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Barbara H. Chasin - Inequality and Violence in the United States

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Barbara H. Chasin

Inequality and Violence in the United States

2022

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Social Class and Organizational Power S. 69-96

doi.org/10.5771/9781666913552

Tilo Görl - Klassengebundene Cleavage-Strukturen in Ost- und Westdeutschland

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Tilo Görl

Klassengebundene Cleavage-Strukturen in Ost- und Westdeutschland

Series: Studien zur Wahl- und Einstellungsforschung

Volume 2 2007

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Zum klassenbasierten Wahlverhalten in Westeuropa – „Are social classes dying?“ S. 17-25

„… Wahlverhalten in Westeuropa – „Are social classes dying?“1 Ein zentraler Topos der politischen Soziologie ist …” „… countries we have studied show a decline during our period in the ability of social cleavages to structure …” „… decline of class voting verursachen: 3 Siehe …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 227-242

„… . Brooks, C. und Manza, J. (1997a). The social and ideological bases of middle-class political realignment …” „… Election. Electoral Studies, 16, S. 281-300. Clark, T. N. und Lipset, S. M. (1991). Are Social-Classes …” „… ). The Urban bases of political alignment: social class, domestic property ownership and state …”

Zum klassenbasierten Wahlverhalten in Ost- und Mitteleuropa – „Bringing class back in?“ S. 25-39

„… class represented the social constituency of the successor party during the first year of its existence …” „… or which part of the electorate they represented. [...] people of different social classes seemed to …” „… klassenbasierten Wahlverhalten in Ost- und Mitteleuropa – „Bringing class back in?“10 Betrachtet man nun die …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… Wahlverhalten in Westeuropa – „Are social classes dying?“ 17 2.2 Zum klassenbasierten Wahlverhalten in Ost- und …” „… Verankerung des Wahlverhaltens („Decline of class voting“) wiederholt vertreten worden. In der vorliegenden …” „… Westdeutschland empirisch zu untersuchen. Da die These des „Decline of class voting“ von Clark und Lipset mit …”

Modellierungen des class voting für die alten Bundesländer durch rangskalierte partei- und klassenbezogene Variablen S. 93-102

„… significance of social class when we rely on the conventional idea of class voting.” (Houtman 2001, S. 189) Der …” „… Skalierungen der Parteien, die sich für die westdeutsche Assoziationsstruktur des class voting bewähren, auf …” „… ostdeutsche class voting mit dem der alten Bundesländer zu vergleichen, sollte diese Herangehensweise zu einem …”

Komplexes Modell für die alten Bundesländer S. 171-184

„… Muster des class voting eher einer new politics-Spaltung und einer postsozialistischen Klassenspaltung …” „… : “...the question on subjective class position does not necessarily tabe class consciousness or class …” „… subjective class identities and objective class position and loyalty...” (Hayes 1995, 89, FN 9) 174 …”

Eine zusätzliche Wertedimension in den neuen Ländern: die Sozialismus-Dimension S. 117-150

„… non-economic aspects of social life, such as postmaterialist values, environmentalism, or New Left Politics …” „… very difficult for social scientists, teachers and nurses, at least in the Netherlands, to obtain a job …” „… nicht nur die core class of new leftism sind, sondern ihre Positionen in den ökonomischen …”

Zum klassenbasierten Wahlverhalten in Ostdeutschland S. 39-48

„… Relevanz. Oder mit den Worten von Meulemann: "The increasing social determination of the East German value …” „… ostdeutschen Klassenwahl sehr aufschlussreich für die Erklärung des cross class voting in den neuen Ländern …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845200354

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CJ Gross

What's Your Zip Code Story?

2022

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1: Why Does Social Class Matter . . . So Much? S. 13-30

„… the economic constraints of social class.MONEY CAN’T BUY CLASSSome people believe that class, like a …” „… personal effort alone determines success and social class―is a belief that social factors play no role in …” „… list is more reflective of how society measures and perceives social class.Individuals and companies …”

6: How Businesses Can Incorporate Social Class into Their Inclusion, Diversity, Equity, and Accessibility Initiatives S. 117-132

„… 1176How Businesses Can Incorporate Social Class into Their Inclusion, Diversity, Equity, and …” „… organization prevents it from having the talent needed to understand social class dynamics and, therefore …” „… why I was telling them to manage their time better. Had How Businesses Can Incorporate Social Class …”

Index S. 199-208

„… religion, 57. See also class migrants; social classzip code clashes, 50Zuckerberg, Mark, 159 …” „… Carrey, Jim, 44cars, social class and, 22Carter, La Juan, 50caste system, 14Caterpillar, 168Charles, Ray …” „… pandemic, 131crime, 70–74cultural capital, 9, 17; building of, 29; prestige as, 22; of social class, 32 …”

Introduction S. 1-12

„… dilemma because the conversation had expanded beyond race and into social status and social class.This …” „… choices, truth and perception. The book serves as a looking glass on self and social class. Analogous to …” „… codes, all share a hierarchy or social class system. I saw it in Canada, working with an oil and gas …”

2: My Zip Code Story S. 31-58

„… from different social classes. My Zip Code Story 35THE POWERFUL INFLUENCES OF SOCIAL CLASSWhen people …” „… present when communicating with another social class.Wealth and intelligence do not, by themselves, equal …” „… connections and networks with people from other social classes.Vulnerability and authenticity are the main …”

3: What’s Your Zip Code Story? S. 59-74

„… line between social classes. Those who are more affluent can engage in golf and eques-trianism because …” „… higher social class.68 Chapter 3It’s best not to underestimate people. Some class migrants have had …” „… may want to keep that to yourself until you get to know that person.A big part of social class is …”

4: Zip Code Bias S. 75-92

„… experienced gender bias. Here’s a look at her perspective on privilege, social class influences, and gender …” „… , observe the inner workings of the office environment, rules, form, and social norms. Class migrants often …” „… influenced in an implicit manner by cues that function as an indicator of the social group to which others …”

Notes S. 181-190

„… . Kraus, Jun Won Park, and Jacinth J. Tan, “Signs of Social Class: The Experience of Economic Inequality …” „… . Jennifer M. Cook, “Social Class Bias: A Phenomenological Study,” Journal of Counselor Preparation and …” „… Supervision 9, no. 1 (2017).10. Cook, “Social Class Bias: A Phenomenological Study.”11. Max H. Bazerman and …”

Preface S. i-xiv

„… management—United States. | Diversity in the workplace—United States. | Social classes—United States. Classification …” „… .vContentsForeword by Howard J. Ross viiAcknowledgments xiIntroduction 11 Why Does Social Class Matter . . . So Much …” „… Class Migrants Need to Know 936 How Businesses Can Incorporate Social Class into Their Inclusion …”

Bibliography S. 191-198

„… -01 -31 -1993031121 -story .html (accessed October 24, 2018).Cook, Jennifer M. “Social Class Bias: A …” „… Park, and Jacinth J. Tan. “Signs of Social Class: The Experience of Economic Inequality in Everyday …” „… . “Social Class: Historical Origins and Psychological Influ-ences.” Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal …”

8: Mentorship S. 155-178

„… feeling like they belong. Some experience alien-ation when they move into a new environment, social class …” „… , genders, religions, social class, and industries. Some were more effective than others. Some could only …” „… class migrants and minorities, which bridges the gap between social classes and helps class migrants …”

7: The Power of Belonging S. 133-154

„… it’s political, sports teams, religion, company culture, fam-ily culture, or social class, people will …” „… unconscious/subconscious strategy class migrants and outsiders (minorities) use to fit into social norms within the …” „… and alienation brought on by a lack of parental involvement, a dysfunctional family, or weak social …”

5: Ten Things Managers and Class Migrants Need to Know S. 93-116

„… also need to remember that social class does not define our worth; only you determine your worth. Every …” „… had.Social class has nothing to do with the person’s worth. —Howard RossTHE SECOND INNER- WORK STEPS TO …” „… , and emotions of the lower class.Howard grew up in Washington, D.C., in the 1950s. Both of his parents …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538160596

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Romain Lachat

A Heterogeneous Electorate

Series: Studien zur Wahl- und Einstellungsforschung

Volume 7 2007

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Defining and measuring social classes S. 69-72

„… differences between social classes. We do not need to consider it as an additional structural cleavage. The …” „… . The class cleavage 4.2.1. Defining and measuring social classes The contrast between the working class …” „… for obtaining a better understanding of the relationships between social class and the vote, it is …”

The voting behavior of social classes S. 76-82

„… process. 4.2.3. The voting behavior of social classes Literature on the evolution of the class cleavage in …” „… Germany also generally points to a weakening of the differences between social classes. On the basis of …” „… (1998) find that the relationship between social class and voting choice has lessened in strength. A …”

How strong is electoral dealignment? S. 201-204

„… classification of social groups. The observed stability of the class cleavage should not be misinterpreted, and …” „… social cleavages, especially those of class and religion, have lost much of their relevance. The …” „… differences in the political attitudes and partisan preferences of social classes and of religious groups …”

Evolution of cleavage strength in Germany S. 90-94

„… been affected, while controlling for social class and for other social-structural variables. Analyses …” „… a lambda index. As far as social classes are concerned, we rely on the typology we have presented …” „… element plays a central role in the articulation of the class cleavage. In a given social class, we would …”

The transformation of the class structure S. 72-76

„… in a larger proportion of missing data in our social-class variable. 73 Table 1: Distribution of …” „… social classes in the German electorate, 1969–2002 Unskilled workers Skilled workers Routine nonmanual …” „… the problem. Table 2: Distribution of social classes in the Swiss electorate, 1971–2003 …”

Social change and political cleavages S. 67-69

„… class cleavage. We discuss the definition and operationalization of social classes and introduce the …” „… of social classes have affected the strength of this divide. Section 4.3 presents the characteristics …” „… social classes. We do not need to consider it as an additional structural cleavage. The structural basis …”

References S. 223-234

„… . A suggested index of the association of social class and voting. Public Opinion Quarterly 26(3 …” „… Journal of Politics 62(2): 414–29. Kriesi, Hanspeter. 1989. New social movements and the new class in the …” „… . Lachat, Romain. 2003. Social structure and electoral choice: The impact of the class and religious …”

Measuring the strength of cleavages S. 86-90

„… two social groups. In the case of the traditional class cleavage, for example, the Thomsen index is …” „… cleavage has been affected, while controlling for social class and for other social-structural variables …” „… a lambda index. As far as social classes are concerned, we rely on the typology we have presented …”

Index of predisposition strength S. 101-105

„… , not all social classes and religious groups display a clear bias toward one political party. These …” „… . Electoral choices are thus regressed on social class, trade-union membership, religion, church attendance …” „… variables are a set of l dummies that indicate voters’ social class. In all cases, the reference category is …”

The weakening of old cleavages and the rise of new issues S. 32-38

„… social modernization has directly altered the base of traditional cleavages. As regards the class …” „… workers’ and the owners’ classes is now blurred due to economic and social changes, and the size of these …” „… class-based to value-based voting. While most authors agree as to the process by which new values and issues …”

The transformation of cleavages in Switzerland S. 94-96

„… . We have no information on church attendance in 1987 and 1991. As regards social classes, we can …” „… many social classes and religious groups we can distinguish, and which control variables can be …” „… , trade-union membership is not included as a control variable and social class is measured at the respondent’s …”

Conclusion S. 105-106

„… behavior of social classes or religious groups. Using this measure, we have shown that the strength of the …” „… weaker level of polarization between social classes. The evolutions we have observed in Switzerland are …” „… summarize into a single measure the strength of the impact of social class, religion, religiosity, and party …”

Plan of the book S. 17-24

„… analysis of cleavages is based on a more detailed classification of social classes and of religious groups …” „… electoral change regarding the nature of social cleavages. The traditional class and religious divides—which …” „… working class and the old middle class. We rely here on a multicategory schema of social classes, which …”

The social-structural model of voting choice S. 25-29

„… voters’ choices—social class, religion, and residence (urban or rural)—correspond to three of the most …” „… 25 2. Social modernization and electoral change The traditional models of voting behavior, which …” „… occupied within the social structure, or traditional loyalties acquired through socialization. Thus, it was …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-11

„… social-structural predispositions 674.1. Social change and political cleavages 684.2. The class cleavage 694.2.1 …” „… . Defining and measuring social classes 694.2.2. The transformation of the class structure 724.2.3. The …” „… voting behavior of social classes 764.3. The religious cleavage 824.4. The overall impact of cleavages …”

The religious cleavage S. 82-86

„… is far less problematic for the religious cleavage than for the class-based divide. In both countries …” „… 82 Figure 3: Voting behavior of the service class in Switzerland, 1975–2003 …” „… 020406080100020406080100197519951999200319751995199920031975199519992003Administrative specialists Technical specialistsSocial?cultural specialistsLeftCenterLib. RightCons …”

Party identification S. 96-101

„… sum, the important changes in the size of religious groups and of social classes have not lead to a …” „… remote from the vote, such as social class and religion. At the same time, party identification also …” „… the relationship between social-structural predispositions, such as class and religion, and the vote …”

Figures S. 12

„… 12 Figures 1. Voting behavior of social classes in Germany, 1969–2002 77 2. Voting behavior of …” „… social classes in Switzerland, 1971–2003 80 3. Voting behavior of the service class in Switzerland …” „… groups in Switzerland, 1971–2003 85 6. Strength of the class and religious cleavages in Germany …”

Some implications for future research S. 210-212

„… social groups or small parties that are often encountered when working with detailed class schemas in …” „… characteristics: party identification, social class, religious affiliation, degree of religiosity, and other …” „… measurement of the evolution of social-structural predispositions. These efforts have clearly shown that the …”

Tables S. 13-16

„… 13 Tables 1. Distribution of social classes in the German electorate, 1969–2002 73 2. Distribution …” „… of social classes in the Swiss electorate, 1971–2003 75 3. Frequency and intensity of party …”

The voting decision process S. 208-210

„… political sophistication, which conditions the role of social-structural predispositions. To consider only …” „… of our attention to the conceptualization and measurement of the evolution of social …” „… and in the strength of social cleavages was too schematic. Both dealignment and realignment processes …”

Partisan decline S. 41-42

„… case, too, taking firm stands may be counterproductive. As class-related issues have diminished in …” „… . As changes in citizens’ values, in levels of political interest, and in the social structure become …” „… described in the previous sections. Increases in social and geographical mobility, as well as the …”

The consequences of dealignment S. 44-46

„… party identification has become less frequent and that the traditional social-structural cleavages have …” „… . Also, the traditional class and religious cleavages have been deeply affected by changes in the …” „… United States. Most important, other types of social-structural predispositions, that is, the traditional …”

Hypotheses and operationalization S. 120-123

„… hypothesis focuses on the interactive effects of social-structural predispositions and of political …” „… social-structural predispositions. In a similar manner, while dealigned voters may be more likely than voters with …” „… ’ predispositions. Contrary to the argument of partisan dealignment, we argue that social-structural factors, such …”

Activation and conversion effects S. 175-182

„… social-structural characteristics has weakened, and the relationships between religion or social class, for example …” „… support—this information being based on their social-structural characteristics measured in pre-electoral waves …” „… above. Voters’ choices are regressed on a large set of attitudes and on social …”

Selection of variables and baseline model S. 142-152

„… found that differences between religious groups had weakened, but that the impact of social class was …” „… political cleavages—class and religion. Relying on an innovative measure of the strength of a cleavage, we …” „… Social-Democrat member of the Federal Council and President of the Swiss Confederation; Ruth Metzler, a newly …”

Measuring political expertise S. 215-218

„… meaning in terms of only one kind of content, usually identifications with a social class,” while the …” „… are available. The first one is a classic example of a question on “civics”: interviewees were asked …” „… appendix, is based only on respondents who took part in the election. 216 These authors classify voters …”

Cognitive mobilization S. 38-41

„… ” (Flanagan and Dalton 1984: 10). In other words, the intensity of a social opposition first increases when it …” „… as the Vietnam War and the new social problems that marked the sixties, among which were crime and …” „… decrease in the costs of acquiring political information, resulting from the process of social …”

Description of data files S. 213-215

„… available through the Central Archive for Empirical Social Research at the University of Cologne. Below, we …” „… data archive service for the social sciences (http://www.sidos.ch/). The titles of the studies, as well …” „… first one is a classic example of a question on “civics”: interviewees were asked to name the parties …”

Model specification S. 168-171

„… this chapter is how social-structural predispositions and political expertise condition the impact of …” „… Christian-Democrats and of the Social-Democrats. As in the baseline model, voting choice is coded as a dummy. It takes …” „… electoral choices. It should have a larger effect on voters’ preferences. Following the classic typology of …”

Timing of the voting decision S. 107-110

„… focus of our analyses from the transformation of social-structural predispositions to their impact. We …” „… , suggesting that party identification was only one explanatory factor. Other sources of social …” „… decisionmaking, it is useful to start by offering a brief review of the findings from classic voting studies …”

The evolution of volatility in the German electorate S. 110-116

„… Social-Democrats, for example, may be considered as volatile in terms of overall volatility, but not in terms of …” „… and of the SPD that ended with the election of 1969; a social-liberal coalition which came to power …” „… classified as volatile if they expressed a preference for at least two different parties (overall volatility …”

Sophistication and the structure of belief systems S. 51-56

„… objects (social groupings or objects of immediate experience). A similar definition, also based on belief …” „… .” But, at the same time, he shows that the classification system designed by Converse and his colleagues …” „… considering one party more liberal or more conservative than the other.7 On this basis, Converse classified …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845204895

Maike Voigt - The Rise and Fall of Kenyan Entrepreneurs

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Maike Voigt

The Rise and Fall of Kenyan Entrepreneurs

Series: Bayreuther Studien zu Politik und Gesellschaft in Afrika | Bayreuth Studies in African Politics and Societies

Volume 11 2021

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Entrepreneurship, social mobility and the Kenyan middle classes: An introduction S. 15-31

„… the classical social 1. Entrepreneurship, Social Mobility and the Kenyan Middle Classes 20 mobility …” „… 15 1. Entrepreneurship, social mobility and the Kenyan middle classes: An introduction Today …” „… successful». 1. Entrepreneurship, Social Mobility and the Kenyan Middle Classes 16 We continue through …”

From «basic needs» to «living luxuriously»: Social classes in Kisumu S. 106-132

„… 106 5. From «basic needs» to «living luxuriously»: Social classes in Kisumu When we talk of …” „… Warner and colleagues developed two types of methods for the measurement of social class in any given …” „… social class system of a community, one had to first establish the locally specific understanding of …”

Social mobility S. 32-53

„… middle class entrepreneurship from the vantage point of social mobility. In light of this orientation …” „… soon expanded into the study of the permeability of social classes in industrialized nations. In …” „… (middle) class debate. 2. Social mobility 33 In the third part, I then turn to the study of social …”

References S. 262-273

„… Chicago Press. Abbott, P., & Sapsford, R. (1987). Women and Social Class. London: Tavistock Publications …” „… Social Analysis of Class Structure (pp. 103–128). London: Routledge. Bechstedt, H.‑D. (2000). IBSRAM …” „… . Thompson (Eds.), Pathways to Social Class: A Qualitative Approach to Social Mobility (pp. 1– 31). Oxford …”

Trial, error and successes in Kisumu: On the research process and methodology S. 83-105

„… understanding of the social differentiations made locally in Kisumu, of the social classes so to speak, between …” „… social class hierarchy afforded me greater insights into Kisumu’s small-business landscape, on the one …” „… establish levels of well-being. Though in my case, I used social class terminology and followed …”

Conclusions from an ethnographic approach to … S. 253-261

„… entrepreneurs from poor backgrounds tend to evaluate their current social position in the middle class much more …” „… findings show that the classical approach to intergenerational social mobility, that is, comparing parents …” „… picture of the variety of Kenyan middle class entrepreneurship. While much research has been conducted on …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-14

„… . Entrepreneurship, social mobility and the Kenyan middle classes: An introduction 15 1.1 Interlinkages of …” „… entrepreneurship, social mobility and the middle classes in Africa 19 1.2 A conceptual note on entrepreneurship …” „… luxuriously»: Social classes in Kisumu 106 5.1 Struggling to cover basic needs - The poor 108 5.2 Some …”

Patterns of long-term mobility S. 189-203

„… and the effect it had on social mobility. I argue that this takes one of three directions: for …” „… regarding the social mobility, which they experienced after opening their businesses. In these cases …” „… , founding the business was a turning point, which facilitated upward social mobility. It allowed them to …”

From youth to old age: Familial crises in entrepreneurial biographies S. 204-230

„… ’ social status and firmly established himself in the middle class. This assessment is underlined by the …” „… comfortable, and placed them within the lower middle class. The family’s modest wealth is underlined by the …” „… have gone to school beyond just class 8 [i.e. primary school]. Maike: So when your father passed away …”

From independence to the new millennium: Political & economic trends in entrepreneurial biographies S. 133-188

„… 1996. To summarize her social mobility trajectory, she grew up in the middle class and her status …” „… biographies 6.1 Introduction: Turning points and transitions After outlining the social stratification of …” „… through these strata over the course of their lives, i.e. the social mobility they had experienced over …”

Entrepreneurs in their social environment S. 231-252

„… their social environment 234 the Kenyan middle class (see Alber and Kroeker (2019)). In this case …” „… social classes at the time: parents who worked as farmers or were self-employed and had received little …” „… 231 9. Entrepreneurs in their social environment The previous three chapters have considered …”

Entrepreneurship in Kenya S. 54-82

„… on the social ladder. For this reason, Berg- Schlosser in his class analysis conducted in the early …” „… people of all social classes moving economically downwards, as if in an elevator», evidencing a case of …” „… their businesses and gives an insight into the occupation’s current social standing, which will be …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748922780

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