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Richard Paul, Linda Elder - The Thinker's Guide to Ethical Reasoning

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Richard Paul, Linda Elder

The Thinker's Guide to Ethical Reasoning

2019

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Ethical Reasoning Abilities S. 34

„… Foundations of Ethical ReasoningEthical Reasoning AbilitiesEthical Aective Dimensionsn exercising independent …” „… generalizations05 Ethical Reasoning TG 02.2018.indd 34 3/25/21 8:33 AM …”

The Logic of Ethical Reasoning S. 17-18

„… Foundations of Ethical Reasoning 17The Logic of Ethical Reasoning The Logic of Ethical ReasoningSeeing the …” „… Thinking www.criticalthinking.org18 Understanding the Foundations of Ethical ReasoningHow to Figure Out the …” „… .05 Ethical Reasoning TG 02.2018.indd 17 3/25/21 8:33 AM©2018 Linda Elder, Foundation for Critical …”

The Elements of Ethical Reasoning S. 16

„… Foundations of Ethical ReasoningThe Elements of Ethical ReasoningEthical reasoning has the same basic …” „… structures that underlie all reasoning. If we are to reason well ethically, we must learn to identify and …” „… assess our use in ethical reasoning of these basic intellectual structures.Here is the basic idea …”

Intellectual Standards for Assessing Ethical Reasoning S. 32-33

„… Foundations of Ethical ReasoningIntellectual Standards for Assessing Ethical ReasoningEthical reasoning must …” „… meet the same intellectual standards that apply to other domains of knowledge. If our ethical reasoning …” „… disagree with ethical reasoning that is not clear to us.)• How clear is our ethical reasoning? • Do we need …”

Language as a Guide to Ethical Reasoning S. 19-25

„… Foundations of Ethical Reasoning 19Language as a Guide to Ethical ReasoningIdeas are to humans like the air we …” „… 20 Understanding the Foundations of Ethical ReasoningFundamental Ethical Concepts Embedded in Natural …” „… Critical Thinking www.criticalthinking.org22 Understanding the Foundations of Ethical ReasoningConcepts …”

The Problem of Pseudo-Ethics—the Sociocentric Counterfeits of Ethical Reasoning S. 9-15

„… ReasoningSkilled ethical thinkers routinely distinguish ethics from its counterfeits, such as the domains of social …” „… Thinking www.criticalthinking.org10 Understanding the Foundations of Ethical ReasoningThey cannot see that …” „… . The more often we do so, the better we become at ethical reasoning.Religious Questions …”

Preface

„… Ethical Reasoning?The development of ethical reasoning abilities is vitally important—both for living an …” „… .) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–8The Problem of Pseudo-Ethics—the Sociocentric Counterfeits of Ethical Reasoning.(Religious thinking …” „… ofETHICAL REASONING05 Ethical Reasoning TG 02.2018.indd 1 3/25/21 8:33 AM©2018 Linda Elder, Foundation …”

The Function of Ethics—and Its Main Impediment S. 4-8

„… Foundations of Ethical ReasoningThe Function of Ethics—and Its Main Impediment“If only there were evil people …” „… hypocrisy.Egocentrism as a Fundamental Barrier to Ethical ReasoningThe human tendency to judge the world from a narrow …” „… can provide foundations for sound ethical reasoning.Ethical reasoning entails doing what is right even …”

Appendices S. 37-51

„… www.criticalthinking.org38 Understanding the Foundations of Ethical ReasoningBully: a person who hurts, frightens, or …” „… ReasoningInhuman: stresses complete absence of the qualities expected of an ethically-sensitive person, qualities …” „… www.criticalthinking.org44 Understanding the Foundations of Ethical ReasoningConsiderateness: being concerned with …”

Two Kinds of Questions S. 26-27

„… Foundations of Ethical ReasoningTwo Kinds of Ethical QuestionsEthical questions can be either simple or …” „… reasoning.Of course, this reasoning is not “complete.” It does not settle the issue. The issue is too complex …” „… . Both types of questions, however, require ethical reasoning. Simple ethical questions virtually answer …”

Conclusion S. 36

„… Foundations of Ethical ReasoningConclusionWe have set out in this guide, as far as we are able, the …” „… foundations of ethical reasoning. Those foundations are not difficult to understand. The difficulty lies in …” „… develop the quality of our ethical reasoning. That is, if we choose, we are capable of learning to …”

Building a Community of Intellectual Excellence S. 52-1

„… Foundations of Ethical ReasoningBuilding a Community of Intellectual Excellence The Center for Critical …” „… ReasoningPaperback 9780944583173eBook 9781538133781The Thinker’s Guide to FallaciesPaperback 9780944583272eBook …” „… Foundations of Ethical ReasoningFor StudentsThe Aspiring Thinker’s Guide to Critical ThinkingPaperback …”

The Significance of Facts and Perspective S. 28-31

„… Foundations of Ethical ReasoningThe Signicance of Facts and PerspectiveWhen dealing with a simple ethical …” „… ReasoningThe logic behind bias and propaganda in presenting the facts relevant to ethical issues is simple …” „… Reasoning TG 02.2018.indd 28 3/25/21 8:33 AM©2018 Linda Elder, Foundation for Critical Thinking …”

Essential Ethical Traits S. 35

„… Foundations of Ethical Reasoning 35Essential Ethical TraitsEthical HumilityAwareness of the limits of one’s …” „… . This trait correlates with the ability to accurately reconstruct the ethical viewpoints and reasoning …” „… advantage of one’s group.05 Ethical Reasoning TG 02.2018.indd 35 3/25/21 8:33 AM …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538133781

Richard Paul, Robert Niewoehner, Linda Elder - The Thinker's Guide to Engineering Reasoning

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Richard Paul, Robert Niewoehner, Linda Elder

The Thinker's Guide to Engineering Reasoning

2019

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Engineering Reasoning Objectives S. 47

„… www.criticalthinking.orgThe Thinker’s Guide to Engineering Reasoning 47Engineering Reasoning …” „… topics in the CDIO syllabus.06 Engineering Reasoning 03.2013.indd 47 8/29/19 3:29 PM …”

A Checklist for Engineering Reasoning S. 10

„… www.criticalthinking.org10 The Thinker’s Guide to Engineering ReasoningA Checklist for Engineering …” „… Reasoning1. All engineering reasoning expresses a purpose. • Have I distinguished my purpose from related …” „… achievable purposes?2. All engineering reasoning seeks to figure something out, to settle some question …”

A Framework for Engineering Reasoning S. 4-5

„… www.criticalthinking.org4 The Thinker’s Guide to Engineering ReasoningA Framework for Engineering …” „… Reasoning The analysis and evaluation of our thinking as engineers requires a vocabulary of thinking and …” „… reasoning. The intellect requires a voice. The model on the facing page is not unique to engineering; indeed …”

Intellectual Traits Essential to Engineering Reasoning S. 6-8

„… www.criticalthinking.org6 The Thinker’s Guide to Engineering ReasoningIntellectual Traits Essential …” „… to Engineering ReasoningNo engineer can claim perfect objectivity; engineers’ work is unavoidably …” „… ReasoningFairmindedness is being conscious of the need to treat all viewpoints alike, without reference to one’s own …”

Evaluating an Engineer's or Author's Reasoning S. 29-30

„… reasoning.Elements of ReasoningRelevant Intellectual StandardsPurposeIs the report’s (design’s) purpose clearly …” „… Engineering ReasoningElements of ReasoningRelevant Intellectual StandardsPoint of ViewIs the author’s point of …” „… Author’s ReasoningEvaluating reasoning entails applying intellectual standards to the elements of …”

Universal Intellectual Standards Essential to Sound Engineering Reasoning S. 25

„… Standards Essential to Sound Engineering ReasoningClarity Could you elaborate further? Could you give me …” „… www.criticalthinking.orgThe Thinker’s Guide to Engineering Reasoning 25Universal Intellectual …” „… avoiding for reasons of vested interest?06 Engineering Reasoning 03.2013.indd 25 8/29/19 3:29 PM …”

Analyzing and Assessing Engineering Research S. 31-39

„… 3:29 PMwww.criticalthinking.org32 The Thinker’s Guide to Engineering ReasoningPurpose(All reasoning has …” „… Engineering ReasoningInformation(All reasoning is based on data, information, evidence, experience, and …” „… conclusions only to the extent that they are supported by the data and sound reasoning.Make inferences that go …”

Preface

„… & ToolsEnginEEring rEasoning06 Engineering Reasoning 03.2013.indd 1 8/29/19 3:28 PMOriginally published byThe …” „… , Richard; Niewoehner, Robert; and Elder, LindaThe Thinker’s Guide to Engineering Reasoning, Second …” „… . Engineering reasoning 3. Engineering education 4. Engineering instruction 5. Critical thinking 6. Rob …”

Evaluating Student Work in Engineering S. 48-49

„… www.criticalthinking.org48 The Thinker’s Guide to Engineering ReasoningEvaluating Student Work in …” „… reasoning, and in any case does not display the engineering skills and abilities, which are at the heart of …” „… his or her engineering reasoning. Many assignments appear to have been done pro forma, the student …”

Analyzing an Engineering Document S. 12-13

„… www.criticalthinking.org12 The Thinker’s Guide to Engineering ReasoningAnalyzing an Engineering …” „… of the structure of an author’s reasoning. Once you have done this, you can then evaluate the …” „… author’s reasoning using intellectual standards (see page 26). Here is a template to use:1. The main …”

Skilled Engineers Consentingly Adhere to Intellectual Standards S. 21-24

„… 3:29 PMwww.criticalthinking.org24 The Thinker’s Guide to Engineering ReasoningQuestions/Statements …” „… important information, issues and implications in engineering reasoning.Questions targeting significance …” „… www.criticalthinking.orgThe Thinker’s Guide to Engineering Reasoning 21Skilled Engineers …”

Stages of Critical Thinking Development S. 51-53

„… ReasoningFor EveryoneThe Miniature Guide to Critical Thinking Concepts & Tools, Eighth EditionPaperback …” „… 9781538134948 eBook 9781538134955The Thinker’s Guide to Ethical ReasoningPaperback 9780944583173eBook …” „… www.criticalthinking.orgThe Thinker’s Guide to Engineering Reasoning 51Stages of Critical Thinking …”

Using Intellectual Standards to Assess Graphics S. 27-28

„… PMwww.criticalthinking.org28 The Thinker’s Guide to Engineering ReasoningRelevanceAutomated software tools, clip art, and …” „… www.criticalthinking.orgThe Thinker’s Guide to Engineering Reasoning 27Using Intellectual Standards …” „… communications.Visual representations of evidence should be governed by principles of reasoning about quantitative …”

Foreword S. 2

„… www.criticalthinking.org2 The Thinker’s Guide to Engineering ReasoningForewordI am delighted to …” „… recommend The Thinker’s Guide to Engineering Reasoning for engineering instructors, students, and engineers …” „… critical thinking skills and dispositions necessary for effectively and professionally reasoning through …”

Introduction S. 3

„… Guide to Engineering Reasoning?This thinker’s guide is designed for administrators, faculty, and …” „… www.criticalthinking.orgThe Thinker’s Guide to Engineering Reasoning 3IntroductionWhy A Thinker’s …” „… students. It contains the essence of engineering reasoning concepts and tools. For faculty it provides a …”

The Questioning Mind in Engineering: The Wright Brothers S. 40-41

„… www.criticalthinking.org40 The Thinker’s Guide to Engineering ReasoningThe Questioning Mind in …” „… exemplars will suffice to illustrate highly skilled engineering reasoning. Orville and Wilbur Wright rank …” „… . Photograph: public domain.06 Engineering Reasoning 03.2013.indd 40 8/29/19 3:29 PM …”

Universal Structures of Thought S. 9

„… my reasoning?What are the implications of my reasoning (if I am correct)?What information do I need …” „… www.criticalthinking.orgThe Thinker’s Guide to Engineering Reasoning 9To Analyze Thinking We Must …” „… implied by these structures.06 Engineering Reasoning 03.2013.indd 9 8/29/19 3:29 PM …”

Two Kinds of Engineering Questions S. 16

„… www.criticalthinking.org16 The Thinker’s Guide to Engineering ReasoningTwo Kinds of Engineering …” „… Systemrequires evidence and reasoning within a systemrequires evidence and reasoning within multiple systemsa …” „… environment impact?06 Engineering Reasoning 03.2013.indd 16 8/29/19 3:29 PM …”

Ethics and Engineering S. 45-46

„… Engineering ReasoningFiduciary ResponsibilityEngineers have fiduciary responsibilities to customers, company …” „… www.criticalthinking.orgThe Thinker’s Guide to Engineering Reasoning 45Ethics and EngineeringThe …” „… Engineering Reasoning 03.2013.indd 45 8/29/19 3:29 PMwww.criticalthinking.org46 The Thinker’s Guide to …”

Analyzing a Design Using the Elements of Thought S. 14-15

„… www.criticalthinking.org14 The Thinker’s Guide to Engineering ReasoningAnalyzing a Design Using the …” „… capability was assumed?What workforce skills or attributes have been assumed?06 Engineering Reasoning 03.2013 …” „… .indd 14 8/29/19 3:29 PM www.criticalthinking.orgThe Thinker’s Guide to Engineering Reasoning 15 …”

Noteworthy Connections and Distinctions S. 43-44

„… PMwww.criticalthinking.org44 The Thinker’s Guide to Engineering ReasoningEngineering and TechniciansWhile both engineers and …” „… www.criticalthinking.orgThe Thinker’s Guide to Engineering Reasoning 43Noteworthy Connections and …” „… consultation appropriate to this project?06 Engineering Reasoning 03.2013.indd 43 8/29/19 3:29 …”

The Problem of Egocentric Thinking S. 50

„… www.criticalthinking.org50 The Thinker’s Guide to Engineering ReasoningThe Problem of Egocentric …” „… advantage even though these beliefs are not grounded in sound reasoning or evidence.Because humans are …” „… .”06 Engineering Reasoning 03.2013.indd 50 8/29/19 3:29 PM …”

The Spirit of Critical Thinking S. 11

„… www.criticalthinking.orgThe Thinker’s Guide to Engineering Reasoning 11The Spirit of Critical …” „… for order, system and interrelationships.06 Engineering Reasoning 03.2013.indd 11 8/29/19 3:29 PM …”

Using Intellectual Standards to Assess Design Features S. 26

„… www.criticalthinking.org26 The Thinker’s Guide to Engineering ReasoningUsing Intellectual Standards …” „… interests been properly weighed?Have public or community interests been considered?06 Engineering Reasoning …”

The Cost of Thinking Gone Awry S. 42

„… www.criticalthinking.org42 The Thinker’s Guide to Engineering ReasoningThe Cost of Thinking Gone …” „… . http://caib.nasa.gov/news/report/volume1/default.html.06 Engineering Reasoning 03.2013.indd 42 8/29/19 3:29 PM …”

Analyzing Disciplines: Mechanical Engineering S. 19

„… www.criticalthinking.orgThe Thinker’s Guide to Engineering Reasoning 19Analyzing Disciplines …” „… . Picture by Jean-Pol GRANDMONT06 Engineering Reasoning 03.2013.indd 19 8/29/19 3:29 PM …”

Analyzing Disciplines: Electrical Engineering S. 18

„… www.criticalthinking.org18 The Thinker’s Guide to Engineering ReasoningAnalyzing Disciplines …” „… negative quality of life impacts on communities and regions.06 Engineering Reasoning 03.2013.indd 18 …”

Analyzing Engineering Tools: Modeling and Simulation S. 20

„… www.criticalthinking.org20 The Thinker’s Guide to Engineering ReasoningAnalyzing Engineering Tools …” „… use of the actual product when used in the real world.06 Engineering Reasoning 03.2013.indd 20 …”

Analyzing Disciplines: Aerospace Engineering S. 17

„… www.criticalthinking.orgThe Thinker’s Guide to Engineering Reasoning 17Analyzing Disciplines …” „… the quality of life in communities and regions.06 Engineering Reasoning 03.2013.indd 17 8/29/19 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538133798

Richard Paul, Linda Elder - The Thinker's Guide to Scientific Thinking

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Richard Paul, Linda Elder

The Thinker's Guide to Scientific Thinking

2019

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Scientific Reasoning Abilities S. 25

A Checklist for Scientific Reasoning S. 7-8

„… Scientic Reasoning1) All scientic reasoning has a PURPOSE.• Can you state your scientific purpose clearly …” „… are still on target?• Have you chosen significant and realistic scientific purposes?2) All reasoning …” „… those that require consideration of multiple viewpoints?3) All scientic reasoning is based on …”

The Logic of Scientific Reasoning S. 41

„… Scientic ReasoningElements of ReasoningLooking at the physical world as something to be understood through …”

How to Evaluate an Author’s or Experimenter’s Scientific Reasoning S. 21

„… Author’s or Experimenter’s Scientic Reasoning1. Focusing on the stated scientific Purpose: Is the purpose …” „… most fundamental Concepts at the heart of the scientific reasoning: Are the key ideas clarified? Are …” „… complex? In other words, does the reasoner use a sound line of reasoning to come to logical scientific …”

How to Analyze the Logic of a Scientific Article, Essay, or Chapter S. 15-16

„… , article or chapter is through the analysis of the structure of the author’s reasoning. Once you have done …” „… this, you can evaluate the author’s reasoning using intellectual standards (see page 21). Here is a …” „… most important ideas that you would have to know to understand the author’s line of reasoning? Then …”

Preface

„… critical thinking across subject areas and audience levels to foster fairminded critical reasoning …” „… Guide to Analytic inking3. e inker’s Guide to Ethical Reasoning4. e inker’s Guide to Socratic …” „… . e inker’s Guide to Scientic inking11. e inker’s Guide to Engineering Reasoning12. e inker’s Guide to …”

Information S. 30

„… supported by the data and sound reasoning.Make inferences that go beyond what the data supports.Does my …” „… scientific reasoning is based on data, information, evidence, experience, and research.)Primary Standards …” „… ) Inconsistently appliedPrinciple: Reasoning can be only as sound as the information upon which it is based.Skilled …”

Ethics and Science S. 63-1

„… Thinker’s Guide to Ethical ReasoningPaperback 9780944583173eBook 9781538133781The Thinker’s Guide to …” „… must all learn to be alert and well-informed citizens, citizens who recognize faulty reasoning …” „… 9781538143940Hardback 9781538143933eBook 9781538143957The Thinker’s Guide to Engineering Reasoning Paperback …”

Analyzing the Logic of a Science Textbook S. 17

„… analyzing the parts of the author’s reasoning, so can you figure out the system of ideas within a scientific …” „… textbook by focusing on the parts of the author’s reasoning within the textbook. To understand the parts of …” „… the textbook author’s reasoning, use this template:The Logic of a Science Textbook1) The main purpose …”

Implications and Consequences S. 35

„… consequences of their reasoning.Trace out few or none of the implications and consequences of holding a …” „… Consequences(All scientific reasoning leads somewhere. It has implications and, when acted upon, has …” „… well through an issue, you must think through the implications that follow from your reasoning. You …”

Point of View S. 34

„… scientific reasoning is done from some point of view.)Primary Standards: (1) Flexibility, (2) Fairness, (3 …” „… this issue?Conne their monological reasoning to problems that are clearly monological.*Confuse …” „… reasoning as if only one point of view is relevant to this issue when in reality other viewpoints are …”

Two Kinds of Scientific Questions S. 22

„… ConictingSystems Systemsrequires evidence requires evidenceand reasoning and reasoning within within established …”

Assumptions S. 32

„… scientific reasoning is based on assumptions—beliefs we take for granted.)Primary Standards: (1) Clarity, (2 …” „… ) Justiability, (3) ConsistencyCommon Problems: (1) Unclear, (2) Unjustied, (3) ContradictoryPrinciple: Reasoning …”

Inference and Interpretation S. 31

„… Interpretation(All scientific reasoning contains inferences from which we draw conclusions and use to give meaning …” „… ) Supercial, (5) Unreasonable, (6) ContradictoryPrinciple: Reasoning can be only as sound as the inferences it …”

Concepts and Ideas S. 33

„… Ideas(All scientific reasoning is expressed through, and shaped by, concepts and ideas.)Primary Standards …” „… ) Supercial, (4) InaccuratePrinciple: Reasoning can be only as sound as the concepts on which it is …”

Purpose S. 28

„… reasoning has a purpose.)Primary Standards: (1) Clarity, (2) Signicance, (3) Achievability (4) Consistency …” „… clearly.Are often unclear about their central purpose.Have I made the purpose of my reasoning clear?What …”

Asking One-System and Conflicting-System Questions S. 23-24

„… purpose of analysis. One such way is to focus on the type of reasoning required by the question. With …” „… (conicting systems) – Questions requiring reasoning, but with more than one arguable answer. These are …”

Intellectual Dispositions Essential to Scientific Thinking S. 36-37

„… reasoning of our opponents and to reason from premises, assumptions, and ideas other than our own. Questions …” „… recognize and eliminate self-deception when reasoning through scientific issues?Intellectual perseverance is …”

Universal Intellectual Standards Essential to Sound Scientific Thinking S. 11-12

„… which must be applied to thinking whenever one is interested in checking the quality of reasoning about …” „… of a conicting theory, hypothesis or conceptual scheme?A line of reasoning may be clear, accurate …”

Scientific Thinkers Routinely Apply the Intellectual Standards S. 38

„… Scientic Reasoning as they develop the traits of a scientic …”

Analyzing the Logic of a Subject S. 40

„… a SubjectWhen we understand the elements of reasoning, we realize that all subjects, all disciplines …”

Questions at Issue or Central Problem S. 29

„… or Central Problem(All scientific reasoning is an attempt to figure something out,to settle some …”

The Problem of Pseudo-Scientific and Unscientific Thinking S. 57

„… , money, or personal advantage even though these beliefs are not grounded in sound reasoning or …”

A Critical Approach to Scientific Thinking S. 61-62

„… observation to that conclusion?” The result is that scientific reasoning remains a mystery to most …”

The Questioning Mind in Science S. 42-43

„… errors in reasoning and in my own observations or those of others.”In pursuing intellectual questions …”