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Stefan Ahlswede - Israel's European policy after the Cold War

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Stefan Ahlswede

Israel's European policy after the Cold War

Series: Düsseldorfer Schriften zu Internationaler Politik und Völkerrecht

Volume 6 2009

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Preventing an EU political role S. 239-243

„… . Preventing an EU political role Israel has consistently tried to prevent or at least limit the Europeans …” „… significant political role of the Europeans has seemed disadvantageous to Israel and even dangerous …” „… notwithstanding. To arrange for a major political role of the 714 For examples see Rabin raps European response …”

Has Israel’s European Policy changed? S. 263-267

„… at least containing a European political role in the Middle East. This goal has remained unaltered …” „… complete rejection of a political role to containment of near insignificance. Again though we have to ask …” „… process and they only di?ered on the role that they expected from additional political pressure or the …”

Token role of the EU S. 259-261

„… 259 5.5.5. Token role of the EU Whilst Israel is not on a par with the EU in economic and political …” „… questions of a political role will function in safeguarding a certain level of European goodwill in …” „… potent and only-almost political role that the EMP has o?ered to the EU in the region. This, too, has …”

Has Israel achieved its aims? S. 251-253

„… we looked into did Israel have to accept a meaningful political role of the Europeans. As far as the …” „… political role of the EU in the region has thus been achieved. 252 At the same time, the Europeans have …” „… significant political role in the Middle East is not a consequence of Israel’s behaviour in this regard. It is …”

The politicians S. 207-211

„… on the political level contrasts to his ministry’s subordinate role in the actual negotiation team …” „… themselves and refer the issue to the political level for approval. Eran though felt he needed a clear …” „… the politicians’ role in agenda setting. Closer association with the EC/ EU has been on Israel’s …”

The EU as the facilitator of peace S. 243-247

„… 243 5.3.2. The EU as the facilitator of peace Israel’s rejection of an EU political role in the …” „… Middle Eastern politics that Israel has objected to, not indiscriminately any role with political …” „… positions, in Peres’ view Europe no longer has a political role to contribute to peace. This may be due to a …”

Conflicting aims: contain Europe or embrace Europe? S. 267-268

„… of trade-o?s, which are considerable. The aim of preventing any significant political role of the EU …” „… political role can also be expected to dampen the EU’s enthusiasm to jump to Israel’s side and o?er whatever …” „… rejecting an EU political role, this will not help to persuade the Europeans to be more receptive to …”

Hibernation S. 258-259

„… at least has been that – limited – concessions to the EU in questions of a political role will …” „… a token role: In stark contrast to Israel’s usual shield of rejection against any direct political …” „… the same policy approach. If the political climate between Israel and the EU is too cool for Israel to …”

Israel’s motivation to agree S. 77-85

„… negotiations. The role Peres envisioned for Europe in his e?orts was to support the political process by …” „… role in the political process once the crisis was over, too. In a way, the European participation in …” „… , for its part, was strongly opposed to a conference with an authoritative role and wanted to enter …”

EEA status S. 250-251

„… meaningful political role of the Europeans. As far as the EC/ EU managed to assume a role, this role has been …” „… , Israeli worries. Israel’s aim to not see a significant political role of the EU in the region has thus …” „… institutionalised political dialogue and some form of anchorage in the European Union that was never specified; for …”

The role of the US S. 253-254

„… . Likewise, the circumstance that the EU has not come to play a significant political role in the Middle East …” „… that, whilst the Europeans have not managed to achieve much of a political role, in our case studies …” „… Israel’ opposition to a significant political role. It is also true that the specific roles that the EU …”

Rhetoric S. 186-193

„… unless Israel acceded a political role to the EC in the Middle East. Most conspicuously, the EC had …” „… a deal, sacrificed crucial economic interests for political declarations. In the eyes of many in the …” „… be treated as a political or rather as an economic issue. Peres and the Ministry of Industry and …”

The politicians S. 232-235

„… have tended to take this role in immediate political issues themselves. At times, the Israeli …” „… with the politicians. 5.2.1. The politicians Politicians with a role in the policy process have been …” „… , it has not been possible to establish a clear picture of the politicians’ role as operators of the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… 5.3. Israel’s goals vis-à-vis the EU 239 5.3.1. Preventing an EU political role 240 5.3.2. The EU as …” „… capability 42 2.1.2.2. Economic capability 43 2.1.2.3. Political structure 45 6 2.1.2.4. Competing elites …” „… . Victims nevermore 57 2.3.3. Resistance to sanctions/ limited compliance 58 3. Political relations: the …”

Recognition of Europeanness S. 251

„… we looked into did Israel have to accept a meaningful political role of the Europeans. As far as the …” „… political role of the EU in the region has thus been achieved. …” „… has aimed to get as close as possible to this prestigious status without entering into the political …”

The Inter-Ministerial Director Generals’ Committee for Economic International Affairs S. 205-207

„… managers of their ministries, the Director Generals were kept informed rather than having a central role …” „… six weeks, the DGC is the highest forum of discussion in a professional, i. e. “non-political” way …” „… ministers will have clear-cut standpoints to deal with. In contrast, the DGC has not set any political …”

Conclusion S. 88-89

„… political European role in the region, be it a role of the French Europeans or of the EU proper. Given the …” „… 88 Levy, however, had not initially been in favour of any European role in a peace conference …” „… , had been most active in urging the acceptance of a European role. Zohar Pery, Deputy Director General …”

The ministerial officials S. 235-237

„… have tended to take this role in immediate political issues themselves. At times, the Israeli …” „… Director General for European A?airs, in charge of political relations with Europe, in contrast has only …” „… ambassador to the EC/ EU has also had a role in formulation, not only in implementation. In the Ministry of …”

The EU’s special envoy to the Middle East S. 98-104

„… government had seriously snubbed the EU in its claim for a political role in the Middle East: During their …” „… ambitions for a political role. Being all this not, Moratinos was therefore no threat to Israeli interests …” „… for a political role in the peace process. Keeping Moratinos busy but 269 In fact, the newly …”

Excursion: the EC agrees to negotiations – a success of Israeli policy? S. 134-144

„… relations as laid down in the 1975 agreement had been entered onto the political agenda by the end of the …” „… . 369 Since Israel rejected any role of the PLO, elections were to be held in the territories to find …” „… clear that it wanted a role in the Middle East peace process, and that without Israel’s consent to an EC …”

The actors S. 87-88

„… pattern of behaviour would be the personal and political di?erences between Levy and Shamir, which seem to …” „… that any good would come out of an EC role. It took quite some convincing before Shamir consented …” „… initially been in favour of any European role in a peace conference either. As late as in mid-April he …”

The case studies S. 16-18

„… been implemented in detail. Examining political rather than economic relations, Rhein, 1995 sheds light …” „… concerning its relations with Israel and analyses the role of the Brussels Jewish-Israeli lobby. Finally …” „… number of other issues that are not directly related to a European role in the Middle East: not to supply …”

Israel’s motivation to agree S. 89-97

„… political European role in the region, be it a role of the French Europeans or of the EU proper. Given the …” „… 89 3.3. A European role in the Grapes of Wrath agreement In April, 1996 Israel launched Operation …” „… European power would be invited to play a role next to the United States was a novelty. For our analysis …”

Reference List S. 285-322

„… ), 3. Alpher, J. (1998). The political role of the European Union in the Arab-Israeli peace process: An …” „… . Agreement with EU will give Israel R&D role (1995, June 08). Jerusalem Post (Jerusalem), 1. Ahiram, E. (1996 …” „… der Deutschen Botschaft Tel Aviv. Chokron, L. (1996). The political background of the negotiations …”

External operational environment S. 29-42

„… development.54 The EC/ EU strove to achieve also a political role in the years to follow but was not …” „… would not be authoritative like the Arab states demanded but that its role would be limited to brokering …” „… and the recognition of both parties that would be necessary to fill out the role of an active mediator …”

Incompatible perspectives on appropriate foreign behaviour S. 272-274

„… policy and as an extension to it. When Israel has aimed to prevent a European political role in the …” „… . In its insistence on ethic and political self-reliance Israel is pointedly non-European: in form …” „… when further integration will only come combined with political integration, which Israel has so far …”

Conclusion S. 76-77

„… 76 dent Palestinian exports. There was not a political decision and possibly not even a clear cut …” „… political and secondary at best. The damage done by the European Parliament’s measure was exclusively felt …” „… conference with an authoritative role and wanted to enter direct negotiations. To accommodate Jordan’s …”

Internal operational environment S. 42-48

„… political economy has been its outstandingly high defence spending. After the Yom Kippur War Israel’s …” „… its role as entrepreneur. As a result of the demise of social economy since the mid-1980s, the share …” „… the energy and water sectors as well as in land property have still had an important role. The Israeli …”

Motivation of the European Parliament S. 59-65

„… 59 3. Political relations: the role of the EC/ EU In the following we will look into Israeli …” „… foreign behaviour related to political issues, centrally those issues arising around the question of the …” „… role the EC/ EU ought to play in the Middle East. Chapter 4 will then turn to Israel’s policy regarding …”

The ministerial officials S. 202-205

„… geographically but are currently unacceptable on political grounds, and central and Eastern European countries …” „… Treasury’s Department for International Financial A?airs – or indirectly via the political level. Our …” „… have constantly claimed that the upgrading of relations was very much political. So what have been the …”

The actors S. 97-98

„… seriously snubbed the EU in its claim for a political role in the Middle East: During their tour of Europe …” „… was a high-policy policy issue with crucial domestic relevance. In his role as Minister of Defence …” „… an issue between Israel and France. To a lesser extent, the same goes for Barak’s and Beilin’s role …”

A third leg – Counterbalance a possible decrease of American commitment S. 113-119

„… right of the political spectrum, a central reason for the closeness of US- 306 For an analysis of a …” „… but even though this need not materialise, the change of political style resulting from the rise of …” „… Minister enjoyed freedom of action, and enhancing Europe’s role in the peace process were both an …”

Administrative units S. 123-124

„… predispositions and thus of individuals in Israel’s dealings with Europe. On the top political level, Levy and …” „… , administrative units such as ministries and departments have played a significant role as actors in the policy …” „… analysed above, no indication let alone evidence for a role of any private interest group in the …”

The politicians S. 121-123

„… which role in determining Israel’s behaviour towards the EC/ EU in issues of European Middle East policy …” „… for acceptance of a European role, whilst the Prime Minister represented rejection. When the Foreign …” „… significant role of the Israeli Foreign Minister in the formulation of designated foreign behaviour towards …”

Levy’s perception of what was agreed upon with the EC in June S. 85-87

„… to a European role in the peace process whilst the EC agreed to negotiate renewing the 1975 TCA …” „… . Without any doubt, the Europeans had made any upgrading of relations dependant on an EC role in 195 …” „… , did Israel turn the argument around, did Israel make its acceptance of a European role conditional on …”

General outline S. 27-28

„… case studies that concentrate on political issues, centrally those evolving around the question of the …” „… role the EC/ EU ought to play in the Middle East: the conflict with the European Parliament over …” „… Conference; the question of a European role in the 1996 “Grapes of Wrath” Agreement; Israel’s stance towards …”

Portray behaviour as if caused by EU attitude: the issue of the deportees S. 255-257

„… 255 the EU’s advances in the Middle Eastern political arena, which were supported by the EU as a …” „… political influence in the region are more than rare, so it is worth having a close look at this particular …” „… expectations of the European Community.”748 The firm opposition of the EC to the expulsions had played a role …”

Perspective on integration S. 274-278

„… to it. When Israel has aimed to prevent a European political role in the Middle East, its goal has …” „… integration will only come combined with political integration, which Israel has so far always wanted to avoid …” „… . Likewise, Israel’s policy towards a European role in Middle Eastern a?airs has been vastly determined by …”

State of research S. 15-16

„… foreign relations have been a focal point of the works of historians, political scientists and analysts of …” „… , economic and legal aspects of Euro-Israel relations, but hardly scrutinise the political aspects of the …” „… relations. Very little of the political dimension is examined, and when it is, it is almost solely the EC …”

The data basis S. 26-27

„… self-conception. Chapter 3 presents case studies that concentrate on political issues, centrally those evolving …” „… around the question of the role the EC/ EU ought to play in the Middle East: the conflict with the …” „… in the 1991 Madrid Conference; the question of a European role in the 1996 “Grapes of Wrath …”

Misperceptions and policy failure S. 231-232

„… e?ects. Resentment against Israel and anti-Semitism may certainly play a role in Europe’s behaviour. It …” „… politicians Politicians with a role in the policy process have been government ministers and members of the …” „… establish a clear picture of the politicians’ role as operators of the agenda switch. In all of the analysed …”

Further actors S. 237-239

„… the one hand, by the central role Israel has ascribed to Germany in its dealing with the EU. On the …” „… virtual ministry of economics, has had a central role in formulation, laying down Israel’s actual aims in …” „… course, there have been more actors in and around the foreign policy system that had a role or even …”

Has Israel achieved its aims? S. 215-218

„… role as an actor, nor did any other public interest group. The question arises as to why public …” „… political dialogue, something Israel had been prodding the EU for years. Valued in Israeli eyes as a …” „… manifestation of just how close and special Euro-Israel relations were, the institutionalised political dialogue …”

Israel’s perspective S. 108-113

„… of rebutting any political role, or antagonising the EU, as Israel would do in the immediate context …” „… vicariously pursue Israeli foreign policy aims, it also provides the EU with a quasipolitical role in the …” „… region. This is attractive to Israel because it o?ers an opportunity to endorse such an EU role instead …”

The German channel S. 254-255

„… e?orts, lobbying through Germany did not play a prominent role in the case studies analysed here. On the …” „… . Genscher tells Arens: Bonn to back Israel against EC sanctions, 1990; We need political support, Arens …” „… tells Bundestag delegates, 1991. 255 the EU’s advances in the Middle Eastern political arena, which …”

Scientific interest S. 13-15

„… chose the Arab-Israeli conflict as one of the two initial areas of European Political Cooperation, and …” „… though this fortunately does not play much of a role nowadays. How does a much less powerful state behave …” „… foreign relations have been a focal point of the works of historians, political scientists and analysts of …”

Nature and aims of the EMP S. 104-106

„… area of peace and stability by setting up a political and security dialogue similar to the OSCE …” „… as in the political and cultural fields. In economic relations, association agreements with the EU …” „… .278 3.5.2. An assessment after ten years It is hard to assess the political impact the …”

Aims in detail S. 153-160

„… political dialogue with the EC, as an expression of a new class of relations.455 Israel set out to seek …” „… programmes and manifestations of closer political ties. Lacking a masterplan, though, the Israeli objective …” „… political solution of the conflict with the Palestinians and Israel’s neighbouring states. First, before …”

The research design: structured empiricism S. 21-26

„… for the next run. Input are demands and challenges from the environment that the political system is …” „… behaviour, • the political structure of the polity in which the foreign policy system is embedded …” „… , are the decisionmaking elite. These are those individuals who perform the function of political …”

Tactic S. 70-75

„… Parliament’s refusal to ratify the protocols in a number of ways. On the top political level, Peres got close …” „… it was morally improper to use economic means to achieve political ends. Shamir did not simply accuse …” „… weight. Instead, he was implying that the use of economic means for political ends were an …”

An assessment after ten years S. 106-108

„… political impact the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership Programme has had on the region, or, more to the point …” „… , on the Mediterranean partners. Many factors have played a role in shaping developments in the area …” „… Euro-Mediterranean free trade area.281 It has been argued that the EMP has thus played a key role in bringing about a …”

Self-conception of Israel vis-à-vis Europe S. 226-228

„… role in understanding Israel’s behaviour towards the European Union. The question is how Israel’s …” „… self-conception and the image Israel has of its role vis-à-vis Europe influence the processors’ perception of …” „… , its democratic political system, its Western society and its high level of development …”

Sign or keep negotiating? S. 179-186

„… had agreed to establish an institutionalised political dialogue with Israel, Israel would be the first …” „… also wanted to give Kinkel a political achievement at the end of the German EU presidency.578 It soon …” „… be neglected, he insisted that the EMA had no political significance and should not be acceded any …”

Perception of the EU’s attitude S. 228-231

„… Nathan Sharansky, Minister of Industry and Trade, who called the Commission’s step a “political measure …” „… is fundamental. The Europeans want to see some political movement.”: Stalled peace moves hamper …” „… misperceptions and their e?ects. Resentment against Israel and anti-Semitism may certainly play a role in …”

Victims nevermore S. 57-58

„… role models have been the myth of Masada, where Jewish Zealots held out against the Roman army for …” „… achieve its security aims, i. e. in the attractiveness of its culture, political ideals and policies.93 …”

Further measures S. 195-202

„… the quality of its rhetoric either. Israel’s asset vis-à-vis the EU was and still is a political one …” „… charge of Western Europe and South America, took a leading role in pushing the issue. According to Zvi …” „… , with its political implications, such a step could easily damage the whole of the Euro-Mediterranean …”

Confusion over Israel’s goal S. 146-153

„… Israeli objectives: firstly, in a political sense, the term EFTA-like status underlined Israel’s …” „… opposite of being a Mediterranean non-member country. This political aspect of an EFTA-like status is …” „… whilst the political aspect of the proclaimed goal seems quite clearly abstract as it is, its economic …”

Virtual implementation S. 257-258

„… played any crucial role in the decision-making of the Israeli cabinet regarding the issue of deportees …” „… manifestations of the same policy approach. If the political climate between Israel and the EU is too cool for …”

Background of Israel’s counterproductive behaviour S. 66-70

„… futile from the outset but – due to the Ministry’s role as an institutionalised lobby of the Israeli …” „… Parliament’s refusal to ratify the protocols in a number of ways. On the top political level, Peres got close …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845219189

John C. Green, David B. Cohen, Kenneth M. Miller - State of the Parties 2022

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John C. Green (ed.), David B. Cohen (ed.), Kenneth M. Miller (ed.), David B. Cohen, Kenneth M. Miller

State of the Parties 2022

2022

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References S. 265-294

„… -and-beyond.Dunn, Amina. 2021. “Two-Thirds of Republicans Want Trump to Retain274 ReferencesMajor Political Role …” „… /2021/10/06/two-thirds-of-republicans -want-trump-to-retain-major-political-role-44-want-him-to-run-again-in …” „… Gender Role Models Increase Women’s Political Ambition? A Field Experiment with Politicians.” Jour-nal of …”

Part I. STATE OF THE PARTIES S. 15-74

„… , concluding with some critical thoughts about what some people in the political order see as possible future …” „… develop-ing for at least two decades (Fiorina 2002), in recognition that the literature on political parties …” „… Drutman (2020) recounts in his recent book, for the first two centuries of political life under the …”

Preface

„… State of the Parties 2022State of the Parties 2022The Changing Role of American Political Parties …” „… 2022 : the changing role of American political parties / edited by David B. Cohen, John C. Green …” „… Applied Politics on the changing role of politi-cal parties in American politics. The impact of the 1994 …”

Part IV. WOMEN AND PARTY POLITICS S. 215-264

„… the role political parties play in recruitment (Kenny and Verge 2016; Dittmar 2015; Crowder-Meyer 2013 …” „… parties, as well as their distinctive cultures, have created an electoral and political environment …” „… significantly to the right. Political scientists Matt Grossman and Anthony Hopkins demon-strate empirically that …”

About the Contributors S. 311-314

„… 311About the ContributorsAlan I. Abramowitz is the Alben Barkley Professor Emeritus of Political …” „… (2018).Paul A. Beck is Academy Professor of Political Science at The Ohio State University, and …” „… in leading journals on voting behavior and political parties.Robert G. Boatright is professor and …”

Part II. PARTISAN VOTERS S. 75-160

„… and its ConsequencesAlan I. AbramowitzPolitical parties and elections in the United States have …” „… coincided with equally dramatic changes in the political attitudes of ordinary Americans. In recent years, a …” „… demonize the political opposition by portraying Democrats as dangerous radicals seeking to undermine …”

Part III. PARTISAN ACTIVITY S. 161-214

„… , an independent expenditure component that produces and distrib-utes political messages in races. To …” „… by Rothenberg & Gonzales Political Report are shown in figure 10.2. These race ratings represent the …” „… assessments of congressional candidates and other political professionals as well as polling data available …”

John C. Green, Kenneth M. Miller, David B. Cohen Chapter One. The State of the Parties: Continuity and Change in 2020 S. 1-14

„… students of American political parties to visit the free and open archive to access this extraordinary body …” „… American political parties to be vibrant and dynamic institutions, central to democratic politics, and …” „… opponent, but small donors surged across the political spectrum—alongside an expansion of large donations …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538164860

Daniela Floß - The Impact of Mass Media on Political Support

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Daniela Floß

The Impact of Mass Media on Political Support

Series: Politische Kommunikation und demokratische Öffentlichkeit

Volume 1 2010

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The Role of Political Sophistication S. 40-42

„… variance in the trust variable might account for this finding. 2.3.2. The Role of Political Sophistication …” „… information to have an effect on political attitudes (Wolling, 1999, p. 215). 2.3.3. The Role of Intensity of …” „… media sources exert stronger influence on political attitudes than less credible media sources.24 Media …”

The Role of Process Preferences as Moderator of Effects on Political Support S. 167-171

„… 167 7.3.3. The Role of Process Preferences as Moderator of Effects on Political Sup4port One …” „… With respect to the role of political awareness, for subjects high in the magnitude of the discrepancy …” „… political processes affects political support. This study makes the argument that the impact of media4shaped …”

The Preferences-Perceptions Relationship as Predictor of Political Support S. 50-56

„… reality (Eveland, 2002), this study investigates the role of audience perceptions of political processes …” „… . Section 3.1 refers to the role of the preferences4perceptions relationship as predictor of political …” „… Preferences Perceptions Relationship as Predictor of Political Support The role of process aspects as …”

Conclusions S. 178-186

„… regards the role of motives and strategies of political actors. Regarding role of accessibility of the …” „… information on political attitudes. However, this study’s findings on the role of preferences are restricted …” „… 178 8. Conclusions Mass media’s impact on political support has been the subject of extensive …”

Characteristics of the Media’s Presentations of Political Processes S. 80-85

„… understanding and to find a political compromise, and to the role of collec4tive actions. That does not imply …” „… seeking endeavors, 34 percent refer to the role of understanding the other political side, and 63 percent …” „… the German4speaking part of Switzerland present political decision4making processes. More precisely …”

The Role of Individual Predispositions S. 43-45

„… important role in shaping people’s political predispositions” (Zaller, 1992, p. 23). If predispositions are …” „… novices. In general, then, the empirical evidence regarding the moderating role of political expertise is …” „… 43 2.3.4. The Role of Information Processing Strategies Recent research investigates the mode of …”

Summary and Conclusion S. 45-47

„… , then, the empirical evidence regarding the moderating role of political expertise is inconsistent (De …” „… role of political values, schemas, personality factors, or expectations about language use were …” „… on political support, literature from political science emphasizes the role of preferences regarding …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-16

„… 2.3. Conditionality of the Media’s Impact on Political Attitudes 39 2.3.1. The Role of Media Trust and …” „… Media Credibility 39 2.3.2. The Role of Political Sophistication 40 2.3.3. The Role of Intensity of …” „… Use on Process Preferences and Political Support 163 7.3.3. The Role of Process Preferences as …”

Process Preferences: Model Development and Validation S. 95-101

„… interest, the avoidance to distinguish between winners and losers of a political process, and the role of …” „… force their points, the role of political quarrels, the role of power struggles, the persistency of …” „… force their point, the ability of political parties to put their plans through, and the role of …”

Variables and Operationalization S. 90-93

„… Studies to measure the fairness of political processes. The items refer to the role of major interests …” „… consideration of diverging interest, the avoidance of losers in a political process, and the role of political …” „… of political actors, the role of political quarrels and power struggles, the insistence on political …”

The Role of Intensity of General Media Use S. 42-43

„… are more resistant to media effects than individuals with low levels of political awareness. For …” „… for politically aware compared to politically unaware people. Others argue that political expertise …” „… of media effects. For example, Price & Zaller (1993) found that the more political knowledge a person …”

Identifying Presentation Patterns S. 85-86

„… more information about typi4cal patterns of media presentations of political decision4making processes …” „… analysis, two distinct patterns of presenting political processes could be identified. The first pattern …” „… can be described as presenting political processes as consensus4 oriented endeavors. This pattern …”

Political Support and Mass Media: Relevance and Objectives of this Study S. 17-22

„… , the important role of media as a source of political information, and the increasing negativity of …” „… 17 1. Political Support and Mass Media: Relevance and Objectives of this Study This study …” „… investigates the impact of the mass media on citizens’ political support. More precisely, the main interest of …”

Outline of the Preferences-Perceptions Model of Media Effects S. 63-71

„… 4making processes. Studies in political science have emphasized the role of the political culture in …” „… perceived to play a role in political decision4making within the government, a negative discrepancy between …” „… the news media adopt an adversarial style when depicting political processes refers mainly to news …”

Summary and Discussion S. 174-177

„… that political processes are inefficient. Another possible explanation refers to the role of the Swiss …” „… political support. With regard to the role of the media, the results showed that the impact of television …” „… political awareness would be needed to shed more light on the role of political awareness. In addition …”

The Media’s Impact on the Perception of Political Processes S. 56-60

„… reality predicts political support is in line with a variety of definitions of political trust or support …” „… . For instance, Miller (1974, p. 989) defined political trust as “the belief that the government is …” „… . 80f.) argued that political distrust is “a realistic critique of political performance and/or of …”

Summary and Conclusion S. 38-39

„… for the question of how media information influence political attitudes. Studies investigating the …” „… rela4tionship between media information, perceptions of social reality and political atti4tudes provide …” „… on political attitudes. On the side of the inde4pendent variable, studies investigated effects on …”

Summary and Suggestions for the Present Study S. 47-49

„… political science emphasizes the role of preferences regarding political decision4making processes (Hibbing …” „… between political media information and citizens’ attitudes can best be described as a dynamic process …” „… . The media’s impact on political support appears to be influenced by reality perceptions, issue …”

Hypotheses S. 88-90

„… political culture of con4sensus democracies, such as Switzerland, can be traced back to the dominant role of …” „… dimension concerns the role of clear orders and the decisiveness of political actors and refers to political …” „… process preferences and process perceptions are relevant predictors of citizens’ confidence in political …”

The Role of Media Trust and Media Credibility S. 39-40

„… trust variable might account for this finding. 2.3.2. The Role of Political Sophistication A variety of …” „… Media’s Impact on Political Attitudes This section provides a brief overview of variables that specify the …” „… conditions under which media effects on political attitudes are particularly likely. The purpose of this …”

References S. 187-202

„… . M. (2001). Knowing versus caring: The role of affect and cognition in political perceptions …” „… experimental paradigm reveals the role of emotions. Political Psychology, 28(6), 6894717. Miller, J. M …” „… Journal of Political Science, 29(4), 5774599. Noar, S. M. (2003). The role of structural equation modeling …”

Summary and Conclusion S. 32-34

„… political processes will be investigated in the present work by focusing on the role of media attention to …” „… that this study’s participants are not “distracted” from the role of political processes when forming …” „… news media coverage have an impact on political attitudes (Wolling, 1999). Critics of the videomalaise …”

The Impact of Media Strategy Frames S. 30-32

„… absence of real choice, and the role of big money” (Cappella & Jamieson, 1997, p. 143). 20 Political …” „… investigated in the present work by focusing on the role of media attention to political conflicts and …” „… 30 that exposure to political debates that are shaped by incivility significantly decreases …”

Trough Effects on Social Reality Perceptions S. 34-36

„… and political attitudes focuses on outcomes and neglects the investigation of effect mechanisms and …” „… conditions under which political attitudes are particularly susceptible to media effects. In order to inform …” „… effects is given in Section 2.3. 2.2. Mechanisms by which Media Information has an Impact on Political …”

The Impact of Television Use on Process Preferences and Political Support S. 163-167

„… associated with lower levels of political support. 167 7.3.3. The Role of Process Preferences as Moderator of …” „… Television Use on Process Preferences and Political Support To provide answers with regard to the second …” „… process pref4erences on political support, a model was tested that includes process preferences as a …”

The Impact of Television Use on Process Perceptions and Political Support S. 159-163

„… analyses of the role of routine media use as a predictor of political support. More precisely, the …” „… Section 7.3.3, the role of process preferences as a modera4tor of the impact of media on political support …” „… 159 7.3. Results This section investigates the relationship between routine media use and political …”

Stimulus Material S. 131-134

„… ) the role of collective actions, and 4) political competitions with winners and losers. Media …” „… competence of political actors, 3) the role of hierarchical orders, and 4) the deci4siveness of political …” „… treatment is aimed, because the effect size is considered to be relatively low, given that political support …”

Data Analysis S. 156-159

„… discussions about political issues with family and friends, and 44 percent say that this is the case …” „… occasionally. The variables political interest and frequency of politi4cal discussions are highly correlated (r …” „… = .516, p < .05). The respondents are also rather experienced with political day4to4day business. One out …”

The Role of Information Processing Strategies S. 43

„… 43 2.3.4. The Role of Information Processing Strategies Recent research investigates the mode of …” „… ; Krosnick & Brannon, 1993). However, these studies fall short in actually investigating the role of …” „… . 2.3.5. The Role of Individual Predispositions Considering the role of individual predispositions, the …”

Measuring Process Perceptions S. 101-104

„… perceptions is measured with items referring to the role of hierarchical orders, the decisiveness of political …” „… with items referring to the role of compromises, the consideration of diverging interests, and whether …” „… is measured with items referring to delays in political decision4making procedures, simple and short …”

Chronical Accessibility as Moderator S. 171-172

„… as Moderator With respect to the role of political awareness, for subjects high in the magnitude of …” „… perceptions relationship on political support are hypothesized to be stronger for people with high levels of …” „… political awareness compared to people with low levels of political awareness (H7). In order to test this …”

Summary and Discussion S. 86-87

„… solve political problems. The presentations patterns identified in the corre4lation analysis can …” „… political decision4making processes encompasses aspects of collective action and attribution, compromise4 …” „… seeking endeavors and the role of mutual understanding as well as references to power struggles …”

Trough Effects on Political Knowledge S. 37-38

„… 37 2.2.3. Trough Effects on Emotions Most research in the field of political media effects focuses …” „… emotional requirements of citizenship, or the emotional foundations of political opinion, little is heard …” „… responses and political attitudes. For instance Schemer (2009) reported findings that indicate that the news …”

Codebook and Reliability S. 77-79

„… use of quota4tions). Second, thematic aspects were coded (political institution, type of decision4 …” „… aspects of political decision4making processes were coded. And fourth, the media’s attention to aspects of …” „… political legitimacy was coded. The code4book for the analysis of television newscasts42 was largely the …”

Procedure S. 79-80

„… investigated how the mass media in the German4speaking part of Switzerland present political decision4making …” „… processes. More precisely, the role of discord and references to procedural ineffi4ciency were investigated …” „… . Section 4.3.1 describes findings on how the media present political deci4sion4making processes. In Section …”

Trough Effects on Issue Accessibility or Perceived Issue Importance S. 36-37

„… negative media infor4mation affects political attitudes, because most of the stimuli used in priming ex4 …” „… attitudes towards George Bush. These attitudes were shown to override the role of economic assessments, and …” „… evaluations of political groups (McGraw & Ling, 2003). In all these studies, the assumed indirect priming …”

Summary and Discussion S. 118-120

„… , the items measuring political support were subjected to a factor analysis using principal components …” „… government. The second factor describes a general attitude of political support that encompasses support for …” „… associated with lower levels of political support for the government. High levels of the efficiency …”

The Media’s Presentations of Political Processes S. 61-63

„… 61 affect citizens’ process preferences above and beyond the impact of political culture, or …” „… into consideration that media information might not only shape the perceptions of political processes …” „… that political processes should be more efficient or more efforts should be made to find a compromise …”

Research Questions and Hypotheses S. 148-151

„… 148 7. Long4Term Effects of Media on Process Perceptions and Political Support This chapter …” „… political support. In this study, routine use of mass media is assumed to reflect the influence of …” „… referred to as logic of an institutional news media (Marcin4kowski, 2005). In addition, the role of …”

Treatment and Manipulation Checks S. 136-138

„… presentations of political processes have on citizens’ perceptions of political processes and their levels of …” „… political support. In this section, the short4term impact of experimental stimulus articles on respondents …” „… ’ perceptions of political processes and their political support is investigated. Section 6.3.1 presents the …”

The Impact of Certain Aspects of News Coverage S. 27-30

„… 27 media use on political attitudes is different for emotional reactions compared to cognitive …” „… who rely on television or the radio – compared to newspapers – as their main source of political …” „… information were more likely to have negative emotions toward Congress.11 Hence political media use appeared …”

The Impact of Routine Use of Political Media Information S. 23-27

„… 23 2. The Impact of Mass Media on Political Attitudes As outlined in the previous chapter, this …” „… study’s research question is: How and under what conditions do the mass media’s presentations of political …” „… decision4making processes affect citizens’ political support? The mass media’s impact on political support …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845225302

Kirsten Lampe - Human Rights in the Context of EU Foreign Policy and Enlargement

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Kirsten Lampe

Human Rights in the Context of EU Foreign Policy and Enlargement

Series: Nomos Universitätsschriften - Recht

Volume 488 2007

Results in this title

The Role of the Main Political Bodies S. 182-185

„… their readiness to commit resources to OSCE activities.7.1 The Role of the Main Political BodiesThe …” „… Member States. Though beingmerely a political undertaking it is nevertheless considered as the …” „… Minorities, Geneva, 1 to 19 July 1991.164 Richard Dalton, ‘The Role of the CSCE’, in Hugh Miall (ed …”

Reflections on Future Scenarios S. 242-245

„… regard to the roleof the Charter, its enforceability and the role of the ECHR and the ECtHR in …” „… currently only remains a political declaration without any binding legal effect and the draft Constitution …” „… education, political organisation and backing from outside (i.e. a kin-state).244These needs have been …”

Summary and Observations S. 237-242

„… 237Chapter 6Conclusion1. Summary and ObservationsThis book set out to examine the role of human …” „… Chapter II.During the Cold War period human rights issues were an important componentof the political …” „… declarations made in the framework of the CSCE, which set international political standards and often initiated …”

Moving on After the End of the Cold War S. 90-92

„… minorities (see for more detailin Chapter IV).149 According to this document, the Member States’ political …” „… system based on the rule of law.Concepts such as pluralistic democracy and political pluralism had not …” „… and Political Rights and the International Covenanton Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.152 …”

The European Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities of 1995 S. 169-172

„… guarantee these rights. The Convention establishesthe active role of the Member States in the protection of …” „… margin of appreciation.The above discussed pitfalls of the Framework Convention show a lack of political …” „… Protection of National Minorities and, that the Court has simply a supervisory role and hence, cannot …”

The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages S. 172-173

„… Protection of National Minorities and, that the Court has simply a supervisory role and hence, cannot …” „… on Civil and Political RightsThe ECJ emphasised in the Nold Case135 that ‘international treaties for …” „… of a minority with possibly conflicting requirements renders the Court’s rolea strictly supervisory …”

Realism S. 19-22

„… interestin recreating the continent to achieve economic recovery and political and socialstability. This …” „… role in the EU’s policyon enlargement. In the Western part of Europe, the adoption of the European …” „… context, the aim of the book is to examine the development and the roleof human rights in the European …”

What Role Human Rights Played So Far in CFSP and How Effectively Has CFSP Been Used? S. 111-115

„… theprotection of human rights will be assessed in the following section. 3.4 What Role Human Rights Played So …” „… its disposal than the separate Member State, especially the conductof a regular political dialogue …” „… abroad.30 In other words, the political costs are lower if concerted action can be taken by several …”

Neofunctionalism S. 24-25

„… of the European Parliament with the Treaty of Amsterdam andthe role of non-state actors in shaping …” „… would bealmost impossible to separate economic and political relations in an interdependent world. In …” „… ’ into the securityfield.21One of the early Neofunctionalists, Ernst Haas, found that political …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… 1103.3.6 Political Dialogue Meetings and Démarches 1103.3.7 Enhanced Co-operation 1113.4 What Role Human …” „… 1827.1 The Role of the Main Political Bodies 1847.2 The High Commissioner on National Minorities 1857.3 …” „… Instruments 312.3 Non-legally Binding Instruments 323. Methodology 34Chapter IIA Background to the Role of …”

The Progression of CFSP in the EU S. 101-103

„… , theUnion continues to be weak in political terms; its role is too often confined to financing decisions …” „… political science theory.For this reason some have dismissed the EU as ineffective in harmonising common …” „… political or security related.Human rights became integrated in the TEU at the same time as the …”

Conclusion S. 93-94

„… before the Summits.3.6 ConclusionUnlike the EU, the OSCE had a political role from the outset and human …” „… conflict prevention has tobe improved and political and operational coherence has to be guaranteed.94Unlike …” „… the EU’s complex institutional set-up, the OSCE’s political character andits relatively small …”

The Structure of the Council S. 94-95

„… 94Unlike the EU’s complex institutional set-up, the OSCE’s political character andits relatively …” „… incentives.154 However, the setting of international political standards by the OSCE has to continue …” „… , considering that these political documents produced during the HelsinkiProcess often became models for the …”

A Rapprochement to the East S. 98-99

„… membership in these countries.From the outset it was anticipated that the CoE’s role would be political …” „… area of particular concern. From the above it is clear that the role of the Commissioner is rather to …” „… , the Council of Europe has become the main political focus of co-operation with the countries of …”

The Legal Basis for Human Rights Under the Treaties S. 103-105

„… , theUnion continues to be weak in political terms; its role is too often confined to financing decisions …” „… political will of the Member States to make the system work, and theTreaty of Amsterdam of 1997 became more …” „… Legal Basis for Human Rights Under the TreatiesDuring the greatest part of European Political …”

The High Commissioner on National Minorities S. 185-188

„… . Additionalpossibilities of dialogue with the parties to the tensions as well as political endorsement of the CIO’s …” „… initiatives have been provided through the increasinglyactive role of the OSCE’s Troika, consisting of the …” „… tasks are framed in political terms and his/her tools are essentially tailored to deal with political …”

EU Minority Policy with Regard to the Central Eastern European Countries S. 151-156

„… of minority communitiescontinued to play an important role in national political life’. The EU helps …” „… States. This awareness was certainly due to the role thatnational diversity had played in the collapse of …” „… the Unionis linked to the political balance of the whole of Europe, the Member States decided to link …”

The Treaty of Amsterdam S. 63-73

„… applications under Article 49 ToA, which shows how Member Statesand the political institutions wish to present …” „… the role and the image of the Community, asserting the role of fundamental human rights within the …” „… enforcement is purely a political one involving solely the political institutions of the Union to the …”

Constructivism S. 25-26

„… insufficient attention to the role of outsidefactors in the regional integration process, which was one of Haas …” „… , constructivists accord24 Leon Lindberg, ‘The Political Dynamics of European Economic Integration’, pp. 74-76.25 …” „… (ed.), The Future of European Political Co-operation, p. 132. 26 Roy H. Ginsberg, ‘Foreign Policy …”

Participation in Public Affairs S. 223-224

„… PoliticalParties and Political Movements,69 which provides in section 1 (1) ‘Citizens havethe right to associate in …” „… political parties and political movements’. These rightsand freedoms are also relevant for the assembly and …” „… the political system, 22 political parties affiliated with individual minorities operate in …”

Why Enlarge to the East? S. 115-120

„… faced with a different political situation inthe post-Cold War environment. However, the end of the Cold …” „… European Union’s Role inPromoting Human Rights and Democratisation in Third Countries’37 the Commission …” „… Commission of the European Communities, Communication from the Commission: TheEuropean Union’s Role in …”

The Convention S. 95-97

„… on to MemberStates. The Committee of Ministers is the political body of the Council of Europe …” „… . Whileit has a number of roles to play under the Convention, it also exists independentlyof it. It was …” „… Convention waslimited by the political considerations at the time, being restricted to those rightsthat the …”

Culture and Media S. 222-223

„… , Bulgarian, Polish, Jewish, Moravianand the Russian Minorities. This commission’s role is to determine the …” „… on Association in PoliticalParties and Political Movements,69 which provides in section 1 (1 …” „… ) ‘Citizens havethe right to associate in political parties and political movements’. These rightsand freedoms …”

The Treaties of Rome and Paris S. 40-50

„… 40setting impact. The end of the Cold War played a major role in the creation of theOrganisation …” „… EuropeanStates. It is important to include the OSCE and the CoE in the analysis with regardto its role in the …” „… role and the development of its human rights policy during thisprocess is integrated in the analysis.5 …”

Bibliography S. 249-263

„… , [1979] c1967)Dalton, Richard, ‘The Role of the CSCE’, in Hugh Miall (ed.), Minority Rights in Europe …” „… .), The Future of European Political Cooperation: essays on theoryand practice (London: Macmillan, 1991 …” „… , 1989)Haas, Ernst, ‘The Uniting of Europe: Political, Economic and Social Forces’ (Stanford …”

Consocialism S. 23-24

„… ahead, stagnates, or lapses behind is to understand the perceptions and motivations of political and …” „… .), European Political Co-operationin the 1980s: A Common Foreign Policy for Western Europe? pp. 243-258.24 …” „… European Parliament with the Treaty of Amsterdam andthe role of non-state actors in shaping the identity of …”

A New Organisation S. 92-93

„… the EU, the OSCE had a political role from the outset and human rightswere originally part of the …” „… Committee of Experts. The role of the High Commissioner on National Minorities has already beenbriefly …” „… tobe improved and political and operational coherence has to be guaranteed. …”

General Conclusion S. 99-100

„… role would be political, whereasthe initial concept for the EC/EU was ostensibly economic. Whilst the …” „… 99identity did not stop at the boundaries between the various political systems andstressed, in the …” „… CoE assisted the countries of Central and Eastern Europe in carrying out and consolidating political …”

Recommendations S. 245-248

„… clearly central to the enlargement of the EU andto the role of human rights within it.With the accession …” „… more credibility to its political dimension. Not only thepolitical will for reform on governmental …” „… States will have to ensure effective political and economic participation for minorities through …”

Introduction S. 39-40

„… 39Chapter IIA Background to the Role of the Institutional Structures of the European Union, the …” „… structures that play a direct role in the promotion of human rights within the EuropeanUnion, the …” „… the institutional background for considering the role of human rights within Europe. Assessing these …”

The Copenhagen Criteria S. 122-125

„… 122‘subject to the normal standards of international practice and the political realitiesin each …” „… case.’ Recognition of states has thus become more of an optional and discretionary political act. The …” „… membership (‘acquis communitaire’), including adherence to the aims of political, economic and …”

Community Law and Legislative Initiatives Concerning Minorities S. 146-151

„… political conditionality in its relations with the applicant countries has been a new and controversial …” „… framework for minority protection within the Union failed, due to the lack of political support in the …” „… role of culture. ‘Culture 2000’ supports transnational co-operation projects which involve co-operation …”

Stage One: November 1972 to August 1975 S. 85-87

„… its role as a protagonist in Europe’s security. With the launching ofthe ‘Helsinki Process’ in 1973 35 …” „… political and military aspects of security, in particular principles guiding relations between andamong …” „… international law. Nonethe less its importance, especially Principle VII was immense, considering the political …”

The Situation of the Roma S. 224-225

„… – again received less than 1 % of the vote. In 1998, no Roma political party stood independently. In all …” „… elections, Roma individuals have run foroffice with non-ethnic political parties but none have won seats. By …” „… 1998 elections, and plays a significant role innational politics. In the 2002 elections the Hungarian …”

CFSP – Current Practice S. 106-111

„… authorities, and in particular continuing andintensified repression of civil and political rights, and the …” „… to ‘bring about mature democratic political processes, basedon free and fair elections, grounded in …” „… limitedscope but with considerable political impact, have been taken e.g. to promote stability in Central and …”

Introduction S. 101

„… political science theory.For this reason some have dismissed the EU as ineffective in harmonising common …” „… political or security related.Human rights became integrated in the TEU at the same time as the …” „… , including the role of minority protection.2. The Progression of CFSP in the EUForeign policy is an area of …”

Methodology S. 34-38

„… development of theOSCE/CSCE, which grew from a political process into an international organisation, and by …” „… Cold War. Though the Council of Europe fulfils a number of functions in different social and political …” „… areas, the bookfocuses on the Council’s human rights policy, the role of the European Convention of …”

The Role of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union S. 73-77

„… .2.5 The Role of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European UnionAs assessed above, the internal …” „… Fundamental Rights of the European Union. Apart from the classic civil and political rights, the Charter …” „… Civil and Political Rights, the European Convention on Human Rights, the Convention against Torture or …”

Can Human Rights Be Seen as a ‘Larger Overall Value’ that the Union Proclaims to Uphold? S. 105-106

„… development assistance, political dialogueand other instruments is now usually made conditional on respect for …” „… theprotection of the environment whereby the protection of human rights has becomea socio-political norm of the …” „… European Union’s Role in promoting human rights anddemocratisation in Third Countries.9 Edward Carr, ‘The …”

Intergovernmentalism S. 26-27

„… 26EU institutions a more profound role in socialising actors, whose basic preferences and …” „… particular role within the Community, however, the constructivist theory does not explain if such interaction …” „… and Discord in the World Political Economy’, pp. 122-123.36 Ibid., p. 5. …”

Conclusion S. 84-85

„… led to significant institutionalchanges. The role of human rights, which already found their way into …” „… recognition of its role as a protagonist in Europe’s security. With the launching ofthe ‘Helsinki Process’ in …” „… first basket was related to political and military aspects of security, in particular principles guiding …”

Constitutional and Statutory Provisions S. 198-203

„… social and political status of the groups concerned (Estonians and Russians) as well as in theirefforts …” „… Estonians are without Estonian citizenship and therefore lack the political rightslinked to citizenship …” „… Union. Migrantsfrom Russia, whose role was to strengthen the incorporation of Estonia into theUSSR …”

The Commissioner for Human Rights S. 97-98

„… particular concern. From the above it is clear that the role of the Commissioner is rather to promotethen to …” „… , the Council of Europe has become the main political focus of co-operation with the countries of …”

Initial Difficulties and Their Resolution: 1975 to 1989 S. 87-90

„… civil and political rights such as the freedom of expression, thought, conscience and religion.142 …” „… ofcivil, political, economic, social and cultural rights ‘… all of which derive fromthe inherent dignity …” „… openedand the time when it closed, events occurred which totally transformed the political situation in …”

Reflections on Theory S. 28-29

„… decision-making and political dynamics, considering thatthe rationalist project might be undermined by …” „… . Neofunctionalists’ insight into the spillover between economic and political issuesand the Commission’s involvement …” „… the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) of 1966,40 which provides:In those …”

The Copenhagen Document S. 90

„… minorities (see for more detailin Chapter IV).149 According to this document, the Member States’ political …” „… system based on the rule of law.Concepts such as pluralistic democracy and political pluralism had not …” „… and Political Rights and the International Covenanton Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.152 …”

The UN Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities S. 173-179

„… on Civil and Political RightsThe ECJ emphasised in the Nold Case135 that ‘international treaties for …” „… PoliticalRights that the UN concerned itself with the situation of minorities. Article 27 ofthe International …” „… Covenant on Civil and Political Rights provides that ‘… in thoseStates in which ethnic, religious or …”

The Concept of Non-Discrimination S. 29-31

„… and Political Rights (ICCPR) of 1966,40 which provides:In those States in which ethnic, religious or …” „… Political Rights, adopted 16 December 1966, enteredinto force 23 March 1976, GA Resolution 2200 (XXI).999 …” „… economic, social, political and cultural life, full and effectiveequality between persons belonging to a …”

The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. S. 179-182

„… inflicted by government officials orby any individual group or institution; (c) Political rights, in …” „… language rights,education or political participation in public life. As the ratio of affirmative action156 …” „… have played an active rolein the deliberations by seeking clarifications and concrete proposals and …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845200187

Katja Pähle, Marion Reiser - Lokale politische Eliten und Fragen der Legitimation

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Katja Pähle (ed.), Marion Reiser (ed.)

Lokale politische Eliten und Fragen der Legitimation

2007

Results in this title

Hajdeja Iglič, Helena Kovačič The role of institutions in raising the political engagement in new democracies: The case of Slovenia S. 179-196

„… The role of institutions in raising the political engagement in new democracies: The case of …” „… interest Openness Political partizipation Education (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+)(+) (+) The role of …” „… activity Individualized activity The role of institutions in raising the political engagement in new …”

Melanie Walter-Rogg Legitimacy of various political levels in Germany and Europe S. 129-156

„… ”. Indeed, the definition of authorities was very loose. In the very first version, political roles …” „… Support: The Role of the Represented. In: British Journal of Political Science 1, 271-290. Walter …” „… Legitimacy of various political levels in Germany and Europe Melanie Walter-Rogg 1. Introduction …”

Irmina Matonyte Challenge of professionalism: differentiation of local and national elites in Lithuania S. 61-82

„… local party organizations and increase their structuring role in local and national political life. To …” „… , Irmina/Novelskaite, Aurelija, 2004: Gendered Political Roles in the Lithuanian Parliament. In: Ilonszki, Gabriella …” „… political research in post-communism, to the extent that it sometimes even overshadows „classical” research …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-6

„… Legitimacy of various political levels in Germany and Europe Melanie Walter-Rogg 129 Legitimation – Ein …” „… neues Modell zur Messung eines latenten Konstruktes Katja Pähle 157 The role of institutions in …” „… raising the political engagement in new democracies: The case of Slovenia Hajdeja Iglič/Helena Kovačič …”

Katja Pähle Legitimation – Ein neues Modell zur Messung eines latenten Konstruktes S. 157-178

„… Unterstützung nach Easton, welches er in seinem Buch „A System Analysis of Political Life“ (1965b) dargestellt …” „… eine andere, als sie bei den Unterstützungsobjekten regime oder political community festzustellen ist …” „… politischen Autoritäten sind als „occupants of the authority roles“ (Easton 1965b, 212) Repräsentanten der …”

Marion Reiser Berufs- statt Feierabendparlamente? Eine vergleichende Untersuchung der Kommunalparlamente in deutschen Großstädten S. 45-60

„… enhancement of the legislature’s capacity to perform its role in the policy-making process with an expertise …” „… of Legislatures: Longterm Change in Political Recruitment in Denmark and Norway. In: Comparative …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845205236

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