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Joel Gotkin - The United States Bayh-Dole Act and its Effect on University Technology Transfer

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Joel Gotkin

The United States Bayh-Dole Act and its Effect on University Technology Transfer

Series: Munich Intellectual Property Law Center - MIPLC Studies

Volume 18 2012

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Undermining Research, Development, and Technology Transfer S. 31-32

„… century. Undermining Research, Development, and Technology Transfer Rai and Eisenberg argue that Bayh-Dole …” „… . 96 See Clovia Hamilton, University Technology Transfer and Economic Development: Proposed Cooperative …” „… hinder technology transfer as the costs 2. 89 See id. However, empirical studies and analysis have been …”

Japan S. 58-59

„… policy goals similar to the United States Act.261 A case study involving a research and development …” „… , it is still noted that Japan is focused on encouraging technology transfer and benefits that VI. A …” „… under Japanese Bayh-Dole system, 9-1/2 Int. J. Technology Transfer and Commercialisation 9, 11 (2010 …”

Abstract S. 9-12

„… promote utilization of inventions that arise from federally funded research and development. The United …” „… States Government had a renewed focus on research and development after World War II, and the Act …” „… , Stanford would have won the case, and the implications for technology transfer could become dire if …”

Europe S. 59-60

„… countries, see Chapter I, supra. 264 See J. Steven Rutt and Stephen B. Maebium, Technology Transfer Under …” „… CEU Report on Research and Development, at 42-46, CEU 5402/1/02 REV 1, (22 January, 2002) A81 While …” „… recommend similar actions to be taken to increase research and development across the union. Specifically …”

Journal Articles S. 70-71

„… Innovation: Public Research and Private Development: Patents and Technology Transfer in Government-Sponsored …” „… Research, 82 VA. L. REV. 1663 (1996) Hamilton, Clovia: University Technology Transfer and Economic …” „… : Intellectual property in R&D project under Japanese Bayh-Dole system, 9-1/2 Int. J. Technology Transfer and …”

Non-Journal Articles and Other Supplementary Materials with Author Explicit (alphabetical by author) S. 71-73

„… . RES. L. REV. 1343 (2008) Rutt, Steven and Maebium, Stephen: Technology Transfer Under Japan …” „… . Mowery, David et al.: IVORY TOWER AND INDUSTRIAL INNOVATION: UNIVERSITY-INDUSTRY TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER …” „… /stanford-v-roche/ (June 12, 2011) Buenstorf, Guido and Geissler, Matthias: Not invented here: Technology licensing …”

Licenses and Assignments Used by Universities in Technology Transfer S. 15-17

„… , paper supported in part by a grant from the Center for Integration of Medicine and Innovative Technology …” „… : UNIVERSITY-INDUSTRY TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER BEFORE AND AFTER THE BAYH-DOLE ACT IN THE UNITED STATES 97 (Martin Kenney and …” „… abroad. The United States has a unique university structure and distinctive research, development and …”

The Emergence of the Biotechnology Field S. 29-30

„… Development: Patents and Technology Transfer in Government-Sponsored Research, 82 VA. L. REV. 1663, 1702 (1996 …” „… emergence of sophisticated high-technology businesses, which provide a major catalyst for innovation and …” „… biotechnology field necessarily carries high research and development costs,84 which is well addressed by …”

Bayh-Dole's Effect on Patenting S. 43-46

„… Bayh-Dole, and also that it is not necessarily a benefit to technology transfer.176 Specifically, two …” „… , Adam Jaffe, and Manuel Trajtenberg, Universities as a Source of Commercial Technology: A Detailed …” „… anticommons scenario would be a reduction in use, commercialization, and further research and development of …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-8

„… Undermining Research, Development, and Technology Transfer 2. 31 Misallocated Research Priorities3. 32 The …” „… The United States Bayh-Dole Act and its Effect on University Technology Transfer Nomos BUT_Gotkin …” „… Abbreviations 13 IntroductionI. 15 Introduction to Technology TransferA. 16 Licenses and Assignments Used by …”

University Patenting and Patent Policy Trends Prior to Bayh-Dole S. 19-20

„… Technology and Transfer and Economic Development. What is the Bayh-Dole Act, What Prompted it, and Why is it …” „… encouraged and assisted universities in managing early stage technology transfer. See id. 28 Id., citing C …” „… universities engaged in technology transfer on a limited scale in the 1970s, the process was complex and …”

Single, Uniform Policy S. 28-29

„… , Symposium on Regulating Medical Innovation: Public Research and Private Development: Patents and Technology …” „… these perceptions and assess the effect of the statute on university technology transfer. Perceived …” „… across agencies and less confusion between all associated entities, which can only benefit the technology …”

It Would Have Happened Anyway S. 30-31

„… in the latter part of the twentieth century. Undermining Research, Development, and Technology …” „… necessarily carries high research and development costs,84 which is well addressed by Bayh-Dole's policy …” „… objective of encouraging maximum participation of small business firms in research and development efforts …”

Bayh-Dole's Effect on Commercialization S. 46-47

„… anticommons scenario would be a reduction in use, commercialization, and further research and development of …” „… Institute for Economics have undertaken to determine how technology is being transferred, and what factors …” „… GENETIC RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT: EVALUATING THE ARGUMENTS AND EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE TO DATE 13, available at …”

Bayh-Dole's Effect on Research and Scientific Progress S. 47-48

„… point to Bayh-Dole as the driving factor behind the development and commercialization of life-saving …” „… : Technology licensing, knowledge transfer and innovation based on public research, Papers on Economics and …” „… likely to be licensed, which inevitably results in commercial use and future development. See id. 196 Id …”

Legislative Reports and Materials S. 69-70

„… Innovation: Public Research and Private Development: Patents and Technology Transfer in Government-Sponsored …” „… Research, 82 VA. L. REV. 1663 (1996) Hamilton, Clovia: University Technology Transfer and Economic …” „… : Intellectual property in R&D project under Japanese Bayh-Dole system, 9-1/2 Int. J. Technology Transfer and …”

Birth of Bayh-Dole S. 20-21

„… Office of Technology and Transfer and Economic Development. What is the Bayh-Dole Act, What Prompted it …” „… respect to technology transfer, and the vast majority of patents went unlicensed.31 Birth of Bayh-Dole …” „… develop a reliable and uniform technology transfer mechanism should be created.35 Congress and President …”

Misallocated Research Priorities S. 32-33

„… . 96 See Clovia Hamilton, University Technology Transfer and Economic Development: Proposed Cooperative …” „… that Bayh-Dole will lead to research and development with for-profit motives, and this conflicts with …” „… sunk costs and become a disincentive for industries to want to become engaged in technology transfer …”

Articles and Other Supplementary Materials without Explicit Author (alphabetical by title) S. 73-74

„… Transfer? University of Hawaii, Office of Technology and Transfer and Economic Development, available at …” „… / research/protecting/bayh-dole.html The Bayh-Dole Act at 25: BayhDole25, Inc., April 17, 2006 CEU Report on Research and Development …” „… , 2010) What is the Bayh-Dole Act, What Prompted it, and Why is it important to University Technology …”

Increase in Patents. Cooperative Ventures, and Commercial Products S. 29

„… Development: Patents and Technology Transfer in Government-Sponsored Research, 82 VA. L. REV. 1663, 1702 (1996 …” „… emergence of sophisticated high-technology businesses, which provide a major catalyst for innovation and …” „… Increase in Patents. Cooperative Ventures, and Commercial Products One of the major issues inherent …”

Acronyms and Abbreviations S. 13-14

„… Integration of Medicine and Innovative Technology CFR Code of Federal Regulations CEU Council of the European …” „… Aeronautics and Space Administration NIH National Institutes of Health R&D Research and Development SCOTUS …” „… Acronyms and Abbreviations AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AUTM Association of University …”

Policy and Scope of the Act S. 22-23

„… participation of small business firms in federally supported research and development efforts; to promote …” „… Statutory Provisions of the Bayh-Dole Act Introductory Provisions Policy and Scope of the Act The …” „… encouraging private industry to utilize government funded inventions and bring them to commercial …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845242217

Anja Hentschel, Gerrit Hornung, Silke Jandt - Mensch - Technik - Umwelt: Verantwortung für eine sozialverträgliche Zukunft

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Anja Hentschel (ed.), Gerrit Hornung (ed.), Silke Jandt (ed.)

Mensch - Technik - Umwelt: Verantwortung für eine sozialverträgliche Zukunft

2020

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Mayu Terada Utilization of AI and Law – Possible Legal Framework on AI Research and Technology Development – S. 565-586

„… Utilization of AI and Law – Possible Legal Framework on AI Research and Technology Development …” „… to support development of the technology with thoughtful attention to its potential and to managing …” „… internationally and could be used or applied as a standard. As a concrete example, we have the AI development …”

Gerd Stumme On Ordinal Data Science and its role in Socially Acceptable ICT Design S. 181-198

„… developments in related fields such as sociology (“relational turn”)4, genetics5, or epidemiology6, and …” „… development of the theory of FCA and applications thereof, as the strong emphasis on its philosophical roots …” „… Darmstadt to support and accompany this development. The agenda of the ErnstSchröderCenter follows the …”

Rüdiger Grimm Recht und Informatik – Voneinander lernen und gemeinsam handeln – S. 103-118

„… , sondern dass es dazu einer wechselseitigen Befruchtung und Beeinflussung durch andere Disziplinen bedürfe …” „… 'Informationsgesellschaft', Opladen 1989. 2 Rivest/Shamir/Adleman, A Method for Obtaining Digital Signatures and Public Key …” „… . bestätigt werden konnte.5 Unter Mitwirkung zahlreicher Wissenschaftler und anderer gesellschaftlicher Kräfte …”

Jan Marco Leimeister, Ernestine Dickhaut, Andreas Janson Der Ansatz von Mustern zur systematischen Steigerung der Rechtsverträglichkeit und Dienstleistungsqualität bei der Entwicklung soziotechnischer Systeme S. 129-148

„… Conference on Information Systems (ICIS), 2012. 34 Lankton/McKnight/Tripp, Technology, Humanness, and Trust …” „… Research in Information Systems and Technology (DESRIST), 2020. Jan Marco Leimeister, Ernestine Dickhaut …” „… soziotechnischen Systementwicklung neben technischen Faktoren unter anderem auch soziale und organisationale …”

Tadashi Otsuka Climate Litigation in Japanese law: The Possibility to file Suits in Japan S. 779-798

„… 1990 from ten general electric power companies and from the Electric Power Development Co. Petitioners …” „… are insufficient from the environmental protection perspective and thus the related development …” „… vehicle emissions9 and the development10/revision of the State emission reduction plans in administrative …”

III. Wissenschaftliche Aufsätze S. 871-928

„… and the Development of Technology - Provet and TKT, in: 25 Years GMD Darmstadt: Telecooperation …” „… .), Preventing Nuclear Terrorism. The Report and Papers of the International Task Force on Prevention of Nuclear …” „… . (1997), 801 - 810. 168. MOX and Society. Jeopardizing Civil Liberties, in: Takagi, J./Schneider …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-18

„… Utilization of AI and Law – Possible Legal Framework on AI Research and Technology Development – 565 Mayu …” „… Hochschule Darmstadt). Dort gründete er 1988 mit anderen Wissenschaftlern den Verein Projektgruppe …” „… ? Wie ändern sich durch das gewählte Energiesystem die „Verwirklichungsbedingungen von Grundrechten …”

Günter Müller Verhindert das Privatheitsparadox modernen Datenschutz? S. 525-544

„… wirkungslos. Nach der OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) sind Innovationen …” „… Behavior 38 (2014), 33. 42 Nissenbaum, Privacy in Context: Technology, Policy, and the Integrity of Social …” „… Gleichstellungsbeauftragten und der Gesetzgebung möglich war. Zahlreiche andere erfolgreiche vor allem internationale …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748910770

Jan C. Joerden, Eric Hilgendorf, Natalia Petrillo, Felix Thiele - Menschenwürde und moderne Medizintechnik

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Jan C. Joerden (ed.), Eric Hilgendorf (ed.), Natalia Petrillo (ed.), Felix Thiele (ed.)

Menschenwürde und moderne Medizintechnik

Series: Interdisziplinäre Studien zu Recht und Staat

Volume 50 2011

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Jan C. Joerden, Eric Hilgendorf, Felix Thiele Introduction: Human Dignity and New Developments in Medical Technology—an Exploration of Problematic Issues S. 11-42

„… Human Dignity and New Developments in Medical Technology—an Exploration of Problematic Issues Jan …” „… Engineering—an Overview of Current Developments and Possible Applications In the following we will introduce and …” „… regarding individuals and humanity as a whole, perhaps one must renounce germinal choice technology …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… : Human Dignity and New Developments in Medical Technology—an Exploration of Problematic Issues 11 A …” „… Titel der Reihe zum Ausdruck kommen und noch ein anderes: die in den Jahrbuch-Bänden veröffentlichten …” „… – verfasst von Medizinern, Biologen, Juristen und Philosophen – decken ein breites Spektrum ab: unter anderem …”

Kris Dierickx, David Kirchhoffer New Medical Technologies and the Ethical Challenges for Minors from the Perspective of Human Dignity S. 375-393

„… adult patient as person. This has resulted in the development of guidelines and recommendations to …” „… . 44-52. Nussbaum, Martha C.: Women and Human Development: The Capabilities Approach, Cambridge …” „… : Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 12 (2006) 4, pp. 270-279. Beier …”

Hartmut Kliemt Kommerzialisierung des Körpers, Würde und Autonomie des Menschen S. 365-375

„… ethics has given due attention to the development of the patients’ rights movement in order to define and …” „… development of guidelines and recommendations to treat patients and research participants in a more humane …” „… vehement gegen Organhandel ein, Kaas (1992). Hartmut Kliemt 366 terziehen und systematisch mit anderen …”

Daniel Goldberg Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Chronic Pain: A Path to or Away From Human Dignity? S. 409-421

„… to practice medicine without anatomical training, and Great Britain formalized this development in …” „… Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Chronic Pain: A Path to or Away from Human Dignity …” „… parts. First, without wading too deeply in the vibrant debate regarding the coherence and utility of …”

Roberto Andorno Four Paradoxes of Human Dignity S. 131-141

„… , science and technology, which have always been regarded as expressions of the very special worth of human …” „… has become the center of an important debate in the fields of bioethics and biolaw. Much of the …” „… , about its real utility, and about the risk of misusing it as a merely rhetorical concept. Currently …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845230863

Christa Larsen, Jenny Kipper, Alfons Schmid, Marco Ricceri - The Relevance of Artificial Intelligence in the Digital and Green Transformation of Regional and Local Labour Markets Across Europe

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Christa Larsen (ed.), Jenny Kipper (ed.), Alfons Schmid (ed.), Marco Ricceri (ed.)

The Relevance of Artificial Intelligence in the Digital and Green Transformation of Regional and Local Labour Markets Across Europe

Series: Forschung und deren Anwendung im Bereich des regionalen und lokalen Arbeitsmarktmonitorings im transnationalen Vergleich (Veröffentlichungen des IWAK)

Volume 2022

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Ralitsa Savova Technology and Society: Innovation and the Digital Transformation as Drivers of Development S. 95-106

„… 95 Technology and Society: Innovation and the Digital Transformation as Drivers of Development …” „… lockdowns and in vacuo (Latin: in a vac-uum, in isolation) people used digital technology more than ever …” „… progressive modernisation of the educational system and an influ-ence on the development of modern culture and …”

Aleksandra Webb Artificial Intelligence and Digital Innovation in the Cultural Sectors: Technology, Sustainability, and new Creative Jobs. Are we Ready? S. 77-94

„… 77 Artificial Intelligence and Digital Innovation in the Cultural Sectors: Technology …” „… skills, infra-structure, and familiarity with technology-assisted cultural productions, particu-larly in …” „… the process of expected re-development and growth. Similarly, little is known about the areas of …”

Marco Ricceri Artificial Intelligence: Ethical Codes and State Laws. An Open Process for a Competitive and Inclusive Society S. 45-76

„… and the Networking and Information Technology Research and Development (NITRD) Subcommittee published …” „… House’s Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) to drive global US leadership in the development …” „… Technology Re-search and Development (NITRD) Subcommittee (2016): The National Artificial Intelligence …”

Renato Fontana, Ernesto Dario Calò the Relevance of Digital Transformation and Remote Working. How Work Processes and the Skills of Employees Change People’s Lives S. 213-254

„… to most of us. Mov-ing from the assumption that development in all its forms cannot be stopped (and …” „… between 1,600 and 1,700 hours.100 This development has not produced the desired effects; on the contrary …” „… heavy social consequences resulting in disorders also in San Fran-cisco, city symbol of technology and …”

Javier Armaolea Juaristi Artificial Intelligence Solutions and Challenges in Modernising the Content and Structures of Vocational Education and Training S. 255-276

„… cutting-edge technology, teach-ers can have more time for other tasks, such as research and the develop-ment of …” „… , intelligent content creation, and new methods of personal development for trainers, through global virtual …” „… and reform programmes. The main objective of the actions in this area is the development, reform, and …”

Christa Larsen, Jenny Kipper The Relevance of Artificial Intelligence in the Digital and Green Transformation of Regional and Local Labour Markets Across Europe. Perspectives on Employment, Training, Placement, and Social Inclusi... S. 13-26

„… and skills development which are already applied in further education and training as well as in …” „… vocational training. This means the technology assists reskilling and up-skilling necessary to improving …” „… creative drive and the will to actively shape the future of the technology take centre stage. A clear focus …”

Ciprian Panzaru, Gabriela Negoiță Artificial Intelligence: Challenges and Opportunities for the Labour Market S. 27-44

„… International Society of Automation (n.d.) describes au-tomation as “the creation and application of technology …” „… , it is shown that financial services (88 per cent) and information and technology (76 per cent …” „… technology for clerical sup-port and decision making. Also includes robotic tasks in semi-controlled …”

Anna Clara Gatti, Ettore Colombo, Elena Magrini, Simone Perego, Mauro Pelucchi Understanding Talent Attraction Using Online Job Ads: the Impact of Artificial Intelligence and Green Jobs S. 129-164

„… economic development and innovation for the future. To better understand how talent attractiveness varies …” „… Index The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has also developed an index …” „… factors: 1. The investment in and development of home-grown talent (“investment and development factor …”

Anna Giabelli, Fabio Mercorio, Mario Mezzanzanica, Francesco Trentini Capturing the Skill Transformation Using Big Data and Artificial Intelligence: a Novel Change Index to Observe how the Italian Labour Market has been Changing over Time S. 107-128

„… competencies requested and their importance; • estimate the level of new developments – in terms of the …” „… de-velopment (R&D); (5) Production of goods; (6) Delivery of services; and (7) Mar-keting, assistance of …” „… 75 per cent in the information and communication technology (ICT) area (as expected), and peaks of 26 …”

Caroline Berger-Konen, Linda Weßler Mastering the Digital Transformation – Digital and Chatbot Supported Learning Concepts for the Social Economy in pulsnetz KI S. 277-300

„… com-pany, the (further) development of knowledge and skills is necessary. This is the focus of the project …” „… development of digital knowledge and a learning platform shows how individual learning on these topics is made …” „… the best case, alert caregivers to an impending fall. Sensor technology and smart home services, for …”

Iwona Ganko, Eva Jansova New Business Models Powered by Artificial Intelligence: Platform Work in the EU Neighbourhood S. 187-212

„… development and technology) and in the cre-ative and multimedia industry. The growth of high-complexity …” „… development and technol-ogy, creative and multimedia work, followed by writing and translation, sales and …” „… visible when it comes to services related to software development and technology. On the other hand, the …”

Moreno Baruffini, Dorit Griga, Laurence Dévaud Digitisation, Artificial Intelligence, and the (Re)integration of Vulnerable Groups in the Labour Market: Evidence from Switzerland S. 301-316

„… AI. A regular evaluation of the application and fur-ther development of these guidelines have been …” „… upcoming developments and innovations. In an international 304 comparison, Switzerland stands out …” „… constantly upgrading their qualifications. Digitisation and automation will also shape developments in the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-12

„… Technology and Society: Innovation and the Digital Transformation as Drivers of Development Ralitsa Savova 95 …” „… Kipper 13 1.BASICS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE CONCERNING THE LABOUR MARKET, WORK, SKILLS DEVELOPMENT, AND …” „… Cultural Sectors: Technology, Sustainability, and new Creative Jobs. Are we Ready? Aleksandra Webb 77 …”

Julia Nania, Layla O’Kane, Bledi Taska The Relevance of Artificial Intelligence in the Digital Transformation of Regional and Local Labour Markets Across Europe S. 165-186

„… prevalent in jobs in the information and communica-tion technology (ICT) sector across all EU countries …” „… research and development managers also have a substantial number of AI postings. Database and network …” „… development managers 3,195 +4 Database and network professionals not elsewhere classified 1,896 +25 Source …”

INFORMATION ON THE AUTHORS S. 345-362

„… regional developments in the employment and labour market, new information technol-ogy and its impacts on …” „… start-ups and the green economy for sustainable development. Dr Ernesto Dario Calò Department of …” „… concerns the design, development, and implementation of tools to collect, pre-pare, and store data …”

Mattia Martini, Malvina Ficai Veltroni, Dario Cavenago Enhancing Perceived Employability of University Students in Turbulent Times: the Importance of Personal Resources and Organisational Support S. 327-344

„… progression and development are being characterised by greater complex-ity, both within and across …” „… organisations. Digital transformation and the devel-opment of new technologies (for example artificial …” „… to face the challenges of work and succeed in their early career development. This chapter presents …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783957104113

Ira W. Lieberman, Paul DiLeo, Todd A. Watkins - The Future of Microfinance

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Ira W. Lieberman (ed.), Paul DiLeo (ed.), Todd A. Watkins (ed.)

The Future of Microfinance

2020

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Section III: The Challenge of Technology and New Product Innovation and Development S. 159-232

„… Section IIITHE CHALLENGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND NEW PRODUCT INNOVATION AND DEVELOPMENTPhoto by Kameron …” „… , microfinance is an impor tant tool when it comes to empowering women and fostering equitable de-velopment and …” „… anD maTTheW bRoWnneed to avoid past pitfalls, adapt to evolving technology and more competitive …”

Index S. 455-0

„… , 406–07; in India, 281–82; microcredit impact evaluation in, 150–51; Sustainable Development Goals and, 61 …” „… inclusion in, 261–70. See also specific countries and regionsAsian Development Bank (ADB), 285, 358ATMs …” „… ; phases of development, 11; ProFund microfinance investment fund, 21b; social impact, mea sure ment and …”

Section IV: A Geographic Perspective S. 233-440

„… and investments. In doing so, people are able to participate in economic development, reduce poverty …” „… levels, and build wealth, all of which contribute to the global sustainable development goals. People …” „… holds and micro, small, and medium- sized enterprises (MSMEs). This positive development reflects the …”

Introduction S. 1-6

„… frenzy, what can be expected from financial technology (fintech), and what is required to ensure that it …” „… with economic growth and devel-opment, which under some circumstances can reduce poverty.” But this …” „… 1IntroductionPaul DiLeo and Jose RuisanchezThis volume brings together the perspective of twenty …”

Section II: Where We Are Now-What is Needed in the Future S. 37-158

„… commercial revolution based on new finan-cial technology and greatly accelerated by the information …” „… and 13 percent and 11 percent in the most recent survey covering 2018. Two developments suggest that …” „… devel-opment banks across Eu rope and North Amer i ca. Today our largest exposure is to pension and insurance …”

Preface

„… Challenge of Technology and New Product Innovation and Development 8 Microfinance in the Age of Digital …” „… infancy, the microfinance industry faces major challenges, includ-ing mobile banking and other technology …” „… Development: How Has It Evolved and Where Is It Going? 213Craig Churchill and Aparna DalalSection IVA …”

Section I: Background S. 7-36

„… , and explosive growth of Acleda Bank in Cambodia.In 1994, the U.S. Agency for International Development …” „… a liquidity crisis forced Acleda to decide between providing business development ser vices and …” „… on new financial technology and greatly accelerated by the information revo-lution that developed …”

Contributors S. 447-454

„… successful restructuring and turnaround. He has also worked with Mennonite Economic Development As-sociates …” „… develop-ment finance, primarily focused on small and medium- sized enterprise finance, mi-crofinance, and …” „… . Chao- Beroff has worked in economic development and microfinance for thirty years. She developed the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9780815737643

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