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Swantje Renfordt - Framing the Use of Force: An International Rule of Law in Media Reporting

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Swantje Renfordt

Framing the Use of Force: An International Rule of Law in Media Reporting

2011

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Implications for Political Practice S. 209-211

„… results of my study imply for political practice? 11.4 Implications for Political Practice Following the …” „… debates. In Western democracies, media speakers, which are mostly political actors, are constrained by a …” „… enables political action in the international environment. It specifies what behaviour lies within the …”

Defining the Law Norms Analysed – What are the Legal Rules to Govern the Use of Force? S. 29-36

„… situations which has become common political practice since the end of the Cold War in particular. From a law …” „… international political and legal order it is viewed as independently valid. Even if the United Nations were to …” „… Kimminich 2004: 309f.). Similarly, the practice of humanitarian interventions, an issue which is not …”

Contribution of my Findings to the International Relations Literature S. 207-209

„… international norm research. What do the results of my study imply for political practice? 11.4 Implications …” „… for Political Practice Following the argumentation of this study, international legal rules “work” on …” „… methodological. One starting point of this study was the insight that very little research on political mass …”

Alternative Assumptions S. 54-60

„… ideological disguises” and establishing “desired practices” (Hermann 2002: 129, also Finnemore and Sikkink …” „… 1998: 889). In his view, however, these desired practices are not the ones that actually prevail …” „… employ “law” language as argumentative resources if they have more economic and political capacities than …”

Literature S. 213-226

„… ”? Political Studies, 36, 224-34. Bohmann, J. (1999) International Regimes and Democratic Governance. Political …” „… Democratic Debate: How the News Media Frame Elite Policy Discourse. Political Communication, 18, 183-212 …” „… : Contesting the White House´s Frames after 9/11. Political Communication, 20, 415-432. — (1993) Framing …”

Conceptual Departures – Merging Discourse Theory of Legitimate Law and Approaches from International Relations Theory S. 197-202

„… contribute to the international relations literature. Fourth, I discuss possible implications for political …” „… practice. Finally, I conclude with remarks on the generalisability of my findings and possible paths for …” „… conclusion that works studying law norms in political mass communication about the international security …”

– Conclusion of Part One S. 66-68

„… conceptual framework to investigate International Law norms in political mass communication and outlined the …” „… analysing how visible law norms are in Western political mass communication on fundamental security issues …” „… interest in law and how an assessment of political mass communication can contribute to an understanding of …”

Defining Discourse and Norms S. 24-29

„… entail an examination of linguistic means and practices or an investigation of the socio-cultural context …” „… have a farther-reaching interest, paying attention to the organisational and linguistic practices in …” „… a legal community whereas the validity of moral norms is not confined to a political unit but …”

Formative Moments of Legal Framing in Mass Media S. 129-136

„… which the media reported, reveals dramatic differences in political practice and media output. A simple …” „… ” in Ivory Coast (only F reported). This chapter indicated a marked discrepancy between political …” „… practice and media perception. Of the multitude of military conflicts taking place between 1990 and 2005 …”

Evaluation of Empirical Findings S. 202-207

„… crisis locations between 1990 and 2005, I detected a striking disparity between political practice and …” „… line with the view that political actors select mass public statements according to a logic of …” „… conservative and liberal newspapers (A3a), variance in the political culture between Anglo-America and …”

Table of Contents S. 7-10

„… International Relations Literature 207 11.4 Implications for Political Practice 209 11.5 Generalisability of …”

Frame Analysis as a Tool to Trace Meaning Structures in Media Debate S. 69-84

„… Klandermans 1995; Larana et al 1994; McAdam et al 1996; Morris and Mueller 1992) and political science (Schon …” „… individual frames. Whereas media frames are ”devices embedded in political discourse” (Kinder and Sanders …” „… 46, the latter asks for the effects of framing on political actors and processes as well as on public …”

– Evaluation of Guiding Assumptions S. 189-197

„… the international relations literature. Fourth, I discuss possible implications for political practice …” „… , thirdly, suggests that there is no systematic distribution of media communication along a political left …” „… study, no relationship between the political orientation of a newspaper and reporting was evident …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845231433

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Meike Dudziak

In Capacity We Trust

Series: Internationale Beziehungen

Volume 16 2011

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Recommendations for political practice S. 207

„… Recommendations for political practiceThe good news for practitioners is that political trust has …” „… are the consequences for political practice?According to the results, we can assume that state actors …” „… institutional fairness. So, political practice shouldfocus more on local autonomy and perhaps direct democracy …”

Contribution to the compliance literature S. 205-207

„… Hille and Knill, 2006.206Recommendations for political practiceThe good news for practitioners is that …” „… first place. What are the consequences for political practice?According to the results, we can assume …” „… decision-makingprocess enhance perceptions of institutional fairness. So, political practice shouldfocus more on local …”

The Outlook S. 207-208

„… Recommendations for political practiceThe good news for practitioners is that political trust has …” „… are the consequences for political practice?According to the results, we can assume that state actors …” „… institutional fairness. So, political practice shouldfocus more on local autonomy and perhaps direct democracy …”

Apulia S. 172-194

„… by GDP per capita,unemployment rate, or the Putnam index, is weak in Apulia, while political …” „… EU 14. Hence, while political trust maybe higher in comparison with other Italian regions, it is …” „… political trust depends upon institutional performance and the latter on its institutional capacity …”

The consequences of social capital on member state compliance: The main findings S. 197-202

„… recommendations for political practice. Finally, it addresses the generalizability of the findings as well as …” „… law.The empirical findings demonstrate the explanatory power of political trust andcapacity, while social …” „… applicationof EU law) the estimated coefficients for political trust and dense networks do notdepend on the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-7

„… Contribution to the compliance literature7.4 205Recommendations for political practice7.5 207The Outlook7.6 207 …” „… analysis of social and political trust as dependentvariablesPart III:68Operationalization of hypotheses and …” „… relationship between social trust and political trust?4.6 105Conclusion4.7 107Using a combined research design …”

Social Capital and the state: The institution-centered approach S. 40-47

„… political trustand compliance with (EU) law.Infrastructure and resources: A rational choice model of …” „… political trust andcomplianceLevi shares a rational choice perspective on compliance: First, in accordance …” „… actors from breaking the law and, in turn, togenerate political trust and compliance. First, as with …”

Social capital and non-compliance with European law S. 28-29

„… for them to become habitualized practices (Risse and Sikkink,1999). Consequently, individuals …” „… practices to change through social learning and persuasion (Krell, 2003: 328-332).Having discussed the …” „… causal mechanisms on compliance. The two political trust versions adoptthe distinct logics of social …”

Introduction S. 197

„… recommendations for political practice. Finally, it addresses the generalizability of the findings as well as …”

Literature S. 231-247

„… ). "What to Do (and Not to Do) With Time-Series Cross-SectionData." American Political Science Review 89 …” „… Political Science 28(4): 686-695.Booth, J. and Richard P. Bayer (1998). "Civil Society and Political Context …” „… Political Studies44(3).Börzel, Tanja and Thomas Risse (2002). Die Wirkung internationaler Institutionen. Von …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845229492

Jula Wildberger - The Stoics and the State

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Jula Wildberger

The Stoics and the State

Series: Staatsverständnisse

Volume 105 2018

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The Early Stoics and the Question of Political Practice S. 135-164

„… The Early Stoics and the Question of Political Practice The descriptions of early societies in …” „… information about their views on local polities, constitutions, and political practice. Is Zeno’s Society of …” „… assumption that the political principles of the world state, the cosmic constitution described in his …”

Particular Polities S. 117-134

„… career through the traditional channels of power. Rather, he implements in political practice the “law of …” „… be.358 It has been a topic of lively debate whether Zeno’s Politeia was a political utopia with an …” „… Dog – or whether it was a political vision he hoped would come true in a real state.359 This question …”

A Few Modern Receptions and Parallels S. 201-230

„… of Stoic political thought. It focuses on two pivotal figures, Justus Lipsius and Kant, whose …” „… eclectic, not only but also because of his Christian sensibilites. His political writings must be …” „… political science, and Stoicizing mirrors of princes.749 Public Evils and Contingent Laws in De Constantia …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-12

„… Question of Political Practice8. 135 Is Zeno’s Society of Equals a Democracy?8.1 135 The Early Stoics and …” „… Jula Wildberger STAATSVERSTÄNDNISSE Nomos The Stoics and the State Theory – Practice – Context …” „… Theory – Practice – Context The Stoics and the State Jula Wildberger BUT_Wildberger_2843-5.indd 3 …”

Introduction S. 13-20

„… – understood as a matrix or space of political action and its constituive institutions and practices – is too …” „… , politeia in the sense of political life or practice cannot be rendered with the Latin word civitas; rather …” „… theories of individual philosophers are reflected in what we still know about their political practice. It …”

A Dwelling S. 33-50

„… facilities and, like his successors, approved at least of practices associated with urban life and …” „… Bees 2011: “furthermore [that the women practice] footrace, [train] in the gymnasium *** are naked and …” „… happens should be hidden.” Exercising naked was the usual Greek practice at that time. What is not normal …”

Inhabitants and Citizens S. 89-116

„… . 1.18, 1.33, 2.8 = SVF 3.315-17. 89 not only sociable but also political, i.e. made to participate in a …” „… ; Schofield 1991, 71 assumes that “sociable” and “political” are terminologically equivalent. As I argue here …” „… have too. However, Schofield also posits that political beings must be rational. 253 Compare the four …”

Stoicism in Rome S. 165-200

„… political theory comes from his treatise On Rhetoric.547 No book on politics specifically is attested for …” „… frg. 33, n. 54. On Diogenes’ political philosophy, see also Veillard 2015, 57-69. 548 On those holding …” „… ). No title pointing to a topic in political philosophy is attested in Posidonius’ bibliography either …”

The Law S. 71-88

„… practice. When Cicero defines law more fully as reason “which prescribes that which is to be done and …” „… prohibits the opposite,”192 then he seems to refer to either the mind’s practice or disposition to be …” „… or as a system of 5.3 205 Or: “demes,” as the political sub-units of the city state of Athens were …”

The Cosmos as a State S. 51-70

„… laws, rules and customs distinctive of a particular state – but also a person’s political practice or …” „… cosmos may also be seen as a constitution, both as the political structure and as the political practices …” „… of sages as a political ideal on the one hand, and on the other, a cosmic community that is not a …”

Index of Selected Greek and Latin Terms S. 261-263

„… , see also zōon phusei politikon politeia (πολιτεία, “polity, constitution/form of government, political …” „… practice”) 15, 63f., 66, 67 n. 171, 67-69 – , politeuesthai (πολιτεύεσθαι; “be or have a politeia, be …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845274485

Luzius Mader, Marta Tavares de Almeida - Quality of Legislation - Principles and Instruments

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Luzius Mader (ed.), Marta Tavares de Almeida (ed.)

Quality of Legislation - Principles and Instruments

Series: International Association of Legislation (IAL) / Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gesetzgebung (DGG)

Volume 16 2011

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Patricia Popelier Belgium Consultation on Draft Regulation – Best Practices and Political Objections S. 136-148

„… 136 Consultation on Draft Regulation – Best Practices and Political Objections Patricia Popelier 1 …” „… best practices or they have no political support. The lack of political support brings us to the …” „… political model A political attitude which leads to a deviation from the best practices is not necessarily …”

Virgilio Zapatero Spain The Art of Legislating and Globalisation S. 70-75

„… practices, standards, guidelines, resolutions, technical rules or recommendations) or of coordination. But …” „… greater competence, professionalism and political independence of their members. And it is true that a …” „… (political, social, institutional and ethical) posed by legislating in a globalised world. These are the new …”

Elena Griglio, Cristina Fasone Italy The »Time-Factor« within the Lawmaking Process: a limit to Legislation Quality Improvement? S. 86-109

„… others have never been applied and the Rules of procedure and practice (for political reasons) seem to …” „… extra effort both from the political and from the drafting point of view4. Ambiguous regulations …” „… be removed and clarified only with a strong political mandate5. If we assume that legislation …”

Nuno Garoupa Portugal Regulatory Impact Assessment – Economic and Political dimensions S. 200-208

„… 200 Regulatory Impact Assessment – Economic and Political dimensions* Nuno Garoupa Regulatory …” „… about lawmaking. RIA does not replace political decisions and cannot reduce political liability for …” „… and the European Commission. As to be expected, the development and practice of RIA has had an …”

Vitalino Canas Portugal The role of National Parliaments in the light of the Treaty of Lisbon and its consequences for the national legislative process S. 119-129

„… provided for in the Treaty of Lisbon and also within the process of political dialogue with the European …” „… relevant. Meaning: the legal consequences of those powers might not weight much, but its political vision …” „… limited in terms of its value. Nevertheless, it seems to me that the political strenght of NPs transcends …”

Hungary Communication in Legislation – using ICT S. 277-288

„… (Consultation of draft regulation: best practices and political objections) in this volume. 2 See for instance …” „… between state and citizen is multifold, including, inter alia, political communication and communication …” „… concepts and existing best practices of the elements of quality legislation.1 In this contribution the …”

Luzius Mader Congress Conclusions S. 321-330

„… legislation may indeed be changed or altered for political reasons. But, never- 324 theless, I do not really …” „… political compromises and consensus and to legitimise legislation. Thus, political (or democratic …” „… ) legitimacy is also a contribution to legislative quality. Secondly, political decisions depend on the …”

Susana Brito, Diana Ettner Portugal SIMPLEGIS S. 129-136

„… Consultation on Draft Regulation – Best Practices and Political Objections Patricia Popelier 1. Introduction …” „… the great concern for guidance on good practices that are both easy to understand and to apply by …” „… methods of law evaluation shall also be put into practice in order to monitor the effectiveness of legal …”

Rob van Gestel, Marie-Claire Menting Netherlands The impact of ex ante evaluation of legislation: going Dutch? S. 218-238

„… usually all kinds of legal and political constraints in the drafting practice that can disturb the role …” „… regulatory impact analysis – Best practice or lesson-drawing?, European Journal of Political Research 43 …” „… unclear to what extent an assessment of alternatives actually takes place in practice, who is responsible …”

Fabrizio De Francesco Switzerland Diffusion of Regulatory Impact Assessment and Standard Cost Model: a comparative analysis S. 238-250

„… comparative analysis provides useful conceptual and empirical insights in order to appreciate the political …” „… provides a brief definition of RIA and SCM as administrative innovations to enhance the political control …” „… control regulator. There is now consensus that impact assessments are about political control of …”

Portugal The Internal Governance Structure of Financial Regulatory Authorities: Main models and current trends S. 148-184

„… framework. Consequently, an analysis of governance trends is important in determining the best practice for …” „… financial market.22 Scholars also note that the failure to apply good governance practices leads to the …” „… contribute to unsound market practices and heighten financial crises within the financial market.24 In …”

Portugal Beyond and beneath of »bettering legislative technique« S. 15-22

„… theory nor before the practice. Nor can it even account for milestone court decisions in contemporary …” „… episode's foreground there was the major political question of the precedence between a legislative body …” „… explain the complexity of constitutional [and legal] issues«. From a political point of view, at stake …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… Patricia Popelier Belgium Consultation on Draft Regulation – Best Practices and Political Objections 136 …” „… session opened with the political, juridical, economic, institutional and social conditionals of …” „… parliamentary law - including: the legislative planning; the legislative methodology; the best practices on …”

Giuseppe Cammarota, Giovanni Piccirilli Italy Political Communication and Effectiveness of Legislation. Challenges to the certainty of law beyond the law in the books S. 288-297

„… 288 Political Communication and Effectiveness of Legislation. Challenges to the certainty of law …” „… »understanding«) can be connected to the real compliance with the same rules in the practices of companies …” „… century the public authority’s practice was focused on public policy, justice, security of territory; but …”

Jorge Miranda Portugal Law, Rule of Law and quality of Law S. 22-31

„… specific reference to political power: legislation may not have always been the main means and most …” „… onwards »the essential corollary of sovereignty«, on the other hand, each form of political power has …” „… corresponded to a particular type of legislation – whatever the political power, is therefore how the …”

Helen Xanthaki United Kingdom Quality of Legislation: an achievable universal concept or an utopia pursuit? S. 75-86

„… simple matter. The practice of drafting legislation extends to a wealth of experience spreading over …” „… over many years and through all known ideologies, philosophies, cultures, and laws has, in practice …” „… manuals can only be viewed as compilations of good practice that may, when everything else is right, lead …”

Pierre Issalys Canada Impact Assessment as a Means towards Higher Quality of Legal Norms: beware of Blind Spots S. 208-218

„… the keystone of Better Regulation, the implication being that the practice of IA stands as a sort of …” „… , adopted and implemented. Consequently, aspects of IA more germane to the political or economic theory of …” „… interests. An examination of a few critically important rules and practices associated with IA will suggest …”

William Robinson United Kingdom Making EU Legislation more accessible S. 263-277

„… the contribution of P. Popelier (Consultation of draft regulation: best practices and political …” „… practice (e.g. lastminute amendments by the Council or Parliament, without risk-assessment) still leads to …” „… Manual of Precedents.17 To counter the danger of divergent practices continuing to develop between the …”

David Keyaerts Belgium Interaction between ex ante evaluation and judicial review by EU courts S. 109-118

„… literature or are used in practice: impact assessment3, impact study4 and impact analysis5, sometimes used …” „… with the prefix regulatory. Impact assessment is being used for the EU-lawmaker’s practice. The label …” „… ), at 89. 3 See ec.europa.eu/governance/impact/index_en.htm for an overview of the EU practice. 4 The EC …”

Posters S. 331-350

„… tensions emerge into political plan, but technical problems of coherence and densification from juridical …” „… , describes the political background, the expected benefits and consequences and delineates the current …” „… the propositions. Their work complete the assistance of the Parliamentary Offices, political …”

Constantin Stefanou United Kingdom Drafting as a form of Communication S. 308-320

„… Communication: an introduction to the theory and practice, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, 1960. 311 and …” „… political communication or intellectual communication or social communication etc?). In terms of categories …” „… distinguish between three different sets of problems, which can certainly constitute ‘noise’: Political …”

Wim Voermans Netherlands Quality of EU Legislation under Scrutiny: what kind of Problem, by what kind of Standards? S. 31-67

„… fundamental function of legislation is to enable institutions to intervene in markets, social or political …” „… give effect to government policies using the law as an instrument. To further policy or political ends …” „… (political function); it provides the basis for popular participation – and so the legitimization – in the …”

Fabiana de Menezes Soares Brasil Decodification and Legis-action S. 251-263

„… down, stipulated«. German common law, as expressed in day-to-day practice, joined with the Roman …” „… for further discussion: i. There are types of law that require qualified publication. ii. In practice …” „… unresolved by law, government programmes (political aims as well as current projects) and all other …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845231792

Olga Batura, Bernd Holznagel, Jan Christopher Kalbhenn - Disinformation in Europe

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Olga Batura (ed.), Bernd Holznagel (ed.), Jan Christopher Kalbhenn (ed.)

Disinformation in Europe

Series: Schriften zum Medien- und Informationsrecht

Volume 77 2024

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Judit Bayer Recalibration of the informational environment: the Regulation on political ads and its interplay with the DSA and the Code of Practice on Disinformation S. 105-134

„… andaccountability in political advertising practices, prompting growing calls formore robust and externally imposed …” „… Recalibration of the informational environment: the Regulationon political ads and its interplay …” „… with the DSA and the Code ofPractice on DisinformationJudit Bayer, Institute for Information …”

Gábor Polyák, Krisztina Nagy, Klára Szalay Dilemmas and models of legal tools against disinformation, with particular regard of the political communication S. 45-64

„… Commercial Practices Directive (UCP Directive).135. Political disinformationThe area of disinformation …” „… of political disinformation is ultimately aimed at limitingunfair political influencing practices …” „… . The scope of unfair political influenc‐ing practices can follow the logic of the definition of unfair …”

Bernd Holznagel New ways to combat disinformation in Europe – codes of conduct and how they work S. 65-84

„… Element 16.2.1).Dealing with political and issue advertisingThe Code of Practice on Disinformation sets …” „… multifaceted threats related to disinformation re‐quires innovative solutions. The EU’s Code of Practice on …” „… disinformationmitigation with fundamental rights protection. Keywords: Digital Services Act, fact-checking, political …”

Olga Batura Policy recommendations to national governments S. 271-294

„… propaganda by Article 20 of the InternationalCovenant on Civil and Political Rights. However, propaganda is …” „… specialCommission Recommendation of 20187 proposed transparency measuresfor political advertising and awareness …” „… spread with the intention to deceive or secure economic or political gain,and which may cause public harm …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… means of exerting political influence, butpart of actual warfare. Its creators know how to use digital …” „… disinformation,with particular regard of the political communication 45Bernd HolznagelNew ways to combat …” „… 2022 Code of Practice onDisinformation: Self-Regulation, Co-regulation or Regulation? 85Judit …”

Jan Kalbhenn Fact-checkers and the new European media rules: The European Code of Standards for independent fact-checking organisations S. 135-152

„… Practice on Disinformation allows socialnetworks to integrate fact-checkers’ work into their services and …” „… financial terms. The fact-checking standards are linked tothe 2022 Code of Practice on Disinformation.16 …” „… Practice on Disinformation, available at …”

Olga Batura, Bernd Holznagel, Jan Kalbhenn Introduction S. 9-14

„… discord, breeding animosity and distrustamong various communities, which may escalate into political …” „… against disinformation, withparticular regard of the political communication”, Gabor Polyak, KrisztinaNagy …” „… , especially in the context of political communi‐cation. The chapter offers a structured examination of …”

Olga Batura Relationship between the DSA and the 2022 Code of Practice on Disinformation: Self-Regulation, Co-regulation or Regulation? S. 85-104

„… Relationship between the DSA and the 2022 Code of Practice onDisinformation: Self-Regulation …” „… refur‐bished Code of Practice on Disinformation (2022 Code) in 2022 werecelebrated as an important instrument …” „… : The DSA and the strengthened Code of Practice on Disinformationdo not sufficiently change the previous …”

Bernd Holznagel, Florian Flamme The role of the Federal Network Agency (Bundesnetzagentur) as Digital Services Coordinator in the fight against disinformation S. 177-194

„… , Anthony and Margolis, Michele, The PoliticalConsequences of Uninformed Voters. Electoral Studies, 34, 2014 …” „… previously set out in a code of conduct.The signatories of the Code of Practice on Disinformation undertake …” „… the place of establishment (Article 42 (4) DSA).11 The Strengthened Code of Practice on Disinformation …”

Olga Batura, Liudmyla Opryshko The problem of disinformation: From soft power tool to hybrid warfare S. 15-44

„… political course of Ukraine, to cleanse it of Nazis – by 21% ofrespondents; the need to protect the …” „… this chapter, we explore the practice of disinformation in relation tothe Russian war of aggression …” „… , the term “failed state” is applied to states that cannot exist asindependent and viable political and …”

Colin Willeke Dissemination of Disinformation on Messenger Services: Shutting down Telegram or introducing a chat control? S. 153-176

„… simplyfalse representations can exploit recipients for political purposes and, thus,create or fuel …” „… Strengthened Code of Practice on Disinformation aims toestablish a uniform, voluntary code of conduct for …” „… seldom disseminated in the discourse space.63 Statementsare usually closely interwoven with a political …”

Lorna Woods Approaches beyond the EU – Misinformation, disinformation and the Online Safety Bill in the UK S. 195-222

„… of practice (applicable on a comply or explain basis) in relation tothe safety duties, providing …” „… codes of practice, though this may be a bit late forthe codes which are already under consultation.The …” „… interference intended tomanipulate public discourse, discredit the political system, and underminethe safety or …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748948124

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