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Ulrich Blum (ed.)

Regulatorische Risiken

Series: Schriften des Instituts für Wirtschaftsforschung Halle

Volume 29 2009

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Günter Knieps, Hans-Jörg Weiß Reduction of Regulatory Risk: A Network Economic Approach S. 99-110

„… 99 Reduction of Regulatory Risk: A Network Economic Approach Günter Knieps und Hans-Jörg Weiß 1 …” „… Alternative Definitions of Regulatory Risk According to Kolbe, Tye, and Myers (1993, p. 33), “there appears …” „… to be no generally accepted definition of regulatory risk.” However, the analysis of different …”

Bernhard Wieland The Example of Transport Pricing S. 111-136

„… the economic approach of Fourth best pricing differs from two related approaches to regulatory …” „… The Risk of Regulatory Self-defeat: Optimal Policies in the Presence of Special Interest Groups …” „… 113 The Example of Transport Pricing Bernhard Wieland 1 Introduction The term “regulatory risk …”

Ralf Dewenter, Justus Haucap, Ulrich Heimeshoff Regulatorische Risiken in Telekommunikationsmärkten aus institutionenökonomischer Perspektive S. 59-99

„… resultieren. Bevor das Problem des Regulatory Hold-up genauer diskutiert wird, stellt der folgende Abschnitt …” „… Ergebnisse der Befragung werden daraufhin ausgewertet und in einer so genannten Regulatory Scorecard …” „… schreiben z. B. Viscusi, Vernon und Harrington (2000), S. 44, in ihrem Lehrbuch: „In theory, regulatory …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… Reduction of Regulatory Risk: A Network Economic Approach 99 Günter Knieps und Hans-Jörg Weiß The Risk of …” „… Regulatory Self-defeat: Optimal Policies in the Presence of Special Interest Groups 111 The Example of …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845213552

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Dierk Bauknecht

Transforming the Grid

Series: Wettbewerb und Regulierung von Märkten und Unternehmen

Volume 20 2012

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Regulatory approaches to innovation S. 119-130

„… approaches to innovationHaving looked at the way standard regulatory approaches affect innovation, I nowturn …” „… should be used as a guideline whendesigning regulatory instruments.There are a number of approaches to …” „… such cost-based approaches to innovation can be implemented well within a regulatory environment that …”

Integrating new objectives and incentives into the standard model S. 87-94

„… regulation”, it is important to note that every regulatory approach creates certain incentivesfor the …” „… regulatory paradigm, incentive regulation in practice has significant overlap with cost-based approaches …” „… approaches also tend to be characterised by a regulatory lag between rate cases. This is usually shorter than …”

The effect of different regulatory mechanisms on innovation S. 110-119

„… innovation.Regulatory approaches to innovationHaving looked at the way standard regulatory approaches affect innovation …” „… should be used as a guideline whendesigning regulatory instruments.There are a number of approaches to …” „… The effect of different regulatory mechanisms on innovationIn this section, cost-based and …”

Network regulation S. 55-65

„… socalled ‘incentive regulation’ (Joskow 2006a). This has become the dominant regulatory approach proposed …” „… ‘economic network regulation’. This section explains the main features of this standard governance approach …” „… promote new objectives.Network regulation in the context of the regulatory stateBefore explaining the …”

Governance mechanisms beyond the incentive formula S. 137-155

„… Beyond changes in the incentive formulaChapters 5 and 6 analysed regulatory mechanisms for …” „… , regulatory mechanisms for promoting innovations need to be coordinatedwith innovation instruments outside …” „… regulatory mechanisms7137in place that provide for quantified evaluation of the grid’s “smartness”.However …”

Designing DG incentives for DSOs S. 94-105

„… regulatory objectives presented in the previoussection.Cost-based approachesA well-known mechanism within …” „… approach requires the efficient costs to be determinedex-ante, i.e. before the regulatory process starts …” „… costs to the efficient costlevel, e.g. over one regulatory period. The revenue driver approach therefore …”

References S. 235-250

„… ReferencesAbildgaard, J., Hindsberger, M. and Lilledahl, E.B. (2003), Regulatory Road Map For …” „… Impact of State Incentive Regulation on the U.S. Telecommunications Industry', Journal of Regulatory …” „… ), 539-558.Armstrong, C.M., Cowan, S., Vickers, J. (1994), Regulatory Reform, Economic Analysis andBritish …”

Beyond the incentive regulation mechanism S. 130-135

„… mechanisms discussed, both the extension of regulatory periods and regulatory holidays have been found to be …” „… , specific incentive properties and regulatory issues have been identified. Forthe design of these innovation …” „… objectives.As I have explained in chapter 5, cost- and price-based approaches are theoreticalextremes cases that …”

Beyond changes in the incentive formula S. 179-189

„… themiddle of the regulatory period that the two instruments will be extended beyondthe current regulatory …” „… difficult to deal with innovation within thelimited length of regulatory periods that have been set up to …” „… revenue incentives and regulatory periods. They are designed to promote network connection and …”

Incentive regulation and network innovation S. 171-179

„… expectations, especially in the case of RPZ. Thishas led Ofgem to review and revise its approach.Before the …” „… in the regulatory debate. On the one hand, there is alot of potential and need for innovations in …” „… need for innovations. The regulatory debate on innovation indeed originated from the need to integrate …”

Conclusions S. 105-107

„… DG in the regulatory framework, namely a full costpass-through, price-based approaches using a …” „… DG. A regulatory mechanism to support DG as an additionalobjective requires a balance to be struck …” „… for DSOs.Designing a regulatory mechanism to support DG as an additional objective notonly presupposes …”

Governance of DG connection S. 198-205

„… Agency(Energistyrelsen) and DERA, the Danish Regulatory Agency (Energitilsynet). Aswill be explained in section 9.3.3.4 …” „… , the Danish transmission system operator has9.29.2.19.2.1.1198a regulatory function, too. This was the …” „… . This means that key regulatory powers with regard to renewables and CHP and their network integration …”

DSO incentives resulting from DG S. 79-87

„… DSOunder different regulatory regimes.DG can have the following effects on the network and the network …” „… 2005).55.181Additional network costsAdditional costs do not hurt the DSO under a cost-plus approach, assuming …” „… revenues, at least not during one regulatory period.Consequently, both price- and revenue cap regulation …”

Governance of Innovation and System Transformation S. 205-220

„… by the standard model. The Danish approach is clearly a mechanism outside the standard model.This is …” „… reinforced by the fact that the Danish approach was not developed by the network regulator. And even now that …” „… specific network. Thus, the Danish approach takes into account the different targetgroups as described in …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… 6.2.2.2 114Conclusion6.2.3 118Regulatory approaches to innovation6.3 119Removing innovation externalities …” „… network discussion3.1.3 53Network regulation3.2 55Network regulation in the context of the regulatory …” „… objectives and incentives into the standard model5.2 87Regulatory objectives beyond efficiency5.2.1 87 …”

Incentive regulation and DG connection S. 166-171

„… mechanism which compares it with the regulatory approaches in chapter 5. It alsoencompasses an evaluation of …” „… model that was implementedin the UK already set the scene for the UK approach to dealing with it. The …” „… distributed generation to their networks. We therefore believethat the regulatory framework needs to be …”

Conclusions S. 227-233

„… as a new objective into thestandard model of network regulation and whether and how the regulatory …” „… between the standard model and the governance ofsystem transformation, but the two approaches also have …” „… networkinnovations are required to promote new objectives like DG integration. A simplelevel playing field approach …”

Research question: Governance of DG integration and network transformation S. 65-70

„… generally as a regulatory approach to deal with the principal-agentproblem between the regulator and the …” „… networkdevelopment can be integrated into this governance regime and whether and howthe regulatory framework needs to …” „… in terms ofpractical implementation in the regulatory process (e.g. benchmarking procedures).Yet if …”

Background: Liberalisation pioneer and DG policy S. 161-166

„… integration, section 8.3 examines network innovations and section 8.4 describes developments in the regulatory …” „… . It could even be argued that the approach was to someextent tailored to the UK context and only …” „… ,• 1998-2002: new Labour government, redistribution of regulatory gains,• Since 2002: reform of regulatory …”

Network innovation: some basics and definitions S. 107-110

„… regulatory framework may also promote network innovations if it leadsto more DG activity which makes DSOs …” „… shouldprovide additional tailor-made instruments for DSOs to get involved in RD&D andtry out new approaches to …” „… section examines how cost-based and price-based regulatory schemes influence RD&D by regulated companies …”

Energy policy and regulation S. 155-160

„… mechanisms, transformation approaches could build upon the standard model. It is clear that such an agency …” „… became apparent that these instruments cannot be discussed without reconsidering the overall regulatory …” „… supporttransformation. Yet beyond the level of regulatory instruments the question remainsas to what this implies for …”

Electricity market liberalisation S. 23-31

„… economic regulation through sector-specific regulatory authorities has become the main governance approach …” „… andcompares the two approaches, deriving in the process a number of general researchquestions.223Electricity …” „… and regulatory involvement” (Littlechild 2006b: xviii). According to the IEA (2005: 14-15), while …”

Research design and method S. 70-78

„… transformation literature, while part three applies a case study approach.The distinction between the analysis of …” „… andtransformation. Various approaches to amending the standard model of networkregulation are discussed.Secondly …” „… modelof network regulation, whether and how the regulatory framework evolves and theextent to which other …”

Electricity system development and distributed generation S. 39-55

„… recently, ‘transition management’ in the Dutch energy sector, althoughpursuing a systems approach, also …” „… previous approaches onlylooks at power plants, rather than the plant-network-interface.2Even studies that …” „… and Roberts (2002) have proposed the "active networks" concept. In this approach the current passive …”

DG connection and integration S. 220-222

„… operator Energinet.dk, a state-owned company thatfulfils a number of regulatory functions. This contrasts …” „… equivalent to the UK hybridincentive. This approach was introduced prior to liberalisation and goes a long …” „… , theDanish solution can be characterised as a price-based approach in that companiesare reimbursed according …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845239880

Margit Vanberg - Competition and Cooperation Among Internet Service Providers

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Margit Vanberg

Competition and Cooperation Among Internet Service Providers

Series: Freiburger Studien zur Netzökonomie

Volume 14 2009

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The disaggregated regulatory approach S. 72-74

„… : 54).4.4.2 The disaggregated regulatory approachThe disaggregated regulatory approach (Knieps, 1997 and 2006 …” „… disaggregated regulatory approach, the task of regulation is todesign a system for guaranteeing access to …” „… of entry barriers, it is a suitable basis to limit regulatory intervention. According to the …”

The regulatory framework S. 135-138

„… : 174).136The disaggregated approach to sector-specific regulation introduced in chapter 4is a regulatory …” „… monopolistic bottlenecks.The present analysis uses this approach as the regulatory framework within whichthe …” „… ff.).8.3 Regulation recommendationsThe first step in applying the disaggregated regulatory approach …”

Assessment of telecommunications regulation in Europe S. 158-161

„… regulatory approach it is, however, highly questionablewhether the regulation of markets 8 and 12, which …” „… framework leads to a broader regulatory basis thanthe disaggregated approach would. The Commission even …” „… 158The European Regulators Group (ERG) published a draft consultation on regulatory principles for …”

The theory of monopolistic bottlenecks S. 70-72

„… regulatory approachThe disaggregated regulatory approach (Knieps, 1997 and 2006) uses the theory …” „… disaggregated regulatory approach is introduced as a regulatory approach which applies the theory of …” „… suitable basis to limit regulatory intervention. According to the disaggregated regulatory approach, the …”

Summary S. 167-171

„… approach was introduced as a regulatory frameworkwhich uses the theory of monopolistic bottlenecks to …” „… sectors can only be justified, when such monopolistic bottlenecks are found.The disaggregated regulatory …” „… localize monopolistic bottlenecks in network industries. This approach was applied to the layered model …”

History of telecommunication regulation in the United States S. 144-148

„… 1449 Regulatory framework for electronic communications in the UnitedStates and the European …” „… UnionThe normative analysis of the regulatory needs for effective competition in end-toend Internet service …” „… telecommunications regulations as well as the current regulatory regime is portrayed.The focus of this overview is on …”

The extent of the monopolistic bottleneck in next generation networks S. 140-142

„… investments.From the point of view of the disaggregated regulatory approach there can be noeconomic justification …” „… such a bottleneckwould be identified, so the disaggregated regulatory framework argues, regulationwould …” „… competition in the market. To provide for investment incentives,the disaggregated approach implies that the …”

References S. 177-184

„… , Economic Journal 99, 116-131.Averch, H. and L.L. Johnson (1962), Behavior of the Firm under Regulatory …” „… Market Power Under the Community Regulatory Framework for ElectronicCommunications Networks and Services …” „… Committee and the Committee of the Regionson the Review of the EU Regulatory Framework for electronic …”

Analyzing the cost characteristics of the physical layer of the Internet S. 84-89

„… infrastructure cannot be justified on the basis of the disaggregated regulatory approach.Co-locationCo-location …” „… 84the perspective of the disaggregated regulatory approach with respect to the logicallayer is that …” „… thedisaggregated regulatory approach, this chapter comes to the conclusion that potential monopolistic bottlenecks …”

Justifying government intervention into markets S. 62-64

„… basedon a “nirvana approach,” which would entail comparing the existing institutionalarrangement to an …” „… regulatory agency, the incentives of the regulated firm, theincentives of industrial and consumer …” „… controversial whether regulatory interventionwould improve the situation.” Given the institutional and …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… regulatory approach 724.5 Justifying interventions by general competition policy in networkindustries 744.6 …” „… market-power leveraging 1348.2 The regulatory framework 1358.3 Regulation recommendations 1388.3.1 The extent …” „… monopolistic bottleneck in next generationnetworks 1408.4 Conclusions 1429 Regulatory framework for electronic …”

A layered model of Internet services provision S. 28-32

„… that are competitive. New regulatory approaches however urge the use of a layered model of …” „… introduces the disaggregated regulatory approach (Knieps, 1997) which will becombined with the layered model …” „… into account the demands formulated above.The starting point for this approach is the reference model …”

The threat of market-power leveraging S. 134-135

„… . Section 8.2 presents the principlesof regulation to be respected within a disaggregated regulatory …” „… chances for competitors in the downstream market.8.2 The regulatory frameworkSince market-power leveraging …” „… , leveraging is often used as ajustification for extending the regulatory basis into competitive market …”

The present regulatory framework S. 148-150

„… , 2005).9.1.2 The present regulatory frameworkThere were several appeals before the courts against the FCC …” „… court decisions, the FCC revised its approach for locating thosenetwork elements which were to be …” „… high-capacity loopapply. For the development of NGA networks (FTTH and FTTC projects) the regulatory framework …”

Conclusions S. 74-75

„… equating these characteristics with signs of market failure.The disaggregated regulatory approach …” „… sector-specific regulation in these network areas. The disaggregated regulatory approach is committed to minimal …” „… traditional antitrust approach ofmeasuring market shares in the relevant product market in order to prove …”

Overview of the thesis S. 21-23

„… industries.Chapter 5 applies the disaggregated regulatory approach, which uses the theory ofmonopolistic bottlenecks …” „… provision.Chapter 9 mirrors the actual regulatory policy in the U.S. and in Europe againstthese normative …” „… practical implementation show a strong tendency to overregulation. The European regulatory framework for …”

Competition policy vs. sector-specific regulation S. 64-66

„… have increasingly recognized the shortcomings of this simplified approach and are striving to enrich …” „… to fine-tune regulatory intervention than antitrust actions, which generally only prohibit particular …” „… to justify regulatory intervention are very similar tothose used to justify antitrust actions. The …”

Conclusions S. 89

„… viewpoint of thedisaggregated regulatory approach, this chapter comes to the conclusion that potential …” „… telecommunications regulation in the U.S. and inEurope and answers the question whether current regulatory practice …”

The extent of the monopolistic bottleneck in the public switched telephone network S. 138-140

„… recommendationsThe first step in applying the disaggregated regulatory approach is to perform athorough analysis of …” „… the application of regulatory measures must end or be modified (Knieps, 1997: 331ff.).8.3 Regulation …” „… (2003, 161ff.) approaches the question ofhow to define the exact extent of a monopolistic bottleneck by …”

Analyzing the cost characteristics of the logical layer of the Internet S. 81-84

„… regulatory approach, sector-specific regulation cannot be justified in theselayers of Internet service …” „… an example ofsoftware for IP services.84the perspective of the disaggregated regulatory approach with …”

Claims of market power in Internet service provision S. 76-78

„… disaggregated regulatory approach is applied to the marketfor Internet service provision. The network elements …” „… regulatory policy. For those network areas in which no monopolistic bottlenecks are found, it can be …”

Conclusions S. 32-33

„… regulatory approach (Knieps, 1997) which will becombined with the layered model to pursue the objective of …” „… services. The layered approach makes it possible to profit from the experience gained in the regulation of …”

Index S. 185-187

„… , 97core router 53critical mass 20, 99ff.default route 51, 60, 121disaggregated regulatory …” „… approach71ff., 87, 97, 136ff., 160domain name system 47ff.economies of scale 19, 65ff., 76,80 …”

Analysis of the cost characteristics of the network elements on the Internet applications and Internet content layers S. 80-81

„… regulatory approach, sector-specific regulation cannot be justified in theselayers of Internet service …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845212906

Gunnar Folke Schuppert - Governance und Rechtsetzung

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Gunnar Folke Schuppert

Governance und Rechtsetzung

Series: Schriften zur Governance-Forschung

Volume 22 2011

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Regulatory Regimes and Accountability S. 296-300

„… Accountability 297»In particular, a central feature of the newer approaches is a shift in key regulatory …” „… performance-based approach is the attention to outcomes as part of regulatory rules and standards. The regulatory …” „… approach argue that regulatory goals can be achieved by instituting the appropriatesystems for monitoring …”

Drei Wege zum Verständnis von Regulierung S. 259-283

„… ApproachWithin-sector networksThe decision to establish a regulatoryagency in a certain year is influenced bythe number …” „… ist. In seinem Buch über »The British Regulatory State«21 bezeichnet daher Michael Moran den …” „… the title ›regulatory state‹, for it is in the USAthat the concept of regulation has been most closely …”

Transnationale administrative Regulierung: zur Rolle von Netzwerken in der Architektur internationaler Kooperation S. 363-373

„… , and their growth is especially apparent in regulatory cooperation. They are ›transgovernmental …” „… Aufstieg des »regulatory state«, der deswegen in dieser Aufzählung nicht fehlen darf, weil es Raustiala und …” „… ausschließlich um »regulatory cooperation« geht, also die kooperative Vernetzung von Regulierungsbehörden …”

Regulatory Governance im Mehrebenensystem S. 330-335

„… . Regulatory Governance im Mehrebenensystem II. Regulatory Governance im Mehrebenensystem Der Begriff …” „… »Regulatory Governance« ist uns wohlvertraut. In unserem Beitrag »Governance im Spiegel der …” „… Wissenschaftsdisziplinen«22 haben wir ihn schon in zweifacher Weise verwendet: einmal bezeichnet der Begriff Regulatory …”

Rechtswissenschaft als Regelungswissenschaft II: zur Theorie der Wahl rechtlicher Regelungsformen (Regulatory Choice) S. 114-132

„… regulatory approach?• And how can […] decision making procedures be integrated effectively in the policy …” „… »regulatory choice« vorstellen wollen. II. Rechtswissenschaft als Regelungswissenschaft II: zur Theorie der …” „… Wahl rechtlicher Regelungsformen (Regulatory Choice)II. Rechtswissenschaft als Regelungswissenschaft II …”

Begriff des Mehrebenensystems: Herkunft und Verwendungsweise S. 321-330

„… Weise, wie mit ihr umzugehen ist. Davon wird zugleich noch näher zu handeln sein.II. Regulatory …” „… Governance im Mehrebenensystem II. Regulatory Governance im Mehrebenensystem Der Begriff »Regulatory …” „… haben wir ihn schon in zweifacher Weise verwendet: einmal bezeichnet der Begriff Regulatory Governance …”

Die Vielfalt der Regel- und Standardsetzer S. 217-227

„… nationale Umsetzung) ihrerseits spielen aber eine zentrale Rolle im Rahmen des New Approach der Europäischen …” „… Approach der EU)Basler AusschussB. Die Vielfalt der Regel- und Standardsetzer 223Uns kommt es hierbei nicht …” „… eine Erscheinungsform von »Regulatory Governance« darstellt, hatten wir schon eingangs dieses Kapitels …”

Verrechtlichung durch Praktiker: vom privatrechtlichen Vertrag zur transnationalen Rechtsnorm S. 409-413

„… permanenten Einfluss auf die Jurisprudenz unserer Tage aus‹.«171 Vgl. dazu Volkmar Gessner, Global Approaches …” „… regulatorische Lücke (regulatory gap) in innovativer Weise ausfüllen,180 wobei – und das ist die eigentliche …” „… border-crossing regulatory actors, in: Gunnar Folke Schuppert (Hrsg.), Global Governance and the Role of Non-State …”

Von »Contract Governance« zur transnationalen Normbildung: das Erdbeben von San Francisco und die internationale Standardisierung von Vertragsbedingungen (1871-1914) S. 390-397

„… eine regulatory function, es geht um Verhaltenssteuerung durch Vertragsrecht.«115113 Siehe Karl …” „… ökonomischen Akteuren zu füllende »regulatory gap« zur Folge hatte:123»Die Entstehung von speziellen …” „… . 117), S. 333.138 Röder (Fn. 117), S. 335.139 Janet Koven Levit, A Bottom-Up Approach to International …”

Der Kampf um Regelungskompetenzen als Ausdruck des dynamischen Charakters von Mehrebenensystemen S. 335-349

„… zwischen »hard law« und »soft law« als ein Anwendungsfall von »regulatory choice«Was »regulatory choice …” „… present situation and regulatory framework in a particular area and then identify the problems and …” „… represented, the more reticent approach of the Council is quite understandable.«c) ZwischenbilanzIn dem …”

Standards und »Codes of Conduct« S. 200-217

„… der Standards1. Standardsetzung als »Regulatory Governance«Standards sind Regeln, die von Standard …” „… that the organization has some regulatory or documentation system which is believed to produce good …” „… Ethical Trade Initiative Base Code is an example of such a multi-stakeholder approach. (4) Model codes …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845229102

Stephan Hensel, Kilian Bizer, Martin Führ, Joachim Lange - Gesetzesfolgenabschätzung in der Anwendung

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Stephan Hensel (ed.), Kilian Bizer (ed.), Martin Führ (ed.), Joachim Lange (ed.)

Gesetzesfolgenabschätzung in der Anwendung

Series: Interdisziplinäre Studien zu Recht und Staat

Volume 48 2010

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Lorenzo Allio Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) in OECD countries S. 209-225

„… Vergleich 211 Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) in OECD countries …” „… Lorenzo Allio I. Introduction OECD Principles for Regulatory Quality and Performance (OECD, 2005) call …” „… conducted in a timely, clear and transparent manner.” Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) is a core tool for …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845222431

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