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Björn Gehrmann - Soft Budget Constraints in German Fiscal Federalism

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Björn Gehrmann

Soft Budget Constraints in German Fiscal Federalism

Series: Neue Studien zur Politischen Ökonomie

Volume 9 2010

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Corporate Finance vs. Public Finance S. 148-156

„… will be presented.4.1 Corporate Finance vs. Public FinanceThe contractual literature on corporate …” „… . Public Sources of FinancePrivate Sector: Considering the origin of corporate inancial resources, one can …” „… ComparisonCorporate Finance Public FinanceRevenue sidePerformance-related (management) Performance-related …”

Literature S. 215-225

„… ). Competitive Governments. An Economic Theory of Politics and Public Finance. Cambridge: Cambridge University …” „… Design Problems, and Tiebout. Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice 22: 91-104.Garzarelli, G. (2006 …” „… ). Cognition, Incentives, and Public Governance. Public Finance Review 34. 235-257.Garzarelli, G. and Reem …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-26

„… the Institute for Public Finance at Humboldt University Berlin: Florian Ade, Erik Fasten, Simon …” „… 1454 Fiscal Governance and the Soft Budget Constraint 1484.1 Corporate Finance vs. Public Finance …” „… 1494.1.1 Corporate vs. Public Sources of Finance 1494.1.2 Corporate vs. Public Financial Management …”

The Government-Induced Soft Budget Constraint S. 103-127

„… constraints, one more aspect needs to be mentioned: bailouts are not necessarily detrimental to the public …” „… public sectors of non-socialist countries” (Kornai, Maskin and Roland 2003: 1129). According to the …” „… constraint since they provide for redistribution of public income from ‘richer’ to ‘poorer’ subnational …”

Constitutional Change in Germany S. 198-204

„… political feasibility of the reform scenarios, it is necessary to conduct a public choice analysis which is …” „… Finance’ (‘Kommission zur Reform der Gemeindeinanzen’) was installed by the Federal government. The …” „… public vote. Referenda in Oldenburg (separation from Lower Saxony), Rhinehesse (merger with Hesse) and …”

Five Devices of Fiscal Governance S. 172-188

„… public sector as well. In many respects, the two sectors can be regarded as equivalent. The …” „… interests concerning the level of taxation, quality and quantity of public service provision or …” „… – only interested in proit maximization. The public sector equivalent to the board of directors is the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845226484

Anita Ernstorfer, Albrecht Stockmayer - Capacity Development for Good Governance

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Anita Ernstorfer (ed.), Albrecht Stockmayer (ed.)

Capacity Development for Good Governance

2009

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Iris Müller, Matthias Witt Capacity Development in Public Finance Reforms S. 124-155

„… outside Lebanon. Source: Institute of Finance/Adetef (2004). In general, any attempt to reform public …” „… Capacity Development in Public Finance Reforms Iris Müller and Matthias Witt46 Introduction: Good …” „… Financial Governance The state of public finances serves as an excellent indicator of a society’s capacity …”

Evy von Pfeil, Wibke Thies, Klaus Mersmann, Jürgen Hess Forests – a Governance Issue S. 45-69

„… in forests, from the ministries that have an impact on forests (e.g. the ministries of finance …” „… governance have emerged as special challenges: n Decentralisation and public participation. n Pro-poor growth …” „… cooperation supports such capacity development in partner countries. 2.1 Decentralisation and Public …”

Ingo Baum, Jochen Renger, Roland Werchota Good Governance in the Water Sector S. 30-44

„… general public still associates development cooperation in the water sector with a primarily technical …” „… political issues such as good governance, effective public administration and democratisation. Since the …” „… international 30 conventions and in tapping sources of finance for water projects. This led the 2002 World …”

Contributors S. 217-219

„… group “Public Finance and Administrative Reform” since 2004. She specialises in sector planning aspects …” „… for public finance. She also develops contributions to advanced training sessions in the field of …” „… public finance. Prof. Dr. Jürgen Neyer is Professor of Political Science at the European University …”

Abbreviations S. 209-212

„… expenditure review PETS Public expenditure tracking survey PFM Public finance management PIU Project …” „… finances et de l’industrie française ADR Alternative dispute resolution AFLEG Africa Forest Law Enforcement …” „… Organisation of Supreme Audit Institutions IoF Institute of Finance IRD Inland Revenue Department IUCN The …”

Anita Ernstorfer, Albrecht Stockmayer Capacity Development for Good Governance: What Is It, How Does It Work and Will It Make a Difference? S. 9-29

„… , decentralisation or administrative reform and public finance). Developing governance capacity is also a …” „… , and others less so: forestry, public finance, land management/protected areas, civil society …” „… system of public finance linked to a functioning public administration, the fight against corruption and …”

Cornelia Richter, Jörg-Werner Haas Preface S. 5-8

„… through Healthy Governance by Inke Mathauer 90 Capacity Development in Public Finance Reforms by Iris …” „… : especially when we address cross-cutting issues of good governance, we offer a platform for public and …” „… present their findings to a broader public. Our thanks also go to the editors as well as to Doris …”

Index S. 213-216

„… , 124, 181 pro-poor orientation 106, 113 public awareness 82, 144, 152, 163f. public finance 23ff., 124 …” „… ff., 135ff., 139ff., 149f., 152ff. public goods 71, 92f., 129f. public services 13, 15, 158, 186, 190 …”

Inke Mathauer Capacity Development in the Health Sector: Better Health through Healthy Governance S. 90-123

„… preventive and promotive health care (PPHC) services constitute pure public goods (e.g. vector control and …” „… , thereby increasing inequity in health outcomes. In reality, the distinction between public and private …” „… goods is not so clear. Some goods show both private and public characteristics. For example, the …”

Jürgen Neyer, Christian Grünhagen Capacity Development for Good Governance: The Key Role Played by Civil Society S. 156-165

„… , to take action to indict public officials who are involved in corruption, to monitor the delivery of …” „… finance or personnel; membership in certain organisations may not be fully voluntary, and the internal …” „… http://www.ids.ac.uk/ids/civsoc/public.doc, accessed February 2007. 157 Many substantial arguments link civil society actors to the promotion …”

OECD DAC Refere ce D c me t (2006) The Challenge of Capacity Development: Working Towards Good Practice S. 166-208

„… ...................................................................... 16 Box 2. Conditions that have made public sector capacity difficult to develop …” „… is mainly concerned with capacity and performance in the public sector, but private sector …” „… “effective demand” for public sector capacity within the country. In more specific organisational terms …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845216829

Sebastian Thomasius - Political decision makers and their relevance for public finances

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Sebastian Thomasius

Political decision makers and their relevance for public finances

Series: Neue Studien zur Politischen Ökonomie

Volume 13 2013

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Public finances and the finance minister's ability S. 103-107

„… good track record in public finances.However, the characteristics which strengthen the finance minister …” „… sound public finances. Unexpectedly, the education of the financeminister does not matter for fiscal …” „… concludes.5.2 Public finances and the European finance ministersThere are several circumstances in which a …”

Public finances and the finance minister's preferences S. 107-109

„… ) and include the field ofstudy as well. In the context of public finances, I expect finance ministers …” „… , in the public, orthe private sector, to reduce public debt.Hypothesis 5.7 Finance ministers with …” „… financial expertise reduce the growth of debt.5.2.2 Public finances and the finance minister’s …”

Politics and public finances at the local level in Germany S. 36-37

„… 3.2 Institutional setting and data3.2.1 Politics and public finances at the local level in …” „… infrastructure. Moreover,they oversee local firms in the public service sector and they administrate …” „… public debt and/or levy local taxes.The state constitution in Bavaria grants mayors an unusually strong …”

Main results and contribution S. 137-141

„… mayor’squalification on local public finances.In light of the strong results for election outcomes, the results of this …” „… relevance of the financeminister for public finances (see the review in Section 2.3) and investigate whether …” „… relevanceof political decision makers and their personal characteristics for public finances. Thethesis …”

Introduction S. 101-103

„… her individual characteristics forsound public finances have not yet been well explored.The present …” „… , on the relevance of decision makers for public finances (see the literature reviewin Section 2.3 …” „… irrelevantfor public finances. Furthermore, he finds evidence for lower debt growth when thefinance minister …”

Description of the data set S. 82-86

„… officers (others). Taking the finance-related subsectors of academia, thebusiness and public sector …” „… (public_other)and 15 in the field of public finances, e.g., tax authorities or treasury (public_finance).A total of …” „… 0.631 0.483 0 1 68public_finance 499 0.142 0.350 0 1 15public_other 499 0.551 0.498 0 1 60other 499 …”

Budgetary preferences of the finance minister S. 76-78

„… influence expenditures in the budgeting process.4.3 Personality of the finance minister and public deficits …” „… in GermanstatesPublic finance theories on budget deficits concentrate on partisan politics …” „… plausible that the time horizon of the finance minister affectsfiscal policy and public debt. Tirole (1994 …”

„… finance-related areas reduce the growth of public debt. The variable financein model 1 takes the value of 1 for …” „… of finance (finance), either in the public or private sector, in academia or in a centralbank or an …” „… ), business (business_finance), or the field of public fin-121Table 5.4: Results for professional experience …”

Estimation results S. 88-94

„… variablecaptures all finance-related work experience in either the financial business sector,public finances or as …” „… , business,and public each into a finance-related and a not finance-related subcategory. Then,model 14 …” „… hypothesis 4.1 on partisan behavior. Thisis consistent with the results of related studies on public finances …”

A Appendix S. 98-100

„… finance minister has worked in the financesector before (e.g., private or public banks, insurancecompanies …” „… has been a spendingminister beforeVarious sources**public DV when the finance minister has worked in …” „… the publicsector beforeVarious sources**public_finance DV when the finance minister has worked in the …”

Empirical evidence S. 28-32

„… government budget process and the involved actors that determine the key public finance indicators …” „… spending ministry.Instead, her political success depends on sound public finances. In order to raise …” „… outcomes. The following section takes up this discussion and focuses onthe specific role of the finance …”

Contribution and main findings S. 18-20

„… experience for public finances.The study for the European finance ministers, however, cannot confirm these …” „… is examined with respect to her electoralsuccess and to local public finances in Bavarian …” „… individual characteristics of political decision makers in theempirical analysis of public finances across …”

Conclusion S. 97-98

„… to 2009, we try to overcomethis shortcoming in public finance.Using a new and unique data set that …” „… the finance ministers’ preferences and abilitieson public deficits in 10 West German states from 1960 …” „… finance ministerto ensure sound public finances depends on her professional experience prior to …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-9

„… Thomasius2.AuflagePolitical decision makers and their relevance for public financesNomosBUT_Thomasius …” „… Germany 744.2.3 Budgeting procedures in Germany 764.3 Personality of the finance minister and public …” „… 1015.1 Introduction 1015.2 Public finances and the European finance ministers 1035.2.1 Public finances …”

Different results and fiscal institutions and attitudes S. 141-143

„… of the political decisionmakers matter for public finances. In particular, the studies on Germany …” „… three things thatmatter for public finances.6.2 Critical appraisal of different results and methodsThe …” „… political decision makers on public finances they rely on two different empirical methodologies. The two …”

Description of the data set S. 111-116

„… 0.396 0 1public_finance 480 0.102 0.303 0 1union_officer 480 0.056 0.231 0 1Preferencesleft 480 0.438 …” „… the same party in almost all UK governments.115of finance (finance), either in the public or private …” „… : Professional experiencefinance 480 0.390 0.488 0 1academia 480 0.198 0.399 0 1academia_finance 480 0.125 0.331 …”

A Appendix S. 130-136

„… 0.10.0500.0300.10.1500000.0300.190.13public0.190.180.570.030.240.060.5500.180.100.480.520.580public_finance …” „… sources*public DV for work experience of at least five years inthe public sectorVarious sources*public_finance DV …” „… for work experience of at least five years inthe public finance sector, e.g., ministry offinance …”

Robustness checks S. 94-97

„… overcomethis shortcoming in public finance.Using a new and unique data set that includes the personal …” „… literature on the political economy of public deficits, the role and responsibility of the finance minister …” „… following findings: There is strong evidence that the ability of the finance ministerto ensure sound public …”

Robustness checks S. 125-128

„… finance minister’s ability to ensuresound public finances. Model 5 in Table 5.3 shows that finance …” „… the finance minister has work experience of at least five yearsin the respective field, e.g., public …” „… characteristics that may matter for her ability toensure sound public finances and characteristics that may shape …”

Theoretical considerations S. 27-28

„… particular interest of a spending ministry.Instead, her political success depends on sound public finances …” „… priorities or public good provision.2.2.4 Changes in the form of governmentAnother strand in the literature …” „… educationalattainments and professional experience in business or finance and find the latter tobe relevant, but not the …”

Conclusion S. 128-130

„… characteristics that may matter for her ability toensure sound public finances and characteristics that may shape …” „… affected by individual characteristics of the finance minister and focuses, in particular, on …” „… , or theexistance of children, do not affect debt growth at all. The effect of the finance minister’s …”

Ability of the finance minister S. 78-80

„… impact of the finance minister’s individual characteristics on public deficits, we regard it as necessary …” „… in the private and public sector. Besley and Case (1995) expand this idea in their reputation …” „… retirement may not be aseffective as younger finance ministers.Hypothesis 4.2 The closer finance ministers …”

Policy implications S. 144-145

„… research in the field of public finances.First of all, the approach taken here can be extended by examining …” „… countries, sound public finances will be of high priority in the future. Theinvestigation of political …” „… decision makers for public finances. Drawing the results together, some questions remain unanswered and …”

Further research S. 145-146

„… insights.There are three evident extensions for further research in the field of public finances.First of all …” „… thesis sheds light on the relevance of individual decision makers for public finances. Drawing the …” „… finance (finance ministers inGerman states) or, second, stay in office for a long period of time (mayors …”

„… Chapter 4 finds no significant differencebetween female and male finance ministers with respect to public …” „… minister’s ability to ensuresound public finances. Model 5 in Table 5.3 shows that finance ministers who …” „… 5.4.2 Results related to the finance minister’s preferencesThe following part highlights the …”

Estimation methods S. 86-88

„… 68public_finance 499 0.142 0.350 0 1 15public_other 499 0.551 0.498 0 1 60other 499 0.146 0.354 0 1 …” „… 42humanities 499 0.076 0.266 0 1 9science 499 0.030 0.171 0 1 4finance_expertise 499 0.255 0.436 0 1 …” „… 263.213 852:894 1,552.622 –The finance ministers’ budgetary preferenceleft 499 0.429 0.495 0 1 58age 499 …”

Different empirical methods S. 143-144

„… public finances they rely on two different empirical methodologies. The two studies on the finance …” „… crisis in Europe and increasing levels of debt in almostall OECD countries, sound public finances will be …” „… previous finance-related work experience is negative for some countries andpositive for other countries …”

Candidate characteristics and election outcomes S. 21-24

„… policyresults. Before examining this question empirically in the sphere of public financesin chapters 3, 4, and …” „… ability or competence which is unknown tothe public. In these models, politicians usually exploit the …” „… the pivotal role of the finance minister in fiscal policy.2.1 Candidate characteristics and election …”

Motivation S. 15-18

„… that characterize competent or incompetentpoliticians.Looking at fiscal policy and public finances in …” „… characteristics of political decision makers in theanalysis of public finances in three empirical studies …” „… is dedicated to the question of whether their backgroundmatters for municipal public finances in …”

Introduction S. 71-73

„… welfare-maximizing government would choose theoptimal level of debt to finance public expenditures, in reality …” „… Dresden, University of Siegen,and the 10th Public Finance Workshop at WZB Berlin are also gratefully …” „… Chapter 4: Finance ministers in German states4.1 Introduction1While a benevolent dictator or a …”

B Appendix: Figures and tables S. 61-70

„… financesOLS FE Global parametric RDD Discontinuity-sample RDD(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)Expenditures 44.66 …” „… ) mayor in office on fiscaloutcome variables: local public debt per capita (upper left panel), total …” „… on both sides of the threshold. Source: Own calculations.65Table 3.14: Financial expertise and public …”

Budgeting procedures in Germany S. 76

„… influence expenditures in the budgeting process.4.3 Personality of the finance minister and public deficits …” „… in GermanstatesPublic finance theories on budget deficits concentrate on partisan politics …” „… spendingministries and the ministry of finance on the anticipated input costs – such as staffcosts and supplies …”

References S. 149-158

„… development in Flemish municipalities.’ International Taxand Public Finance 12 (4):395–422.Atkins, Ralph and …” „… 47 (2):448–474.Cusack, Thomas R. 1997. ‘Partisan politics and public finance: Changes in public …” „… public finances? Evidence for Germany.’ DIW DiscussionPaper No. 1262.Frey, Bruno S. 1986. ‘Economists …”

Fiscal federalism in Germany S. 74-76

„… process.4.3 Personality of the finance minister and public deficits in GermanstatesPublic finance theories …” „… ministry of finance on the anticipated input costs – such as staffcosts and supplies. Before the summer …” „… execution and, second, on supplementarybudgets. Of course, the finance minster is likely to use this …”

Specific professions on fiscal outcomes S. 52-55

„… affects public finances (Svaleryd,2009; Ferreira and Gyourko, 2011; Campa, 2011). Initially, our intention …” „… position provideonly little evidence that specific experience affects local public finances. For all …” „… farmer, (3) a financial professional, (4) a lawyer or (5) a public employee. Asoutcomes, we will again …”

Model specification S. 81-82

„… real terms per capitaas the most appropriate indicator of the finance minister’s strength. In the …” „… empiricalpublic finance literature it is well established that in order to ensure stationary panels,the variable …” „… of interest, here the public deficit, must be transformed. Three conceptsare principally used: First …”

Germany's federal design and political parties S. 73-74

„… in the field of public finance. With a new data set that includes biographicalinformation on the …” „… that neither the finance minister’s gender nor the existence of children or herage affect public …” „… ministers of finance in German federal states, we test several hypotheses derived from existing theories on …”

Introduction S. 33-36

„… ) entrepreneurs, (2) farmers, (3) professionals from the finance sector, (4) lawyers, and(5) public employees. We …” „… we completely refrain from analyzing potentialgender effects on public finances using the regression …” „… Politics and public finances at the local level in GermanyIn Germany, government activity is divided across …”

List of tables S. 11-12

„… Qualification and key public finance indicators 493.6 Qualification and local taxation 513.7 Specific …” „… Qualification and specific expenditure and revenue categories 653.14 Financial expertise and public finances …” „… Literature overview: Education, occupation, and (policy) outcomes 252.3 Literature overview: Finance …”

Validity of the regression discontinuity design S. 55-57

„… position provideonly little evidence that specific experience affects local public finances. For all …” „… highlight the results of professionals of the finance sector on detailed categories of the municipality …” „… ) who find that finance ministers that have a professional background in thefinancial sector incur lower …”

Specification of the econometric model S. 109-111

„… finance minister in aEuropean central government is not a public elective office, instead the finance …” „… characteristics on fiscal policy. In the context of European finance ministers,however, reverse causality should …” „… characteristics of theselected finance minister. On the contrary, when the head of government appoints themembers …”

Traditional theories on budget deficits as control variables S. 80-81

„… complex process of cabinet formation in the German states. Theappointment of the finance minister and …” „… appropriate indicator of the finance minister’s strength. In the empiricalpublic finance literature it is well …” „… established that in order to ensure stationary panels,the variable of interest, here the public deficit, must …”

Education and incumbency experience on fiscal outcomes S. 48-52

„… shownhere, but are available upon request.48Table 3.5: Qualification and key public finance indicatorsOLS FE …” „… the public finances of her municipality. While the results for experience generally fall inline with …” „… female representation affects public finances (Svaleryd,2009; Ferreira and Gyourko, 2011; Campa, 2011 …”

Spending priorities and public good provision S. 26-27

„… professionalexperience.2.2.3 Spending priorities and public good provisionTo the best of my knowledge, there are no …” „… makers affect spendingpriorities or the provision of public goods. However, some studies investigate the …” „… representation in local councils in Indiaon public good provision. They show that female council members invest …”

Changes in the form of government S. 27

„… priorities or public good provision.2.2.4 Changes in the form of governmentAnother strand in the literature …” „… educationalattainments and professional experience in business or finance and find the latter tobe relevant, but not the …” „… .32.3 Strength of the finance minister and fiscal policyThe previous sections of this chapter highlight …”

Corporate performance S. 27

„… priorities or public good provision.2.2.4 Changes in the form of governmentAnother strand in the literature …” „… educationalattainments and professional experience in business or finance and find the latter tobe relevant, but not the …” „… .32.3 Strength of the finance minister and fiscal policyThe previous sections of this chapter highlight …”

Sharp regression discontinuity design S. 40-44

„… provided by the statestatistical office of Bavaria.We assess the impact on public finances from three …” „… amerit-based commendation. They analyze whether the commendation and the public40recognition for this …” „… farmers, public employees, professionals, and entrepreneurs.3.3.2 Fuzzy regression discontinuity designThe …”

Description of our data set S. 37-40

„… statestatistical office of Bavaria.We assess the impact on public finances from three different angles. First, we …” „… commendation. They analyze whether the commendation and the public40 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845250052

Nandan K Jha - Political Economy of Public Education Finance

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Nandan K Jha

Political Economy of Public Education Finance

2020

doi.org/10.5771/9781498590716

Constanze Graml, Annarita Doronzio, Vincenzo Capozzoli - Rethinking Athens Before the Persian Wars

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Constanze Graml (ed.), Annarita Doronzio (ed.), Vincenzo Capozzoli (ed.)

Rethinking Athens Before the Persian Wars

Series: Münchner Studien zur Alten Welt

Volume 17 2020

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MARCELLO VALENTE Archaic Athens and Tyranny. The Origins of the Athenian Public Finances S. 265-276

„… 265Archaic Athens and Tyranny.The Origins of the Athenian Public FinancesMARCELLO VALENTEAccording …” „… , but collected a property tax from them only when the public finances were in troubles7. Scholars …” „… origins of the Athenian public finances I will use only Classical sources such as Herodotus, Thucydides …”

VALENTINA MUSSA The College of Treasurers of Athena on the Acropolis During the Archaic Period S. 251-264

„… finance22. Their origins are dicult to trace but they seem to have exercised their charge throughout the …” „… as a private wor-shipper but, mainly, as a public ocer in charge of the custody of the sacred wealth …” „… scribe in the act of making some registrations leads one to interpret the man depicted as a public ocer …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… of the Athenian Public Finance 265Marcello ValenteWorshipping Women, Worshipping War: (How) Did the …”

CONSTANZE GRAML, ANNARITA DORONZIOAND VINCENZO CAPOZZOLI Introduction S. 11-23

„… time and power to order the con-struction of the Parthenon, while he was taking his first public steps …” „… north, that a ‘public’ function has only been ascribed to this building because of the later public …” „… lightly, since it has an even heavier impact upon the issue of the Athe-nian public places20. Thus, the …”

BIBLIOGRAPHY S. 313-356

„… Athens. Documents in Finance, Religion and Politics in the Second Half of the Fifth Century B.C. (Ithaca …” „… 1980).Cavanaugh 1996 M. B. Cavanaugh, Eleusis and Athens. Documents in Finance, Religion, and Politics …” „… Sanctuary of the Two Goddesses and Public Documents of the Deme, The Archaeological Society at Athens …”

ELISAVET P. SIOUMPARA Constructing Monumentality at the Athenian Acropolis in the Early 6th Century B.C. S. 149-166

„… interpret this religious architecture, the “most public of all the arts”, and the varied visual appear-ances …” „… are some of the earliest public documents extant from Athens (IG I³ 507. 508. 509)61 and have large …” „… hieropoioi, and, as already A. E. Raubitschek observed, “[t]hey are not public decrees, but they are …”

ANNA MARIA D'ONOFRIO Some Thoughts on the Pre-Classical Athenian Society S. 25-40

„… , 194.29 The big flat cemeteries can allow family grouping without losing their essentially public function …” „… , financed by the University of Naples “L’Orientale”. The database project (Filemaker, RDBMS) has been …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783831675623

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