them are of …” „… strong advantage in favour of the WTO.II. Broad Trade MandateOne of the most important advantages of the …” „… WTO forum can be seen in its broad mandate833 as regards both – trade topics and quantitatively high …”

Bibliography S. 153-165

„… Secretariat, Kluwer Law International (The Hague: 2000) 7-29. (hereinafter Anderson)Barfield, C., Free Trade …” „… , Sovereignty, Democracy – the Future of the World Trade Organisation, American Institute for Public Policy …” „… , »Needed: New International Rules for Foreign Direct Investment,« in: Trade and Investment Policy (Volume …”

Introduction S. 13-18

„… addition to discussing progress and setbacks with regard to other trade-related topics24 in Cancun, Member …” „… Drabek 15; Dymond/Hart 264.15the agricultural sector), the higher number of trade and trade-related …” „… appropriately regulating trade-related issues provided that multilateral rules on investment may be considered …”

TRIMS Agreement S. 117-127

„… . Article 2.1 TRIMS Agreement covers trade-related investment measures being inconsistent with Article III …” „… identifying the measure at issue not as trade-related investment measure would not affect the findings …” „… Agreement should not be provisions of the GATT 1994, but the term »trade-related investment measure«. GATT …”

Charter Structure / Transparency / Development Aspects S. 133-135

„… Goods, a Council for Trade in Services and a Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property …” „… handle additional trade agreements and trade-related agreements, including the Agreement.2. Principle of …” „… trade-distorting measures or any measure that is inconsistent with the respective trade agreement. In most cases …”

The Term ›Investment‹ in the Doha Declaration S. 35-37

„… several trade agreements. This makes investment a traderelated issue because investment is a major element …” „… becomes a trade-related issue. The above elaborations already made clear that investment fosters and …” „… activity. Therefore, one might even be able not only to classify investment as trade-related issue, but as …”

Balanced Agreement / Legitimacy / Credibility of the WTO S. 140-144

„… international organisation coping with international trade and trade-related matters. The Member States should …” „… investment. This mainly may be undertaken by conceding trade-offs907 in other areas to host countries of …” „… Ministerial Conference deciding by consensus decision-making to create new trade agreements or trade-related …”

United Nations S. 146-148

„… investor-to-State complaint. The trade-type approach of the WTO rules, in general, is also suitable to foreign …” „… pertaining to international trade and traderelated issues like trade and investment (as evidenced above) may …” „… encompassing experience pertaining to trade and traderelated issues as the WTO does. One indication to this is …”

States as Negotiating Partners S. 132-133

„… a Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights was created to oversee aspects …” „… 132the respective issues Member States wish or demand to resolve during such trade round. All these …” „… trade mandate, including the issue trade and investment, than the WTO.III. States as Negotiating …”

Abstract S. 9-12

„… organisation with responsibility for trade liberalisation and cross border trade-related matters, to a …” „… discussions on other topics of international trade – increased remarkably when the negotiations of the Uruguay …” „… trade round of the World Trade Organisation (the »Uruguay Round«) commenced.3 These days the topic of …”

Multilateral Investment Treaty Approaches S. 53-55

„… agreement predominantly dealing with other matters (e.g. the Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual …” „… Trade-Related Investment Measures (adopted in 1994),• The General Agreement on Trade in Services (adopted in …” „… 1994),• The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (adopted in 1994),• The …”

No Direct Obligations on Entities S. 144-145

„… trade-type approach to the Agreement – meaning the application of trade-experienced principles to foreign …” „… on individual person and corporations acting as investors. III. Trade-Type ApproachThe existence of a …” „… of both principles were found. Whether and by which mechanism the trade-type principles will be …”

Evaluation S. 127-128

„… guidelines pertaining to the treatment of subsidies, which might have a trade-distorting, but also …” „… investment-distorting effect. And finally, the illustrative list of trade-related investment measures annexed to the …” „… reduction of the issue to »trade-related investment measures«.822 Applying the above considerations it …”

Historical Introduction S. 102-105

„… States agreed664 (i) to study carefully whether investment is trade-related, (ii) whether the WTO is the …” „… industrialised nations after the Second World War only lasted three years. The Charter for an International Trade …” „… Report 1996 69.633 Koulen 183.634 Mashayekhi/Gibbs 20.103relating to international trade, which was both …”

World Bank S. 148-150

„… or trade-related agreements as the WTO. First, they rather have focused on bilateral agreements …” „… therefore the WTO seems to be the more appropriate forum to deal with the trade-related issue of »trade and …” „… deal with trade and trade-related issues on a broad basis. Finally, also developing and least-developed …”

GATS S. 107-109

„… the Uruguay Round, trade-related measures became part of the regulations, which are rather indirectly …” „… . Further, the GATT was designed to deal directly with trade policies and trade issues only.680 Following …” „… linked to trade (e.g. TRIPS). However, such regulatory provisions did not become part of the GATT.In …”

TRIMS S. 109-111

„… treatment and the phased elimination of trade-related investment measures.704 And only to this regard it can …” „… Panel examined first before turning to the TRIMS Agreement provisions.707Application of trade-related …” „… a specific definition of the term »trade-related investment measures« in the agreement itself709, it …”

GATT S. 106-107

„… the Uruguay Round, trade-related measures became part of the regulations, which are rather indirectly …” „… . Further, the GATT was designed to deal directly with trade policies and trade issues only.680 Following …” „… linked to trade (e.g. TRIPS). However, such regulatory provisions did not become part of the GATT.In …”

Implementation of WTO Rules S. 115-116

„… helpful basis for regulating trade, trade-related investment, subsidies and service activities among …” „… of GATT rules would focus on the possible trade-distorting effects of the implemented national policy …” „… . Instead, other WTO trade agreements may include rules having a direct or indirect effect on foreign direct …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-8

„… 144I. DSU 144II. No Direct Obligations on Entities 144III. Trade-Type Approach 145C. Evaluation of …” „… Investment and the World Trade OrganisationNomos1. Auflage 2009© Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden 2009 …” „… Automotive Industry (WT/DS54) 1203. Brazil – Certain Measures Affecting Trade and Investment (WT/DS81) 1214 …”

Performance Requirements S. 59-60

„… , trade-balancing requirements, foreign exchange restrictions related to the foreign-exchange inflows attributable …” „… Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures (the »TRIMS Agreement«)317 and the TRIPS.318 The draft of the …” „… prohibition to trade in services and to non-trade related performance requirements (e.g. technology transfer …”

Investment Incentives S. 60-63

„… Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures (the »TRIMS Agreement«)317 and the TRIPS.318 The draft of the …” „… prohibition to trade in services and to non-trade related performance requirements (e.g. technology transfer …” „… exist since the relationship between trade and investment not necessarily links both features); UNCTAD …”

Additional Arguments S. 83-100

„… investment undertaking. Incentives are generally recognised as trade-distorting measures.524 Therefore …” „… 1998537. These numbers are connected to a strong increase in international trade during the same period538 …” „… providing additional prove to the existing link between trade and investment.539 During the same time …”

Investor Responsibilities S. 63-65

„… could also have trade-distorting character and as such, strongly oppose the goal of WTO trade agreements …” „… investment and trade367 also reach the problem of linking investment issues and investors’ responsibilities …” „… upgrade their standards and raise their production costs as bargain for receiving trade advantages.376 …”

DSU S. 139-140

„… coping with international trade and trade-related matters. The Member States should have a profound …” „… international trade and growing inability of the WTO to proceed with successful trade rounds, as experienced at …”

DSU S. 114-115

„… , trade-related investment, subsidies and service activities among Member States. In the meanwhile they were …” „… settlement mechanism for many WTO trade agreements, including GATS, TRIPS, TRIMS, GPA and the SCM …” „… rules related to foreign direct investment in the WTO regime. Instead, other WTO trade agreements may …”

Single Undertaking Approach / Flexible Decision-Making Process / Binding Obligations S. 135-139

„… results matching their interests in each trade or traderelated sector.After all, the single undertaking …” „… prominent example is the circumstance that the issue of trade and investment was taken from the Doha …” „… States have established and recognise the principle of differential treatment in various trade agreements …”

Expropriation and Compensation S. 65-67

„… requirements could also have trade-distorting character and as such, strongly oppose the goal of WTO trade …” „… developing nations to upgrade their standards and raise their production costs as bargain for receiving trade …” „… agreements – propelling and liberalising trade worldwide. These conflicts will have to be resolved during …”

TRIPS S. 111-113

„… trade-related intellectual property rights for discussing multilateral rules on foreign direct investment. And …” „… States.723 The connection of trade-related intellectual property rights to foreign direct investments …” „… themselves become barriers to legitimate trade.720 In order to prevent such barriers, the TRIPS Agreement …”

Introduction to Different Investment Activities S. 19-35

„… in the WTO Working Group on the Relationship of Trade and Investment: WGTI March 1999 para. 8.52 Karl …” „… Commission (DG Trade), »Survey of the Attitudes of the European Business Community to International …” „… Atlantic Free Trade Association (»NAFTA Treaty«).66 In contrast to an illustrative definition, an …”

Regional or Plurilateral Investment Treaties S. 50-53

„… predominantly dealing with other matters (e.g. the Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights, the …” „… ), the Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community (1991), the North American Free Trade Agreement …” „… intensified trade and investment activities, to function appropriately and be accepted widely, need to have at …”

Non-Discrimination S. 55-59

„… are local content requirements309, trade-balancing requirements, foreign exchange restrictions related …” „… international trade agreements, including the majority of bilateral investment treaties288 and many WTO trade …” „… or more regional trade agreements, or customs unions, or if provisions exist that particularly grant …”

Government Procurement S. 105-106

„… ). Member States agreed664 (i) to study carefully whether investment is trade-related, (ii) whether the WTO …” „… and trade. The investment issue was part of the agenda at the Ministerial Conference in Seattle in …” „… next trade round.B. Rules in WTO AgreementsRules somehow being related to or having an impact on667 …”

GATT 1947 S. 116-117

„… would focus on the possible trade-distorting effects of the implemented national policy rather than on …” „… negotiate new topics during subsequent trade rounds).However, besides discussions on amendments, enforcement …” „… low759 and varies among WTO trade agreements linked to foreign direct investment. I. GATT 1947During …”

OECD S. 150

„… used to deal with trade and trade-related issues on a broad basis. Finally, also developing and …”

Evaluation of Arguments S. 146

„… investor-to-State complaint. The trade-type approach of the WTO rules, in general, is also suitable to foreign …”

Upfront Arguments in Favour of the Agreement S. 80-83

„… Agreement among international public institutions giving advice or conducting research on trade and …” „… negotiations on modalities of negotiations in the sector of investment and trade had shown that even within …” „… to mention some issues aside from international trade). 1. Fading Trust in International …”

The Term ›Investment‹ in the WGTI of the WTO S. 37-43

„… trade and investment. Therefore, it is now more likely that Member States will eventually pick up this …” „… topic at the Seventh or subsequent Ministerial Meeting prospectively launching a new trade round. Since …” „… direct investment and trade.163 However, the Singapore Declaration does not explicitly limit the scope of …”

Investment Activities Worldwide 1990-2007 S. 43-44

„… major indicator of the worldwide trade development situation. The development of foreign investment, for …” „… region for certain investment activities. In addition, economic growth and increased trade might be …” „… Trade Report 2004 4.198 World Investment Report 2003, iii.199 World Investment Report 2004 xvii.200 WTO …”

Existing Investment Rules S. 129-130

„… the next trade round.Following such developments discussions on the needs and characteristics of the …” „… referring to foreign direct investment. These provisions are scattered among several trade agreements …” „… Agreement, provides a strong advantage in favour of the WTO.II. Broad Trade MandateOne of the most important …”

Host Countries of Investment S. 72-76

„… miscarrying in Cancun, and (iv) it remains unclear when the Doha Round will be concluded and a new trade round …” „… bilateral and regional trade agreements instead of using the WTO forum increased strongly.429 There are many …” „… these rules. In order to prevail they cannot merely be limited to aspects of trade and investment but …”

International Institutions S. 80

„… Agreement among international public institutions giving advice or conducting research on trade and …” „… negotiations on modalities of negotiations in the sector of investment and trade had shown that even within …”

Interim Result S. 80

„… Agreement among international public institutions giving advice or conducting research on trade and …” „… negotiations on modalities of negotiations in the sector of investment and trade had shown that even within …”

Interim result: The term ›Investment‹ S. 43

„… major indicator of the worldwide trade development situation. The development of foreign investment, for …” „… region for certain investment activities. In addition, economic growth and increased trade might be …”

Individuals S. 79-80

„… international public institutions giving advice or conducting research on trade and investment policies.479 The …” „… negotiations in the sector of investment and trade had shown that even within such international organisations …”

Summary of Arguments S. 100-101

„… regards subject matter (e.g. trade in services).625 These differences are cost-intensive for investors and …” „… sovereignty in investment and trade power, but this loss might be compensated by higher legal security and …”

Transparency S. 68-69

„… principle of transparency seems to be closely linked to trade liberalisation because the latter can only be …” „… other trade agreements and because everybody would have to concede negotiating stances in a balanced …”

History and Effect of Bilateral Investment Treaties S. 44-50

„… Trade Report 2004 4.198 World Investment Report 2003, iii.199 World Investment Report 2004 xvii.200 WTO …” „… World Trade Report 2004 2.201 World Investment Report 2004 3.202 WTO World Trade Report 2005 2.203 …”

Dispute Settlement S. 69-71

„… other trade agreements and because everybody would have to concede negotiating stances in a balanced …” „… reluctance to give up too much State sovereignty and to the threat of »trade wars« – hardly will be …”

Conclusion S. 151-152

„… and negotiated at WTO level in the next trade round. Due to the explained advantages of the WTO forum …”

Interim Result S. 71

„… reluctance to give up too much State sovereignty and to the threat of »trade wars« – hardly will be …”

Interim Result: Preference for Multilateral Rules S. 101

„… multilateral rules of investment. They might loose sovereignty in investment and trade power, but this loss …”

DSU S. 144

„… individual-to-State mechanism to other trade agreements. The investor-to-State mechanism is a particularity of foreign …”

Non-Governmental Organisations S. 77-78

„… definition of expropria-467 Karl (FILJ) 16; Bhagwati 64 et seq.468 Charnovitz (FILJ) 176.469 World Trade …”

Investor S. 78-79

„… .468 Charnovitz (FILJ) 176.469 World Trade Organization, »WTO Opens Panel Proceeding to Public for the …”

Taxation S. 67-68

„… be closely linked to trade liberalisation because the latter can only be observed and implemented …”

SCM Agreement S. 113-114

„… as dispute settlement mechanism for many WTO trade agreements, including GATS, TRIPS, TRIMS, GPA and …”

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