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Zoé Nautré - U.S. Idealism Meets Reality

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Zoé Nautré

U.S. Idealism Meets Reality

Series: DGAP-Schriften zur Internationalen Politik

Volume 2010

Results in this title

Support for authoritarian states reconsidered S. 81-82

„… ?supporting?authoritarian?states?had?turned?against?the?U.?S.?started?to?gain?new?ground.?From?within?and?around?the?administration,?people?started?to?question?the?value?of ?America’s?support?of ?repressive?Arab?regimes.?As?cheering?Arabs?post?9/11 …” „… Chapter 3: The development of the new foreign policy rationale81Support for authoritarian states …” „… ? not? expressed? a? desire? to? change? its? longstanding? support? of ? Arab? authoritarian? states …”

Democracy as a means to an end S. 82-84

„… ?supporting?authoritarian?states?had?turned?against?the?U.?S.?started?to?gain?new?ground.?From?within?and?around?the?administration,?people?started?to?question?the?value?of ?America’s?support?of ?repressive?Arab?regimes.?As?cheering?Arabs?post?9/11 …” „… ?democracy?promotion?extensively?used?the?report?to?lend?support?to?the?idea?that?the?U.?S.?should?stop?supporting?Arab?authoritarian?states.?Indeed,?even?President?Bush?quoted?the?report?in?his?speech?at?the?National?Endowment?for?Democracy?in?2003,?stating:?“In?the?words?of ?a?recent?report?by?Arab?scholars,?the?global?wave?of …” „… s?was?very?appealing?to?many?in?and?outside?the?administration.?It?was?stressed?that?democratic?states?would?be?more?inclined?to?share?U.?S.?interests?and?support …”

Pre-requisites for democracy? S. 160-172

„… ?those?‘civil?society’?organizations?are?actually?state-run?and?their?support?is?not?having?the?anticipated?success.93The?election?of ?Hamas?in?the?Palestinian?territories?and?success?of …” „… ?their?progress?in?opening?up?politically.?Many?early?democracy?promotion?programs?also?help?to?modernize?the?state?and?support …” „… ? security? interests.?Prior? support?of ?Arab?authoritarian?regimes?and?robust?support? for?Israel?had? left …”

Democracy promotion as a means to fight the root causes of terrorism S. 36-41

„… ? and?principles?abroad?than?his?predecessor.?From?that?point?onwards,?the?Bush?administration?argued?that?democracy?was?a?universal?right?and?that?prior?support?of ?authoritarian?states? for? the? sake? of ? primary? U.?S.? national? security? interests? had …” „… ? U.?S.?government?officials?even?insisted?that?the?region’s?history?and?tradition?did?not?allow?for?liberal?democracy?and?that?Arab?culture?was?inherently?inhospitable?to?full?democracy.?Discussions?in?the?1990s?ranged?from?the?need?to?support?authoritarian?states …” „… ?that?the?United?States?supports? authoritarian? governments? in? the? Middle? East? while? promoting? democracy …”

Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative (BMENA) S. 105-106

„… ?By?helping?elites?to?acquire?more?funds?to?‘appease’?their?population,?U.?S.?initiatives,?rather?than?helping?the?political?system?to?open?up,?are?possibly?helping?to?maintain?the?status?quo.48Furthermore,? the?concept?of ?rentier?states? that?are?mainly?dependent?on?their?oil …” „… ? revenues,?applies?to?several?Arab?states.?In?the?context?of ?oil?producing?rentier?states,?the?lack?of ?political?freedoms?cannot?be?attributed?to?the?lack?of …” „… ?Rather,?rentier?states?suggest?that?there?is?no?inherent?link?between?greater?education,?economic?prosperity?and?political?liberalisation.?Overall,?as?Schlumberger?argues,?rentier?states?are?not?based?on?capitalist?market?rules,?because?market?mechanisms?are,?for?political?reasons,?abrogated.50 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… Self-reflection-why do they hate us? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79Support for …” „… authoritarian states reconsidered …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90Increase in funding at the State Department and USAID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 …”

Policy implementation and practical obstacles S. 41-43

„… ?that?the?United?States?supports? authoritarian? governments? in? the? Middle? East? while? promoting? democracy …” „… ?the?United?States?further?stem?from?issues?such?as?U.?S.?support?for?Israel?and?the?U.?S.?military?presence?in?Saudi?Arabia,?Afghanistan,?and?Iraq,?as?well?as?from?other?U.?S.?foreign?policy?issues?related?to,?for?example,?the?Afghan?civil?war,?Gulf ?War?of ?1991 …” „… ?this?theory?argue?that?U.?S.?foreign?policy?and?more?recently,?the?intervention?in?Iraq,?acts?as?key?drivers?and?motivation?for?terrorist?activities.?The?9/11?Commission?report?of ?July?2004?for?instance?states …”

Pre-requisites for democracy? S. 173-181

„… ? support??Should?the?U.?S.?help?to?modernize?the?country??As?the?policies?then?implemented?show,?different?U.?S.?government?agencies?tried?to?pull?policies?in?different?directions,?but?mainly?opted?for?helping?to?modernize?the?country.Pre-requisites for democracy?Non-governmental? democracy? promoters,? as? well? as? skeptical? U.?S.? government …” „… ?‘real’?elections,?most?U.?S.?policy?makers?seemed?to?support …” „… Elections“The Moroccan regime has always aspired to present itself as a modern state whose functioning is based …”

Supporting evidence for democracy promotion S. 84-87

„… ?democracy?promotion?extensively?used?the?report?to?lend?support?to?the?idea?that?the?U.?S.?should?stop?supporting?Arab?authoritarian?states.?Indeed,?even?President?Bush?quoted?the?report?in?his?speech?at?the?National?Endowment?for?Democracy?in?2003,?stating:?“In?the?words?of ?a?recent?report?by?Arab?scholars,?the?global?wave?of …” „… ?states?supporting?groups?considered?to?be?terrorists?such?as?Hizbollah?and?Hamas.?At?least,?it?had?not?been?high?on?the?agenda.?But?post?the?attacks?the?U.?S.?changed?its?policy?and?advocated?zero?tolerance?of ?states?that?support?terrorism.There? is? little? evidence? to? suggest? that? prior? to? 9/11 …” „… ,?democracy?promotion?was?depicted?as?essential?to?U.?S.?long-term?national?security.?Undersecretary?of ?State …”

Support for NGOs S. 99-100

„… ,?support?for?Arab?civil?society,?as?well?as?the?support?for?transparent?elections?were?seen?as?crucial?to?the?development?of …” „… tches?other?U.?S.?initiatives?to?improve?economic?and?political?performance?in?the?region?for?the?sake?of ?U.?S.?security.Support for …” „… NGOsBesides?the?increased?financial?support?discussed?above,?NGOs?working?on?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?noted?that?following?9/11,?they?received?more?moral?and?financial? support? than? ever? before.? Many? NGOs? had …”

Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI) S. 94-96

„… ? the? U.?S.? Department? of ? State.? To? demonstrate? the? high? level? of ? support? for …” „… ? above,? the? State? Department? and? USAID?undertook? a? major? revision,? reviewing? bilateral …” „… ? programs? so? as? to? increase? their? prodemocratic? content.? In? support? of ? the? overall? change? of …”

A fundamental change? S. 13-16

„… ,?the?U.?S.?administration?continued?to?rely?on?state-to-state?relations?to?ensure?stability,?ignoring?Arab?civil?society’s?resentment? towards? American? support? of ? Arab? authoritarian? leaders …” „… ?U.?S.?national?security.Unfortunately?for?this?theory,?opinions?differ?concerning?the?level?of ?support?for?and?the?extent?to?which?democracy?promotion?remained?a?priority?within?the?Bush?admin …” „… ?for?this?policy?in?the?U.?S.?vanished.?Many?observers?noted?instead?a?return?to?prior?policies.?Democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?disappeared?again?from?the?administration’s?agenda.?All?in?all,?then,?as?some?observers?conclude,?the?attention?cycle?for?the?idea?for?democracy?attention?was?real,?yet?short?lived.As?with? the?previous? suggestion,?Morocco?might? serve? as? a? good? case? study? for? supporters?of …”

Policy implementation and practical obstacles S. 152-154

„… domestic constituencies”.43The? reports? on? U.?S.? support? of ? human? rights? issued? by? the? State …” „… ?Human?Rights?and?Democracy:?The?U.?S.?Record.”,?Bureau?of ?Democracy,?Human?rights?and?Labor,?Under?Secretary?for?Democracy?and?Global?Affairs,?U.?S.?Department?of ?State?(2003).45? “Supporting?Human?Rights? and?Democracy:?The?U.?S.?Record.”,?Bureau?of …” „… ?Democracy,?Human?rights?and?Labor,?Under?Secretary?for?Democracy?and?Global?Affairs,?U.?S.?Department?of ?State?(2002-2006).46? “Supporting?Human?Rights? and?Democracy:?The?U.?S.?Record.”,?Bureau?of …”

Diplomatic pressure S. 100-101

„… ,?support?for?Arab?civil?society,?as?well?as?the?support?for?transparent?elections?were?seen?as?crucial?to?the?development?of …” „… ?democracy?promotion,?those?interviewed?for?this?research?stressed?that?they?had?previously?never?experienced?such?a?high?level?support …” „… ?for?their?work.?While?some?of ?them?had?to?a?large?extent?been?ignored?at?embassies?abroad,?they?now?received?unprecedented?support.?This?new?support?was?partly?due?to?MEPI’s?engagement?and?the?newly?perceived? need? to? tackle? uncomfortable? issues? associated? with? democracy …”

Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) S. 106

„… Arab?states?are?offered?Western?aid?to?implement?the?economic?reforms?they?largely?want,?but?ignore?Western?pressures?for?the?political?reforms?they?do?not?want.51?In?principle,?BMENA?would?be?a?good?mechanism?to?coordinate?G8?reform?and?democra …” „… ,?it?focuses?on?enhancing?state?capacity?rather?than?on?democratization?to?meet?its?demands.?Because?the?MCC?responds?to?government?demands,?and?the?programs?are?developed?by?the?recipient’s?Ministry?of ?Planning?or?Foreign?Affairs,? it …” „… ? other?Arab?countries.?At?the?same?time,?the?initiative?also?focused?on?economic?development?and?the?strengthening?of ?state …”

Support for NGOs S. 106-108

„… Arab?states?are?offered?Western?aid?to?implement?the?economic?reforms?they?largely?want,?but?ignore?Western?pressures?for?the?political?reforms?they?do?not?want.51?In?principle,?BMENA?would?be?a?good?mechanism?to?coordinate?G8?reform?and?democra …” „… ,?it?focuses?on?enhancing?state?capacity?rather?than?on?democratization?to?meet?its?demands.?Because?the?MCC?responds?to?government?demands,?and?the?programs?are?developed?by?the?recipient’s?Ministry?of ?Planning?or?Foreign?Affairs,? it …” „… ? other?Arab?countries.?At?the?same?time,?the?initiative?also?focused?on?economic?development?and?the?strengthening?of ?state …”

When idealism and realism merge S. 137-141

„… ,?President?Bush?would?become?an?even?stronger?advocate?for?defending?and?spreading?American?ideals?and?principles?abroad?compared?to?Clinton.?From?now?on?the?Bush?administration?argued?that?democracy?was?a?universal?right?and?that?prior?support?of ?authoritarian?states …” „… ,?the?Iraq?war?sent?a?strong?signal?to?Arab?states.?Arab?states?were?thus?seriously?concerned?about?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?efforts.?The?Bush?administration?would?no?longer?blindly?tolerate?or?support …” „… ?that:?“Ultimately?the?best?strategy?to?ensure?our?security?and?to?build?durable?peace?is?to?support?the?advance?of ?democracy?elsewhere”.5?The?different?strands?of ?thinking?that?dominated?the?1990 …”

Policy implementation and practical obstacles S. 145-149

„… ? ignore.?Many?government?officials,?especially?those?at?the?State?Department,?were?outraged?by?the?build-up?to?the?Iraq?war?and?thought?that?the?idea?of ?triggering?a?democratic?wave?in?the?Middle?East?was?simply?unrealistic.?Even?before?the?Iraq?war …” „… ?State,?Colin?Powell,?and?his?deputy?Richard?L.?Armitage,?and?other?senior?officials?at?the?State?Department?were?on?the?opposite?side?of ? numerous? issues? with? the? administration.16? Differences? between? the? State …” „… ?differences?over?the?Iraq?war?and?differences?with?regards?to?democracy?promotion,?the?State?Department? was? increasingly? sidelined? in? the? decision-making-process …”

Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI) S. 118-119

„… 119Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA)“Morocco has been a strong supporter of the United States …” „… the United States is committed to supporting the development of open, prosperous societies in all …” „… ?Congress?to?be?an?initiative?worthy?of ?support,?and?one?that?followed?the?overall?policy?direction?of …”

When idealism and realism converge S. 34-36

„… ? and?principles?abroad?than?his?predecessor.?From?that?point?onwards,?the?Bush?administration?argued?that?democracy?was?a?universal?right?and?that?prior?support?of ?authoritarian?states? for? the? sake? of ? primary? U.?S.? national? security? interests? had …” „… ? longstanding,? support?of ?democracy?promotion? is? ingrained? in?U.?S.?foreign?policy?and? is? thus?not?a?Bush …” „… ?democracy?promotion?did?not?translate?to?the?Middle?East.?Under?Clinton,?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?did?not?play?a?large?role?in?the?administration’s?priorities.?Indeed,?President?George?W.?Bush?continued?Clinton’s?stability-oriented?policy?towards?the?Middle?East?in?the?first?months?of ?his?presidency.?Up?to?9/11,?the?support …”

Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) S. 98-99

„… ?that?instability?in?‘weak’?states?increasingly?represented?a?security?problem?for?the?U.?S.?At?the?Inter-American?Development?Bank?on?March?14,?2002?President?Bush?stated:“This growing divide between wealth and poverty, between …” „… governments fail to meet the most basic needs of their people, these failed states can become havens for …” „… tches?other?U.?S.?initiatives?to?improve?economic?and?political?performance?in?the?region?for?the?sake?of ?U.?S.?security.Support for …”

Diplomatic pressure S. 89-91

„… ?support?for?NGOs?working?on?democracy?promotion?in?the?Arab?world.Diplomatic pressureBesides? the?various? speeches? and? talks? in?which? the?Bush?administration? stressed …” „… ?State,?Condoleezza?Rice,?played?a?key?role?in?raising?expectations?and?hopes?among?democracy?promoters?and?Arab?citizens?alike.?For?his?part,?Bush,?in?a?widely?cited?speech,?presented?at?the?NED?in?2003,?suggested?that?the?U.?S.?would?radically?depart?from?prior?policies?in?terms?of …” „… ?its?support?for?authoritarian?regimes?in?the?region.?Given?the?rhetoric,?it?seemed?as?if ?the?U.?S.?considered?bringing?democracy?to?the?Middle?East?not?only?a?priority,?but?as? in …”

Bureaucrats, incentives and structures S. 154-156

„… domestic constituencies”.43The? reports? on? U.?S.? support? of ? human? rights? issued? by? the? State …” „… ?Human?Rights?and?Democracy:?The?U.?S.?Record.”,?Bureau?of ?Democracy,?Human?rights?and?Labor,?Under?Secretary?for?Democracy?and?Global?Affairs,?U.?S.?Department?of ?State?(2003).45? “Supporting?Human?Rights? and?Democracy:?The?U.?S.?Record.”,?Bureau?of …” „… ?Democracy,?Human?rights?and?Labor,?Under?Secretary?for?Democracy?and?Global?Affairs,?U.?S.?Department?of ?State?(2002-2006).46? “Supporting?Human?Rights? and?Democracy:?The?U.?S.?Record.”,?Bureau?of …”

Increase in funding at the State Department and USAID S. 91-94

„… ? the? U.?S.? Department? of ? State.? To? demonstrate? the? high? level? of ? support? for …” „… ?State?Condoleezza?Rice?stressed?in?2005?in?Cairo:“The day is coming when the promise of a fully free and democratic world, once …” „… ?the?potential?democratic?wave?flowing?through?the?region?at?that?time.Increase in funding at the State Department and USAID“The fall of the Soviet Union and the end of the …”

Self-reflection-why do they hate us? S. 79-81

„… UhrChapter 3: The development of the new foreign policy rationale81Support for authoritarian states …” „… ? not? expressed? a? desire? to? change? its? longstanding? support? of ? Arab? authoritarian? states …” „… ?reinforced?the?perception?that?Bin?Laden?was?admired?and?supported?among?some?Arab?youth.?This?led?some?policy?makers?to?start?reconsidering?the?previous?state-centric?approach?and?some?in?the?Bush?administration?began?to?talk?about?how?policy?could?take …”

Additional measures & bilateral relations S. 121-123

„… ,? the? U.?S.? demonstrated? its? newfound?support?of ?Morocco?by?granting?it?in?June?2004?the?status?of …” „… ?major?non-NATO?ally?in?recognition?of ?the?country’s?support …” „… ?General?James?L.?Jones,?United?States?Marine?Corps,?(USMC),?Commander,?United?States?European?Commander,?before?the?Senate?Foreign?relations?Committee?on?September?28,?2005?and?“Combating?Terrorism,?Actions?needed?to?enhance?implementation?of …”

A fundamental change? S. 183-185

„… ?terror,?was?there?truly?a?rupture?with?prior?support?of ?authoritarian?states?in?the?Arab?world?Obstacles to policy implementationThe? initial …” „… ? its?Middle?East?policies.?Longstanding?unquestioned?support?of ?authoritarian?regimes?would?not?continue.The?fourth?chapter …” „… Challenge?Account?and?the?Middle?East?Free?Trade?Area.?This?section?also?highlighted?that?diplomatic?pressure?on?Middle?Eastern?regimes?increased,?as?did,?bilateral?funding?and?support …”

Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative (BMENA) S. 119-120

„… strong supporter of the United States’ fight against terrorism following the tragedies of September 11 …” „… the United States is committed to supporting the development of open, prosperous societies in all …” „… ?Congress?to?be?an?initiative?worthy?of ?support,?and?one?that?followed?the?overall?policy?direction?of …”

Structure S. 20-22

„… ?State,?USAID?and?the?Pentagon.?Second,?the?researcher?has?to?have?in?mind?that?interviewees?have?their?own?agendas? in?discussing …” „… ,?there?was?little?indication?that?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East?would?differ?from?previous?administrations?or?that?democracy?promotion?would?play?a?major?role.?Due?to?overriding?security?and?economic?interests,?support …” „… ?for?authoritarian?states?in?the?Middle?East?was?considered?likely?to?remain?U.?S.?policy.The?third?chapter?will?concentrate?on?how?the?9/11 …”

Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA) S. 119

„… strong supporter of the United States’ fight against terrorism following the tragedies of September 11 …” „… the United States is committed to supporting the development of open, prosperous societies in all …” „… ?Congress?to?be?an?initiative?worthy?of ?support,?and?one?that?followed?the?overall?policy?direction?of …”

The way foreign policy was conducted S. 76-77

„… stic?or?foreign?policy?blunders?and?therefore?enjoyed?almost?unlimited?support …” „… midterm?(Albany,?NY:?State?University?of ?New?York?Press,?2004 …” „… ).?Three?examples?illustrate?Congress’?unusual?retreat?from?both?foreign?and?domestic?politics?and?their?nearly?unanimous?support?of ?the?President’s?course:?Following?the?attacks,?Congress?voted?to?allow?$40 …”

U. S. exceptionalism S. 23-34

„… ?Other?studies,?such?as?the?Task?Force?at?the?Council?on?Foreign?Relations?“In?Support?of ?Arab?Democracy:?Why?and?How”8 …” „… ?and?the?Centre?for?Strategic?and?International?Studies’?analysis?“Democracy?in?U.?S.?Strategy:?From?Promotion?to?support”9 …” „… ? USAID,?as?well?as?the?U.?S.?Department?of ?State,?which?lists?various?measures?and?programs?in?4 …”

Re-orientation of foreign policy S. 87-88

„… ?attacks.?The?overall?conclusion?and?supposedly?widely?accepted?recommendation?to?emerge?from?these?debates?is?two-fold.?First,?the?U.?S.?should?reconsider?its?past?support …” „… ?of ?repressive?Arab?regimes?and?second,?push?for?democracy?promotion?in?these?countries.?As?discussed?earlier,?ordinary?Americans?are? inclined?to?support …” „… ? President?Bush?Discusses?Freedom?in?Iraq?and?Middle?East.?Remarks?by?the?President?at?the?20th?Anniversary?of ? the?National?Endowment? for?Democracy,?United?States …”

Retaliation S. 74-76

„… ?the?Bush?administration?pointed?out?that?the?problem?was?larger?than?Bin?Laden?and?extended?to?other?states?that?sponsor?terrorism.14 …” „… stic?or?foreign?policy?blunders?and?therefore?enjoyed?almost?unlimited?support …” „… midterm?(Albany,?NY:?State?University?of ?New?York?Press,?2004 …”

Pre-requisites for democracy? S. 51-57

„… , rather than state- led and externally supported reforms. Supporting state led reform processes thus only …” „… later in the text, some U. S. Department of State officials argued that there is something inherently …” „… their decisions and defines the extent to which they support the overall idea of democracy promotion in …”

Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI) S. 103-104

„… ,?the?initiative?altered?its?approach?several?times?as?it?sought?to?carve?out?a?distinct?operational?profile.?From?the?beginning,?MEPI?was?under?immense?pressure?not?to?duplicate?any?existing?programs.?It?was?also?under?extreme?pressure,?because?of ? its?high? level? support,? to?quickly?deliver …” „… ? local?partners?in?the?Middle?East?and?breaking?into?new?areas,?such?as?women?rights?issues?in?Saudi?Arabia?and?the?support?of ?civil?society?activists? in?Lebanon?following?the?assassination?of ?Rafik?Hariri?in?2005 …” „… .?It?was?also?successful?in?placing?democracy?promotion?higher?on? the?government?agenda?and? influencing?discourse?at? the?State?Department?on? the?need …”

Bureaucrats, incentives and structures S. 43-45

„… development assistance implementers.The study will highlight that divisions existed within the State …” „… short-term goals of the Pentagon and the overall democracy promotion agenda carried out by the State …” „… define themselves and what they believe in will determine the level of their support for a particular …”

Increase in funding at the State Department and USAID S. 101-103

„… Thus,?the?geo-strategic?need?to?build?alliances?with?Arab?states,?so?as?to?counter?Iran’s?growing? influence? in? Iraq?and? the? region,?made? it?even?more? tenuous? for? the?U.?S …” „… .? to?pressure?these?states.?Incidentally,?those?humbler?calls?for?reform?in?2006?also?coincided?with?the?aftermath?of ?the?electoral?victories?of …” „… .Increase in funding at the State Department and USAIDThe?increase?in?funding?is?a?useful?indicator?of …”

Policies towards the Middle East S. 68-69

„… ? the?Taiwan? issue?when?he? told?ABC’s?Good?Morning?America?that? the?United?States?would?do? “whatever? it …” „… 1970s, then why should the United States at the peak of its power in 2001 need to compromise with …” „… ?positions?in?Iraq?were?bombed.?Yet?many?in?the?administration,?especially?some?so?called?›hawks‹?at?the?Pentagon,?were?not?satisfied?with?the?status?quo?in?Iraq?and?argued?for?forceful?intervention.40Regarding? other? Arab? states,? the? Bush? administration? seemed? to? have? followed …”

U. S. exceptionalism S. 141-142

„… ?the?state.?How?U.?S.?idealism?and?assumptions?then?applied?to?U.?S.?policies?in?Morocco?will?be?explored?in?the?next?section.Idealism and assumptions in U. S. foreign policy: MoroccoU. S …” „… ? tenfold? increase? in? NED? funding;?support …” „… ?MEPI?funding?and?additional?military?support?led?to?increased?activity?at?the?U.?S.?embassy.?After?the?terrorist?attacks?in?May?2003 …”

Support for NGOs S. 120-121

„… t?the?agreement?was?only?passed?because?Morocco?was?viewed?as?an?important?moderate?partner?in?the?region?and?that?it?was?politically?important?for?the?agreement?to?go?through.31Support for NGOsPost?9/11 …” „… ,? the? U.?S.? demonstrated? its? newfound?support?of ?Morocco?by?granting?it?in?June?2004?the?status?of …” „… ?major?non-NATO?ally?in?recognition?of ?the?country’s?support …”

Conclusion S. 69-70

„… ?positions?in?Iraq?were?bombed.?Yet?many?in?the?administration,?especially?some?so?called?›hawks‹?at?the?Pentagon,?were?not?satisfied?with?the?status?quo?in?Iraq?and?argued?for?forceful?intervention.40Regarding? other? Arab? states,? the? Bush? administration? seemed? to? have? followed …” „… ? administration?preserved?close?ties?with?autocratic?regimes?in?the?Middle?East?that?served?U.?S.?major?interests,?including?access?to?oil,?support?for?the?Arab-Israeli?peace?and?cracking?down?on?Islamic?fundamentalist?groups.?As?Carothers?notes:“…in the Middle East, the [Clinton] administration showed little proclivity to find a way to introduce …” „… a policy of real U. S. support for even gradual reform”.41 …”

Research Question S. 11-12

„… ? there?truly?a?change?despite?U.?S.?interests?in?the?Middle?East?remaining?the?same??Did?the?logic?that?in?the?long-term?the?U.?S.?could?not?support?authoritarian?states …” „… ?U.?S.?foreign?policy?in?the?Middle?East.?The?key?question?that?this?study?addresses?is?‘whether?or?not?there?was?a?shift?in?U.?S.?policy?in?the?Middle?East’,?shifting?from?previous?support?of ?authoritarian?regimes?prior?to?9/11?towards?active?democracy?promotion?post?9/11 …” „… .?S.?policies?in?Morocco?run?on?similar?assumptions,?but?also?run?into?similar?challenges?compared?to?other?Arab?states.?Many?of ?the?assumptions?and?rationales?that?will? be?highlighted? in? the? conceptual? framework? relate …”

Bibliography S. 199-216

„… ?Foreign?Policy?Objectives:?Near?East.?Bureau?of ?Political-Military?Affairs,?Under?Secretary?for?Arms?Control?and?International?Security.U.?S.?Department?of ?State?(2002c)?Supporting …” „… .? Department? of ? State? (2003c)? Supporting? Human? Rights? and? Democracy:? The? U.?S.? Record.? In?Bureau …” „… ? Global?Affairs?(Ed.).U.?S.? Department? of ? State? (2003d)? Supporting? Human? Rights? and? Democracy:? The? U.?S.? Record …”

Conclusion S. 88

„… l’?war?against?terrorism?and?reassert?American?interests?by?showing?that?the?U.?S.?was?willing?to?use?force?and?act?decisively?to?defend?American?values?abroad.?The?U.?S.?policy?rationale?towards?the?Middle?East?shifted?from?support …” „… ?of ?authoritarian?states …” „… ?certain?background?conditions?in?U.?S.?culture,?society?and?history,?discussed?in?depth?in?the?conceptual?framework?(idealism?and?assumptions?in?U.?S.?foreign?policy).?These?include?an?expectation?by?the?American?public?about?the?role?of ?the?U.?S.?in?the?world?and?historical?support? for?democracy?promotion.?This?U.?S …”

When idealism and realism merge S. 142-143

„… ,?there?was?a?major?emphasis?on?Morocco?in?U.?S.?policy.?During?this?time,?U.?S.-Moroccan?relations?intensified,?Morocco?seemed?like?a?good?role?model?for?the?region?it?could?absorb?funding?and?thus?became?a?doable?place? to? support?prior? reform?efforts.?However,?by?mid?2005,?U.?S …” „… ?MEPI?funding?and?additional?military?support?led?to?increased?activity?at?the?U.?S.?embassy.?After?the?terrorist?attacks?in?May?2003 …” „… ,?considerable?time?and?energy?was?also?spent?on?finding?ways?to?support?Moroccan?security?institutions?in?their?fight?against?extremists.?Funding?was?made?available?for?the?training?of …”

Appendices S. 193-198

„… ??? ? of ?StateESF? ? Economic?Support?FundFMF? ? Foreign?Military?FinancingFTA? ? Free?Trade?AgreementFY …” „… ?the?interview?is?provided?in?brackets.?In?addition?to?the?interviews?listed?here?seven?additional?official?interviews?were?conducted?with?U.?S.?policy?makers?working?on?Morocco?and?Middle?Eastern?affairs?at?USAID,?the?Pentagon?and?the?U.?S.?Department?of ?State …” „… .?Policy?makers?at?each?of ?the?three?agencies–USAID,?the?Pentagon?and?State?Department–were?interviewed?in?Washington?D.C.?and?their?respective?counterparts?in?Morocco?were?also?interviewed?at?the?U.?S.?embassy?in?Rabat,?Morocco.?Some?of ?these?official?interviewees?remain?anonymous?given?the?ongoing?nature?of ?their?work?and?level?of …”

Introduction S. 11

„… ? there?truly?a?change?despite?U.?S.?interests?in?the?Middle?East?remaining?the?same??Did?the?logic?that?in?the?long-term?the?U.?S.?could?not?support?authoritarian?states …” „… ?U.?S.?foreign?policy?in?the?Middle?East.?The?key?question?that?this?study?addresses?is?‘whether?or?not?there?was?a?shift?in?U.?S.?policy?in?the?Middle?East’,?shifting?from?previous?support?of ?authoritarian?regimes?prior?to?9/11?towards?active?democracy?promotion?post?9/11 …”

Policies towards Great Powers and traditional security issues S. 65-68

„… ? term?by?prioritizing?domestic?politics,?notably? tax? cuts? and? support? of ? the?Faith-Based? Initiative.?On? foreign?policy,? the …” „… ng?with?China,?who?traditionally?support?the?Republican?Party,?did?not?leave?much?leverage?for?a?change?24 …” „… ? the?Taiwan? issue?when?he? told?ABC’s?Good?Morning?America?that? the?United?States?would?do? “whatever? it …”

Obstacles to poicy implementation S. 185-188

„… ?terror,?was?there?truly?a?rupture?with?prior?support?of ?authoritarian?states?in?the?Arab?world?Obstacles to policy implementationThe? initial …” „… h?administration?would?change?longstanding?support?of ?authoritarian?regimes?in?the?Middle?East.?However,?9/11 …” „… ?the?status?quo,?and?the?political?leadership?in?question.As?for?the?tools?used?for?actually?implementing?the?policy,?these?mirrored?the?contested?debates?and?ongoing?confusion?about?how?countries?actually?transition?from?authoritarian?to?democratic?state …”

Repercussions of U. S. policies S. 57-58

„… . policiesArab?state’s?ability?to?adapt?to?Western?pressure?and?U.?S.?democracy?promoters’?negative?repercussions? in? the? region?are?understudied.103?As?noted?earlier …” „… ? strengthening? the? state? in?question.?Others,?who?are?more?skeptical?of …” „… ?top,?as?pursued?by?some?Arab?regimes,?have?a?positive?impact?on?the?political?equilibrium??Is?the?support …”

Increase in funding at the State Department and USAID S. 115-118

„… ?the?time?not?confrontational?(in?contrast?to?the?tone?experienced?in?Egypt)?but?rather?supportive?and?benevolent.Increase in funding at the State Department and USAIDIt? is? difficult? to? draw? meaningful? conclusions …” „… ?at?the?embassy?in?Rabat?suggested?this?fluctuation?can?be?explained?by?two?facts.?First,?Morocco?received?funding?from?MEPI?that?went?directly?into?projects?supported?by?USAID,?so?additional?bilateral?support …” „… ,”?Bureau?of ?Democracy,?Human?Rights,?and?Labor,?U.?S.?Department?of ?State,?May?23,?2008.2010 …”

Providing an intellectual framework S. 77-79

„… .C.?politicians?were?still?in?shock?about?the?terrorist?attacks.?Neoconservatives?were?among?the?first?to?present?an?explanation?as?to?why?the?U.?S.?had?been?attacked:?prior?weakness?and?U.?S.?support …” „… ? neoconservatives?ideas?and?assertive?realists?shared?a?certain?state-centric?view,?the?primary?focus?on?the?war?on?terror?started?with?tackling?states …” „… ?policies,?which?ought?to?advance?a?normative?vision?about?a?desired?state?of ?the?world.?They?framed?the?conflict?and?the?source?of …”

Implementation of new rationale S. 114-115

„… ?the?time?not?confrontational?(in?contrast?to?the?tone?experienced?in?Egypt)?but?rather?supportive?and?benevolent.Increase in funding at the State Department and USAIDIt? is? difficult? to? draw? meaningful? conclusions …” „… Morocco??Will?reforms?in?the?social?and?economic?realm?inevitably?lead?to?democratization??Can?reforms?from?the?top,?as?pursued?by?the?Moroccan?regime,?have?a?positive?impact?on?the?political?equilibrium??Is?the?support …” „… ?of ?civil?society?the?answer?to?diffusing?political?power??Should?the?U.S?help?by?modernizing?state?institutions??What?are?the?limits?of ? external? interventions??And? finally,? given? that? security? imperatives? remained?and? that …”

Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA) S. 96-97

„… ? supporting?the?status?quo?to?actively?elevating?democracy?promotion?much?higher?on?the?political?agenda.?MEPI’s?establishment?and?its?leading?figure?thus?symbolized?a?radical?departure?from?the?past.Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA)The?establishment?of ? the?Middle?East?Free?Trade?Area …” „… ?State,?http://2002-2009-mepi.state.gov/,?MEPI?FY?06?Actual,?$114?million,?FY08?Request?$75?million …” „… 10?Requst?$86?million?in:?Congressional?Budget?Justification?2008,?U.?S.?Department?of ?State …”

Democracy promotion as a means to fight the root causes of terrorism S. 150-152

„… ? the?Moroccan?Islamic?Combatant?Group?(GICM)?which?reportedly?seeks?to?establish?an?Islamic?state?in?Morocco?and?supports?Al-Qaida’s? jihad?against? the?West.?That?Moroccans?were?accused?of ?taking?part? in?the?planning?of …” „… ? made?policy?implementation?in?this?area?challenging.?Broadly?simplified,?some?at?the?State?Department?had?little?incentive?to?carry?out?policy?and?the?Pentagon?was?concerned?with?the?impact?of ?policy?on?wider?strategic?operational?goals,?which?for?most?of …” „… ? State,? March?2009.34? John?Entelis,?“The?Unchanging?Politics?of ?North?Africa,”?Middle East Policy,?Vol …”

Democracy promotion as a means to fight the root causes of terrorism S. 143-145

„… ,?there?was?a?major?emphasis?on?Morocco?in?U.?S.?policy.?During?this?time,?U.?S.-Moroccan?relations?intensified,?Morocco?seemed?like?a?good?role?model?for?the?region?it?could?absorb?funding?and?thus?became?a?doable?place? to? support?prior? reform?efforts.?However,?by?mid?2005,?U.?S …” „… ? ignore.?Many?government?officials,?especially?those?at?the?State?Department,?were?outraged?by?the?build-up?to?the?Iraq?war?and?thought?that?the?idea?of ?triggering?a?democratic?wave?in?the?Middle?East?was?simply?unrealistic.?Even?before?the?Iraq?war …” „… ?State,?Colin?Powell,?and?his?deputy?Richard?L.?Armitage,?and?other?senior?officials?at?the?State?Department?were?on?the?opposite?side?of ? numerous? issues? with? the? administration.16? Differences? between? the? State …”

Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative (BMENA) S. 97-98

„… .?The?idea?was?to?initiate?a?partnership?and?forum?for?exchange?and?cooperation?on?how?G8?and?Middle?Eastern?countries?could?best?work? together? to? support? reform? in …” „… ?that?instability?in?‘weak’?states?increasingly?represented?a?security?problem?for?the?U.?S.?At?the?Inter-American?Development?Bank?on?March?14,?2002?President?Bush?stated:“This growing divide between wealth and poverty, between …” „… governments fail to meet the most basic needs of their people, these failed states can become havens for …”

Issues of concern S. 59-61

„… Although?George?W.?Bush?promoted?disengagement?and?a?focus?on?the?U.?S.?national?interest,?he?was?cautious?not?to?support …” „… ? Cameron?Thies,?“Redefining?the?U.?S.?role?in?world?politics?for?the?twenty-first?century?”,?in?Tom?Lansford,?Bryan?Hilliard?and?Robert?Watson?(Eds.),?George W. Bush–Evaluating the President at midterm,?(Albany,?NY:?State?University?of ?New?York?Press …” „… ?how?to?influence?them?in?order?to?integrate?them?into?the?international?system?received?widespread?attention.?The?policy?focus?was?also?directed?towards?how?to?promote?change?in?so?called?‘rogue’?states?such?as?Iran,?Iraq,?Cuba?and?North?Korea.?The?future?of …”

U. S. exceptionalism S. 135-137

„… ?State …” „… ?that:?“Ultimately?the?best?strategy?to?ensure?our?security?and?to?build?durable?peace?is?to?support?the?advance?of ?democracy?elsewhere”.5?The?different?strands?of ?thinking?that?dominated?the?1990 …” „… ? President?Clinton’s?address?before?a?joint?session?of ?the?Congress?on?the?State?of ?the?Union,?January?25,?1994.2010_Diss_Nautre_Buch.indb 137 …”

Expectations of the role of outsiders S. 158-160

„… ? President?George?W.?Bush,?State?of ?the?Union?Address?on?February?2,?2005.2010_Diss_Nautre_Buch.indb 158 06.09.2010 15:36:26 …” „… ?civil?society-?in?particular?women-,?modernization?and?free?trade.?As?a?result,?in?the?first?years?following?the?terrorist?attacks,?so?as?to?compensate?for?the?regional?democratic?deficit,?a?major?emphasis?was?placed?on?the?support?of ?civil?society?and?organizing?elections.58Further,? initiatives?were?often?geared? towards? the …” „… ?civil?society?and?technical?steps?such?as?elections.?Legitimacy,?in?the?Middle?Eastern?context,?is?a?very?important?concept.?In?states?like?Morocco?or?Jordan,?the?king?58 …”

Contested development theories S. 113-114

„… Morocco??Will?reforms?in?the?social?and?economic?realm?inevitably?lead?to?democratization??Can?reforms?from?the?top,?as?pursued?by?the?Moroccan?regime,?have?a?positive?impact?on?the?political?equilibrium??Is?the?support …” „… ?of ?civil?society?the?answer?to?diffusing?political?power??Should?the?U.S?help?by?modernizing?state?institutions??What?are?the?limits?of ? external? interventions??And? finally,? given? that? security? imperatives? remained?and? that …” „… ?Several?U.?S.?programs?that?tentatively?supported?relatively?non-political?development?issues?were?already?in?place?prior?to?9/11.?The? terrorist? attacks? gave? further? impetus? to? the?need? for?political? reforms? in …”

NGOs and structural challenges S. 156-158

„… ,?a?survey?conducted?by?IRI?showed?that?the?PJD?would,?with?47?per?cent?support,?be?ahead?of ?all?other?parties.?The?survey?was?then?leaked?to?the?press.51 …” „… ? President?George?W.?Bush,?State?of ?the?Union?Address?on?February?2,?2005.2010_Diss_Nautre_Buch.indb 158 06.09.2010 15:36:26 Uhr …”

Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA) S. 104-105

„… ? Interviews?U.?S.?non-government?democracy?promoters,?Washington?D.C.?and?Rabat,?Morocco,?September?2007-May?2008.45? Middle? East? Partnership? Inititiative,? U.?S.? Department? of ? State,? http …” „… ://2002-2009-mepi.state.gov? and?Tamara?Cofman?Wittes?and?Sarah?E.?Yerkes,?What Price Freedom? Assessing the …” „… ?By?helping?elites?to?acquire?more?funds?to?‘appease’?their?population,?U.?S.?initiatives,?rather?than?helping?the?political?system?to?open?up,?are?possibly?helping?to?maintain?the?status?quo.48Furthermore,? the?concept?of ?rentier?states? that?are?mainly?dependent?on?their?oil …”

Asserting U. S. power S. 71-72

„… ?terrorists?acquiring?nuclear?or?chemical?weapons.?In?this?context,?foreign?policy?makers?focused?on?states?that?sponsored?terrorism?as?a?main?source?of ? threat.?Third,? the? terrorist?attacks?were? immediately?perceived …” „… ?any?lesson?was?to?be?learned,?it?was?that?the?U.?S.?should?not?hesitate?to?respond?vigorously?to?attacks?against?U.?S.?interests.As?a? result,?President?Bush?declared? in?his?State?of ? the?Union?address?on? January?29,?2002? that …” „… ?failing?states?in?the?Muslim?world.4?This?black?and?white?approach?and?interpretation?of …”

Expectations of the role of outsiders S. 49-51

„… ?democracy?in?the?Middle?East.?It?is?contended?here?that?debates?and?trends?are?not?static,?but?change?over?time.?Trends?range?from?focusing?on?elections?to?mainly?considering?the?role?of ?civil?society,?to?institution-building?and?strengthening?the? state? and? so? on.? What? works …” „… ?the?Cold?War?on?democracy?promotion?in?the?former?Soviet?states?than?spending?in?the?first?five?years?following?9/11?on?the?Middle?East.74 …” „… wing?the?democratic?breakthroughs?in?Eastern?European?states,?democratization?was?largely?seen?as?a?matter?of ?technique,?of ?procedure,?program?design?and?implementation.?The?assumption?that?“if …”

Focus on Great Powers and traditional security issues S. 61-63

„… ?how?to?influence?them?in?order?to?integrate?them?into?the?international?system?received?widespread?attention.?The?policy?focus?was?also?directed?towards?how?to?promote?change?in?so?called?‘rogue’?states?such?as?Iran,?Iraq,?Cuba?and?North?Korea.?The?future?of …” „… ?democracy?and?human?rights,?Rice?cautioned?“it?is?simply?not?possible?to?ignore?and?isolate?other?powerful?states?that?do?not?share?those?values”,?which?suggests?that?she?advocated?some?consistency?in?dealing?with?autocratic?states.17?She?mentioned?U.?S …” „… .?partners?in?the?Middle?East,?and?called?these?moderate?Arab?states …”

The Middle East and democracy promotion S. 63-64

„… ?democracy?and?human?rights,?Rice?cautioned?“it?is?simply?not?possible?to?ignore?and?isolate?other?powerful?states?that?do?not?share?those?values”,?which?suggests?that?she?advocated?some?consistency?in?dealing?with?autocratic?states.17?She?mentioned?U.?S …” „… .?partners?in?the?Middle?East,?and?called?these?moderate?Arab?states …” „… ? elections.?Traditionally,?American?presidents?have?supported?Woodrow?Wilson’s?view?that?the?U.?S.?should?seek?to?promote?its?values?abroad,?and?Bush?was?no?exception?in?this?respect.?He?argued?in?November?1999?that?America?gains?the?most?when?democracy?is?promoted?abroad.15 …”

Outlook S. 188-192

„… ?Arab?states.?Effective?democracy?promotion?ultimately?demands?a?closer?look?at?how?society?functions?in?Arab?states?and?how?citizens?participate? in?politics?beyond?the?Western?conception?of ?political?participation.5?Hence …” „… assessment,?United?States?Institute?of ?Peace,?August?2007.10? Ellen?Lust-Okar?and?Saloua?Zerhouni,?(Eds.),?Political participation in …” „… .?U.?S.?policy?makers?in?Rabat?also?addressed?previously?untouched?subjects,?initiated?a?Human?Rights? Dialogue? in? 2007? and? supported? democracy? promotion? activities? by? local …”

Diplomatic pressure S. 115

„… ?the?time?not?confrontational?(in?contrast?to?the?tone?experienced?in?Egypt)?but?rather?supportive?and?benevolent.Increase in funding at the State Department and USAIDIt? is? difficult? to? draw? meaningful? conclusions …” „… ,”?Bureau?of ?Democracy,?Human?Rights,?and?Labor,?U.?S.?Department?of ?State,?May?23,?2008.2010 …” „… ?press?freedom.?However,?since?the?shift?in?U.?S.?policy?on?democracy?promotion,?diplomats?reportedly?placed?greater?emphasis?on?issues?that?had?previously?been?neglected?or?deemed? less? important.?The?U.?S.? embassy? in?Rabat?for? instance? supported? the? highly …”

Weak political opposition S. 128-131

„… ? is? characterized?by? a? small? elite? and?privileged? state …” „… oppositionThe?king’s?power?structures?are?supported …”

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Elisabeth Schöndorf

Against the Odds

2011

Results in this title

Precarious Member State Support S. 47

„… Precarious Member State SupportBesides the challenges at the local level, a UN mission faces …” „… Head of DPKO, the support of member states to UNpeacekeeping is “brittle.”98 “The reserve of good will …” „… administration among United Nations Member States andwithin the Secretariat”96 exists. On that background, the …”

Ill-Structured Conditions S. 427-429

„… that couldcountervail the mission’s efficacy, and ambiguous member state support. The latterwas …” „… Well-educated diaspora elite International Political-Institutional Conditions Member State Support High …” „… , with diverse impacts. The memberstates’ ambiguous support of UN state-running operations furthered the …”

Pathologies and Coping S. 385-423

„… state support, rigid financing provisions, inadequate and slowrecruitment, and conflicts between goals …” „… headquarters.Demilitarization on HoldResulting from the ambiguous support of the powerful neighbor state …” „… . Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.407Ambiguous International (and Local) Support for …”

Ill-Structured Conditions: Challenges, Constraints, Dilemmas S. 380-385

„… Possible.”1595That being said, the support of the member states was ambiguous. This wasalready obvious in …” „… by the tightly knit knot of ambiguous member state support, rigid financing provisions, inadequate …” „… , UNTAET, New York, 18 September2006.382International SupportUNTAET enjoyed generally high political …”

Rules for United Nations Peace Operations S. 47-49

„… Precarious Member State SupportBesides the challenges at the local level, a UN mission faces …” „… Head of DPKO, the support of member states to UNpeacekeeping is “brittle.”98 “The reserve of good will …” „… administration among United Nations Member States andwithin the Secretariat”96 exists. On that background, the …”

Pathologies and Coping Strategies S. 205-239

„… state support of the transitional administration was alsoreflected by the deficient staffing process …” „… process, member states’ ambiguous support, and inflexible financial provisions, which all translated into …” „… , these important preconditions were: clear end status, comprehensive support from member states and …”

Stages and Actors S. 33-41

„… by a state or group of states acting jointly and without the authorization of theUnited Nations or a …” „… other ‘enemy states’) with Art. 107: ‘Nothing in the present Charter shall invalidate or preclude action …” „… , in relation to any state whichduring the Second World War has been an enemy of any signatory to the …”

Termination S. 348-380

„… outin the end was the political one, which had more powerful supporters.Eventually, UNTAET was extended …” „… Another major member state supporting mandate extension was Brazil. As said, the preferences were …” „… drafting of the new state’sconstitution. Second, it prepared the hand-over of specified military, police …”

Local Capacity S. 46-47

„… building functions in severalorganizations of the UN system.46Precarious Member State SupportBesides the …” „… violence has beenovercome, and that at least some rudimentary support for the mission is available.Local …” „… Member States andwithin the Secretariat”96 exists. On that background, the Secretariat is confrontedwith …”

Running the Mission S. 164-186

„… neighborhood support.Really important.680At the international level, UNTAES also organized donor cooperation …” „… keep the mission running, motivate, support, directand control his field staff, make strategic …” „… Serb and Croat bishops, tryingto get their support. In the end, however, it was not possible to bring …”

Ill-Structured Conditions: Challenges, Constraints and Dilemmas S. 202-205

„… . International support was inherently ambiguous. First, member states in general do not want the UNto routinely …” „… http://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Europe/Croatia/gdp-per-capita, last access on 15 March 2009.203International SupportAs indicated by the comprehensive and robust …” „… international support, as well as of sufficient but frequently inadequateresources and manpower. Typically for …”

Planning Process S. 102-111

„… post in the key position of the SRSG was influenced by theUnited States. Eventually, Jacques-Paul Klein …” „… Croatian authorities decided otherwise.” Ibid.103sistant Secretary of State for European and Canadian …” „… Affairs, Richard Holbrooke,and Secretary of State, Madeleine Albright, Jacques-Paul Klein,323 a career …”

Conclusion S. 449-454

„… powerful member states thathave an interest in the matter, agencies assisting in implementation, or local …” „… custodians of peace” – as a member state, a UN organ,field staff, or other cooperating organizations and …” „… support of Indonesia resembled a de facto “veto from within” that put UNTAET’s planning process on hold …”

Coping, Coping Fit, and Advantages S. 431-446

„… strategies.In Eastern Slavonia, a clear end status, comprehensive support and political willof member states …” „… member state awareness of the consequences of their ambiguous andinconsistent support. However, this …” „… states to spent moretime, money, and pay more attention, or by triggering organizational learning …”

Planning Process S. 264-284

„… Australia, which used diplomacy and its alliances to galvanize support for Timor-Leste.1022Early …” „… sensitive political point,from a very influential member state.”1025 Official involvement of East …” „… , forexample, US State Department officials told an official of the UN Department of Political Affairs that …”

Mandating UNTAES S. 98-102

„… 2008, p. 235. “The mission’s main supporter on the Council was the United States,even though the United …” „… theSerb Region. “[T]he quid pro quo between Tudjman and Milosevic signified anacceptance of the state of …” „… states:By the end of the transitional period, the region should be demilitarized and secureunder the …”

Political and Historical Context S. 27-33

„… phrases of “peace operations,” “peace support operations,” and “peace missions”refer synonymously to any …” „… the UN Charter.” UN Doc. A/47/277-S/2411, para. 20. Peaceenforcement can support peacemaking …” „… Implementation of the EU Special Support Programme for Peace and Reconciliation. Monaghan: ADM/CPA Peace …”

Implementation of the Mandate S. 302-333

„… institution- and state-building approach.That probably saved the mission from becoming a failure.The …” „… Technocratic ApproachThe big question was, when building a state from scratch, how does one prioritize?I wish I …” „… elections are not yet appropriated. Cf. Shain,Yossi and Linz, Juan J, eds. 1995. Between States: Interim …”

Pathologies and Accidents S. 429-431

„… the very “newness” of state-building from scratch.The principal-agent perspective is relevant to …” „… isobservable in diverse arenas, by diverse actors, with diverse impacts. The memberstates’ ambiguous support of …” „… UN state-running operations furthered the consequences of inadequate and under-qualified staff, and …”

Implementation of the Mandate S. 124-164

„… them and deploy them with some form of logistical support.” Coleiro2002, p. 95.423 Boothby 2004, p …” „… , they were the agents of state terror.” Telephone interview with Ambassador Jacques-Paul Klein, SRSG/TA …” „… July 2007. On this note, a further“support technique” for reconciliation was having the officers …”

Mandating UNTAET S. 261-264

„… new state. At the same time inNew York, pre-mandate planning was speeding up. The Secretary-General …” „… comprehensive peace- and state-building elements. Specifically, the objectiveswere(a) To provide security and …” „… delivery of humanitarian assistance, rehabilitation and development assistance;(e) To support …”

Negotiations to Reach the Erdut Agreement S. 93-98

„… needed to resolve the issue of Eastern Slavonia without further bloodshed. The United States were the …” „… peaceagreement. It is necessary to note, however, that foreign countries, and especially theUnited States, viewed …” „… Howard 2008, pp. 229-230.94Eastern Slavonia into Croatia.”284 But with the United States and large parts …”

Running the Mission S. 333-348

„… continuously enjoyed broad support as the resistance party, which was itsmajor asset.Still, Fretilin was …” „… – Vieira de Mello LinkWith CNRT’s non grata status and “[no] clear guidelines on the states of …” „… likethat. It was like, ‘Member state x is willing to do that – so fit it in.’”1393 Anotherfield for …”

Contrasting the Transitional Managements of UNTAES and UNTAET S. 424-427

„… ambiguous member state support. The latterwas particularly eminent in the East Timor case. UNTAET also …” „… a short-term “getting-things-fone” approach may clash with the supporters of a longer-term …” „… war-tornterritory and needs their support to implement the mission’s comprehensive mandate, thus relying much more …”

Deployment S. 288-302

„… well as the state system and its supporting arrangements, thus, as an exit-strategy,the UN mission will …” „… logistic and security support. Civilian-militarycoordination units have been established in Darwin and Dili …” „… . A Humanitarian OperationsCentre has been established in Dili to support the activities of United …”

Coping Strategies S. 66-75

„… and the Politics of theState. Paper presented at Conference on New Institutionalism, 14-15 October …” „… judgment does not support thecourse of action he initially prefers; re-examines the positive and negative …” „… existence […] either by theobjective inducements it provides or by changing states of mind. […] We shall …”

Summary and Assessment S. 284-288

„… are essential factorswhen it comes to establishing and running their own, newly created state – but …” „… Force: Comparing Experiences with Post-Conflict StateBuilding in Asia and Europe: The Cases of East …” „… 2006.285build a state from scratch. This was a task that the UN had never taken on before.Furthermore …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… Precarious Member State Support2.3 47Rules for United Nations Peace Operations2.4 47Capacities for United …” „… Perspective: Complex UN Peace Operations aspathological OrganizationsIII.42State of the Art1. 42 …” „… Expansion of the State-BuildingApproach: Timorization3.2.2308Building Public Authorities3.2.3 313Summary and …”

Excursus: An Alternative Concept of “Success” S. 446-449

„… , there are the interestsof the member states.”1711 An intergovernmental organization like the UN can …” „… eachof these.5.1710 The recent strategy papers of the UN, the EU, as well as of the United States …” „… United Nations Peace Operations;”United States of America, “The National Security Strategy of the United …”

Bound to Fail? Inherent Problems of UN Peace Operations S. 19-23

„… administration among United Nations Member States and within the Secretariat […].”2IntroductionWhen in September …” „… broad political support and abundant resources, UN-TAET was close to becoming a failure early on.I.2 …” „… , Rotberg, Robert. 2003. When States Fail. Causes and Consequences. Princeton:Princeton University Press.5 …”

History of the Region S. 81-87

„… United States in particular provided comprehensive political and financial support for UNTAES …” „… international community got involved, under the leadership of theUnited States, did the conflict move towards a …” „… . Theprominent interest of the United States to have a success story was reflected in theIV.228 For a detailed …”

Indonesian Occupation S. 243-246

„… mountainous hideouts.The occupation proceeded with the assistance of former UDT supporters and undertacit …” „… international approval, most infamously by Portugal and the UnitedStates.937 In 1976, Timor Timur, as the …” „… support.’”946 In addition to general warfare, the Indonesian occupation was marked by frequent outbursts …”

Bibliography S. 457-481

„… Implementation of the EU Special SupportProgramme for Peace and Reconciliation. Monaghan: ADM/CPA Peace …” „… IGOs, NGOs, and the Military in Peace and Relief Operations. Washington, DC: United States Institute of …” „… Building and StateBuilding in East Timor. Jakarta: Centre for Strategic and International Studies, pp …”

Referendum and Renewed Outbursts of Violence S. 255-261

„… transitional administration should prepare theTimorese for building a new state.988Referendum and Renewed …” „… the United States had not stepped up to try to stop theviolence, Berger said, ‘You know, my daughter …” „… once,’ he urged in a senior staffmeeting, ‘let’s allow the states on the Council to make the wrong …”

Termination S. 186-202

„… it. With careful coordination of support, this option was settledupon in late 1996. As of April 1997 …” „… the course of the transition, the local Serbs in Eastern Slavonia also lostthe support from the …” „… theCouncil to send a strong, explicit signal to Croatia that it had to support the UNmission.767 The …”

Deployment S. 113-124

„… months, the Mission did not have a chieffinance officer. The main body of the integrated support services …” „… now dealing with the Croatian state and governmentin Zagreb. So, if you look at the balance of power …” „… resolute in not providing support to alleviate the situation of the Serbian refugees in the region, as an …”

Organizational Pathologies S. 52-66

„… .’ 157A virulent manifestation of ambiguous international support was the‘Chinese Chapter VII’ provision …” „… the principals, such as powerfulmember states who are not interested in ceding (too much, in their …” „… . Ikenberry, G. John. 1994. History's Heavy Hand: Institutions and the Politics of theState. Paper presented …”

Summary and Assessment S. 251-252

„… system in the independent state-to-come.976 The same holdstrue for economic and commercial expertise …” „… running a state, not to mention running a state democratically, “from which the UN administration …” „… activein the region for almost forty years and who had supported the cause of the EastTimorese. The peace …”

UN Engagement for East Timor prior to 1999 S. 252-254

„… system in the independent state-to-come.976 The same holdstrue for economic and commercial expertise …” „… running a state, not to mention running a state democratically, “from which the UN administration …” „… activein the region for almost forty years and who had supported the cause of the EastTimorese. The peace …”

Nationalist Tensions and Conflict Leading to UN Intervention S. 87-90

„… territories a single associated state. The“Republika Srpska Krajina,” self-proclaimed in 1991, included the …” „… numbers are taken from a power point presentation (“UNTAES”) about the state of themission by SRSG Klein …” „… , occupying more andmore territories that were formally Croat-controlled. Supported by atrocities committed by …”

Topography and History of the Region S. 240-243

„… the colonized and suppressed people of East Timor for independence oftheir newly created state …” „… the international community at large was supportive of the mission.Like UNTAES, UNTAET was a …” „… elites, in the main being mestizos of Portuguese origin, who “supported continued association with …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845229454

James V. Koch - The Impoverishment of the American College Student

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James V. Koch

The Impoverishment of the American College Student

2019

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Declining State Support for Education and What It Means for America S. 149-160

„… 149SEVENDeclining State Support for Education and What It Means for Amer i caLook around and tell …” „… me. Did declining state support force us to play Division I basketball? Did the legislature require …” „… to remain unnamed, 2016Let’s borrow a legal term and “stipulate” that real state financial support …”

A Closer Look at Redistributive Student Pricing S. 93-130

„… :• its overall financial resources, including especially the volume of its state general fund support and …” „… universities is the size of the general fund tax support they receive from their state governments.Within …” „… the deleterious effects of falling state general fund support on net prices. We will examine this …”

Cross-Subsidies and Affordability in Public Higher Education S. 69-92

„… state general fund tax support, tax preferences, gifts from pri-vate donors, and grant support for …” „… - tuition institutions is that the levels of state general fund tax support per student they receive are …” „… op-portunity to all segments of a state’s population requires institutions to admit and support some talented …”

Parsing the Evidence and Evaluating Solutions to the College Cost Crisis S. 211-244

„… segments of the economy.• Real state financial support per student has declined in a large major-ity of …” „… . Institutions have responded by raising tu-ition and fees to make up for the reduction in state support …” „… enrollment, state general fund tax support for public higher education rose 17.7 percent. However, dur-ing this …”

College Endowments and Tuition: Should There Be a Tighter Connection? S. 131-148

„… undergraduate student, while California State University at Chico had $3,401 per FTE undergraduate …” „… UWright S UPittsburg S UIndiana U PaCal State ChicoRadford UU Central MissouriU Central OklaRhode Island C …” „… . Eminent Professorship in Medicine).3 The funds that support these professorships usu-ally cannot be used …”

William Bennett's Gauntlet: Is the Federal Government Part of the Problem? S. 161-176

„… student financial aid changes; (2) generally declining state financial support; (3) rising college gradu …” „… shouldn’t states diminish their tax support for their public colleges and universities if the feds are …” „… then United States Secretary of Education William Bennett. In a memorable essay published in the New …”

The Spiraling Costs of Higher Education S. 1-24

„… :• Reduced state financial support is a major cause, perhaps the major cause, of tuition and fee price …” „… inflation at four- year public colleges and universities, but reduced state support cannot account for the …” „… state financial support, many well- regarded public universities now prefer to enroll out- of- state …”

Bowen's Rule: Faculty Activity, Administrative Bloat, Amenities , and Mission and Curriculum Creep S. 195-210

„… deny that real state financial support per student for public higher education not only has been …” „… quality at the margin. Administra-tors, alumni, and friends may advocate high fees to support their …” „… Madison University imposed upon its in- state undergraduates in 2016–17, or the $3,813 in fees that the …”

Index S. 263-0

„… ; state general fund support for, 99, 99fIncome: cross- subsidies based on, 38–39, 47, 75–76; earnings …” „… , 116–18; revenue from differential financial aid policies, 116, 117t; state general fund support for …” „… policies, 118, 119–20t; state general fund support for, 99, 99fUndergraduate students: administrative staff …”

Preface

„… Endowments and Tuition: Should There 131 Be a Tighter Connection? 7 Declining State Support for Education …” „… States. A uni-versity education has been a very impor tant means by which generations of individuals have …” „… enrollment has fallen six years in a row in the United States, and students and their families have …”

The Student Fallback Options: Loans and Debt S. 25-50

„… Impoverishment of the American College Student40 high- state- support- per- student campuses of the University of …” „… house hold income has become less equal in the United States. To wit, between 2007 and 2015, the average …” „… rising college costs and burdensome student debt. It is they whose presence at many flagship state …”

Notes S. 245-262

„… Kapsidelis, “Colleges’ Spending, Not Just Decreased State Support, Have Spurred Tuition Increases, Panel …” „… , “Colleges’ Spending, Not Just Decreased State Support, Have Spurred Tuition Increases, Panel Hears …” „… Higher Education in Virginia, “2016–17 Tuition and Fees at Virginia’s State- Supported Colleges and …”

A Rising Flood of Student Indebtedness S. 51-68

„… as that at Purdue University• enhance state general fund support for higher education, including …” „… 2017.$8,890$9,000$11,400$12,750$14,940$2,000$4,000$6,000$8,000$10,000$12,000$14,00096–9797–9898–9999–0000–0101–0202–0303–0404–0505–0606–0707–0808–0909–1010–1111–1212–1313–1414–1515–1616–1717–18The average real net price paid by an in-state studentto attend a four-year public institution for …” „… apartment in the future. In some states, default can lead to revocation of professional licenses, and …”

Baumol, Bowen, and the Overworked String Quartet Simile S. 177-194

„… apocryphal— but perhaps not. A state legislator asks a faculty member how much he teaches, and the faculty …” „… . Flagship state universities are no exception.*This be hav ior, however, leads us to an in ter est ing and …” „… intellectual roots of the United States Bill of Rights can be captured and made available to future students …”

doi.org/10.5771/9780815732624

Rolf Frankenberger, Elena Chernenkova - Local Politics in a Comparative Perspective

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Rolf Frankenberger (ed.), Elena Chernenkova (ed.)

Local Politics in a Comparative Perspective

Series: Schriftenreihe des Europäischen Zentrums für Föderalismus-Forschung Tübingen (EZFF)

Volume 49 2017

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Elena Chernenkova Several Directions of State Support for Socially-Oriented NGOs in the Municipalities of the Republic of Karelia S. 187-200

„… Directions of State Support for Socially-Oriented NGOs in the Municipalities of the Republic of Karelia …” „… Elena Chernenkova Abstract: The article discusses various forms of state support for socially-oriented …” „… informational support for state-civil society communication. The promotion of these principles to the regional …”

Varvara Inozemtseva Expert Communities and the State. Experience from the Republic of Karelia S. 173-186

„… formation of a modern system of state-society communication, created new conditions for state support to …” „… 173 Expert Communities and the State. Experiences from the Republic of Karelia Varvara …” „… of the decision-making officials and state bodies, as well as on the factors that influence the …”

Anastasia Lesik Social Partnership in the Sphere of Legal Awareness of Socially-Oriented NGOs. The Experience of Petrozavodsk S. 231-238

„… organizations are operating at all power levels in Russia: The state program “Social Support for Citizens” runs …” „… state support for socially-oriented NGOs), at the federal and regional levels”. Thus, the regional …” „… - 12 One of the major mechanisms of state support for the non-profit organizations in Russia is …”

Daniel Buhr Innovation by Participation – Quadruple Helix of a Welfare State S. 115-130

„… support for the actors under various forms; State aid and tax policy; Public procurement; Regulation …” „… support for family members. The social-democratic welfare state is based on the value of equality. It is …” „… Participation – Quadruple Helix of a Welfare State Daniel Buhr Abstract: Innovation is driven by people …”

Nikolay Oskin Some Practices of the Karelian Resource Center of NGOs: Success Brings Experience, Activity and Interaction S. 215-230

„… inter-ethnic relations, social support and cross-border cooperation. Keywords: Civil Society Institution …” „… officials and business elites that recognizes the value of the “third sector” and supports it as an …” „… leading lawyers from Moscow. In 2007, our organization worked on the project “Development of the Support …”

Yulija A. Petrovskaya Innovative Technologies and Social Participation as Factors of Social Well-Being S. 131-138

„… of the Concept. Elena Chernenkova examines in the article “On State Support of Socially Oriented …” „… State Support of Social Oriented NGO in Municipalities of Republic of Karelia, Government, №5, pp. 38-41 …” „… level and quality of life or the perfection of the state management system but is also dependent on …”

Svetlana Rozhneva Discourses on the “National Idea” in Political Party Programs. The Case of the Republic of Karelia S. 65-76

„… , the discourse of the nation idea are used in promoting its value for the state citizens. In addition …” „… , national Idea, political party program, nation, patriotism, unity, strong state More liberal party …” „… those that have started registering since 2012) do not have any stable social support, and are not …”

Elena Chernenkova, Rolf Frankenberger Introduction S. 11-18

„… , Donald 2014: The Oxford Handbook of State and Local Government, Oxford; Baldersheim, Harald/Wollmann …” „… local politics and political culture are shaped in multi-level governance, how state-society relations …” „… state-society relations and NGOs and ending up with international relations in local politics. In the first …”

Natalya Lavrushina Cultural and Social Exchange as a Vital of Citizen Participation. Petrozavodsk’s View S. 239-248

„… of governments and states. The 20th century seriously changed communication between states and …” „… Science, Petrozavodsk State University, Petrozavodsk State Conservatory, and many NGOs play a very active …” „… Petrozavodsk State University. At the same time, the Tübingen “West – Ost” society and Petrozavodsk City …”

Daniel Buhr The LebensPhasenHaus. Innovation by Participation in Practice S. 139-150

„… welfare-states. A rapidly ageing population has dramatically increased demands on health and care services as …” „… functional states experienced by older people. As the evidence shows, the loss of ability typically …” „… the fact that almost every welfare state has problems in finding and financing professional …”

Rolf Frankenberger, Daniel Buhr “Lifeworld”, Democracy and the Creation of Social Trust S. 43-58

„… or less (or not) addressed by and in support of the polity. Thus, it makes a difference with whom …” „… factors for the evaluation of the state of democracy. From a systems perspective, political culture is …” „… diffuse and specific support for institutions, processes and role takers within western democracies …”

Gleb O. Yarovoy, Elena Yu. Tsumarova The Institution of Public Heraings in the City of Petrozavodsk S. 163-172

„… of a certain municipality. The paper discusses the current state of public hearings in city of …” „… is the only form of government that implies participation of people in managing state affairs …” „… the moment, the states offer their citizens a variety of ways and channels of communication with state …”

Marina S. Gvozdeva, Inna V. Kreneva, Olga A. Veselovskaya Sister City Collaboration as an Added Value for a University. A Case Study of Petrozavodsk S. 255-264

„… , Petrozavodsk State Unviersity and other stakeholders. The article elaborates on the formats and best practices …” „… partners and experts, learn in the course of cross-cultural interaction to state their position and to …” „… Petrozavodsk by the former chairman of the NGO Ernst-Moritz Friedrich. An invaluable support came to the …”

Yelena Antoshko State-Society Cooperation in Improving the Quality of Social Services at the Municipal Level S. 201-214

„… 201 State-Society Cooperation in Improving the Quality of Social Services at the Municipal Level …” „… public control that ensures sustainable development of state-society cooperation, in order to improve …” „… the quality of social services and the quality of life in general. Keywords: State …”

Martin Große Hüttmann Understanding Multi-Level Governance. The Example of Migration Policy and Integration Management in Germany S. 35-42

„… overstrained without the support and cooperation of non-state actors like civil society and non-governmental …” „… . Interdependencies between the Federal Republic, the 16 Federal states and the municipalities underwent extreme …” „… difficulties and different practices in the federal states, the federal system of Germany proved to be …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-10

„… -SOCIETY-RELATIONS AND NGOS IN LOCAL POLITICS Several Directions of State Support for Socially-Oriented NGOs in the …” „… Karls University and Petrozavodsk State University for supporting the project. Special thanks go to …” „… both cities, Eberhard Karls University and Petrozavodsk State University. Starting from a study on …”

Stephan Klingebiel Cultural and Social Exchange as a Vital Part of Citizen Participation. The Tübingen View S. 249-254

„… , RGRE).3 In contrast to the IBU they promoted federal European States and therefor tried to use town …” „… Development supports municipalities in Germany with their new responsibility of development cooperation.11 The …” „… so called “Service Agency Communities in One World”12 actively supports projects of development …”

Alexander Ilyin Petrozavodsk Citizens‘ Attitude towards the Activities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Karelia S. 103-114

„… reported on the growth of organized crime in Russia and on the helplessness of the state in the face of …” „… criminal threat. 1 Mass media frequently covered the penetration of criminality in the state and in the …” „… to maintain peace and order. The society and the state authority were confronted with a critical …”

Gertrud van Ackern, Rolf Frankenberger Political Participation in Local Politics. The Case of Tübingen S. 151-162

„… people in their role as citizens, is voluntary and deals with „government, politics or the state in a …” „… last but not least enhances input and output legitimacy of the political system, as support for …” „… Tübingen, the system of multi-level governance includes the local (municipality), regional (federal state …”

Rolf Frankenberger Does the Systematic Environment Matter? Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Comparing Local Politics across World Regions S. 19-34

„… these responsibilities.2 Meanwhile the Charter has been ratified by all member states of the European …” „… “parochial subject culture” is characterized by a large distance between state and citizens whereas the …” „… support, in: British Journal of Political Science, 1975, 5. Vol., No. 4, pp. 435-457. 23 Pickel …”

Oleg Tolstoguzov, Maria Pitukhina Sustainability of Social Relations: Internal and External Factors S. 89-102

„… regional studies is to monitor the state of public opinion on topical issues, which in turn is an …” „… data of the territorial body of the Federal State Statistics Service in the Republic of Karelia was …” „… (Leningrad region), 10,227 (Murmansk region), 5,867 (Moscow), 4,916 (Moscow region) (State Statistics …”

Rolf Frankenberger, Daniel Buhr Political Life Worlds in Baden-Württemberg S. 77-88

„… Baden-Wuerttemberg as a traditionally conservative German federal state demands for more participation occur in …” „… this shift, can just partly be supported.26 Just a small proportion of the interviewees fundamentally …” „… participate little. The finding of heterogeneity in the small political life worlds is supported by the fact …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845282213

Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung, Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung - Transforming Fragile States - Examples of Practical Experience

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Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (ed.), Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (ed.)

Transforming Fragile States - Examples of Practical Experience

2007

Results in this title

Nicole Rudner Transformation of Financial Cooperation in a Recovering State: Support for Peace Consolidation and Pro-Poor Growth in Sierra Leone S. 47-58

„… 47 Transformation of Financial Cooperation in a Recovering State: Support for Peace Consolidation …” „… Financial Cooperation supports the next step in peace consolidation and state-building is described in …” „… was widely regarded as a failed state. A massive UN peacekeeping mission managed to demobilise the …”

Sabine Wenz Supporting Equal Chances for Women in a Fragile State: Yemen S. 162-175

„… 162 Supporting Equal Chances for Women in a Fragile State: Yemen Sabine Wenz1 1. Characteristics …” „… of the Yemeni state As has been analysed in detail elsewhere,2 Yemen has several of the …” „… characteristics of a fragile state due to its delayed and incomplete state-building. In its current form …”

Susanne Dorasil The World Bank’s Approach to Fragile States: Overview and Challenges S. 273-286

„… . Evaluation of the World Bank’s support While staff was further developing the approach to fragile states …” „… Executive Directors, to evaluate the World Bank’s support to fragile states. IEG presented the approach …” „… state, the evaluation found weaknesses in design and implementation of the support. For instance, the …”

Noha El-Mikawy, Lincoln A. Mitchell Challenges of Supporting Democratic Governance in Fragile Contexts – UNDP S. 287-302

„… international Fragile States.indd 288 02.08.2007 10:17:19 289 community to provide support in …” „… democratic governance in fragile contexts Years ago, support to states in a fragile context was largely …” „… comparative advantage of UNDP as a partner for technical assistance and support for democratic governance …”

Bernadette Schulz Promoting Regional Organisations as a Contribution to Stabilising Fragile States S. 199-221

„… situations in and between member states. It is therefore prepared to provide far-reaching support to the …” „… prevent the deterioration of relatively stable states into fragile states. Supporting the African …” „… 199 Section 3: Regional Approaches to Stabilisation Fragile States.indd 199 02.08.2007 …”

Gerald Schmitt Cameroon’s Political Fragility and Contributions to Crisis Prevention by German Technical Cooperation S. 59-70

„… support. Fragile States.indd 59 02.08.2007 10:17:05 60 1. Is Cameroon a fragile state? Taking stock …” „… Cooperation Gerald Schmitt1 Summary Should we class Cameroon as a potentially fragile state and therefore …” „… sector support programmes and a shared approach to public fi nance management. Cameroon’s relatively …”

Axel Harneit-Sievers Bridging Some of the Gaps: Inter-Religious and Inter-Ethnic Dialogues in Nigeria S. 140-151

„… for support from Fragile States.indd 148 02.08.2007 10:17:10 149 the LGA administration. The …” „… support and supervision. Between 1998 and 2002, the United States Agency for International Development …” „… public sphere. At the same time, various activities initiated and supported by Fragile States.indd 149 …”

Ahmed Abdullahi, Roman Poeschke, Günter Wessel Fostering the State’s Capacity to Act: Observations and Experiences from South Somalia S. 71-79

„… which community to support, or who to employ as national staff. Fragile States.indd 77 02.08.2007 …” „… 71 Fostering the State’s Capacity to Act: Observations and Experiences from South Somalia Ahmed …” „… Abdullahi,1 Roman Poeschke,2 Günter Wessel3 1. Somalia as a fragile state: Some observations Fragile states …”

Stephan Klingebiel Academic Assessment: The Case Studies in the Light of the International Conceptual Debate S. 319-330

„… Bank Support to Low-Income Countries Under Stress. Fragile States.indd 327 02.08.2007 …” „… development cooperation always supports a pro- development and functioning state as a matter of principle.15 …” „… affected, for their region and for international security. This is why fragile states are now a key …”

Ulrike Ebeling, Thomas Kampffmeyer, Armin K. Nolting, Roman Poeschke Capacity Development in Fragile States S. 303-318

„… .2 The support of the development of the capacities of fragile states will focus on overcoming …” „… , social institutions that support trust and solidarity can, to a certain degree. Strengthening the state …” „… understandable and justifi ed. Fragile States.indd 312 02.08.2007 10:17:20 313 Support towards long-term …”

Christian Dick, Dominik Meier Regional Approaches to Stabilisation: Stabilising the Neighbourhood – Europe’s Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe S. 242-260

„… in Eastern Europe in 1989/90 confronted the West with the emergence of a number of new nation states …” „… stable and well-integrated state, and the armed confl ict between the Albanian minority and the Slav …” „… predicaments are resolved, it will be impossible to transform the fragile states in SEE into stable and …”

Rüdiger Blumör Promoting Marginalised Children and Youth in Fragile States – Lessons Learnt from Sierra Leone S. 176-198

„… well as of education and youth. Fragile States.indd 194 02.08.2007 10:17:13 195 (1) Support for …” „… 176 Promoting Marginalised Children and Youth in Fragile States: Lessons Learnt from Sierra Leone …” „… services is of crucial importance in fragile states. We will select and outline the central aspects of …”

Annette Schwarzbauer Supporting a Constitutional Reform Process in Bolivia S. 104-116

„… Bolivian state: supporting Bolivia’s constitutional reform process The KAS Country Programme Bolivia …” „… Bolivia, along with Poland, and both countries were distinguished as model states that had successfully …” „… fragile states, certain characteristics become apparent that put Bolivia on a list of states showing …”

Sabine Kurtenbach, Petra Riedle, Michael Rösch Promoting Collaboration between the State and Civil Society in Colombia S. 125-139

„… 125 Promoting Collaboration between the State and Civil Society in Colombia Sabine Kurtenbach,1 …” „… authors of the Failed States Index have classifi ed Colombia as a “failed state”. In the summer of 2005 …” „… to 27th place on the list, thus almost leaving the group of states in the red alert zone. Colombia …”

Gisela Hayfa Promoting Effective Governance: The Challenge Facing Technical Cooperation in Afghanistan S. 33-46

„… Fragile States.indd 45 02.08.2007 10:17:04 46 development partners only providing support. Ownership …” „… 33 Section 1 Strengthening the State’s Legitimacy and the State’s Capacity to Act Fragile …” „… States.indd 33 02.08.2007 10:17:03 34 Fragile States.indd 34 02.08.2007 10:17:03 35 Promoting …”

Ludgera Klemp, Adolf Kloke-Lesch Taking on Responsibility in Situations of Fragile Statehood and Poor Government Performance S. 20-32

„… that circumvent the state’s fi nancial administration. The aim of cooperation is to support …” „… order to support positive trends. Fragile States.indd 27 02.08.2007 10:17:03 28 Conduct in …” „… therefore provide special support for the reconstruction of state structures. In extreme cases, state …”

Gerald Duda Regional Approaches to Stabilisation: The International Conference on the Great Lakes S. 222-241

„… , Namibia and Zimbabwe supporting Kabila’s government. Although the states and non-state actors involved …” „… representations in most of the member states. As a specifi c and innovative element in supporting the IC/GLR …” „… states in the Great Lakes Region (GLR) are deeply embroiled in a complex crisis situation, which, on …”

Dorothee Klüppel, Cora Laes-Fettback, Michael Hippler Development Cooperation in a Pre-State: Experiences from South Sudan S. 152-161

„… supported: Fragile States.indd 160 02.08.2007 10:17:11 161 All stakeholders involved – local, national …” „… 152 Development Cooperation in a Pre-State: Experiences from South Sudan Dorothee Klüppel,1 Cora …” „… Laes-Fettback,2 Michael Hippler3 1. Introduction 1.1 Short history Sudan is the largest territorial state of …”

Matthias Ries Small Weapons Control and Peacebuilding in Cambodia S. 117-124

„… 117 Section 2: Promoting Human Rights and Buttressing Social Cohesion Fragile States.indd 117 …” „… 02.08.2007 10:17:08 118 Fragile States.indd 118 02.08.2007 10:17:08 119 Small Weapons Control and …” „… Conference most member states therefore agreed that progress in economic growth and effective poverty …”

Annette Bremer, Katharina Hübner-Schmid, Sonja Vorwerk-Halve Coordinated Instruments to Respond to Situations of Risk in a Fragile State: Nepal S. 91-103

„… 91 Coordinated Instruments to Respond to Situations of Risk in a Fragile State: Nepal Sonja …” „… fragile state due to the violent confl ict between the Maoists and the Royal Nepal Army and Government …” „… the light of the past decade of violent confl ict, Nepal might be termed a “fragile state”. State …”

Stefanie Hanke Promoting Democracy in a Fragile Political Environment: The Case of Madagascar S. 80-90

„… the country to the brink of civil war. He decreed a state of emergency throughout the country and …” „… . Fragile States.indd 80 02.08.2007 10:17:06 81 older people, fell prey to an infl uenza epidemic, the …” „… state structure to chaotic conditions and crumbling state structures. And it is clear that the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-4

„… states. Above all, however, they demonstrate how development cooperation can help support transition …” „… Tr an sf or m in g Fr ag ile S ta te s Transforming Fragile States – Examples of Practical …” „… disproportionately hard. The United Nations sees these states as the single most serious risk to peace and security …”

Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul Foreword S. 5-10

„… contributions highlight the role of multilateral efforts to coordinate international support to fragile states …” „… Afghanistan 35 by Gisela Hayfa Transformation of Financial Cooperation in a Recovering State: Support for …” „… States.indd 7 02.08.2007 10:17:01 8Supporting a Constitutional Reform Process in Bolivia 104 by Annette …”

Karim Morcos, Anne Friederike Röder The OECD’s Work on Fragile States and Situations S. 261-272

„… can assist and support state-building, ultimately the process of state-building needs to be …” „… 261 Section 4: Supporting Fragile States through Multilateral Organisations Fragile States …” „… .indd 261 02.08.2007 10:17:17 262 Fragile States.indd 262 02.08.2007 10:17:17 263 The OECD’s Work on …”

Marina Ottaway Development Cooperation in Fragile States S. 11-19

„… 11 Development Cooperation in Fragile States Marina Ottaway1 The problem of fragile states has …” „… problems of fragile states abound, lasting solutions remain elusive. Fragile states tend to remain …” „… fragile despite the help they receive, rarely graduating to the status of fully functioning states …”

Contributors S. 343-350

„… effectiveness in fragile states. Dr. Armin K. Nolting is Governance Advisor in the German Support Programme to …” „… project supporting democracy and decentralisation. Fragile States.indd 347 02.08.2007 10:17:27 348 …” „… Kings College (London, UK). She served as Private Secretary to the State Secretary of BMZ (Berlin …”

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