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Robert H. Watrel, Kimberly Johnson Maier, Ryan Weichelt, Fiona M. Davidson, John Heppen, Erin H. Fouberg, J. Clark Archer, Richard Morrill, Fred M. Shelley, Kenneth C. Martis - Atlas of the 2020 Elections

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Robert H. Watrel (ed.), Kimberly Johnson Maier (ed.), Ryan Weichelt (ed.), Fiona M. Davidson (ed.), John Heppen (ed.), Erin H. Fouberg (ed.), J. Clark Archer (ed.), Richard Morrill (ed.), Fred M. Shelley (ed.), Kenneth C. Martis (ed.)

Atlas of the 2020 Elections

2022

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8: State Elections, Local Elections, S. 240-274

„… APERSISTENCE AND CHANGE IN STATE AND LOCAL ELECTIONS, 2020RICHARD L. MORRILLAlthough media and voter attention …” „… were state senate elections for that senate district. In 2016, 33,655 votes were cast for state senate …” „… . Voting Data for Minneapolis is available from the Minnesota Secretary of State at https://election …”

Preface

„… (epub)Subjects: LCSH: Presidents—United States—Election—2020—Maps. | Elections—United States …” „… —Maps. | Elections—United States—Statistics—Maps. | Voting—United States—Maps. | Political campaigns—United …” „… . Outcomes 57Results of the 2020 Presidential Election at the State and County Levels 57John Heppen, Fred M …”

11: Technical Issues, Data, and Mapping S. 292-298

„… the US Constitution requires elec-toral votes from each state in each presidential election to be …” „… United States as a whole. Recent presidential elections have been held under federal statutes that …” „… reflecting the compound republic features of federal elections there is very little uniformity from one state …”

4: Outcomes S. 57-120

„… ▼▼▼▼n 57 n4 O U T C O M E SRESULTS OF THE 2020 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION AT THE STATE AND COUNTY …” „… Democratic candi-dates in recent elections, with Biden carrying the Northeast and the Pacific Coast states …” „… considered the most iconic in a swing state in a swing election.Examination of maps of state- and county …”

9: Postelection Events S. 275-287

„… , and Arizona will be the key in future elections.TABLE 9.2. State Reapportionments in the …” „… nationally watched special elec-tion in the state’s Sixth Congressional District. As a candidate, Ossoff …” „… Secretary of State 2021) demonstrates that the contours of the special election were similar to the November …”

7: Congressional Elections and S. 202-239

„… Cunning-ham throughout suburban areas of the state. He lost the election 48.7 percent to 46.9 percent …” „… American reservations in the northern and eastern areas of the state.As this was a special election, Mark …” „… observ-ers describe the state as “increasingly divided” with 2020 characterized by “fractured local elections …”

1: Introduction S. 1-3

„… impact COVID-19 had on state primary elections.i N T R O d u C T i O N n 3Chapter 3 focuses on the …” „… Joseph R. Biden won the 2020 presidential election by carrying twenty- seven states and the Second …” „… 69.5 million votes. The 2020 election came down to a few key swing and tipping- point states including …”

6: Demographics and Identity S. 146-201

„… religion in voting pat-terns in the 2020 presidential election.POPULATION SIZECounties in the United States …” „… voting trends among Hispanic subgroups across the United States, the 2020 presidential election offered …” „… elec-tion across numerous states, Hispanic voters pro-vided key votes for each candidate. Although the …”

index S. 299-306

„… Elections, 129; divided state and local elections, 240; flipped counties, 109, 110, 111; gender gap, 185 …” „… , 118; voting trends in 2020 election, 174–77Historical Atlas of State Power in Congress, 1790–1990, 284 …” „… for, 66, 258; flipped regions and, 57, 109; GA votes in 2012 election, 129–30; OH, carrying the state …”

5: Regions S. 121-145

„… so often have done in recent presidential elections, Biden- Harris generally won states that have …” „… Rates. United States Elections Project. December 7, http://www .electproject .org/2020g (last accessed …” „… 5.1. West Virginia Presidential Vote, 1988–2020ElectionPercent Democrat VoteRank in States in Democrat …”

3: The Campaign S. 24-56

„… , home to his campaign headquarters and a vital swing state in the general election, as well as …” „… Election Commission, Biden 2020). For Biden, it was these battleground states, especially Arizona, Georgia …” „… summed over all states together has profound con-sequences for the conduct of a presidential election …”

10: The 2020 Election and Beyond S. 288-291

„… States at the same rate and the same time. Quadren-nial elections reveal that truism. Both change and …” „… ▼▼▼▼n 288 n10 T H E 2 0 2 0 E L E C T I O N A N D B E Y O N DTHE 2020 ELECTION: LOOKING BEYOND …” „… election as an LNO (like none other) phenomenon. This is not only because of the “topsy- turvyness” of the …”

2: Primary Elections S. 4-23

„… most populous counties in the state) that Biden carried in the general election were carried by the …” „… . On that day, fourteen states held pri-mary elections (figure 2.7). More than a third of the pledged …” „… states took legislative action to delay primary elections and focus on absentee or mail- in voting. The …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538151983

Abdul Karim Bangura - The United States Presidential Election Of 2020

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Abdul Karim Bangura (ed.)

The United States Presidential Election Of 2020

2023

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The Modernization of United States Elections and the Voting Process S. 49-144

doi.org/10.5771/9781666937657

Europäischen Zentrum für Föderalismus-Forschung Tübingen (EZFF) - Jahrbuch des Föderalismus 2019

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Europäischen Zentrum für Föderalismus-Forschung Tübingen (EZFF) (ed.)

Jahrbuch des Föderalismus 2019

Series: Jahrbuch des Föderalismus

Volume 2019

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Patricia Popelier Crises, elections and state reforms in Belgium: A long and winding road to confederalism? S. 257-272

„… 5. Europäische Länderberichte Belgien 259 Crises, elections and state reforms in Belgium: A …” „… that are included in the list. This complicates state reforms: elections can completely reverse …” „… October 2018 and the state and European elections of May 2019 means a huge expense, both in terms of …”

Saeed Ahmed Rid Federalism in Pakistan: Evolving from a highly centralised federal system to a more decentralised federal structure S. 373-384

„… Pakistan became independent in 1947, a very centralized state structure was established under the interim …” „… forces and military led establishment within the Pakistani state as the continuation of the colonial …” „… India.1 He terms the elite belonging to army, bureaucracy and judiciary in Pakistan as the ‘state elite …”

Simon Meisch Brexit ohne Ende S. 357-372

„… Guardian vom 11.04.2019; O’Carroll, Lisa 2019: What next for Brexit, May’s deal and the European elections …” „… : The Guardian vom 26.06.2019. 18 Local elections: Results in maps and charts, in: BBC vom 03.05.2019 …” „… . 19 European Election 2019: UK results in maps and charts, in: BBC vom 27.05.2019; Elgot …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… Becker 5. EUROPÄISCHE LÄNDERBERICHTE Crises, elections and state reforms in Belgium: A long and winding …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748901174

Markus Steinbrecher, Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger - Turnout in Germany

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Markus Steinbrecher, Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger

Turnout in Germany

Series: Studien zur Wahl- und Einstellungsforschung

Volume 1 2007

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Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Comparisons of Different Electoral Levels S. 312-324

„… local elections, 9. Multivariate Analyses of Turnout 298addresses both local and state elections in the …” „… state that they have voted in almost all elections of a certain type, even if they have abstained once …” „… participation in European, Bundestag, and Landtag electionsGroup of variables Bundestag elections European …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Glossary S. 19-20

„… electionStaatenverbund union of states Statistische Landesämter State Statistics Offices Statistisches Bundesamt Federal …” „… Glossary Abgeordnetenhaus name of the State Parliament in Berlin Bürgerschaft name of the State …” „… the federal government) Bundesland, Bundesländer federal state, federal states (synonym for …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Long-Term Predispositions S. 230-275

„… ? 231 8.2.1.3.2 Wahlnorm and Participation in Bundestag ElectionsAside from the distribution of the …” „… . The analysis will only be 8. Why Do People Abstain? 211 conducted for Bundestag elections. We resort …” „… the comparison with data from the Representative Electoral Statistics for the Bundestag elections …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Declining Turnout in Germany: The Research Problem S. 21-30

„… Bundestag election in 1990. If one looks at the overall development of the mean turnout in state elections …” „… the three most important levels of elections: The European, the federal (Bund), and the state (Länder …” „… casting their ballot, turnout in the European election of 2004 reached an all-time low for elections …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Development of Turnout in European Parliament Elections S. 69-75

„… elections, showing to what extent it is possible to explain variance of turnout in one election by turnout …” „… in the preceding election. Secondly, analysis of variance is used to identify the share of variance …” „… elections, identifying shares that can be attributed to the federal, the Länder, and to the Kreis level …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher European Parliament Elections S. 41-46

„… multi-level governance, and second to introduce the influential second-order election model. Especially the …” „… elections, Landtag elections, and elections to the European Parliament may be dependent on the institutional …” „… . 3.1.1 European Parliament Elections The European Parliament (EP) is the only institution of the European …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Landtag Elections S. 50-52

„… by a comparatively low turnout in elections.14 Article 72, paragraph 2 of the Grundgesetz states …” „… federal elections. But losses in relevance of the Bundestag are partially compensated by gains for the …” „… elections at the federal level thus finds a good deal of its importance in the fact that the most decisive …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… Germany – Citizen Participation in State, Federal, and European Elections since 1979” is the first volume …” „… Schmitt-Beck, Universität Duisburg-EssenBand 12.AuflageCitizen Participation in State, Federal, and European …” „… Elections since 1979Turnout in GermanyNomosMarkus Steinbrecher | Sandra Huber | Hans Rattinger1. Auflage …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Bundestag Elections S. 46-50

„… states” (Nugent 2003: 241). It has to be stressed that it remains unclear how and, if yes, to which …” „… effect on the individual willingness to participate in an election on the European level. However, the …” „… and problems of measurement and operationalization (see section 8.4). 3.1.2 Bundestag Elections The …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Electoral Participation in Theories of Democracy: Input-oriented vs. Output-oriented Approaches S. 31-35

„… 2. The Relevance of Turnout The first point of interest after an election is usually not the level …” „… votes compared to the last election and what the outcome means for the future government. Only in the …” „… more detailed analyses following an election does the issue of turnout come under scrutiny. This …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Development of Turnout in Bundestag Elections S. 75-81

„… elections. However, this effect cannot be found for the 1994 election in Thuringia. Although state elections …” „… 10th legislative period, turnout fell to 62.1 percent in the latest state election. Differences of …” „… for this: Brandenburg is the only East German Land without concurrent local elections. Other areas …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher European Parliament Elections S. 90-99

„… Länder are the only states where turnout differences between the first and last election have been …” „… the explanatory power of the model for the first/last-election pair is very low in these states, with …” „… 5. The Dynamics and Structure of Turnout 70Bundestag elections between 1994 and 2002. The bad fit …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher System Orientation and Turnout S. 275-282

„… Bundestagelections in particular. For Landtag and European elections, differences in the interest in politics lead to …” „… democratic state, attitudes towards democracy have been included in opinion surveys for a long time. Since …” „… support rates in most other democratic states (Gabriel 2005b: 490; Niedermayer 2001: 81). However, support …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Does the Decline Matter? S. 325-336

„… in the introduction. Aside from the normal ups and downs of turnout in Landtag elections, there has …” „… the levels exist regarding the extent of this development: While Bundestag election turnout remained …” „… some Länder even below 60 percent. Turnout in European elections was hit even more strongly by the …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Electoral Cycles and Simultaneous Elections S. 121-127

„… election until hard cuts and harsh realities are presented. As the second-order election model states …” „… . Turnout in Bundestag elections is clearly highest, followed by Landtag elections and European elections …” „… with a large gap between the latter and the other two levels in most of the Länder. Federal elections …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Appendix S. 337-346

„… in European, Bundestag, and Landtag elections at the federal level 1946-2004 Year EPE BTE LTE Year …” „… the mean turnout rates of all Landtag elections of one year. Appendix 318Table B1.2: Electoral rules …” „… in Germany, European Parliament elections Electoral system and calculating procedure? Personalized …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Bundestag Elections S. 206-208

„… 7. Turnout and its Correlates at All Levels 1867.4.2 Bundestag Elections For Bundestag elections we …” „… first turn to gender differences again (Figure 7.4). In contrast to European elections turnout of men is …” „… same relationship as for European elections (Figure 7.5). Turnout is always lowest in the group of …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Kreise-Types of Turnout S. 130-135

„… relatively low turnout and a relatively strong stability of turnout in European elections. The second cluster …” „… the third cluster have very stable turnout in Bundestag and Landtag elections and relatively stable …” „… turnout in elections to the European Parliament. The Kreise in the fourth cluster show average turnout …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Bundestag Elections S. 99-108

„… 5. The Dynamics and Structure of Turnout 79Table 5.8: European elections – analysis of variance of …” „… percentage points. 5.2.3 Bundestag Elections Changing our focus to Bundestag elections, we now apply the same …” „… methodological program that we have already used for the analysis of European elections. The starting point is …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Important Results and Assumptions of Sociological, Social-Psychological, and Rational Choice Approaches about Turnout S. 213-223

„… elections. 8.1 Current State of German Research on Non-Voting This section gives a short overview about the …” „… state of nature is that their preferred candidate lost the election they would strongly regret their …” „… mainly uses data for Bundestag, and partly for Landtag and European elections. After an overview about …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Landtag Elections S. 208-212

„… 7. Turnout and its Correlates at All Levels 1887.4.3 Landtag Elections Findings for Landtag …” „… elections do not differ much from the findings for the two other electoral levels, so we pick only some …” „… data was not collected at all or only for some Landtag elections. The only Land with an analyzable …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Vote Intention and Recall in European Parliament Elections S. 135-138

„… . However, we neither know who went to the polls or not, nor which of them was unemployed when the election …” „… turnout: recall and vote intention. More precisely, individual participation in previous elections is …” „… participation in forthcoming elections (vote intention or the intention to vote). While it is also measured as a …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher References S. 347-362

„… . References 338Reif, Karlheinz (1997): European elections as member state second-order elections revisited. In …” „… , 246-278. Aldrich, John H./Simon, Dennis M. (1986): Turnout in American National Elections. In: Research in …” „… election. London: Gemini. Boher, Sylvia (1996): Parteienverdrossenheit. Ursachen und Lösungsstrategien …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher The Second-Order Election Model S. 52-56

„… this level of governance makes it appear to be evident that Landtag elections cannot be regarded as …” „… important as elections at other levels by a rational voter. Hence it may be expected that turnout is lower …” „… . Furthermore, influences from the federal level on Landtag elections may result from the close connection …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Vote Intention and Recall in Bundestag Elections S. 138-144

„… went to the polls, but in March and April 1999 only 55 stated to have participated in the 1994 election …” „… European level, at least since the election in 1994. 5.5.2 Vote Intention and Recall in Bundestag Elections …” „… For Bundestag elections our quarterly aggregations give a precise picture of the development of …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Differences Between Electoral Levels S. 118-121

„… 5. The Dynamics and Structure of Turnout 98conclude that every election is influenced by specific …” „… Landtag, Bundestag, and European elections. This means that the geographical units have an effect on …” „… look at the interaction between European, Bundestag,and Landtag elections. As we begin, our aim is to …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Individual Data S. 61-66

„… , because the composition of the constitutencies normally changes from one election to the next. It is …” „… Election Studies (EES)25. For Landtag elections, there are a vast number of studies conducted by the …” „… comparable number of 23 For Bundestag elections, regulations are as follows: According to paragraph 3 of the …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Development of Turnout in Landtag Elections S. 81-86

„… period, turnout fell to 62.1 percent in the latest state election. Differences of more than 20 percentage …” „… 5. The Dynamics and Structure of Turnout 615.1.3 Development of Turnout in Landtag Elections …” „… Finally, we will have a look at the sub-national level: Landtag elections. Compared to the two tables for …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Landtag Elections S. 108-118

„… 5. The Dynamics and Structure of Turnout 885.2.4 Landtag Elections After focusing on Bundestag and …” „… European elections we now turn to Landtagelections and start again with the analysis of regional stability …” „… of turnout. In contrast to the other two types of elections, Landtag elections take place only at the …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Aggregate Data S. 57-61

„… methodology were developed in the United States in the 1930s (Lazarsfeld 1944; Berelson et al. 1954; Campbell …” „… elections in Germany (e.g., Molt 1960; Faul 1965; Lavies 1973; Troitzsch 1976; Wernicke 1976; Marciniak 1978 …” „… actually took part in an election are counted as voters. Thus, validity of aggregate data is very high. A …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher The Impact of Issue and Party Differentials on Turnout S. 282-293

„… abstention in the Bundestag elections of 1998 and 2002. We use three issues for this purpose. The first is …” „… electoral participation for all pre-election respondents. As could be expected we ended up with negative …” „… distances of voters and non-voters for three position issues, Bundestag elections 1998 and 2002 Nuclear …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Dependence of Electoral Participation on Political Culture S. 37-40

„… level of turnout is able to describe the situation of a state, it is dependent on the form of political …” „… why some of the young democratic states failed before the Second World War with Germany being an …” „… compared to that of the United States or Great Britain. Germans were, in fact, quite uninterested in …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Electoral Participation as a Form of Political Participation S. 35-37

„… during the election campaign, contact to party officials or members of parliament from their own …” „… good example for institutionalized participation is the direct election of the legislative, whereas …” „… the United States: voting, campaign activity, cooperative activity and social contacting as well as …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher The Relevance of the Relationship Between Social Structure and Turnout S. 157-159

„… relationship between social structure and turnout in elections. In addition, we expect that it is possible to …” „… “relationship-specific structures” (translation by the authors) to our work, it means that we cannot state that the whole …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Societal Developments Affecting Turnout S. 223-230

„… each individual assigns a probability of each state of the world being true” (Aldrich 1993: 252). It …” „… observation is more general than that described by Inglehart. Several researchers state a decline of …” „… to the work on value hierarchies by Maslow (1954) and states that individuals try to pursue …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845201535

Reinhard Heinisch, Christina Holtz-Bacha, Oscar Mazzoleni - Political Populism

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Reinhard Heinisch (ed.), Christina Holtz-Bacha (ed.), Oscar Mazzoleni (ed.)

Political Populism

Series: International Studies on Populism

Volume 3 2021

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Sandra Vergari CHAPTER 18: POPULISM IN THE UNITED STATES AND THE 2016 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION S. 321-332

„… CHAPTER 18: POPULISM IN THE UNITED STATES AND THE 2016 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION Sandra Vergari …” „… chapter examines contemporary populism in the United States and the 2016 election of a populist candidate …” „… ’ paperwork days or months prior to the election, and some states do not permit write-in candidates (National …”

Reinhard Heinisch, Steven Saxonberg CHAPTER 15: ENTREPRENEURIAL POPULISM AND THE RADICAL CENTRE: EXAMPLES FROM AUSTRIA AND THE CZECH REPUBLIC S. 271-290

„… financed, it performed extremely well in three state elections achieving 11.3 per cent, 9.8 per cent and …” „… won re-election, boasts the most seats in the national legislature and controls the premiership …” „… , whereas its Austrian counterpart collapsed even prior to re-election and disappeared. How do we explain …”

Sergiu Gherghina, Sergiu Miscoiu, Sorina Soare CHAPTER 13: HOW FAR DOES NATIONALISM GO? AN OVERVIEW OF POPULIST PARTIES IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE S. 239-256

„… and 2020. The most recent elections taken into consideration are those in Slovakia in February 2020 …” „… 2001 and 2005 elections, exiting parliament afterwards (van Kessel 2015, 61–62). In the late 1990s and …” „… programmes of six populist parties, one from each country, in the most recent legislative elections. Then we …”

Carlos de la Torre CHAPTER 17: TRUMP’S POPULISM S. 307-320

„… 2016 election, Steve Bannon asserted, ‘Trump is the leader of a populist uprising… What Trump …” „… represents is a restoration of a true American capitalism and a revolution against state-sponsored socialism …” „… Trump’s election populism was confined to the margins of the political system. Political scientist Joseph …”

María Esperanza Casullo, Flavia Freidenberg CHAPTER 19: POPULIST AND PROGRAMMATIC PARTIES IN LATIN AMERICAN PARTY SYSTEMS S. 333-346

„… state-led industrialisation in the early or mid-twentieth century. The sudden proliferation of factories …” „… well as in the United States. The political importance of Geert Wilder, Marine Le Pen, Nikolaos …” „… and that, moreover, these parties are as resilient and as effective in winning elections and governing …”

María Esperanza Casullo, Flavia Freidenberg CHAPTER 20: POPULIST PARTIES OF LATIN AMERICA: THE CASES OF ARGENTINA AND ECUADOR S. 347-360

„… classical populism. While seeking to expand industrialisation through nationalisation, state investment and …” „… , he created the very foundations of the Argentine welfare state, which was the most generous in the …” „… ’ Ortega were also welcome. Reinvigorated, Peronism was able to win the presidential elections in 1989 and …”

Saskia P. Ruth, Kirk A. Hawkins CHAPTER 21: POPULISM AND DEMOCRATIC REPRESENTATION IN LATIN AMERICA S. 361-380

„… alludes to procedural definitions of democracy, seeing elections as instruments that enable citizens to …” „… competitive elections, are still important for registering the voice of the people (formal representation …” „… into elected positions, while redistributing important state benefits; all while rhetorically …”

Fabian Habersack, Carsten Wegscheider CHAPTER 10: POPULISM AND EUROSCEPTICISM: TWO SIDES OF THE SAME COIN? S. 195-212

„… Introduction At the latest since the European parliamentary elections in 2019, it has become increasingly …” „… of the seats in the last European parliamentary elections and benefited greatly from their critical …” „… which populism is connected. The Interplay Between Populism and Euroscepticism: State of Research and …”

Martin Dolezal, Marco Fölsch CHAPTER 9: RESEARCHING POPULISM QUANTITATIVELY: INDICATORS, PROXY MEASURES AND DATA SETS S. 177-190

„… least one seat or two per cent of the votes in any national election since 1989; Timbro uses a minimum …” „… national election or in the European elections of 2014 or 2019 as his selection criterion. In addition …” „… measures were subsequently applied in similar forms in the United States (ivi.) as well as later on in the …”

NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS S. 585-592

„… of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties and Electoral Studies. Martin Dolezal is a postdoctoral …” „… America at the Organization of American States (OAS) and Institute for Legal Research, UNAM. She is one of …” „… University in Illinois, United States (2017-2018). His research and teaching activities include populism and …”

INTRODUCTION S. 17-44

„… challenge to democratic government was a dominant subject in the media worldwide. The election of Donald …” „… , corruption-free governments, extensive welfare states and high living standards – have each developed formidable …” „… member states, including Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy and Spain, more than one radical populist party …”

Teun Pauwels CHAPTER 8: MEASURING POPULISM: A REVIEW OF CURRENT APPROACHES S. 163-176

„… people) and ‘thick’ (against politics, the state, the media and immigrants) populism among (Flemish …” „… method was later applied to many more countries in Europe and the Americas and drew on election …” „… or subjective state of the world based on a review by people with comprehensive or authoritative …”

Manuel Anselmi, Paul Blokker, Oscar Mazzoleni CHAPTER 32: POPULISM AND LAW S. 543-554

„… contested the 2020 presidential election, describes it as corrupt and sought to circumvent the rule of law …” „… participation, populist governments and populist regimes (Arato 2019). The state in which the populist …” „… elections by citizens and examined the impact of such processes, especially in terms of the respect for …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-16

„… ..............................................................CHAPTER 17: 307 Carlos de la Torre POPULISM IN THE UNITED STATES AND THE 2016 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION …” „… ........................................................................ 208 Figure 13.1 Best Electoral Results in Parliamentary Elections ............................. 245 …” „… Welfare State Research ............................ 476 13 Figure 28.3: Satisfaction with Society, 2006 …”

Robert A. Huber, Christian H. Schimpf CHAPTER 6: POPULISM AND DEMOCRACY: THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL CONSIDERATIONS S. 131-148

„… the majority expressed through fair and free elections (Plattner 2010). In a representative democracy …” „… constraints, on the other. The United States’ idea of checks and balances is perhaps the best-known example of …” „… mastered in the attempt to fulfill the myth of a comprehensive totality of state and society’ (Urbinati …”

Christina Holtz-Bacha CHAPTER 25: PERFORMING POPULISM: COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES FOR POLARISATION, PROVOCATION AND FEARMONGERING S. 429-440

„… times of election campaigns, when politicians vie for power, the contest for attention is particularly …” „… index combining anti-state, anti-politics and anti-media discourse, and an exclusivity index to tap …” „… border to Mexico to prevent ‘criminals’ from entering the United States. It is Italy’s Five Star …”

Giuliano Bobba CHAPTER 27: DIGITAL POPULISM: HOW THE WEB AND SOCIAL MEDIA ARE SHAPING POPULISM IN WESTERN DEMOCRACIES S. 457-468

„… citizens become the state). Scholars who view populism primarily as a political strategy have dealt with …” „… Vreese et al. 2018, 5). The 2016 US elections were the political event which showed the world the growing …” „… democracies and the United States, relying on web tracking and survey data. They found that citizens with …”

Cecilia Biancalana, Reinhard Heinisch, Oscar Mazzoleni CHAPTER 34: POPULISM FACING THE CORONAVIRUS OUTBREAK S. 569-584

„… spreaders of the virus and a menace to the welfare state, and by criticising the EU’s handling of the …” „… excesses of state power (Bialasiewicz and Eckes 2020). Since populist actors usually claim to protect the …” „… . By politicising the pandemic and pushing for massive state intervention in support for the economy …”

Sarah C. Dingler, Zoe Lefkofridi CHAPTER 29: THE GENDER DIMENSION OF POPULISM S. 499-514

„… studies exist which analyse the US presidential election 2016 from a gender perspective. Therefore, since …” „… address this election directly. The success of the populist leader Donald Trump, however, underscores …” „… Lefkofridi 502 accordingly, critical of a state whose policies support women with jobs and careers but does …”

Franca Roncarolo CHAPTER 23: MEDIA POLITICS AND POPULISM AS A MOBILISATION RESOURCE S. 399-412

„… States to that of Silvio Berlusconi in Italy, to mention just the most famous examples).2 In spite of the …” „… election in 2016 was associated with his populist political communication style, his digital prowess and …” „… partial success of this marginal party in the 2010 election, which culminated in it entering the Swedish …”

Tjitske Akkerman CHAPTER 12: POPULIST PARTIES IN POWER AND THEIR IMPACT ON LIBERAL DEMOCRACIES IN WESTERN EUROPE S. 227-238

„… that non-native people and ideas are fundamentally threatening to the nation state (Mudde 2007). This …” „… referendum and Donald Trump winning the presidential election in the US, concerns regarding their impact on …” „… at national elections in Western Europe shows that RRPPs do not encourage groups of voters who feel …”

Alfio Mastropaolo CHAPTER 2: POPULISM AND POLITICAL REPRESENTATION S. 65-78

„… Richard S. Katz (Katz and Mair 1995), Mair has provided an exemplary analysis of the current state of …” „… ’ fundamental function as a ‘linkage’ between state and society. In the not too distant past, parties were large …” „… , unemployment and an inevitable decrease in welfare-state services, while they have limited abilities to adapt …”

Hans-Georg Betz CHAPTER 31: POPULISM AND ISLAMOPHOBIA S. 527-542

„… ; Betz 2013; Hervik 2015). 527 Nativism: Antebellum Anti-Catholicism in the United States as an Ideal …” „… War period in the United States. Nativism represents a ‘complex web of nationalism, xenophobia …” „… happened in the decades before the Civil War in the United States, in response to the massive influx of …”

Vlastimil Havlík, Miroslav Mareš CHAPTER 14: SOCIO-CULTURAL LEGACIES IN POST-TRANSITION SOCIETIES IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE AND THE RELATIONSHIP TO THE RESURGENCE OF RIGHT-WING EXTREMISM AND POPULISM IN THE REGION S. 257-270

„… be the ideologies and movements aimed against the main values of a democratic constitutional state …” „… ). Nativism is defined here in accordance with Mudde, that is, as ‘an ideology that holds that states should …” „… elements (persons and ideas) are fundamentally threatening the homogeneous nation state’ (Mudde 2007, 19 …”

INDEX S. 593-595

„… , 29, 31–33, 35, 37 economic nationalism 151, 152, 312 elections 17, 18, 33 – electoral basis 26, 220 …” „… minimal state 250 misinformation 383, 393, 461 nativism 24, 32, 52, 90, 101, 113, 177, 183, 184, 213, 257 …” „… , 523, 536 – 2016 presidential election 32 – Trump 17, 18, 22, 24, 27–31, 48, 53, 107, 116, 118, 119 …”

Reinhard Heinisch, Oscar Mazzoleni CHAPTER 5: FIXING THE TAXONOMY IN POPULISM RESEARCH: BRINGING FRAME, ACTOR AND CONTEXT BACK IN S. 111-130

„… populist attitudes has grown in numbers and are already included in many national election studies as well …” „… the people, the elites/outgroups, democracy, the state, society, the economy and so on. For example …” „… presence of Slavic family names in that state suggests that a large share of the so-called German-speaking …”

Gilles Ivaldi CHAPTER 11: THE ELECTORAL BASIS OF POPULIST PARTIES S. 213-226

„… of parties in the 2009 and 2014 European elections, and find that education has no clear effect on …” „… preferences among populist voters are reconciled by a mix of egalitarianism and welfare state criticism. Derks …” „… post-communist states of Eastern Europe suggests, for instance, that the radical right has been able to …”

Carlo Ruzza CHAPTER 4: THE POPULIST RADICAL RIGHT AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS S. 93-110

„… state bureaucracies and in 93 favour of a conceptualisation of legitimacy that empowers a host of …” „… right-wing candidates in elections at all levels of government, their role is increasingly important. Finally …” „… because it does not seek to participate in elections. CHAPTER 4: THE POPULIST RADICAL RIGHT AND SOCIAL …”

Lone Sorensen CHAPTER 22: THE SYMBIOSIS BETWEEN MEDIA AND POPULISM: CONCEPTS, ISSUES, EVIDENCE S. 383-398

„… ), presenting elections as strategic games (strategic framing) and focusing on leaders and their personalities …” „… in Parties and Election Campaigns. Party Decline or Party Renewal?’. In: The International Journal of …” „… Presidential Election’. In: European Journal of Communication, 32(1), 50–61. Esser, Frank, Agnieska Stępińska …”

Damir Skenderovic CHAPTER 1: POPULISM: A HISTORY OF THE CONCEPT S. 47-64

„… populist movements of the nineteenth century, as Ionesco and Gellner go on to state, the question arises as …” „… findings on the state of democracy. Even the core idea of the term that populism speaks, as the etymology …” „… ‘seeks to win the approval of the masses (with regard to elections) by overstating the political …”

Paula Diehl CHAPTER 30: THE BODY IN POPULISM S. 515-526

„… the people’s power, the core of Berlusconi’s message is neoliberal. He defends freedom from the state …” „… Michael Freeden assigned to ideologies (Freeden 1996). For this reason, Mudde states that populism is a …” „… sign of popular taste. This is equally the case with Jair Bolsonaro. In election campaigns, established …”

Wolfgang Aschauer CHAPTER 28: SOCIETAL MALAISE IN TURBULENT TIMES: INTRODUCING A NEW EXPLANATORY FACTOR FOR POPULISM FROM A CROSS-NATIONAL EUROPE-WIDE PERSPECTIVE S. 471-498

„… enormous strain on the ability of the European Union to function as an efficient community of states. In …” „… links between the current social conditions of EU member states and the rise of societal malaise, which …” „… underestimated reservoir of protest voters who have shaped recent elections. In an ongoing climate of insecurity …”

Carlos H. Waisman CHAPTER 7: THE GENERATIVE CONTEXTS OF POPULIST REGIMES S. 149-162

„… state. There is also a more specific sense, which I consider more useful, that has been proposed by …” „… , for the left), and other times diffusely defined (e.g. the ‘deep state’ for the right; ‘capitalism …” „… state’ governing in the shadows, the ‘global financial elite’ conspiring to destroy national …”

Dietmar Loch CHAPTER 3: CONCEPTUALISING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POPULISM AND THE RADICAL RIGHT S. 79-92

„… in the United States. There, the leaders had, in the Russian case, revolutionary objectives and, in …” „… distinct from the state) and ‘the elite’; the antagonistic (and vertical) relationship between the two; the …” „… revolt against the modern state and a popular variation of conservative thinking which is situated in a …”

Philip Kitzberger CHAPTER 24: REFORM IN WAR: THE MEDIA POLICIES OF LATIN AMERICA’S LEFTIST POPULISTS S. 413-428

„… ’ relations to state elites are better characterised as those of mutual accommodation and instrumentality. The …” „… , and state outlets functioned mostly as governmental mouthpieces. The 1980s transitions from …” „… , sanctioned behind-the-scenes and selectively enforced, reflected the particularistic exchanges between state …”

Robert A. Huber CHAPTER 33: POPULISM AND CLIMATE CHANGE: A MATCH MADE IN HEAVEN? S. 555-568

„… United States’ withdrawal from the Paris Agreement is often attributed to Trump’s populist positions …” „… current state of affairs in the literature on populism and climate change. After critically reflecting on …” „… , right-wingers oppose climate action because they oppose state interventions in the market (McCright and Dunlap …”

Benjamin Krämer CHAPTER 26: POPULIST AND NON-POPULIST MEDIA: THEIR PARADOXICAL ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND DIFFUSION OF A RIGHT-WING IDEOLOGY S. 441-456

„… freedom over state interventions (Boas and Gans-Morse 2009 on these and other meanings). In some cases …” „… States, as described by Major (2015), conservative actors and the media have been successful at …” „… in a number of elections during the late 1980s and 1990s, and the newspaper can be classified as …”

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