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Kim Murphy - Government Communications in a Digital Age

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Kim Murphy

Government Communications in a Digital Age

Series: Politische Kommunikation und demokratische Öffentlichkeit

Volume 17 2019

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2. Online Political & Government Communication Research S. 29-53

„… Online Political & Government Communication Research One of the challenges of studying government …” „… perspectives including from a communications, political science, legal or a historical perspective (Raupp …” „… to explain why government communications tends to be an under-researched subfield of political …”

3. Background: Political, Media & Government Communication Structures S. 54-79

„… Background: Political, Media & Government Communication Structures The literature review in Chapter …” „… continuing scarcity of comparative studies of online political communications. As Gibson and Ward (2009) said …” „… , one of the weaknesses of online political communications is the failure to "place it within current …”

4. Theoretical Analysis: An Organisational & Network Perspective S. 80-120

„… characteristics of the political systems and centralised structures of government communications in Germany and …” „… political and comparative communications, an organisational perspective of the changes in the new media …” „… within political communications on how the meso level is changing under the conditions of digitalisation …”

References S. 225-238

„… public communication. Psychology Press. Blumler, J. G., & Kavanagh, D. (1999). The third age of political …” „… communication: Influences and features. Political Communication, 16, 209-230. doi:10.1080/105846099198596 …” „… – Politikwissenschaftliche Perspektiven [Changing government communications – political science perspectives]. In J. Raupp, J …”

1. Introduction S. 19-28

„… Introduction For almost two decades now, the field of political communications has been preoccupied …” „… organisations poses significant challenges to political organisations and organisational communications (Gibson …” „… with citizens. This thesis argues, that the study of online political communications, 1. 19 has for too …”

8. Conclusion S. 215-224

„… Conclusion The field of political communications has for too long overlooked government …” „… that has been overlooked. This thesis highlighted that comparative political communications has yet to …” „… political communications has been its failure to understand the social and political context of technology …”

7. Discussion S. 192-214

„… one of the consequences for political communications, is that the boundary between organisational and …” „… political system and the structures of government communications are more centralised. However, these …” „… distinct from other levels of analysis, something that political communications studies have failed to do …”

5. Methodological Approach S. 121-144

„… communications, comparative studies examining online political communications have, over the last fifteen years …” „… political communications studies combining quantitative online content analysis and SNA Table 6. 5.4 5.4 …” „… political science and political communications for a suitable definition of government and government …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-18

„… author. This publication was produced as part of the research group „Political Communication in the …” „… Relations" (2014-2017), a subproject of the research group "Political Communications in the Online World …” „… the Study1.2 26 Online Political & Government Communication Research2. 29 Political Communications in …”

6. Results S. 145-191

„… government, political and personalised communications. 6.1 Online Content Analysis: Research Questions 167 …” „… clear boundary between official government and political communications. Similar patterns were found in …” „… boundary between government and party political communications and between organisational and individual …”

Appendix S. 239-276

„… . Lobbyist/political communications advisor 18. Media organisation 19. Journalists 20. New media actor (bloggers …” „… Organisation (individual government actor) 1 UK Government (David Cameron) 2 The Government Communication …” „… a webpage/or series of webpages as part of a larger website Content Variables Forms of Communication …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845298030

Christina Altides - Making EU Politics Public

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Christina Altides

Making EU Politics Public

Series: Regieren in Europa | Governance in Europe

Volume 16 2009

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Communication of political responsibility? S. 98-103

„… as it can be measured by the aforementioned indicators?4.2.1 Communication of political …” „… communication entail a plurality of views? And how close does the communicationmaterial come to citizens, as far …” „… institutions’ communication of politicalresponsibility, conflict and responsivenessTo what extent are external …”

Organisational constraints: procedures and structures S. 73-76

„… have often been overlooked in political communication accounts, and only tangentially touched upon in …” „… knowledge management, concrete communication efforts and political decisions to a long-term communication …” „… of political actors’ communication activities, such as the requirement of conflict communication and …”

Interest-based communication aims S. 65-68

„… Interest-based communication aims While concentrating on normative statements regarding what political actors …” „… ’ communication intentions should or could be, political researchers often tend to neglect the fact that political …” „… general deal with public communication efforts by non-political rather than by political actors. Yet, a …”

What should EU institutions communicate? S. 30-35

„… increasing recognition of the political importance of public communication by scholars, citizens and even the …” „… public interest in institutional political communication, are progressively improving, satisfaction with …” „… component of a political actor’s information and communication 32efforts, altogether. After all …”

Enhancing EU legitimacy through public communication? S. 19-23

„… communication?For national political systems the relevance of political communication – that is communication of or …” „… communication approaches (1976) and Blumler’s contribution to political campaigning and the role of television …” „… the relevance of political communication for EU institutions, namely the European Parliament and the …”

Norm-oriented motives for public communication S. 62-65

„… political (rather than non-political) actors at national level. Overall, political communication in the …” „… the overall democratic political communication process by making the complex political process as …” „… interface character between political leadership and citizens, public communication is in fact considered a …”

External boundaries to EU institutional communication S. 39-45

„… considerable extent. In fact, EU political actors face a much more complex communication situation than …” „… ) communication of politics thus is never easy, as it requires political actors to adapt to media needs and …” „… communication as an open political instrument against member state communication. If it did, it would risk 13 In …”

Beyond the empirics: Theorising on EU institutional communication S. 207-210

„… communication entities, on the other hand, benefit from a stronger political streamlining of communication …” „… communication by EU political actors has to be considered an action thatinvolves both the institutional level …” „… is true for national political institutions – are faced with a permanent communication dilemma. They …”

Actor patterns of intentional differences S. 139-144

„… of regular communication officials and at the higher, namely, political level. The former become …” „… to the political level, while officials pursuing more self-interest based communication aims are …” „… differentiation between administrative and political communication officials within the institutional press …”

Corporate institutional actors – beyond unitary conceptions S. 54-57

„… communication-related activities will first have to be agreed on and developed within the political institution before …” „… in the overall EUwide political communication process to pursue specific goals;19 b …” „… corporate actors also holds true for political institutions that engage in public communication as a whole …”

Situational and individual constraints S. 70-73

„… antagonism between the political and the media (or more broadly: communication) logic. They could also follow …” „… political communication accounts has enabled us to distinguish two action constraints that will be of …” „… a determining influence in the context of political actors engaging in public communication …”

Social constraints: political power and social profile S. 76-78

„… on political actors’ public communication efforts in the literature, one will find the main focus …” „… communications. Certainly, in political competition, political power (political role,status, see Pfetsch 1996, p …” „… to attain his political and communication goals. Political power will not allow the political actor …”

The many communicators in the EP and the Commission S. 57-61

„… communicationstrategyDirectorate General (DG) CommunicationDirectorate AStrategyA1: General affairs & instit. relationsA2 …” „… with party-political, national delegation and MEP communication, as these entities have independent …” „… communication units of their own. Yet, there is still a variety of actors involved – both atthe political and …”

How EU institutions do not communicate what they are expected to S. 35-38

„… demands upon political actors’ public communicationWhile it can be disputed whether the presented …” „… Vreese 2003, p.8). Regarding the interactivity and responsiveness of a political actor’s communication …” „… insufficient communication on political responsibilities (Bijsmans/Altides 2007, p.332). It is only that …”

The European Parliament S. 188-193

„… 188EP, there is hardly an authoritative link between the political discussion on EP communication …” „… EP, the absence of a political imperative on concrete communication contentallows for relatively flat …” „… guaranteeing that political parties do not interfere in institutional communication activities. The frequent …”

The European Parliament S. 183-185

„… for communication purposes and that could come with political authorisation as well aswith the profile …” „… of being supported at the highest political level. Overall, the communication officials in fact …” „… 1837 The two institutions’ communication capacities: Social restrictionsIn chapter 4 and 5 we …”

Conflicting public communication intentions S. 68-70

„… communication, but also to shape political decisions accordingly (see Kleebinder 1995, p.129; Meyer1999). In …” „… interest-basedintentions underlying political actors’ communication efforts are an acknowledged subject of interest in …” „… political communication research. At the same time, they are seldom analysed or examined with regard to …”

Shifting from structural to actor-centred explanations S. 47-52

„… staffing and knowhow in political communication in order to do the job properly (Gramberger 1994, p.142 …” „… communication tasks within the institutions. “Political communication is perceived by the institutions as a …” „… officials and the political level (Meyer 1999, p.625). Even if public communication and the discussion of …”

The European Commission S. 185-188

„… that are relevant for communication purposes and that could come with political authorisation as well …” „… aswith the profile of being supported at the highest political level. Overall, the communication …” „… essential role in the process of defining the institutional communication intentions. In the EP, political …”

The European Commission S. 193-197

„… therein have so far been presented as a means of integrating political and communications planning …” „… coordination of political and communication activities at the highest level (ibid., 53). As the Commission …” „… communication. As with any political decision in the Commission, they need to subordinate themselves to …”

The changing role of institutional communication throughout the integration process S. 26-30

„… institutional communication efforts have increased with the EP’s increasing political relevance to the …” „… the past decade. Yet the increasing recognition of the political importance of public communication by …” „… the EP. However, while conditions for, and public interest in institutional political communication …”

On communicating conflict S. 125-129

„… , shares the communicationof EP political affairs with the party group press services also leads to another …” „… pragmatic – relationship to reporting conflict:“In a political institution not everybody agrees, so the …” „… political opinion within the European Parliament” is actually presented as a “duty”, “because it’s a …”

On communicating political responsibility S. 122-125

„… .” (EP IN3, 60).The communication of political responsibilities is also seen as ‘functional duty’. The EP …” „… , duty driven or a response to public demand, the communication of political responsibilities can also be …” „… also EP IN11, 30) All four motives endorse the communication of political responsibilities. Still it …”

Social restrictions – the Services Directive and REACH S. 197-200

„… communication problems. As soon as the political content had been agreed at the highest level, the …” „… than any other communication feature, the communicationof responsiveness is also linked to a very …” „… are largely characterised by the absence of strict hierarchies and political imperatives on concrete …”

Conclusion S. 210-212

„… an institutional crisis.8.5 ConclusionPublic communication by EU political actors has to be …” „… (democratic legitimacy, long-term perspective) and politicians' communication interests (political profile …” „… " public communication of the political institutions are perhaps normatively comprehensible – but …”

What the documents say: The official line to take S. 115-122

„… political forces (EP 1998, p.3), but to build on the communication of different opinions in a proposal to …” „… political process seem to have become increasingly important aims of the EU’s institutional communication …” „… communication of political responsibilities, conflicting opinions, and responsiveness seem to be acknowledged by …”

On communicating responsiveness S. 129-136

„… conceived as communication that might enhance the citizens’ active participation in the political process …” „… political point of view, as potentially, it could be called to take over the role of the negotiator in …” „… reasons why institutional communication should be responsive or display responsiveness. They particularly …”

Planning structures S. 150-153

„… required to formulate specific annual communication targets in line with the political objectivesdecided on …” „… communication targets are formu-65 The political leadership of the Secretariat General, consisting of the …” „… those initiatives after the College’s political targets and communication priorities have been specified …”

On the absence of any communication intentions S. 136-139

„… differences appear both at the level of regular communication officials and at the higher, namely, political …” „… ‘responsive communication’ seems to offer a wide spectrum for interpretation, and indeed, it is perceived very …” „… interest-based communication approaches. There also seem to be different understandings of norms or a different …”

Limits of planning structures and procedures S. 161-169

„… rather more strategic – at times even political – orientation of Commission communication. Whatever the …” „… the Commission between the communication and the political planning staff. As a result the 163press …” „… start reading all kinds of political signals to that” (EC IN5, 14)The concretisation of communication …”

Why should the EP and the Commission communicate? S. 23-26

„… actively strengthen (its own) legitimation (1997, p.24). Communication as a means of fostering a political …” „… information doesthe literature provide on the need for or uses of EP and Commission communication?On the EP …” „… European public communication has been –and still is – flourishing recently, only a few scholars have been …”

Researching the EU institutional communication deficit S. 38-39

„… extent. In fact, EU political actors face a much more complex communication situation than national …” „… section (1.3.4).1.3.1 External boundaries to EU institutional communicationThe EU institutions face a …” „… quality of institutional communication as well. The absence of “room for dialogical elements between …”

Interviews S. 88-90

„… to the Directorate B. At the political level of the EP’s institutional communication, unfortunately …” „… institutional communication at political level. In this way,I could be present (and take notes) in a meeting …” „… also conducted a number of interviews with communication officials working at the political party group …”

Limits of coordination structures and procedures S. 172-178

„… enforced information exchange between the EP’s communication, administrative and political perspective is …” „… a coherent and clear message.” (EC IN13, 36ff.)Clear political stances are eliminated; communication …” „… already have when acting as a hinge between the communication coordination at the political and the …”

Analysing EU institutional communication activities S. 81-85

„… communication.Thirdly, the two directives share approximately the same time horizon. The Services Directive was proposed …” „… : first, the analysis of concrete institutional communication activities; second, the analysis of …” „… institutionalcommunication intentions and their reflection in the communication output; and third, the analysis of …”

The characteristics of EU institutional press communication S. 201-203

„… process. They should use communication to shed light on the diversity of opinions or existing political …” „… theoretical expectations regarding the communication of political responsibility, conflict and responsiveness …” „… earlier qualitative content analysis. 8.1 The characteristics of EU institutional press communicationFrom …”

References S. 213-227

„… ): Was it really just poor communication? A socio-political reading of the Santer Commission’s …” „… ): Political Legitimacy and the Invisibility of Politics: Exploring the European Union’s Communication Deficit …” „… Public Spheres,Political Mobilisation, Public Communication and the EU, 20-22 June 2003, Berlin …”

Communication intentions: the Services Directive and REACH S. 144-149

„… party-political positions within the EP as clearly as possible. As EP communication officials regard the EP as an …” „… party-political demand for institutional communication. As long as no decision is taken, conflict communication is …” „… 1445.4 Institutional communication intentions: the Services Directive and REACHHow can general …”

The institutional communication development process S. 203-206

„… theoretical expectations regarding the communication of political responsibility, conflict and responsiveness …” „… service’s interaction with party-political communication actors. The latter group lacks the formal authority …” „… other EU political actors’ activities and positions (‘fighting the blame game’).Conflict communication …”

Introduction S. 15-18

„… institutional political communication activities, which in future can be used as a pool of detailed observations …” „… communication. It could also be relevant in practical terms, and could prove interesting to larger political …” „… communication. Chapter 5 analyses the two institutions’ communicationintentions and intra-institutional …”

EU institutional communication: between expectations and performance S. 112-114

„… communication of diverse opinions and political conflict, the EP –in line with its function and composition …” „… communication: between expectations and performance From a normative and a media-professional perspective, the …” „… existence of political conflict in the decision-making process; and to show communicative responsiveness …”

Relating the development process to the institutional press release features S. 206-207

„… responsiveness at all.8.4 Moving beyond the empirics: Theorising on EU institutional communicationIn view of the …” „… 206agreement process on institutional communication aims. Organisational structures and processes …” „… (organisational) responsibilitiesof certain communication entities do not correspond with their formal and …”

Coordination structures S. 155-161

„… political level, having close contacts with both DG communication units, and the Commissioners and their …” „… ’ communication targets and all activities that are developed to this end (EC IN8, 28). At the political level …” „… rather more strategic – at times even political – orientation of Commission communication. Whatever the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-11

„… institutions’ communication of political responsibility, conflict and responsiveness 984.2.1 Communication of …” „… political responsibility? 984.2.2 Communication of diversity of opinions? 1034.2.3 Communication of …” „… Christina AltidesMaking EU Politics PublicHow the EU institutions develop public communication Nomos1 …”

Document analysis S. 85-88

„… to the Directorate B. At the political level of the EP’s institutional communication, unfortunately …” „… institutional communication at political level. In this way,I could be present (and take notes) in a meeting …” „… also conducted a number of interviews with communication officials working at the political party group …”

The timing of and occasions for institutional press communication S. 94-98

„… as it can be measured by the aforementioned indicators?4.2.1 Communication of political …” „… featuring only in the middle and at the very end of its communications.On the other hand, the overall …” „… communication entail a plurality of views? And how close does the communicationmaterial come to citizens, as far …”

Organisational constraints: the Services Directive and REACH S. 178-182

„… communication, it is to be found between DG Info and the party political press services. While formally these …” „… institutional communication is very much strategic and involves political stakes. We have, however, also seen …” „… ’ performanceregarding the communication of political responsibility, conflict and responsivenessin the case of the …”

Critical evaluation S. 91-93

„… balanced picture of EU communication policies and the political procedures involved (see Denzin 1989; Flick …” „… 91Together, the findings on the two institutions’ chosen communication material, on the different …” „… internal communication management capabilityconstituted the empirical bases for answering the general and …”

Communication of diversity of opinions? S. 103-107

„… communication was that this main issue of political conflict was broken down into a number of concrete and …” „… 1034.2.2 Communication of diversity of opinions?We have seen that the EP press material featured a …” „… plethora of actors involved in the political debate on the two case studies. This would suggest a …”

Figures and tables S. 12

„… institutional communication activities 58Figure 1b: Political and administrative actors and units involved in …” „… professional demands upon political actors’ public communication 36Table 2: Operationalising the analysis of …” „… 12Figures and TablesFigure 1a: Political and administrative actors and units involved in the EP’s …”

Communication of responsiveness? S. 107-112

„… communication’ seems to be restricted to information on the different arguments in the political debate before …” „… sight of the big political picture while sorting out their differences (EC IP, 07.05.03). The REACH …” „… communication was less ‘aggressive’. It did not so much criticise particular stances or the state of …”

Explaining EU institutional communication efforts S. 78-80

„… 78matter of valuing and accepting the steering and coordination entities in the communication …” „… concentrate on national governments’ communication. For example, in the case of the German government, Mertes …” „… standardizedprocesses to safeguard the constant communication between administrative departments and government units (p …”

Formal institutional obstacles S. 45-47

„… participation structures15 as well as on the communication efforts of MEPs and political parties, rather than to …” „… communication. However, both are not only challenged by their external environment, but also by internal …” „… ’. Concerning the scarce resources, both institutions have to manage their communication activities on a …”

Limits to monitoring structures and procedures S. 169-172

„… Relations – don’t have their own communication strategies. They do have it, they continue to have it, but …” „… ), and the number of yearly communication priorities – namely 19 – is still much higher than the DG COMM …” „… . Monitoring has been seen to be intended both for the planning of general EP communication activities as well …”

Implications for EU institutional communication S. 61-62

„… for EU institutional communicationOne has to acknowledge that, overall, public communication by EU …” „… involved in institutional communication activities. Information and communication subdivisions in each …” „… sectoral DG assist the respective Spokespersons with preparing issue-specific communication activities and …”

Analysing EU institutional internal capability structures S. 90-91

„… category-system with new and so far theoretically underdeveloped aspects that the communication actors themselves …” „… consider to have a considerable impact on their communication efforts.3.3 Analysing EU institutional …” „… regard to gaining information on (intra-)institutional communication intentions; they were also used to …”

Monitoring structures S. 153-155

„… IN14, 17ff.). This has actuallycontributed to a closed linkage between communication and political …” „… the institutionalisation of communication activities at early policy-makingstages (EC IN11, 28; EC IN …” „… the communication strategy level” (EP IN3, 36).6.1.2 Monitoring structures Both the EP’s and the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845220123

Ralf Dewenter, Justus Haucap, Christiane Kehder - Wettbewerb und Regulierung in Medien, Politik und Märkten

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Ralf Dewenter (ed.), Justus Haucap (ed.), Christiane Kehder (ed.)

Wettbewerb und Regulierung in Medien, Politik und Märkten

Series: Wettbewerb und Regulierung von Märkten und Unternehmen

Volume 24 2013

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Claudia Loebbecke, Stefan Schepers European Innovation Policy and Political Processes in the Light of Information and Communication Technologies S. 99-114

„… European Innovation Policy and Political Processes in the Light of Information and Communication …” „… , dictionaries, maps, online services, political debates, individual communication) has not only changed the …” „… places Information, Communication Technology (ICT) innovations in pole position for supporting European …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… Loebbecke/Stefan Schepers European Innovation Policy and Political Processes in the Light of Information and …” „… Communication Technologies 99 Justus Haucap/Christiane Kehder Suchmaschinen zwischen Wettbewerb und Monopol: Der …”

Wolfgang Seufert Crossmediale Konzentration und crossmediale Meinungsmacht in Deutschland S. 193-224

„… : Another Look at Cognitive Processes of Political Communication, Mass Communication & Society 3, 2-3/2000 …” „… Conceptual Approach to the Analysis of Patterns of Exposure, Communications 31(2), 369-387. Hasebrink, U., W …” „… & Mass Communication Quarterly 73(1), 40-52. Jarren, O. & P. Donges (2007), Politische Kommunikation in …”

Ulrich Schwalbe Kronzeugenregelungen und die interne Struktur von Kartellen S. 415-440

„… processing needs. Participants in the turbines conspiracy had to create a centralized communication network …” „… Unterschied zu Gesprächen mit Wettbewerbern. Hovenkamp schreibt hierzu: „Communications between a manufacturer …” „… the Cartel Price Path, in: V. Ghosal & J. Stennek (Hrsg.): Political Economy of Antitrust, Amsterdam …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845249469

Louis Perron - How to overcome the power of incumbency in election campaigns

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Louis Perron

How to overcome the power of incumbency in election campaigns

Series: Kommunikation in Politik und Wirtschaft

Volume 3 2010

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Promotion of the political offer: Communication dimension S. 52-54

„… , enforcing and turning out its base. This kind of strategy is of importancein cases where a political camp …” „… depending on the strength of the base and the political systemone might be clearly more important than the …” „… : The promotion of the political offerAfter having discussed phase 2 and the creation of the offer, we …”

BIBLIOGRAPHY S. 265-296

„… series in Political Communication.Westport, CT: Praeger.Berg, Bruce L. 2001. Qualitative Research Methods …” „… CommunicationResearch. Political Communication 18 (2): 225-229.Iyer, Gopalkrishnan R. 1997. Comparative Marketing: An …” „… Professionalization of Political Communication:Continuities and Change in Media Practices. European Journal of …”

INTRODUCTION S. 15-26

„… open communicationsystem where the exchange of opinions and political communication between …” „… , political communication in the public arena is characterizedby the existence and role of the public …” „… be valuable today, itis also true that political communication and campaigning has changed …”

Reservations of political science towards the study of campaigns S. 33-37

„… political marketing approach puts a heavy emphasis on paid communication,it is interesting to note that …” „… profound changes in media, society andtechnology have given birth to a new form of political communication …” „… recent trends in political communication. He notes that noforecasting model of the extensive literature …”

Ethical concerns regarding political marketing S. 37-39

„… . Further, the growing influence of political consultants and communication experts is often an issue of …” „… political communication, a discipline that shares with political marketing an interest in persuasion …” „… communication,it is interesting to note that previous research has shown that the speeches of thecandidates and …”

OVERVIEW OF THE EXISTING WORKS ABOUT ELECTION CAMPAIGNS S. 27-32

„… concerning electioncampaigns. In France, several authors have analyzed political marketing and communication …” „… existing studies and books about electioncampaigns. In political science, there is an abundance of …” „… literature about politicalparties and electoral systems. In view of the political and financial impact of …”

Definition, evolution and advantage of the political marketing approach S. 39-44

„… one is adopted by authors in political communication, a discipline that shares with political …” „… of election campaigns. In the next section, we will finally define the political marketing approach …” „… and describe its use for our study.Definition, evolution and advantage of the political marketing …”

Phase 2 of an election campaign: The creation of the political offer S. 47-52

„… (1993) used framing in political communication to comprehend the storylines that journalists use when …” „… , donors, political statements and opinions (Cooper 2003;Faucheux 2003a: part IV). In reality of course …” „… candidates, parties, the media and the public are interconnected.Indeed, there are two communication paths …”

The political culture S. 97-102

„… consequences on political communication and electioncampaigns in Brazil as they are necessary conditions for …” „… understand political communication andelection campaigns in today’s Germany. There are two important factors …” „… to the government. “We did this by selecting and training young, non-political, nonthreatening …”

The methodology of the interviews S. 85-90

„… central featureof this new form of political communication is the rise of a new political eliteconsisting …” „… of campaign managers and political consultants. As a result, and as wementioned in chapter 3 …” „… , political marketers can contribute to the understanding ofelection campaigns because they developed …”

Summary and conclusion S. 229-232

„… political instinct during this time.Until very late, he thought that Lafontaine, who would have been easier …” „… re-run of the 1994campaign while the political demand had clearly changed. In terms of management,Kohl …” „… Kohlcalled himself had lost part of its political instinct and drive.Summary and conclusionThere is strong …”

Phase 1 of an election campaign: The exploration of the political demand S. 45-47

„… ), political marketing, as is the case with every marketing operation, includes three phases. The first phase …” „… is the exploration of the political demand, in this case, public opinion. The second phase is the …” „… importantstudies in political marketing (Bongrand 1993-99; Faucheux 1995; Faucheux 2002;Gerstlé 1993: 65-84 …”

Summary: A global typology of campaign styles S. 122-124

„… American countries (Martinez-Pandiani 2000). In fact, high-profile Brazilian political consultants …” „… political campaigning (Plasser 2002: 256; Rimban2004: 14). There are few comparable networks (journals …” „… certain degree, public opinion research companies fulfill the roleof political consultants and strategists …”

Promotion of the political offer: Strategy and management dimension S. 54-56

„… supportersand, through the media, with the outer wings of the electorate. In addition to communication, these …” „… states and spent more than $100 Million.Promotion of the political offer: Strategy and management …” „… dimensionFundraisingA campaign needs funds in order to be able to promote its political offer (fora classic introduction …”

The cases for the Western European campaign style: The German elections of 1994 and 1998 S. 84-85

„… 1999: 213; Manin 1997: 220). A central featureof this new form of political communication is the rise …” „… “FPJ” or simply “the King”. A movie star with no political experience whatsoever,he was groomed as …” „… of a new political eliteconsisting of campaign managers and political consultants. As a result, and …”

The cases of Germany S. 226-229

„… German political consultantsdraw a clear picture and support our hypothesis. As for the 1998 election …” „… skills 4.8 6.9 2.1Average 4.8 7.1 2.3Source: interviews with German political consultants (n=9)Campaign …” „… political consultants (n=8)Campaign skills of German opposition candidates, Scharping andSchröderDimension …”

Hypothesis 4: Challenger campaign quality S. 70-74

„… increasingly strained inthe third age of political communication (Blumler 1999). It becomes more and …” „… previously been elected to an important political position, (ii) adequacy of financial resources and (iii …” „… prior political experience or having celebrity status.While these studies focus on local and statewide …”

The cases of the US S. 171-175

„… lookingfor and comparing two aspects: the first aspect is the political positioning (whetheror not the …” „… challenger positions himself close to the political center). The secondaspect is whether or not the …” „… challenger has an explicit communication plan andstrategy to illustrate mainstream positions and values to …”

The state and the consolidation of democracy S. 91-97

„… opportunity structurealso has an impact on political communication and the choice of political strategiesmore …” „… CONTEXT OF AN ELECTION CAMPAIGN AND DESCRIPTION OF THESELECTED COUNTRIESThe political environment …” „… countryand of its political system that shape election campaigns. Indeed, election campaigns are not isolated …”

The strategies of the incumbent and how the challengers reacted to it S. 163-166

„… , however,the Schröder campaign employed an offensive communication strategy designedto prevent the CDU from …” „… reusing the strategy that had proven to be successful in1994; namely arguing that a change in political …” „… recovery were related to the prospect of a political change inGermany.Beyond this example, it is important …”

The cases of Brazil S. 175-180

„… 3.1), he is seen as almost inthe political center by 2002 (average rating of 4.8). When asked about …” „… that it was the moderation either of his political positioning and/orhis personal image. Confirming our …” „… strategicallymoved to the center of the political spectrum in ways that voters found credible.Position on left-right …”

The cases of Germany S. 182-185

„… cases clearly confirm our hypothesis. Based on our survey amongGerman political consultants, Scharping …” „… political consultants (n=10)There was a deliberate and comprehensive effort to reach out to centrist voters …” „… campaign had made a deliberate effortto move towards the political center and for Scharping to convey …”

The campaigns of the incumbents and how the challengers reacted to it S. 152-157

„… and consistency compared to that of Estrada. In fact, the survey amongPhilippine political consultants …” „… , which is, as we noted above, an important political player in the Philippineshaving previously helped in …” „… political life, namely “that he is one with themasses.” In fact, several consultants mentioned that even …”

Hypothesis 1: A coherent message that shows contrast and focuses on the call for change S. 60-66

„… Prime Minister do not belong to the same political camp.When Mitterrand’s Socialist Party lost the …” „… . During the cohabitation, Mitterrand redefined the job of the presidency, leaving day-to-day political …” „… political authorities. He furtherstates that there is a relevant discourse to every struggle, by which he …”

Summary of the results and additional example S. 233-239

„… campaign strategies in the past. Second, it has a theoreticalrelevance since political science has …” „… right issues, considering the political demandand offer at that time, and then be carried out strongly …” „… to exploit his weaknesses. For Lula ‘98, it was a case of clear mismatchbetween the political demand …”

The campaign of Gerhard Schröder in 1998 S. 161-163

„… . In 1998, however,the Schröder campaign employed an offensive communication strategy designedto …” „… change in political leadership would endanger theeconomic recovery. When the economic indicators started …” „… ”, meaningthat the signs of recovery were related to the prospect of a political change inGermany.Beyond this …”

The cases of the USA S. 213-219

„… 8.8 5.7 -3.1Managerial skills 7.9 5.5 -2.4Average 8.7 5.5 -3.2Source: interviews with U.S. political …” „… Managerial skills 4 8.6 4.6Average 5.0 7.0 2.0Source: interviews with U.S. political consultants (n=13)In …” „… Average 8.7 5.0 -3.7Source: interviews with U.S. political consultants (n=13)Table 26:215Campaign skills …”

The campaign of Rudolf Scharping in 1994 S. 158-161

„… ), whose agency produced the paid communication for Scharpingand the SPD in 1994, the strategy was to run …” „… Scharping was too weak a political leader todefeat Kohl. At the beginning, Scharping had a special …” „… . In one interview, the candidateapparently confused gross and net when talking about political …”

The strategies of the incumbents and how the challengers reacted to it S. 135-142

„… communications director of the Bush campaign explains, the campaign tried to focus constantly on Kerry during …” „… in Vietnam to exploit it later for political purpose. They furtherclaimed that Kerry had betrayed his …” „… of his service had been done in order to build capitalfor his political future at home (Alexander …”

A strategy for vulnerable incumbents (with additional examples) S. 239-244

„… Labour victory.The communication strategy paid off with surveys throughout the campaignindicating that …” „… fromeach other. And indeed, much of the folk wisdom and lessons learned by professional political …” „… between political consultants and their clients (candidate orparties) and we found clear evidence that the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… campaign: The promotion of the politicaloffer4.352Promotion of the political offer: Communicationdimension …” „… elections have been my leisure time activity,my reason to study political science, the subject of my PhD and …” „… . that Istarted to research Asian and Latin American political systems. I perfectly remember the night …”

The intensity of the campaigns S. 202-205

„… , the results of our interviews amongPhilippine political consultants follow the same pattern as for the …” „… the four dimensions, namely grassroots operation, unity ofthe political camp and enthusiasm of the …” „… Philippine political consultants (n=9)10.3.2Table 13:202An internal survey of the Estrada campaign is …”

The campaign of Joseph Estrada in 1998 S. 149-151

„… added to the desire of the masses for a political change.As for the 2004 elections, the surveys of the …” „… Philippine political consultants andoperatives, there is no doubt that, against the background of broken …” „… change campaign withPoe symbolizing change in the sense of a new brand of political leader, Poe did …”

The timing of the campaigns S. 205-206

„… 5.7 7.8 2.1Source: interviews with Philippine political consultants (n=9)The cases of GermanyThe …” „… processes. It was decided that the party should have a more long-term communicationstrategy where winning …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845226286

Hanna Lierse - The Evolution of the European Economic Governance System

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Hanna Lierse

The Evolution of the European Economic Governance System

Series: Schriften zur europäischen Arbeits- und Sozialpolitik

Volume 8 2011

Results in this title

Political communication in the EU: elites, media and the public S. 248-251

„… the European economic governance system. 7.5. Political communication in the EU: elites, media and …” „… the public Although the importance of the European level is widely accepted among political actors and …” „… business tax policy among political leaders and socio-economic elites. It is the goal of this part to …”

The European communicative discourse S. 86-93

„… feedback mechanisms, democracies are characterised by a systems of open political communication (Jarren …” „… “social communication”, which states that nations are set apart from other political communities due to …” „… European decision-making system and the roles of the main political actors. Both, tax and monetary policy …”

Data collection and sampling techniques S. 109-115

„… Table 4.4: Actors that form part of the political communication process Actor Role Type of collected …” „… 4.4 who form part of the process of political communication. While the media is a key actor, also …” „… their publication, ? by source: key actors such as policy makers, political leaders and the media, and …”

Introducing key terms S. 19-22

„… political communication in the EU is fragmented and mainly occurs through the national media, it is possible …” „… discourses in the EU. The scientific contribution of this research is of theoretical and political nature …” „… methodological contribution, the project has political implications. By exploring the way in which decisions are …”

Scientific contribution of the study S. 15-19

„… the 1970s and explores the role of political communication for decisions about European governance …” „… different governance outcomes. As political communication in the EU is fragmented and mainly occurs through …” „… lack of knowledge about the political agendas of the left and right-wing parties of the European …”

Legitimising policy ideas: elites, media and the public S. 72-79

„… and is therefore subject of this project. 3.3. Political communication in the European Union This …” „… opposed to others? The concept of political legitimation is introduced in the following part. It draws …” „… communication occurs among policy makers, the coordinative discourse, and vis-à-vis the public, the …”

Secondary Literature S. 257-275

„… tables: The institutionalist turn in political science and the study of European integration” European …” „… Journal of Political Research, Vol. 38, pp. 1-36. Atkinson, A. B. (1994) “The Distribution of the Tax …” „… networks in advanced capitalist economies” British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 19 No.1, pp. 47-67 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-14

„… 72 3.3. Political communication in the European Union 79 3.3.1. Decision-making rules and actors …” „… construction of soft and supranational governance structures 246 7.5. Political communication in the EU …” „… that form part of the political communication process 112 Table 4.5: Key words for relevance sampling …”

Defining governance S. 27-32

„… differences of economic and political institutions of capitalistic systems that occur across countries and …” „… political agendas (Hix 2006). However, it seems essential to uncover options and to discuss the benefits and …” „… mainly dealt with the interplay between political institutions and actors. By contrast, the debate on the …”

Primary Literature S. 275-282

„… political representation of French firms” MPIfG Discussion Paper, Vol. 12. Wonka, A. (2008) “Die Europäische …” „… Plan to EMU: In search of a Political Economy for Europe, Brussels: Peter Lang, pp. 49-72. Zito, A. R …” „… ) Commission of the European Communities, Bulletin, Suppl. 3-1970. Commission (1970b) “Communication to the …”

A framework for analysis and guiding research hypotheses S. 93-98

„… political communication with control and feedback mechanisms from the public (Jarren 1999). The degree to …” „… , then an issue can be perceived as relevant at all. As direct communication between political leaders …” „… less determined by a wider public deliberation process and more by European political and economic …”

Towards a framework of social constructivism S. 55-59

„… too much on strategic intergovernmental bargaining taking the national interests of political and …” „… as given and pre-defined instead of focusing on social interaction and communication, the concepts of …” „… that by paying attention to political and cultural context, this strand of literature can significantly …”

The neofunctional perspective on European integration S. 43-50

„… of interpretation involve wider processes of political communication (Schmidt and Radaelli 2004 …” „… political leaders? It is indispensable to better understand the factors that contribute to the evolution of …” „… political elites and the public. In the public communicative process, the media takes on a dominant role as …”

The failure to legitimise the Werner Plan? S. 144-155

„… state to enter into political commitment and to speed up the achievements. Similarly as the DGB, they …” „… were favourable among German elites. Political leaders perceived the reform as an appropriate step that …” „… the ideas articulated by the French and the German political leaders. Although both regarded enhanced …”

Decision-making rules and actors S. 79-86

„… therefore subject of this project. 3.3. Political communication in the European Union This previous …” „… a coordinative discourse, an institutionalised process wherein political actors have the power and …” „… and viewpoints between political actors and the public for legitimisation the appropriateness of …”

The bargaining-oriented perspective S. 50-55

„… context, the political cultures and national traditions into account. Instead he opts for a rational …” „… occurs through the national political system such as common institutions and societal organisations …” „… certain EMU interpretation becomes accepted as the dominant policy idea. For this, not only communication …”

A qualitative content analysis based on thematic structuring S. 115-118

„… European member states. Actors involved in political communication make use of different arguments to …” „… analysis is not a simple analysis of the text but it is an analysis of the content of communication within …” „… observable developments or “facts” political actors back-up their policy ideas. When not combined with other …”

The construction of soft and supranational governance structures S. 246-248

„… the European economic governance system. 7.5. Political communication in the EU: elites, media and …” „… allow for nationalspecific and ideological interpretations and thus, political leaders can adopt …” „… and cultural context. Whether reform ideas are communicated at all and the degree to which political …”

Policy discourses and the evolution of European monetary governance S. 181-184

„… is interested in the role of mass communication. Do public feedback and legitimacy demands influence …” „… reform choices taken by political leaders? Drawing on strands of discursive institutionalism (Hay 2006 …” „… political leaders, a compromise was reached in the Council at T1 and T2. Moreover, European monetary …”

Critical evaluation and outlook S. 251-256

„… both theoretical and political implications. In terms of the former, the discursive institutionalist …” „… ideas that exist among political leaders. Hence, the solution that is perceived as appropriate and …” „… relevant at all? And did they fulfil the demands articulated by political leaders and other socio-economic …”

Drawback and benefits of European economic governance structures S. 37-42

„… policy, also referred to as an externality, and is contrasted from a political juris-38 diction. While …” „… the result of two basic scenarios. First, the political jurisdiction may be larger than the economic …” „… without receiving any benefits. Second, the externality may exceed the political jurisdiction. In this …”

Ideas: a conceptual account S. 59-65

„… , as well as the interactive process by which ideas are communicated. Communication occurs both among …” „… . This part is split into three sections to shed light on the role of ideas and communication in …” „… institutional rules of a political system to understand the process of the coordinative discourse (Section 3.3 …”

Developing thematic categories and coding guidelines S. 118-122

„… regards it as the only feasible policy option for the European member states. Actors involved in political …” „… communication make use of different arguments to legitimise their policy ideas. For this they draw on several …” „… reality in an objective manner: by referring to observable developments or “facts” political actors …”

Economic ideas: monetary and tax policy in the EU S. 65-72

„… political legitimation is introduced in the following part. It draws attention to the media and the process …” „… to be communicated and actors need to be persuaded. The communication occurs among policy makers, the …” „… the communicative discourse, it is crucial to understand how the public and political leaders are …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845231556

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