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Eleni Trova, Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris - The Olympic Games of the European Union

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Eleni Trova, Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris

The Olympic Games of the European Union

2011

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sport and Competition Policy S. 187-191

„… ?andto?safeguard?the?health?of?athletes.?So,?it?did?now?allow?the?claimants’?appeal.The?ECJ,?judging?on?appeal,?even?if?ended?up?with?the?same?result,?proceededto?a?direct?application?of?the?EC?competition?rules?to?sport.?It?stated?that?the?dopingrules?are?subject?to?the?EC?law,?yet?they?do?not?constitute?a?restriction?of?competitionincompatible?with?the?Common?Market,?within?the?meaning?of?Art. 81 …” „… PolicyThe?sport?activity?is?detected?in?two?different?levels:?on?the?one?hand?there?is?thepurely?sporting?activity,?which?serves?the?culture,?the?society?and?the?integration?init?and?leaves?no?room?for?the?EC?competition …” „… ?of?these?rules?even?more?complicated.As?regards?sport,?the?crucial?EC?competition?rules?are?mainly?the?articles?81?and82?of?the?EC?Treaty.404 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The European approach to sport S. 175-177

„… ?and?the?Member?States?in?question:• A?pyramid?structure?for?the?organization?of?sport?and?of?sport?competitionsand?a?central?role?for?the?sports?federations;• A?system?of?open?competitions …” „… ?in?Europe?which?allegedlyconstitute?this?model:?a?pyramid?structure?of?organization?allowing?for?democraticfunctioning?and?a?certain?degree?of?solidarity?between?members,?combined?withopen?competitions.398The?European?Union?has?approached?sport …” „… ;• Solidarity?between?the?various?constituent?elements?and?operators.In?addition,?the?Commission’s?Consultation?Conference?“EU???Sport:?matchingexpectations”?(29-30?June?2006)stressed• the?importance?of?national?teams?and?competitions …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova EC law, Mass Media and Sport S. 193-195

„… A.,?The?Olympics:?a?celebration?of?sport?and?the?role?of?law,?in?EntertainmentLaw?Review,?2004.194Competition-Public Contracts and Olympics …” „… ?makes?this?application?excessively?challenging.The?general?principles,?on?which?the?competition?rules?(including?the?ones?governing?the?sport?activity)?are?based?are?the?following:• Respect?of?the?general?interest?in?terms?of?the?protection?of?the?private?ones …” „… ? the?world?cup,? the?TVbroadcasting?rights.423422 Commission?Document?on?sport?and?competition,?24?February.423 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Competition-Public Contracts and Olympics Games S. 195-196

„… ?makes?this?application?excessively?challenging.The?general?principles,?on?which?the?competition?rules?(including?the?ones?governing?the?sport?activity)?are?based?are?the?following:• Respect?of?the?general?interest?in?terms?of?the?protection?of?the?private?ones …” „… ? the?world?cup,? the?TVbroadcasting?rights.423422 Commission?Document?on?sport?and?competition,?24?February.423 …” „… Competition-Public Contracts and Olympics GamesThe?public?contracts?regime?is?also?of?great …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The relation between the EC law and the Olympic movement rules S. 163-165

„… t?is?intended?to?preserve?the?noble?competition?and?to?safeguard?the?health?of?athletes.?In?the?opinion?of?the?Court?of?First?Instance,?withoutfair?play,?“sport,?be?it?amateur?or?professional,?is?no?longer?sport …” „… St.,?Anti-doping?revisited?-?the?demise?of?the?rule?of??purely?sporting?interest??,in:?European?Competition?Law?Review?2006,?Szyszczak E.,?Competition?and?Sport,?in:European?Law?Review?2007.377 Weatherill …” „… ports?law,?which?is?expressed?by?its?submission?to?ahierarchic?structure?of?rules,?like?the?case?of?the?aforementioned?judgment.?Thiseffort?is?confirmed?by?the?Report?from?the?Commission?to?the?European?Councilwith?a? view? to? safeguarding?current? sport? structures?and?maintaining? the …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Bibliography S. 285-299

„… ., Competition?and?Playful?Activities,?Washington:?University?Press?of?America,Washington,?1978.Kesenne S./ Jeanrenaud C.(eds.)? Competition? policy? in? professional? sports:? Europe …” „… R.,?Nationality?Discrimination?in?Community?Law:An?Assessment?of?UEFARegulations?governing?Player?Eligibilty?for?European?Club?Competitions,?in?Entertainmentand?Sports?Law?Jourtnal?(ESLJ)?electronic?journal?in?http://go.warwick.ac.uk/eslj/issues/volume5/number2/miettinen_parrishMihalich J. C …” „… D.,?Sports?Law,?A?European?Dimension,?Ant.?N.?Sakkoulas,?Athens-Komotini2003.Panagiotopoulos D.,? Sporting? Relations:? Greek? and? International? Competitions …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The regulation of sport by the EC law: prevalence of the EC law and self-identity/specificity of sport S. 174-175

„… ?and?the?Member?States?in?question:• A?pyramid?structure?for?the?organization?of?sport?and?of?sport?competitionsand?a?central?role?for?the?sports?federations;• A?system?of?open?competitions …” „… sportSport?is?subject?to?the?EC?law?application?as?the?White?Paper?on?Sport?now?clearlymentions.?The?competition?law?and?the?internal?market?provisions?are?applied?tosport?which?constitutes?an?economic?activity.Sport …” „… ?in?Europe?which?allegedlyconstitute?this?model:?a?pyramid?structure?of?organization?allowing?for?democraticfunctioning?and?a?certain?degree?of?solidarity?between?members,?combined?withopen?competitions.398The?European?Union?has?approached?sport …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Meca-Medina Judgement S. 143-145

„… JudgementIn?Meca-Medina?the?European?Courts?were?asked?to?address?squarely?the?application?of?the?competition?rules?to?sport …” „… ?It?then?attempted?to?insist?that?anti-doping?rules?concern?exclusivelynon-economic?aspects?of?sport,?designed?to?preserve?“?noble?competition”?308andtherefore?outside?the?scope?of?the?EC?Treaty.309 …” „… d?erred?in?considering?the?IOCanti-doping?rules?as?ones?of?“purely?sporting?interest”.?It?found?that?the?IOC's?ruleson?doping?control?fell?within?the?scope?of?Community?competition?law,?but?thatthey?were?compatible?with?it,?as?they?did?not?go?beyond?what?was?necessary?toensure? the? proper? conduct? of? competitive? sport.?More? specifically …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Addendum S. 165-167

„… St.,?Anti-doping?revisited?-?the?demise?of?the?rule?of??purely?sporting?interest??,in:?European?Competition?Law?Review?2006,?Szyszczak E.,?Competition?and?Sport,?in:European?Law?Review?2007.377 Weatherill …” „… .?? ? ??Sport??means?all?forms?of?physical?activity?which,?through?casual?or?organisedparticipation,?aim?at?expressing?or?improving?physical?fitness?and?mental?well-being,?forming?social?relationships?or?obtaining?results?in?competition …” „… stitute?a?restriction?of?competition …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… Freedom?of?movement?of?goods?and?sport 193EC?law,?Mass?Media?and?Sport 193Competition-Public?Contracts?and?Olympics?Games 195 …” „… Sport,?Freedom?of?movement,?mutual?recognition?and?right?ofestablishment 186Sport?and?Competition?Policy 187Freedom?of?the?athlete’s?establishment 191 …” „… Greece-supply?of?automatic?weather?stations 196The?tickets?selling?matter?and?the?competition?rules 196Sport?and?Education 198 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Doping and European Convention of Human Rights S. 141-143

„… JudgementIn?Meca-Medina?the?European?Courts?were?asked?to?address?squarely?the?application?of?the?competition?rules?to?sport …” „… ?It?then?attempted?to?insist?that?anti-doping?rules?concern?exclusivelynon-economic?aspects?of?sport,?designed?to?preserve?“?noble?competition”?308andtherefore?outside?the?scope?of?the?EC?Treaty.309 …” „… d?erred?in?considering?the?IOCanti-doping?rules?as?ones?of?“purely?sporting?interest”.?It?found?that?the?IOC's?ruleson?doping?control?fell?within?the?scope?of?Community?competition?law,?but?thatthey?were?compatible?with?it,?as?they?did?not?go?beyond?what?was?necessary?toensure? the? proper? conduct? of? competitive? sport.?More? specifically …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sport, Freedom of movement, mutual recognition and right of establishment S. 186-187

„… R.,?Nationality?Discrimination?in?Community?Law:An?Assessment?of?UEFA?Regulations?governing?Player?Eligibilty?for?EuropeanClub?Competitions,?in?Entertainment?and?Sports?Law?Jourtnal?(ESLJ)?electronic?journal?inhttp://go.warwick.ac.uk/eslj/issues/volume5/number2/miettinen_parrish.186 …” „… PolicyThe?sport?activity?is?detected?in?two?different?levels:?on?the?one?hand?there?is?thepurely?sporting?activity,?which?serves?the?culture,?the?society?and?the?integration?init?and?leaves?no?room?for?the?EC?competition …” „… Chapter?9Special EU law IssuesSport, Freedom of movement, mutual recognition and right of …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The White Paper on sport S. 175

„… ?and?the?Member?States?in?question:• A?pyramid?structure?for?the?organization?of?sport?and?of?sport?competitionsand?a?central?role?for?the?sports?federations;• A?system?of?open?competitions …” „… ?in?Europe?which?allegedlyconstitute?this?model:?a?pyramid?structure?of?organization?allowing?for?democraticfunctioning?and?a?certain?degree?of?solidarity?between?members,?combined?withopen?competitions.398The?European?Union?has?approached?sport …” „… The White Paper on sportThe?European?Commission?released?on?the?11th?July?2007 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The European Parliament and its positions about sport in Europe S. 173-174

„… E.,?Competition?and?Sport,?in?European?Law?Review,?2007.173 …” „… sportSport?is?subject?to?the?EC?law?application?as?the?White?Paper?on?Sport?now?clearlymentions.?The?competition?law?and?the?internal?market?provisions?are?applied?tosport?which?constitutes?an?economic?activity.Sport …” „… might?have?been?proven?difficult?to?develop?under?the?current?disagreements?overthe?role?of?sport …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The effect of the Bosman judgment in the Olympic movement rules S. 159-163

„… ?The?national?court?referred?the?followingquestion?to?the?ECJ:?“Are the rules of a sports federation which prohibit a clubfrom playing a player in the competition for …” „… those rules, namely the need to prevent distortion of the competitions?”The?court?held?that?“Article 39 …” „… The?regulatory?autonomy?of?sport …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova City-state and sport S. 28-29

„… ? the?harmonic?development?ofbody?and?soul?and?the?noble?competition.?It?is?clear,?therefore,?that?since?the?Gamesof?antiquity?both?the?Games?and?their?basic?principles?tried?and?finally?achieved?toexpand?to?an?exceedingly?bigger?group?of?people,?which?did?not?decline?this?call.City-state and sportSince?the?8 …” „… ? reachsubsequently?their?harmony.?The?sporting?exercise?was?accompanied?by?music.?Themusic,?the?dance?and?the?sport?were?aiming?at?the?achievement?of?the?harmonicbalance?between?body?and?mind.?Many?sporting?festivities?used?to?be?held?in?the8th?century?BC …” „… ?by?the?cities-states?which?were?just?founded?at?that?period.?Thesefestivities?included?many?motives?for?competition …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Constitutional Treaty Draft S. 171-173

„… ,?by?promotingfairness?and?openness?in?sporting?competitions?and?co-operation?between?bodies?responsiblefor?sports,?and?by?protecting?the?physical?and?moral?integrity?of?sportsmen?and?women,especially?young?sportsmen?and?women.395 …” „… E.,?Competition?and?Sport,?in?European?Law?Review,?2007.173 …” „… ernments?attached?great?importance?to?sport.?Also,?sport?concerned?indirectly?manycommunities’?policies,?such?as?health.Moreover,?sport …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The influence of the case law of the European Court of Justice on the rules of the Olympic Movement S. 181-182

„… ?a?free?competition?regime),?the?achievement?of?aEuropean?Olympic?organization?constitutes?a?fact?of?major?importance?for?the?international? society.?Even?though? that? it? is?a?fact? that …” „… ? requires?compromises?andretreat,?it?makes?the?EU?an?institutional?star?and?dominant?of?the?rules.This?finding?puts?the?whole?debate?in?an?entirely?new?dimension,?since?it?leadsto?a?competition …” „… MovementFrom?the?above-mentioned?rulings?of?the?European?Court?of?Justice?as?to?the?natureof?sports …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The tickets selling matter and the competition rules S. 196-198

„… ?OlympicGames?cannot?be?regarded?as?an?unforeseeable?event.?Finally,?the?need?would?notappear?to?be?so?urgent?that?the?deadlines?required?under?the?open?and?restrictedprocedures?could?not?be?respected.The tickets selling matter and the competition …” „… rulesOne?of?the?essential?components?of?organizing?sport?events?is?the?ticketing?system.Usually?implemented?by?the?Organizing?Committees?(OC),?it?is?not?unusual?thatthese?agreements?contravene?EC?Law.424In?the?Italy?1990?World?Cup,?the?OC?entered?into?a?w …” „… ?ECT),?byrestricting?both?competition?between?tour?operators?and?competition?between?travelagents,?thus?making?it?impossible?to?find?sources?of?supply?other?than?the?exclusivetravel?agency.On?the?occasion?of?1992 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova EC law and 2004 Olympic Games S. 178-181

„… democracy,?as?long?as?it?claims?to?be?a?participial?one,?can?do?nothing?but?attachemphasis?on?the?sporting?phenomenon.The?European?dimension?of?sport …” „… isk.?The?Europeanparticipial?democracy?can?respond?creatively?to?this?problem,?by?combining?themutual?demands?of?the?two?poles?and?embracing?the?phenomenon?of?sport …” „… ?the?fact?that?the?communityinterest?in?sport?is?enormous?and?despite?the?fact?that?many?issues?arose?regardingthe?EC?law?during?both?the?preparation?and?the?organization?of?the?Games,?it?cannotbe?claimed?that?the?expected?activation?from?he?side?of?the?community?organs?wasnoticed.EC law and 2004 Olympic …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Freedom of the athlete’s establishment S. 191-193

„… ?andto?safeguard?the?health?of?athletes.?So,?it?did?now?allow?the?claimants’?appeal.The?ECJ,?judging?on?appeal,?even?if?ended?up?with?the?same?result,?proceededto?a?direct?application?of?the?EC?competition?rules?to?sport.?It?stated?that?the?dopingrules?are?subject?to?the?EC?law,?yet?they?do?not?constitute?a?restriction?of?competitionincompatible?with?the?Common?Market,?within?the?meaning?of?Art. 81 …” „… ?EC,?sincethey?pursue?a?legitimate?objective.So,?regardless?of?its?final?decision,?it?is?very?interesting?that?the?EC?competitionrules?were?applied?to?sport?and?in?particular?to?the?IOC?regulation.?If?the?decisionhad?culminated?in?a?different?result?the?entire?IOC?doping?system?would?have?beenexploded?in?all?likelihood.Freedom of the athlete’s …” „… ?a?direct?application?of?the?ECcompetition?rules?and?held?that?the?doping?regulation?does?not?involve?any?economic?objective.?It?stated?that?it?is?intended?to?preserve?the?noble?competition …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The prevalence of the Community law over the regulations of the sporting institutions S. 156-159

„… ? laid?down?by?the?Union?CyclisteInternational?(UCI)?according?to?which?the?stayed?and?the?pacemaker?taking?partin?an?international?competition?have?to?be?of?the?same?nationality.?It?was?pointedout-?as?already?mentioned?above-?that?sport?is?subject?to?EU?law?as?long?as?it?constitutes? an?economic? activity.?More? specifically,? according? to? the …” „… ? phenomenon?by?the?national?laws?as?well?as?the?guaranteeing?of?the?fundamental?freedoms?as?regards?the?private?monopolistic?organization?of?sport.The prevalence of the Community law over the regulations of the sportinginstitutionsThe?ECJ …” „… J.,?European?Law:?two?Swimmers?Drown?the?“Sporting?Exception”,? in? The? International? Sports? Law? Journal,? p.? 118.? See? also?Zen-Ruffinen P./Schweitzer P …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Unfair advantage S. 145-146

„… rugs,?the?competition?would?no?longer?take?place?in?thestadiums?but?in?the?chemists’?laboratories.?In?respect?of?the?other?natural?differences,?it?should?be?stated?that?they?excist?in?every?field?of?human?activity?and?notonly?in?sport.?Life? is?unfair?and?that? is?why?law?should?intervene? to?rebate? thisunfairness.Protection of …” „… reserve?the?“?the?spirit?of?sport …” „… )?it?damages?integrity,image,?value?and?spirit?of?sport.?The?elimination?of?these?disadvantages?prima?facieseem?to?be?important?enough?to?justify?the?doping?legislation.?However,?there?is?anopinion,?according?to?which?the?objectives?of?doping?are?contradictory?and?dopingregulation?is?not?justified.Unfair …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Games of the Classical era S. 27-28

„… ? the?harmonic?development?ofbody?and?soul?and?the?noble?competition.?It?is?clear,?therefore,?that?since?the?Gamesof?antiquity?both?the?Games?and?their?basic?principles?tried?and?finally?achieved?toexpand?to?an?exceedingly?bigger?group?of?people,?which?did?not?decline?this?call.City-state and sportSince?the?8 …” „… The Games during the period of HomerDuring?the?Homer?period,? the?competition? in? the? sporting …” „… ?the?terms?competition …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The evolution of the community provisions on sport S. 169-170

„… ?Concretely,?the?Community's?involvement?in?the?field?of?sport?remainedmainly?limited?to?the?funding?of?international?sporting?competitions?like?the?European?Sailing?Regatta?or?the?Tour?de?l'Avenir?in?cycling.?After?the?adoption?of?theSingle?European?Act?in …” „… also?a?legal?interest,?since?via?the?prevalence?of?the?EC?law?it?dynamically?entersthe?conversation?about?the?relation?among?the?rules?which?govern?sport?and?supportsthe?prevalence?of?the?EC?law.Indeed,?sport …” „… t?self-evident.?It?is?worth?mentioning?the?wholeway,?from?the?first?sources?and?structures?that?were?developed?until?the?recent?WhitePaper?on?sport …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The gradual entrance of sport in the EC Treaty S. 170-171

„… ?Concretely,?the?Community's?involvement?in?the?field?of?sport?remainedmainly?limited?to?the?funding?of?international?sporting?competitions?like?the?European?Sailing?Regatta?or?the?Tour?de?l'Avenir?in?cycling.?After?the?adoption?of?theSingle?European?Act?in?1986 …” „… ,?Community?interest?in?sport?moved?onto?a?broadersocial,?educational?and?cultural?plane?and?the?first?pleas?for?the?development?of?aEuropean?sports?policy?emerged.389?This?growing?interest?in?sport …” „… ?resulted?in?official?recognition?of?sport?at?institutional?level?in?the?EU.?390Eversince,?many?European?porgrams?on?sport?were?carried?out.?From?1995?until1998 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Doping S. 134

„… ?has?been?always?considered?to?be?the?important?and?fair?attempt?of?an?athlete?to?outrace?himself?andprevail?over?others?in?a?fair?competition.?It?is?closely?linked?with?the?terms?of?fairplay?and?personal?and?public?health,?since?it?is?well-known?that?sport …” „… DopingGeneralNowadays,?doping?is?a?disease?for?sport?and?human?society.?It?derives?from?theDutch?word?“dop”,?a?beverage?that?Zulu?warriors?used?prior?to?battle.281?The?termbecame?current?at?the?early?20th?century?in?reference?to?illegal?drugging …” „… ?of?racehorses.?It?is?not?just?a?problem,?but?“?the?”?problem?of?contemporary?sport.282 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The legislative framework of sport and its relation to the Olympic organization S. 57

„… ’?the?following?are?required:?physical?activity,?competition?and?the?pursuit?of?a?record?or?a?distinction,?the?existence?of?rules?and?organizationpatterns?for?the?practice?of?each?sport,?as?well?as?the?practice?of?sport …” „… al?pluralism?in?sports?law,?changing?up?to?a?great?extent?basic?acceptances/positions?of?the?theory:?the?EC?law?claimed?and?gained?its?prevalenceThe legislative framework of sport and its relation to the Olympic organizationSport as a means of …” „… expression of the freedom of associationModern?sport55 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova A state regulatory framework for sport S. 63-64

„… ?takeinto?consideration?the?recent?developments?in?the?field?of?sports?law.Undoubtedly,?such?an?attractive?financially?and?politically?matter?as?sport?is?afield?of?competition?between?the?private?action?and?the?state?interests.?Therefore,sport …” „… ? leap?ofBaron?de?Coubertin?inadequate,?since?it?obliged?the?different?legal?orders?that?areinvited?to?materialize?the?vision?of?Olympism?to?take?into?consideration?principlesand?rules?that?do?not?govern?purely?the?sports …” „… sportSport?constituted?in?a?past?a?human?activity?which?mainly?concerned?private?individuals/civilians?and?sport …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sport as a means of expression of the freedom of association S. 57-58

„… ’?the?following?are?required:?physical?activity,?competition?and?the?pursuit?of?a?record?or?a?distinction,?the?existence?of?rules?and?organizationpatterns?for?the?practice?of?each?sport,?as?well?as?the?practice?of?sport …” „… al?pluralism?in?sports?law,?changing?up?to?a?great?extent?basic?acceptances/positions?of?the?theory:?the?EC?law?claimed?and?gained?its?prevalenceThe legislative framework of sport and its relation to the Olympic organizationSport as a means of …” „… expression of the freedom of associationModern?sport55 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The end of amateur sport and the role of the IOC S. 58-59

„… ions,as?well?as?with?private?organizations.?Its?autonomy?is?welcome,?even?desired,?inasmuch?as?it?does?not?impinge?upon?the?sphere?of?influence?of?the?states.It?is?beyond?doubt?that?such?an?attractive?object,?both?from?an?economic?and?apolitical?aspect,?like?sport,?is?a?field?of?competition?between?private?action?and?stateinterests63 …” „… ,?through?sport …” „… ?and?the?freedom?to?contract.?Part?of?this?analysis?will?be?to?determine?the?boundaries?of?therules?of?the?Olympic?Movement?as?opposed?to?the?national?and?Community?law?ofa?European?state.?Such?is?the?case?of?Greece,?where?Athens,?the?Host?City60The end of amateur sport and the role of the …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sport: a defined Community term with international references S. 167-168

„… .?? ? ??Sport??means?all?forms?of?physical?activity?which,?through?casual?or?organisedparticipation,?aim?at?expressing?or?improving?physical?fitness?and?mental?well-being,?forming?social?relationships?or?obtaining?results?in?competition …” „… eady?involved?in?this?level?in?the?framework?of?the?Europe?of?cities?andthe?European?Networks?policy.It?has?to?be?ascertained,?therefore,?whether?the?effort?of?the?synthesis/composition?between?the?EC?law?and?the?IOC?law,?which?started?and?finished?in?Athens,will?continue?with?the?same?success?during?the?second?attempt?of?London?in?2012.Sport: a …” „… defined Community term with international referencesIn?the?Introduction?of?the?White?Paper?on?sport,381 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The interest of modern states in sport S. 59-60

„… ions,as?well?as?with?private?organizations.?Its?autonomy?is?welcome,?even?desired,?inasmuch?as?it?does?not?impinge?upon?the?sphere?of?influence?of?the?states.It?is?beyond?doubt?that?such?an?attractive?object,?both?from?an?economic?and?apolitical?aspect,?like?sport,?is?a?field?of?competition?between?private?action?and?stateinterests63 …” „… tonomy?of?the?sports …” „… ?movement?to?a?pivotal?issue.?This?issue?becomes?even?moreacute?in?view?of?a?forthcoming?Olympic?organization?by?a?Member?State?of?theEuropean?Union.?Such?is?the?case?of?Greece,?where?the?Olympic?Games?of?2004will?be?held?in?Athens.The interest of modern states in sportIn?the?20 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Security in the Barcelona Games S. 40-42

„… ?Olympic?Games,?allowed?theUnited?States?to?send?the??Dream?Team,??a?basketball?team?made?up?of?a?numberof?the?most?famous?U.S.?professional?basketball?players,?to?the?Olympics.Two?new? sports? entered? the?Olympic? program? in?Barcelona? as? baseball …” „… ? andbadminton?were?introduced.?Another?notable?change?in?the?Barcelona?games?wasthe?entrance?of?the?USA??Dream?Team??in?the?men?basketball?competition.?For?thefirst?time?the?best?American?professional?players?like?super?stars?Earvin??Magic?Johnson,?Larry?Bird?and?Michael?Jordan?were?present?in?the?Olympics.In? the? 1992?Barcelona?Olympics,? the?host´s …” „… ?gold?medals.?For?the?first? time?Chinaclaimed?a?top?position?in?the?nations?competition?as?they?finished?4th?with?16?goldand …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sport and liberalism S. 31

„… ?merely?copies?and?promotes?models?of?orthologismfrom?the?sphere?of?labour.?The?high?level?sport?undoubtedly?promotes?by?manymeans?relative?perceptions?which?are?affected?by?the?liberalism?and?in?particularby?the?idea?of?free?competition?and?the?remuneration?in?relation?to?the?effort.?Indeed,recent?researches?about?sport …” „… ).Within?this?vision,?there?was?little?room?for?approximate?and?non-precise?talesof?great?performances.?The?sport?record?can?be?seen?as?the?modern,?scientific?version?of?the?traditional?great?deed.?The?British?introduced?new?rule?systems?to?secureequal? opportunity? and? exact?measurements? of? performance …” „… ? ingeneral?and?to?the?establishment?of?the?modern?Olympic?Movement?in?particular,competitive?sport?became?an?international?phenomenon.?The?quest?for?progress?andnew?records?is?perhaps?most?clearly?articulated?in?the?Olympic?motto?citius, altius,fortius.?Sport …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sport from the Renaissance until the Age of Enlightenment S. 30-31

„… ?merely?copies?and?promotes?models?of?orthologismfrom?the?sphere?of?labour.?The?high?level?sport?undoubtedly?promotes?by?manymeans?relative?perceptions?which?are?affected?by?the?liberalism?and?in?particularby?the?idea?of?free?competition?and?the?remuneration?in?relation?to?the?effort.?Indeed,recent?researches?about?sport …” „… Sport?was?over? the?centuries? turned …” „… ? into?an?expression?of?a?class?which?wasexercising?instead?of?working,?as?long?as?it?was?not?facing?difficulties?in?makingends?meet.?The?aristocratical?element?of?amateur?sport?was?totally?altered?by?theboom?of? the?professional? sport? in? the?20th …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The international constitutional framework of sports S. 64-65

„… ?takeinto?consideration?the?recent?developments?in?the?field?of?sports?law.Undoubtedly,?such?an?attractive?financially?and?politically?matter?as?sport?is?afield?of?competition?between?the?private?action?and?the?state?interests.?Therefore,sport …” „… ?leads?to?a?tension?between?the?freedom?of?association?and?the?state?interestfor?sport.?The?end?of?the?amateur?character?of?sport …” „… sportsGradually,?a?total?of?international?institutions?acquire?an?increasing?interest?in?therelation?with?the?sporting?phenomenon.?In?1977 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The European Forum on Sport S. 173

„… E.,?Competition?and?Sport,?in?European?Law?Review,?2007.173 …” „… might?have?been?proven?difficult?to?develop?under?the?current?disagreements?overthe?role?of?sport …” „… SportThe?European?Forum?on?sport?constitutes?the?meeting?point?between?the?EU?andthe?sporting?world.The?first?European?forum?on?sport?took?place?in?1991 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Towards a formation of European perception on sport. S. 177-178

„… ? impose?general?rulesapplicable?to?all?European?sports.?However,?EU?law?will?continue?to?apply?to?sport,particularly?as?far?as?competition,?freedom?of?movement?and?non-discriminationrules?are?concerned.?Moreover,?dialogue?with?sports …” „… The?Commission?is?fully?aware?–?and?respectful?–?of?the?autonomy?and?diversityof?sports?and?recognizes?that?governance?is?mainly?the?responsibility?of?sports?governing?bodies?and,?to?some?extent,?the?Member?States.?The?autonomy?of?sport …” „… ?areas?such?as?free?movement,?non-discrimination?andcompetition.While?different?sports?may?wish?to?examine?their?own?organization,?the?methodwill?need?to?be?adapted?to?fit?the?specific?situation?of?each?sport.?In?the?sports …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The positions of the Council of Europe about Sport and their contribution to the forming of a European perception about sports S. 65-66

„… The positions of the Council of Europe about Sport and their contribution to theforming of a …” „… European perception about sportsBeyond? the? community? organs? there? are?more? European? institutions …” „… ? havelooked?for?their?contribution?to?the?sporting?affairs.?Rules?of?relative?content?to?theone?of?the?Olympic?Charter?were?adopted?by?the?Council?of?Europe?under?an?intenseeffort?to?be?placed?among?a?unified?European?system.A?European?Charter?for?Sport?has?been?already?adopted?at?a?level?of?committeeof?Ministers?on?the?24th?of?September?1992 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Olympic Movement Rules: Autonomy and Pluralism. S. 55-57

„… ’?the?following?are?required:?physical?activity,?competition?and?the?pursuit?of?a?record?or?a?distinction,?the?existence?of?rules?and?organizationpatterns?for?the?practice?of?each?sport,?as?well?as?the?practice?of?sport …” „… Pluralism.The?legal?pluralism?finds?its?best?expression?in?the?field?of?sports?law.?The?relationbetween?private?and?public,?national?and?international,?is?absolutely?developing?inthe?field?of?sports …” „… ?law?in?a?modern?and?contemporary?way.The?traditional?sports?law?is?formed?with?a?system?of?rules?the?prevalent?of?whichare?the?Olympic?Movement?rules.?The?total?structure?of?the?rules?of?sports?law?asa?whole,?though,?cannot?be?neglected,?since?sports?law?constitutes?a?legal?entity.Sport …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova General S. 134-135

„… ?has?been?always?considered?to?be?the?important?and?fair?attempt?of?an?athlete?to?outrace?himself?andprevail?over?others?in?a?fair?competition.?It?is?closely?linked?with?the?terms?of?fairplay?and?personal?and?public?health,?since?it?is?well-known?that?sport …” „… DopingGeneralNowadays,?doping?is?a?disease?for?sport?and?human?society.?It?derives?from?theDutch?word?“dop”,?a?beverage?that?Zulu?warriors?used?prior?to?battle.281?The?termbecame?current?at?the?early?20th?century?in?reference?to?illegal?drugging …” „… ?of?racehorses.?It?is?not?just?a?problem,?but?“?the?”?problem?of?contemporary?sport.282 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The contemporary exercising body S. 31-33

„… ?merely?copies?and?promotes?models?of?orthologismfrom?the?sphere?of?labour.?The?high?level?sport?undoubtedly?promotes?by?manymeans?relative?perceptions?which?are?affected?by?the?liberalism?and?in?particularby?the?idea?of?free?competition?and?the?remuneration?in?relation?to?the?effort.?Indeed,recent?researches?about?sport …” „… ).Within?this?vision,?there?was?little?room?for?approximate?and?non-precise?talesof?great?performances.?The?sport?record?can?be?seen?as?the?modern,?scientific?version?of?the?traditional?great?deed.?The?British?introduced?new?rule?systems?to?secureequal? opportunity? and? exact?measurements? of? performance …” „… ? ingeneral?and?to?the?establishment?of?the?modern?Olympic?Movement?in?particular,competitive?sport?became?an?international?phenomenon.?The?quest?for?progress?andnew?records?is?perhaps?most?clearly?articulated?in?the?Olympic?motto?citius, altius,fortius.?Sport …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova An overview S. 44-46

„… ? is?worthreminding?that?the?Olympics?are?necessarily?connected?with?a?major?social?event:sport.?This?field?has?been?lately?surrounded?with?a?great?community?interest,?to?theextent? that?we?now?speak?about?a?social …” „… ? dimension?of?sport …” „… th?of?August?everythingwas?ready?and?Athens?presented?an?excellent,?well?organized?Olympics?in?manynew?and?top-modern?sport?arenas.Almost?11.000 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Protection of athlete’s health S. 146-147

„… the?advantage?that?could?be?gained?in?this?way?is?not?that?important?and?cannotconsidered?to?be?unacceptable.?The?advantage?gained?by?drugs?is?much?greater?andif?we?legalised?the?use?of?drugs,?the?competition …” „… ?would?no?longer?take?place?in?thestadiums?but?in?the?chemists’?laboratories.?In?respect?of?the?other?natural?differences,?it?should?be?stated?that?they?excist?in?every?field?of?human?activity?and?notonly?in?sport.?Life? is?unfair?and?that? is?why?law?should?intervene? to?rebate? thisunfairness.Protection of …” „… ete?than?is?drug?use,?yet?it?is?legal.?Legislative?attempts?in?Britain?toban?the?violent?and?inherently?harmful?act?of?boxing?are?met?by?arguments?fromcivil?liberties?-the?logic?being?that?if?someone?wants?to?harm?himself?in?the?pursuitof?sport …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova European law and Olympic Games S. 152-154

„… ./ Jeanrenaud?C.,(eds.)?Competition?policy?in?professional?sports:?Europe?afterthe?Bosman?case.?Standaard?[etc.],?1999.333 Deliege,?Meca-Medina.334 ECJ?Decision?of?11th?November?2004,?C-429/2002 …” „… ,?which?recognizes?thesocial?character?of?sport?and?its?importance,?as?well?as?the?importance?of?engagingin?a?dialogue?with?the?sports …” „… ?movement.?This?declaration?is?highly?important?andsignifies?the?expansion?of?Community?action?in?the?field?of?sport,?but?also?the?willof?the?Union?to?converse?with?the?sports …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Ambushing strategies and examples S. 266-270

„… , B./O’Reilly,?N.J.,?The?Olympic?brand,?ambush?marketing?and?clutter.?InternationalJournal?of?Sport?Management?and?Marketing,?5(1.).580 Colantoni,?op?cit.581 Wei L./Kretschmer …” „… M.,?Ambush?Marketing:A?study?of?legal?responses,?in?InternationalSports?Law?Review?(ISLR/Pandektis,?Vol?5:3,?2004).266for?IP?law?violations.?For?instance,?in?1996 …” „… ”,?in?D.P.Panagiotopoulos,?Sports?Law,Implementation?and?the?Olympic?Games,?Ant.N.Sakkoulas,?Athens-Komotini,?p.381.584 Colantoni,?op?cit.267 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Violence and misbehaviour at sport events S. 66

„… reates?a?Wider?Treaty?about?sport.?Mr?Terry?Davis,?General?Secretary?of?the?Councilof?Europe,?chaired?in?the?first?session?of?the?EPAS?statuary?committee?in?Strasbourgon?18?June?2007.The?whole?Council?of?Europe?activity?can?lead?to?the?conclusion?that?the …” „… re?is?asystematic?effort?to?lift?the?autonomy?of?sporting?rules?and?the?state?rules?and?alsoan?effort?to?achieve?a?unified?regulation?at?a?European?level.The?most?attractive?subject-matter?of?modern?sport?is?claimed?by?both?the?privateauthorities?and?the?state?action.?The?Olympic?Movement?can?do?nothing?but?facethis?reality?of?the?20 …” „… th?century?which?seems?to?extend,?despite?the?scepticism?of?thesporting?movement,?to?the?states.Under?these?circumstances?of?competition …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sport and Education S. 198-199

„… ? expensesmainly?for?the?non-Eurozone?countries,?related?to?the?cross-border?bank?transfersinto?Euros.One?legal?action?initiated?in?a?Frankfurt?court?by?a?German?consumer’s?organization?as?well?as?a?complaint?presented?by?two?MEP?to?the?European?Commission’sDG?Competition,?alleging?violation?of?Article?82 …” „… llywould?not?be?offered;?(ii)?applicants?not?eligible?to?get?tickets?would?only?be?reimbursed?after?the?tournament,?and?a?non-refundable?fee?of?5?euros?for?presumed“administrative?costs”?would?be?retained.Sport and …” „… ich?sport?also?has?a?part?to?play.Sport?can?help?in?a?number?of?ways?in?the?training?of?children,?young?people?andadults.?Alongside?the?purely?physical?aspects,?the?social?and?educational?values?ofsport?also?play?an?essential?role,?e.g.?learning?to?be?part?of?a?team?and?to?accept?the198 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova General S. 263-264

„… ?event,?withoutpaying?sponsorship?fees?to?the?organiser?in?order?to?benefit?from?its?media?impact.The?most?significant?display?of?this?relatively?new?technique?known?as?“?ambushmarketing”?,?also?known?as?“?parasite”?or?“?guerrilla”?marketing,?was?seen?in?theOlympic?Games?and?other?major?international?competitions?such?as?the?FootballWorld?Cup.?There?are?many?terms?proposed?for?this?new?reality?on?sport …” „… MarketingGeneralAmbush?marketing?is?a?great?threat?of?modern?sport …” „… ?as?has?been?formed?the?lastdecades,?since?it?undermines?the?sponsorship?agreements?which?are?vital?for?theproper?organization?of?mega?events?such?as?the?Olympics.?Ambush?marketing?essentially?consists?of?associating?a?company's?image?with?a?sports …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The challenge of the first European Olympic Games S. 51-54

„… mission?of?the?organization?to?the?EU?law?as?well?as?the?one?of?the?harmonic?coexistence?of?Europe?and?sport …” „… ?is?always?vital.?The?coexistence?of?the?EU?with?thesport?is?a?matter?that?has?bothered?intensely?both?the?theory?and?the?communityorgans.?Subsequently,?a?European?dimension?of?sport?constituters?a?matter?whichattracts?the?attention?every?time?that?a?city?of?the?EU?is?to?organize?a?major?sportingevent,?such?as?the?Olympic?Games.?The?Community?Law?as?well?as?the?case?law/jurisprudence?are?now?dealing?with?systematically?with?sport?and?after?the?Bosmanjudgement,? there? have? been?many? judgements …” „… ? contemporarycharacter?of?the?matter.?Under?this?framework,?the?Olympics?acquire?a?particularinterest?as?an?organization?subject?to?the?EC?law?in?so?far?as?the?community?law?isgetting?involved?in?relations?which?are?of?the?international?sport?community?interestbut? also? of? connected? to? sport? financial? interest.? The? organization? of? the …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The adoration of the human body in the palaistras S. 26-27

„… I.,?History?of?PhysicalEducation?with?elements?of?philosophy,?Christodoulidou?Publications,?Thessaloniki,?2000,p.147,?Goldn M.,?Sport?and?Society?in?Ancient?Greece,?Cambridge,?1998,?Landry F./Orban,W.A.R …” „… .), ?Philosophy,?Theology?and?History?of?Sport?and?of?Physical?Activity,?Symposia?Specialists,?Quebec?1978.33 …” „… ., The?Gymnasium.?An?institution?for?Athletics?and?Education,?in?National?Archeological?Museum,?Mind?and?Body,?Athletic?Contests?in?Ancient?Greece,?Athens,?1989,?p.?31.26The Games during the period of HomerDuring?the?Homer?period,? the?competition? in …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Violence and Sport in International Treaties-The Council of Europe position S. 66-69

„… reates?a?Wider?Treaty?about?sport.?Mr?Terry?Davis,?General?Secretary?of?the?Councilof?Europe,?chaired?in?the?first?session?of?the?EPAS?statuary?committee?in?Strasbourgon?18?June?2007.The?whole?Council?of?Europe?activity?can?lead?to?the?conclusion?that?the …” „… re?is?asystematic?effort?to?lift?the?autonomy?of?sporting?rules?and?the?state?rules?and?alsoan?effort?to?achieve?a?unified?regulation?at?a?European?level.The?most?attractive?subject-matter?of?modern?sport?is?claimed?by?both?the?privateauthorities?and?the?state?action.?The?Olympic?Movement?can?do?nothing?but?facethis?reality?of?the?20 …” „… th?century?which?seems?to?extend,?despite?the?scepticism?of?thesporting?movement,?to?the?states.Under?these?circumstances?of?competition …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Games of Barcelona S. 39-40

„… d?the?Games?having?eliminated?apartheid.Baseball,?a?demonstration?sport?in?earlier?Games,?was?added?to?the?Olympic?roster.36 …” „… ?Olympic?Games,?allowed?theUnited?States?to?send?the??Dream?Team,??a?basketball?team?made?up?of?a?numberof?the?most?famous?U.S.?professional?basketball?players,?to?the?Olympics.Two?new? sports? entered? the?Olympic? program …” „… ? andbadminton?were?introduced.?Another?notable?change?in?the?Barcelona?games?wasthe?entrance?of?the?USA??Dream?Team??in?the?men?basketball?competition.?For?thefirst?time?the?best?American?professional?players?like?super?stars?Earvin??Magic?Johnson,?Larry?Bird?and?Michael?Jordan?were?present?in?the?Olympics.In? the? 1992?Barcelona?Olympics,? the?host´s …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Ambush Marketing S. 263

„… ?event,?withoutpaying?sponsorship?fees?to?the?organiser?in?order?to?benefit?from?its?media?impact.The?most?significant?display?of?this?relatively?new?technique?known?as?“?ambushmarketing”?,?also?known?as?“?parasite”?or?“?guerrilla”?marketing,?was?seen?in?theOlympic?Games?and?other?major?international?competitions?such?as?the?FootballWorld?Cup.?There?are?many?terms?proposed?for?this?new?reality?on?sport …” „… MarketingGeneralAmbush?marketing?is?a?great?threat?of?modern?sport …” „… ?as?has?been?formed?the?lastdecades,?since?it?undermines?the?sponsorship?agreements?which?are?vital?for?theproper?organization?of?mega?events?such?as?the?Olympics.?Ambush?marketing?essentially?consists?of?associating?a?company's?image?with?a?sports …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Ideological background S. 124-127

„… ?the?Games.?However,?the?revival?of?the?Olympics?was?not?followed?by?the?revivalof?the?truce.?The?Olympism?is?the?goal?to?place?sport?as?the?service?of?harmoniousdevelopment?of?man,?with?a?view?to?promoting?a?peaceful?society.255?However,?thatprinciple?was …” „… ?Olympic?Charter.However,?since?the?revival?of?the?Games?there?were?many?references?to?the?needfor?peace?and?the?connection?between?sport?and?peace.?During?the?procedures?ofthe?revival?of?the?Games,?in?January?1894,?Coubertin?sends?a?circular?to?variousass …” „… ?harmonious?development?of?humankind?with?a?view?to?encouraging?the?establishment?of?a?peaceful?society?concerned?with?the?preservationof?human?dignity.?With?the?formation?of?the?International?Olympic?Committee?theglobal?society?acquired?another?institution?that?hoped?to?play?an?important?role?inthe?international?relations,?through?sport.257 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The London 2012 Olympics S. 50-51

„… .?In?the?framework?of?an?ideology?whichembodies?the?principles?of?the?Enlightenment?and?the?organization?through?rules,sport?as?part?of?the?international?athletic?movement?is?being?expanded/spread?systematically?and?with?the?frequency?of?every?four?years?which?follow?the?4?yearcircles?of?democracy,?promotes?its?positions?in?stadia?full?of?spectators.46 …” „… mission?of?the?organization?to?the?EU?law?as?well?as?the?one?of?the?harmonic?coexistence?of?Europe?and?sport …” „… ?is?always?vital.?The?coexistence?of?the?EU?with?thesport?is?a?matter?that?has?bothered?intensely?both?the?theory?and?the?communityorgans.?Subsequently,?a?European?dimension?of?sport?constituters?a?matter?whichattracts?the?attention?every?time?that?a?city?of?the?EU?is?to?organize?a?major?sportingevent,?such?as?the?Olympic?Games.?The?Community?Law?as?well?as?the?case?law/jurisprudence?are?now?dealing?with?systematically?with?sport?and?after?the?Bosmanjudgement,? there? have …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Special EU law Issues S. 186

„… R.,?Nationality?Discrimination?in?Community?Law:An?Assessment?of?UEFA?Regulations?governing?Player?Eligibilty?for?EuropeanClub?Competitions,?in?Entertainment?and?Sports?Law?Jourtnal?(ESLJ)?electronic?journal?inhttp://go.warwick.ac.uk/eslj/issues/volume5/number2/miettinen_parrish.186 …” „… Chapter?9Special EU law IssuesSport, Freedom of movement, mutual recognition and right of …” „… tition?rules?regarding?the?matter?oftransfers.The?rules?governing?the?freedom?of?movement?do?not?only?concern?the?professional?athletes,?but?also?the?amateur?sport …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Nairobi Treaty S. 262-263

„… ?event,?withoutpaying?sponsorship?fees?to?the?organiser?in?order?to?benefit?from?its?media?impact.The?most?significant?display?of?this?relatively?new?technique?known?as?“?ambushmarketing”?,?also?known?as?“?parasite”?or?“?guerrilla”?marketing,?was?seen?in?theOlympic?Games?and?other?major?international?competitions?such?as?the?FootballWorld?Cup.?There?are?many?terms?proposed?for?this?new?reality?on?sport …” „… MarketingGeneralAmbush?marketing?is?a?great?threat?of?modern?sport …” „… ?as?has?been?formed?the?lastdecades,?since?it?undermines?the?sponsorship?agreements?which?are?vital?for?theproper?organization?of?mega?events?such?as?the?Olympics.?Ambush?marketing?essentially?consists?of?associating?a?company's?image?with?a?sports …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The International respond S. 135-137

„… tivity,?while?they?are?said?to?eat?lamb?testicles?(?a?kind?of?contemporarytestosterone)?to?enhance?their?capacity.?Inca?Slaves?were,?also,?considered?to?workbetter?after?chewing?coca?leaves.?In?modern?sport?history?doping?was?first?mentioned?in?the?Olympic?Games?of?Sent?Louis?in?1904 …” „… ?blood?doping.?Soon,?all?the?IF?had?their?own?regulations?againstdoping?followed?by?disciplinary?measures?and?sanctions.?Since?1983?the?Court?ofArbitration?for?Sport?(CAS)?has?dealt?with?many?doping?cases.?Doping?represents60 …” „… fforts?of?sports?organizations?and?public?authorities.?The?IOC?took?the?initiativeand?convened?the?World?Conference?on?Doping?in?Sport?in?Lausanne?in?February1999.?Following?the?proposal?of?the?Conference,?the?World?Anti-Doping?Agency(WADA)?was?establishe …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The International Olympic Committee (IOC) S. 85-87

„… ),?the?Gamesare?competitions …” „… he?host?city?and?meets?with?the?Council?of?the?IOC?at?least?once?per?year?and?itsubmits?recommendations.It?also?undertakes?various?medical?researches?during?the?Olympics?for?the?treatment?or?the?prevention?of?injuries.In?1983?the?IOC?founded?the?Court?of?Arbitration?for?Sports …” „… ? isindependent?but?the?IOC?pays?huge?amounts?of?money?for?its?foundation?and?maintenance.116115 Lapouble J.C.,?Droit?du?sport,?Ellipses,?Paris,?2006,?p.15,?Paurot S …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Greece-supply of automatic weather stations S. 196

„… ?OlympicGames?cannot?be?regarded?as?an?unforeseeable?event.?Finally,?the?need?would?notappear?to?be?so?urgent?that?the?deadlines?required?under?the?open?and?restrictedprocedures?could?not?be?respected.The tickets selling matter and the competition …” „… rulesOne?of?the?essential?components?of?organizing?sport?events?is?the?ticketing?system.Usually?implemented?by?the?Organizing?Committees?(OC),?it?is?not?unusual?thatthese?agreements?contravene?EC?Law.424In?the?Italy?1990?World?Cup,?the?OC?entered?into?a?w …” „… ?ECT),?byrestricting?both?competition?between?tour?operators?and?competition?between?travelagents,?thus?making?it?impossible?to?find?sources?of?supply?other?than?the?exclusivetravel?agency.On?the?occasion?of?1992 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Pan-Hellenic Games S. 28

„… ? the?harmonic?development?ofbody?and?soul?and?the?noble?competition.?It?is?clear,?therefore,?that?since?the?Gamesof?antiquity?both?the?Games?and?their?basic?principles?tried?and?finally?achieved?toexpand?to?an?exceedingly?bigger?group?of?people,?which?did?not?decline?this?call.City-state and sportSince?the?8 …” „… ? reachsubsequently?their?harmony.?The?sporting?exercise?was?accompanied?by?music.?Themusic,?the?dance?and?the?sport?were?aiming?at?the?achievement?of?the?harmonicbalance?between?body?and?mind.?Many?sporting?festivities?used?to?be?held?in?the8th?century?BC …” „… ?by?the?cities-states?which?were?just?founded?at?that?period.?Thesefestivities?included?many?motives?for?competition …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The human body, the international society and the fair play of history S. 18-25

„… J.,?MortalEngines:?The?Science?of?Performance?and?the?Dehumanization?of?Sport,?The?Free?Press,?NewYork,?1992,?Keating, J.W.,?Competition?and?Playful?Activities,?University?Press?of?America,24 …” „… historyCoubertin?mentions?that?“sports …” „… tal?collection?of?values,?which?beyond?their?naturalexistence?are?developing?via?the?participation?on?sport.?This?principle?comprisesthe?fundamental?values?of?the?modern?theory?of?sport?and?of?the?sport?education?ona?human?basis.4Coubertin?is?also?respons …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Responses to Ambush Marketing S. 270-272

„… law.?The?situation?is?further?deteriorated?by?the?fact?that?most?countries?lack?adequate?legal?provisions?to?combat?ambush?marketing.Traditional?laws?of?trademarks,?copyright,?unfair?competition …” „… ?In?theUK?the?law?of?trespass?could?be?resorted?to,?in?order?to?stop?ambush?marketing?asregard?activities?near?to?or?within?where?the?sport …” „… ?Also,?ambush?marketing?could?be?possibly?dealt?with?under?circumstances?by?unfair?competition …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Athens: the first European Host City in the European Territory S. 46-47

„… ance?with?the?European?Integration.?This?historical?challengeseems?to?find?its?essence?in?the?facts?which?show?the?meaning?of?the?rules?and?themeanings.?The?European?dimension?of?sport …” „… ting?democracy?is?being?testedthrough?its?institutional?opinions?and?positions.?Sport …” „… ?creates?a?system?of?institutions?and?persons?that?participate?in?the?European?reality?as?citizens?of?the?Europeancities.?Being?connected?with?the?cities?more?than?the?states,?sport …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Games during the period of Homer S. 27

„… The Games during the period of HomerDuring?the?Homer?period,? the?competition? in? the? sporting …” „… ?the?terms?competition …” „… ? to?a?more?educationalperception?of?the?Games.?In?the?democratic?cities-states,?sport …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Special legislation introduced by the hosting states S. 272-280

„… T.,?The?position?of?an?athlete?in?ambush?marketing,?in?International?Sports?LawReview/Pandektis,?Vol.6:3-4,?2006.607 Merchandise?Marks?Amendment?Act?2002.608 Article?5,?no.6.275competition?venues?but …” „… This?ad?hoc?law?designed?for?the?sports?event?in?question?barred?the?dissemination?of?all?types?of?advertising?in?the?city?and?the?Olympic?stadium,?as?well?as?othervenues?used?for?the?sports?events?and?public?and?private?buildings?within?a?200 …” „… ? cases?wasconsiderably?reduced?in?the?Athens?Games.?The?Athens?Olympic?Games?have?revealed?the?need?to?adopt?specific?laws?against?ambush?marketing?in?order?to?safeguard?sponsors'?rights?and,?in?the?long?run,?top-level?sporting?competition …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova More about the proportionality: Is doping really proportionate? S. 145

„… reserve?the?“?the?spirit?of?sport …” „… )?it?damages?integrity,image,?value?and?spirit?of?sport.?The?elimination?of?these?disadvantages?prima?facieseem?to?be?important?enough?to?justify?the?doping?legislation.?However,?there?is?anopinion,?according?to?which?the?objectives?of?doping?are?contradictory?and?dopingregulation?is?not?justified.Unfair …” „… advantageDoping?enhances?the?ability?of?the?athletes,?making?them?stronger?and?faster,?whichmake?the?competition?unfair?for?the?“?clean?“?athletes.?If?some?athletes?are?usingdrugs?then?they?are?gaining?an?unfair?advantage?over?other?athletes,?who?will?eitheruse?drugs?to?keep?up?with?them?(thereby?placing?their?own?health?at?risk)?or?elsewill …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Olympic symbol protection and fight against ambush marketing S. 245-249

„… Ambush?marketing?is?commonly?defined?as?the?“?unauthorised?association?by?businesses?oftheir?names,?brands,?products?or?services?with?a?sports?event?or?competition?through?anyone?or?more?of?a?wide?range?of?marketing?activities.”.518 The?London?Olympics?Bill-Update,?Couchman/Harrington?Associates,?www.couchmanharrington.com …” „… ,?Padley H.,?Legislative?Comment,?London?2012?five?years?and?counting,?in?International?Sports …” „… U.,?Sports?Law,?Cavendish?Publishing,?3rd?Edition,?Sydney-London,?2005,?p.460.528 Padley H.,?Legislative?Comment,?London?2012 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The competitive relationship among the Olympic Movement rules and the state rules and the institutional balancing of each Olympic Organization S. 110-112

„… ?be?completed?quickly.?Thisreuires,?though,?permission?of?the?competent?court?for?the?reckoning?of?the?temporary?orpermanent?compensation?as?well?as?the?paying?of?reasonable?part?of?the?compensation.216 http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympics/7265593.stm.110 …” „… ?the?Gameswould?contribute?to?the?social?progress?and?the?financial?development?of?China?as?well?asto?the?improvement?of?the?human?rights?promotion.?Besides,?IOC?officials?had?made?clearthat?human?rights?in?China?should?be?improved?as?a?result?of?the?choice?of?Beijing?for?thehosting?of?the?Games.218 Nafziger J.A.R.,? International? Sports …” „… D.,?Sporting?Relations:?Greek?and?InternationalCompetitions?(in?Greek),?Ant.?N.?Sakkoulas?Publishers,?Athens?2001.111 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sale of Tickets S. 244-245

„… Ambush?marketing?is?commonly?defined?as?the?“?unauthorised?association?by?businesses?oftheir?names,?brands,?products?or?services?with?a?sports?event?or?competition?through?anyone?or?more?of?a?wide?range?of?marketing?activities.”.518 The?London?Olympics?Bill-Update,?Couchman/Harrington?Associates,?www.couchmanharrington.com …” „… ,?Padley H.,?Legislative?Comment,?London?2012?five?years?and?counting,?in?International?Sports …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Olympic Charter S. 83-85

„… ? isconsistent,?as?one?could?expect,?with?the?associative?nature?of?sport.?However,?inrespect?of?the?part?that?comprises?some?ideological?elements?there?is?a?very?clearsimilarity? to?a?manifest? of? ideals …” „… A.,?The?legal?basis?of?the?Olympic?Charter,?in:?World?Sports?Law?Report,?November2007.113 …” „… ),?the?Gamesare?competitions …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Greek sprinters scandal S. 47

„… scandalMuch?of?the?politics?surrounding?the?Athens?Games?have?emerged?after?the?competition …” „… ?Olympic?Games,?An?overviewin:?Blackshaw I./Siekmann R./Soek J.?(eds),?The?Court?of?Arbitration?for?sport?1984-?2004,T.M.?C?Asser?Press …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Vodafone scandal S. 47

„… scandalMuch?of?the?politics?surrounding?the?Athens?Games?have?emerged?after?the?competition …” „… ?Olympic?Games,?An?overviewin:?Blackshaw I./Siekmann R./Soek J.?(eds),?The?Court?of?Arbitration?for?sport?1984-?2004,T.M.?C?Asser?Press …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova EU law in the Barcelona Games S. 42

„… ? beenachieved?had?the?Organizing?Committee?activated?its?investments?in?sports?venuesrather?than?handing?them?over?without?receiving?anything?in?return38 …” „… Testimony?Given?at?a?Competition,?Foreign?Commerce,?and?Infrastructure?Hearing:?LessonsLearned?from?Security?at?Past?Olympic?Games?Tuesday,?May?4?2004?-?2:30?PM?-?SR?-?253The?Testimony?of?Mr.?David?Maples …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Siemens scandal S. 47-48

„… scandalMuch?of?the?politics?surrounding?the?Athens?Games?have?emerged?after?the?competition …” „… ?Olympic?Games,?An?overviewin:?Blackshaw I./Siekmann R./Soek J.?(eds),?The?Court?of?Arbitration?for?sport?1984-?2004,T.M.?C?Asser?Press …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Games and the city: the Barcelona mythe S. 42-43

„… ? beenachieved?had?the?Organizing?Committee?activated?its?investments?in?sports?venuesrather?than?handing?them?over?without?receiving?anything?in?return38 …” „… Testimony?Given?at?a?Competition,?Foreign?Commerce,?and?Infrastructure?Hearing:?LessonsLearned?from?Security?at?Past?Olympic?Games?Tuesday,?May?4?2004?-?2:30?PM?-?SR?-?253The?Testimony?of?Mr.?David?Maples …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sport during the Medieval Age S. 29-30

„… Sport …” „… TheodosiusWhen?the?Byzantine?Emperor?Theodosius?banned?the?palaistras?and?the?gymnasiain?the?Roman?Empire?territory,?sport …” „… ?deviated?a?lot?from?the?values?and?the?originalsof?the?classic?antiquity.?The?“brad?and?spectacles”?of?the?Romans?had?filled?thestadia?with?deads?and?had?made?sport …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova War and Sport S. 29

„… Sport …” „… TheodosiusWhen?the?Byzantine?Emperor?Theodosius?banned?the?palaistras?and?the?gymnasiain?the?Roman?Empire?territory,?sport …” „… ?deviated?a?lot?from?the?values?and?the?originalsof?the?classic?antiquity.?The?“brad?and?spectacles”?of?the?Romans?had?filled?thestadia?with?deads?and?had?made?sport …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova From the Roman Empire to Theodosius S. 29

„… Sport …” „… TheodosiusWhen?the?Byzantine?Emperor?Theodosius?banned?the?palaistras?and?the?gymnasiain?the?Roman?Empire?territory,?sport …” „… ?deviated?a?lot?from?the?values?and?the?originalsof?the?classic?antiquity.?The?“brad?and?spectacles”?of?the?Romans?had?filled?thestadia?with?deads?and?had?made?sport …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The innovative Olympic Games of 1896 and 2004 S. 43-44

„… ? is?worthreminding?that?the?Olympics?are?necessarily?connected?with?a?major?social?event:sport.?This?field?has?been?lately?surrounded?with?a?great?community?interest,?to?theextent? that?we?now?speak?about?a?social …” „… ? dimension?of?sport …” „… ?marathondistance?in?order?to?announce?the?Greek?victory?against?the?Persian?invasion?forces.In?addition?the?marathons?finished?on?the?Olympic?stadium?that?was?used?in?theAthens?1896?games.?On?this?more?than?100?year?old?venue?the?Archery?competitionstook …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845233499

Dennis Cukurov - Kartellrechtliche Zulässigkeit von Superligen im Fußball

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Dennis Cukurov

Kartellrechtliche Zulässigkeit von Superligen im Fußball

Reihe: Europäisches Wirtschaftsrecht

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Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

Literaturverzeichnis S. 301-322

„… , Christine, Sports and competition law: a never-ending story?, European Competition Law Review (ECLR) 2002 …” „… introduction of an European Union football competition, International Sports Law Journal (ISLJ) 2000, May, S …” „… – a chance for a little bit more fairness and just reforms in sport arbitration, European Competition …”

Kapitel 2: Rechtliche Grundlagen S. 92-141

„… , 511/61/1994 – Suomen Koripalloliitto, zit. nach OECD, Competition and Sports, 2010, S. 110. Kapitel 2 …” „… nothing surprising in the idea that competition law should be applied [...] to sport“. Siehe allerdings …” „… gelegt. Da das Kartellrecht auf den Sport nicht zugeschnitten, vielmehr auf wirtschaftliche Aktivitäten …”

Kapitel 1: Tatsächliche und ökonomische Grundlagen S. 42-91

„… . 20, No. 2, 194, 195. 119 Szymanski in: OECD, Competition and Sports, 2010, S. 17. 120 Zum …” „… . 179, Abb. 33. 132 Szymanski in: OECD, Competition and Sports, 2010, S. 21. 133 Szymanski in: OECD …” „… , Competition and Sports, 2010, S. 21 f. 134 Vgl. Szymanski in: OECD, Competition and Sports, 2010, S. 21. B …”

Kapitel 6: Schlussbetrachtung S. 295-300

„… to undertakings active in the sports sector on the application of European competition rules to …” „… Schlussbetrachtung Zusammenfassung Die Arbeit lässt sich wie folgt zusammenfassen: 1. Der Sport ist …” „… Freizeitgestaltung der Bevölkerung. Der Sport ist zugleich ein wichtiger Wirtschaftsfaktor.1001 Er schafft …”

Kapitel 3: Kartellrechtliche Zulässigkeit des Verhaltens der UEFA in Bezug auf Superligen S. 142-241

„… , Competition Law, 2018, S. 142; Szyszczak in: Anderson/Parrish/Garcia, Research Handbook on EU Sports Law and …” „… , haben sich viele Dachverbände im Sport dafür entschieden, Bewilligungsklauseln zu verabschieden. Dieser …” „… Bewilligungsklausel. Weite Bewilligungsklauseln kommen im Sport häufig vor. Art. 49 Abs. 3 UEFA-Statuten ist als weite …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-30

„… FußballI. 31 Spannungsverhältnis zwischen Kartellrecht und SportII. 35 Besonderheiten des Sports als …” „… des SportsA. 42 Sport und GesellschaftI. 42 Gesellschaftliche Funktionen des Sports1. 42 Politische …” „… Implikationen2. 44 Sport und WirtschaftII. 45 Bedeutung für die europäische Wirtschaft1. 45 Professionalisierung …”

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Die zweite Halbzeit

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Quellenverzeichnis S. 1011-1126

„… Definition, Competition and Consumer Law Journal 1997, 220 – 224Egger, Alexander/Stix-Hackl, ChristineSports …” „… Competition Law-the Central Marketing of Television Rights to Sport Events in Light of German and European …” „… Norros, Olli Does the outsourcing of a sports league affect its evaluation under EU competition law …”

Zweites Kapitel: Wettbewerbsrechtliche Grundlagen S. 205-301

„… European Competition Law Review 2000, 208 (209); Szymanski in International Sports Law Review 2002, 3 (3 …” „… Sport zwar eine Verbandsautonomie, entzieht verbandsrechtliche Angelegenheit jedoch nicht der …” „… Hannamann, Kartellverbot und Verhaltenskoordination im Sport, 75 f., 81 ff.; Vieweg, Normsetzung und …”

Siebtes Kapitel: Lösungsvorschlag S. 956-1010

„… . Competition Policy Newsletter 1998/2, 18 (25).3324 Mash in Sport and the Law Journal 2006/2, 25 (32), der …” „… (466).3307 Wolf in Schellhaaß, Sport und Medien, 87 (88).3308 Sänger, Mediale Verwertung von …” „… Sportveranstaltungen, 225.3309 Font Galarza in de Waele/Husting, Sport et Union Européenne, 157 (161), der feststellt …”

Erstes Kapitel: Analytische Grundlagen S. 67-204

„… Sport in Contemporary Society, 157 (160) und McAuley in European Competition Law Review 2002, 331 (333 …” „… heranzieht, wird – im ersten Unterkapitel – zunächst die Entwicklung des Sports zum Wirtschaftssektor …” „… Sportsektors zum WirtschaftssektorDer Sport war nie frei von wirtschaftlichen Anreizen. Im Gegenteil, ihm ist …”

Viertes Kapitel: Vertikale Vermarktungsinstrumente S. 351-600

„… (523); Carter in World Competition 2001, 93 (113) und Weatherill in International Sports Law Journal …” „… Blackshaw/Siekmann/Cornelius, TV Rights and Sport, 9 (12) und Brinckman/Vollebregt in European Competition Law Review 1998, 281 …” „… (4282) – Europapokalheimspiele.1097 Komm. Competition Policy Newsletter 1998/2, 18 (23), in dem …”

Drittes Kapitel: Individualvermarktung S. 302-350

„… competition law study of the collective sale of sports broadcasting rights, 28; Waldhauser, Die Fernsehrechte …” „… im Sport, 9 (41).1088 Competition Appeal Tribunal [2005] CAT 29, Rn. 195 – Racecourse Association …” „… . Hinsichtlich des englischen Schrifttums siehe Jeanrenaud/Késenne in dies., The Economics of Sport and the Media …”

Fünftes Kapitel: Zentralvermarktung S. 601-682

„… Schrifttum Parrish/Miettinen in Blackshaw/Siekmann/Cornelius, TV Rights and Sport, 9 (20).1882 Stopper in …” „… competition/speeches/text/sp2003_024_en.pdf> abrufbare Rede des ehemaligen Mitarbeiters der Generaldirektion Wettbewerb …” „… sports rights“.1886 Frey in ZUM 2005, 585 (587).Fünftes Kapitel: Zentralvermarktung602108410851086durch …”

Einführung S. 63-66

„… EinführungIn den vergangenen Jahrzehnten ist der Sport aufgrund einer immer weiter …” „… wettbewerbsrechtlichen Grenzen der Vermarktung des Sports und der darauf aufbauenden Auseinandersetzung. Sie geht jedoch …” „… feststellt, dass „l’applicazione del diritto antitrust al mondo dello sport, e in particolare ai suoi …”

Sechstes Kapitel: Zweite Halbzeit S. 683-955

„… Spielzeit A.2153 Stopper in SpuRt 2009, 237 (238).2154 Fritzweiler/Schneider in Fritzweiler, Sport …” „… Sportrechte, 62 f.; Klewenhagen in SPONSOR’s 11/2007, 26 und die Meldung in Horizont Sport Business 6/2007 …” „… Waele/Husting, Sport et Union Européenne, 157 (161), der feststellt, dass „l’exclusivité en soi n’est pas …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748938248

Tatjana Hörnle, Christoph Möllers, Gerhard Wagner - Gerichte und ihre Äquivalente

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Tatjana Hörnle (Hrsg.), Christoph Möllers (Hrsg.), Gerhard Wagner (Hrsg.)

Gerichte und ihre Äquivalente

Reihe: Recht im Kontext

Band 7 2020

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Antoine Duval Towards a Transnational Solange: The Court of Arbitration for Sport and EU Law S. 13-44

„… international SGBs over their sports and/or competitions. Indeed, CAS arbitration is not comparable to …” „… the regularity of sporting competitions«80 • »to combat doping in order for competitive sport to be …” „… competitions. Thus, international sports could be understood as a global public good attainable only through …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845281582

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STADION

Alle Ausgaben: STADION

STADION Jahrgang 39 (2013) Heft 1 ISSN Online: 2942-3430

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Jean Williams Breaking into Olympic Circles: Women and Parallel Versions of the Olympic Games 1900-1936 S. 7-28

„… , tug of war and velocipede competitions indicate.52 Whole sports and particular disciplines have …” „… by an English Women's Sport Federation.85 A proposed triathlon competition was probably not as we …” „… would know the sport today, but was deemed less interesting as multi-sport competition by 1934 than a …”

Summaries – Résumés – Kurzfassungen S. 295-312

„… , competitions run simultaneously at different venues, each country has interest in certain sports and less in …” „… d’aider un sport de compétition qui, pour se moderniser et permettre une professionnalisation des …” „… in a wider range of sports. The key figure was Alice Joséphine Marie Milliat (1884- 1957), a young …”

Introduction S. 1-6

„… , political and geopolitical interests of organising such international competitions. At a cost of 36 billion …” „… , organising and celebrating the Olympics” (XIVth Carrefour d’histoire du sport) at the University of Rouen …” „… editions of the Olympic competitions included large exhibitions: in Paris in 1900 and in Saint Louis in …”

Jean-François Loudcher, Monica Aceti La « débâcle » suisse aux Jeux olympiques d ́hiver á Innsbruck en 1964 et ses conséquences sur l ́organisation sportive nationale S. 183-206

„… compétition, de l'éthique et de la sécurité dans le sport ainsi que de la recherche »10. La création du …” „… symbolisent une autre forme de sport plus tourné vers la compétition et le résultat. Les deux savoyardes …” „… donc pas directement le développement du sport de compétition médiatisé. Mais, suite à l’échec …”

Evelyn Mertin “Participation is not Enough”. The Soviet Union in the Olympic Movement S. 149-162

„… Movement. The linking of successful sport results to a Communist ideology of superiority and achievement …” „… was part of the propaganda aims surrounding Soviet elite sport. Records and gold medals were seen as …” „… this paper to go further than "just” recognising sport as an important instrument within Soviet …”

Yves Leloup Les Jeux du Pacifique de Papeete en 1995 : Quand Olympisme et enjeux autonomistes se conjuguent S. 251-272

„… sport et à sa mondialisation. De surcroît, nous le verrons, ces Jeux participent pleinement de la …” „… sport et de l’olympisme une focalisation et une médiatisation privilégiée et inespérée4. 252 En nous …” „… s’intercalent entre les Jeux. Ces mini-Jeux du Pacifique (ou mini-games) sont une compétition sœur 255 des …”

Richard Haynes The Maturation of Olympic Television: The BBC, Eurovision and Rome 1960 S. 163-182

„… BBC’s coverage has argued that Rome 1960 represented a watershed in the level of commitment to sport …” „… : “BBC Television sports coverage really took off at Rome 1960”, he recalls, “That was the biggest event …” „… , plaudits from senior managers, governing bodies of sport and even their competitors and counterparts at …”

André Gounot Les Xe Jeux de l'Amérique centrale et des Caraïbes en 1966 : Porto Rico comme lieu singulier de la guerre froide S. 207-226

„… géographiques où le sport moderne était encore assez faiblement développé, est née immédiatement après la …” „… mondiale du sport jusque dans les années 1970, quand Cuba commence à réaliser des exploits olympiques …” „… décisions libres dans tous les domaines relevant du sport olympique international ; mais quand celles-ci ont …”

Martin Polley The 1908 Olympics and the Entente Cordiale S. 29-42

„… GB (albeit only in a marginal way in some sports) to the cross-cultural music, dance, and spectacle …” „… the Olympics became linked to the Exhibition, the organisers were already planning to include sport …” „… Ballymaclinton were not invited to display their own sports: a GAA demonstration in a showcase for imperial …”

Cyril Polycarpe Regional Games as an Extension of the Olympic Idea: The Example of the Central American Games (1926) S. 57-74

„… characterizes an Olympic norm. They apply to: amateurism, the oath, physical education, sports programmes …” „… organisation of International Sports Federations. This norm shows the reinforcement of the Olympic idea and …” „… constitutional and cultural improvement on the sports level, where everything was to be built, invented and …”

doi.org/10.5771/0172-4029-2013-1

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