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Carmen Gebhard - Unravelling the Baltic Sea Conundrum

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Carmen Gebhard

Unravelling the Baltic Sea Conundrum

Series: Nomos Universitätsschriften - Politik

Volume 164 2008

Results in this title

Policy Implementation and Progression S. 108-109

„… . Policy Implementation and Progression Since its formal launch almost one decade ago, the EU ND has gone …” „… arrangements to enhance effective coordination of existing policy instruments and that studies should be …” „… the implementation process. Special emphasis and detailed instructions were given in the fields of …”

Policy Outline S. 104-108

„… partners. The Commission plays the leading role in the implementation of the policy. It is responsible for …” „… nuclear safety, cross border cooperation, trade, transport and health. II. Policy Implementation and …” „… States.353 Another structural reference can be identified for the EU ND. The ENP built on the policy …”

Preliminary Evaluation: What Role for the EU ND? S. 109-111

„… wording of the policy itself, but was also evident in the way the implementation process was administered …” „… proposals for the continuation of the ND initiative. 07/02 launch of a Support Fund for the implementation …” „… Meeting (SOM), aiming to assess the implementation of the Action Plan, to review progress to date, to …”

And the Story Goes On: Is Sweden Trying to ‘Keep the EU ND Alive’? S. 142-145

„… regards the implementation of the New Northern Dimension policy.521 Next to these broad tendencies, there …” „… Sweden has exemplified in the context of the EU ND’s implementation. II. And the Story Goes On: Is Sweden …” „… Swedish Presidency set out the aim to produce more actionoriented input and to further the implementation …”

Evaluation: The EU ND Reconsidered S. 150-153

„… centralist or supranational body to govern the policy implementation, as not least on the national level, it …” „… negative record of the policy had become evident in the first years of its implementation, these structural …” „… shared security concerns and regional objectives, e.g. in the field of environmental or maritime policy …”

Promoting the Finnish Perspective: Finland’s EU Presidency 2006 S. 145-150

„… the EU, not least as regards the implementation of the New Northern Dimension policy.521 Next to these …” „… major institutional actor guiding the implementation of the policy. What had already become clear in the …” „… final wording of the policy was continued throughout the later stages of the implementation process …”

The Irony of Competition II S. 134-142

„… during the first decade of policy implementation, the engagement and moral commitment of the EU …” „… actionoriented input and to further the implementation of the policy in the sense of concrete measures and …” „… in 1995, to abandon the old Nordic policy of distanciation. Norway and Iceland have continued to …”

Preliminary Conclusions: The EU as a Regional (F)Actor in Northern Europe S. 111-113

„… wording of the policy itself, but was also evident in the way the implementation process was administered …” „… the EU ND was the fact that the policy did not get equal support among the Member States. Repeated …” „… Member State context. What also hindered a more dynamic development of the policy was the distinct lack …”

Annex: Baltic Sea Associations and Structures in Detail S. 231-260

„… environmental objectives whose implementation can have decisive impact on the latitude of national policy makers …” „… year/launched in 1991 Website www.ars-baltica.net Governance model transnational forum and network Policy …” „… coordination in cultural policy development, the other consists of close cooperation between various different …”

The EU Neighbourhood Policy S. 101-104

„… 101IV. The EU Neighbourhood Policy The idea of establishing a specific policy framework for the …” „… for this policy initiative. In contrast to previous enlargement rounds, this one was different in …” „… European Commission set out to develop a respective policy framework that would help to “promote stability …”

The Contended Sea – A Brief Historical Retrospect S. 113-115

„… 113the EU enlargement policy, the EU Strategic Partnership with Russia as well as the ENP have …” „… opened new policy channels that progressively sidelined the EU ND and to some extent even challenged its …” „… commitment has remained somewhat vague and inconsistent throughout the whole implementation process. In the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… 104 I. Policy Outline 105 II. Policy Implementation and Progression 108 III. Preliminary Evaluation …” „… . and INTERREG 97 IV. The EU Neighbourhood Policy 101 B. The EU Northern Dimension – A General Overview …” „… Theory – The Conduct of Small States in Foreign Policy 117 71. What Makes a State a ‘Small State’? 117 2 …”

Bibliography S. 261-279

„… Craig A./DARDEN Keith A.: Dual Networks in European Regional Policy Development. In: Journal of Common …” „… policy reform and the WTO. Where are we heading?” Capri/Italy, 23-26 June 2003. BUZAN Barry/WÆVER Ole/DE …” „… Europe. In: Journal of European Public Policy 6:4, Special Issue 1999, pp. 528-544. CHRISTIANSEN …”

Sweden and Finland as European Actors and Regional Stakeholders S. 127-134

„… elite and foreign-policy makers to adopt a less assertive stance at both regional and EU level. There …” „… ’ Nordics, in order to eventually position them in the context of the implementation of the EU Northern …” „… Dimension. Before the study returns to the issue of policy creation and diffusion and the discussion of the …”

Preliminary Assumptions, Research Questions and Structure S. 22-23

„… has an impact on the foreign policy orientation of nation states situated in the region. Hence, it is …” „… Finland as major regional stakeholders and EU member states: – The foreign policy orientation of Sweden …” „… structures on their external and European policy conduct is likely to be stronger than in bigger continental …”

Summary – Questions and Answers S. 223-227

„… the European Neighbourhood Policy, whose implementation has recently lead to significant innovations …” „… geographical positions show an increased propensity for exceptionalist policy solutions and, in terms of …” „… develop distinct identities, and in a next step, exceptionalist or isolationist policy solutions. I …”

Remoteness and Marginality – The Periphery’s Romantic Temptation S. 30-33

„… specificities resulting from this position pose remarkable challenges to the policy makers in the region. The …” „… foreign policy conduct of states situated in peripheral regions. The unity of the system of Nordic …” „… to take these international clichés as reference models for official policy orientation. One …”

Outline and Main Objective S. 15-16

„… Ingi: Implementation of a Northern Dimension. In: Northern Research Forum (ed.): North meets North …” „… political tension in the region as low as possible. “Finland’s cautious policy of coexistence, Sweden’s …” „… ): Strategic Dynamics in the Nordic-Baltic Region. Implications for US Policy. Dulles 2000, p. 121. 9 See …”

Conclusions on the Theoretical Incorporation of Baltic Sea Regionalism S. 218-222

„… Regionalism and its connection to nation state regional policy. F. Conclusions on the Theoretical …” „… transferred ‘downwards’ from the macro European case to the ‘sub’-regional case. The analytical implementation …” „… state foreign policy or regionalist discourse) and – assumes a different function in the course of the …”

The Council of the Baltic Sea States S. 51-53

„… the launch of the policy in 1997, the CBSS was formally involved in the implementation process. The …” „… implementation of the EU Northern Dimension Action Plan (ND AP), and improved coordination of activities and …”

Relevance of the Topic – Europe in a Nutshell S. 16-18

„… Ingi: Implementation of a Northern Dimension. In: Northern Research Forum (ed.): North meets North …” „… political tension in the region as low as possible. “Finland’s cautious policy of coexistence, Sweden’s …” „… ): Strategic Dynamics in the Nordic-Baltic Region. Implications for US Policy. Dulles 2000, p. 121. 9 See …”

Small State Theory – The Conduct of Small States in Foreign Policy S. 117-127

„… implementation of the EU Northern Dimension. Before the study returns to the issue of policy creation and …” „… of Small States in Foreign Policy When analysing Swedish and Finnish self-perception, the aspect of …” „… substantiate the discussion on small statehood in foreign policy. This should eventually allow for a more …”

Visions and Constructed Realities – The History Tool S. 53-58

„… implementation of the EU Northern Dimension Action Plan (ND AP), and improved coordination of activities and …” „… Nordic Cooperation has always strictly stuck to soft policy areas and was traditionally based on the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845212395

Zoé Nautré - U.S. Idealism Meets Reality

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Zoé Nautré

U.S. Idealism Meets Reality

Series: DGAP-Schriften zur Internationalen Politik

Volume 2010

Results in this title

Policy implementation and practical obstacles S. 41-43

„… ?terrorism?and?how?to?respond?to?this?phenomenon?remain?contested.Policy implementation and practical obstaclesCompeting …” „… ?makers?in?practice?continue?to?co-operate?with?Arab?regimes?while?trying?to?promote?democracy??What?implications?did?the?focus?on?primary?U.?S.?interests?have?for?wider?policy?and?the?Middle?East?as?a?whole??Which?actors?should?the?U.?S.?try?to?promote?and?what?exactly?was?the?U.?S.?hoping?to?achieve??These?trade-offs?and?concerns?with?regards?to?U.?S.?interests?raise?a?large?of ?number?of ?questions,?each?important?and?relevant?when?examining?the?actual?implementation …” „… ? involved?in?the?foreign?policy?process?(such?as?treasury?or?the?intelligence?services)?hints?at?the?complexity?and?the?practical?challenges?in?policy?implementation.?Incentives?and?structures?that?motivate?or?discourage?bureaucrats?and?their?activities?further?complicate?the?different?U.?S.?government?agencies’?agendas.Bureaucrats, incentives and …”

Policy implementation and practical obstacles S. 145-149

„… ? terrorism?developed,?with? repercussions? for?policy? implementation.?Increasingly,?the?root?causes?of …” „… ? from?public?discourse?afterwards.Policy implementation and practical obstaclesFollowing?9/11 …” „… ?in?the?logic?behind?democracy?promotion,?the?policy?direction?and?implementation …”

Policy implementation and practical obstacles S. 152-154

„… ?terrorism?in?Morocco?is?an?appropriate?working?assumption?is?unclear.?Given?the?evidence,?it?seems?that?democracy?promotion?would?only?ever?represent?one?part?of ?a?solution?to?tackle?the?root?causes?of ?terrorism.Policy implementation and practical …” „… .?1,?2008,?17-39.2010_Diss_Nautre_Buch.indb 152 06.09.2010 15:36:10 UhrChapter 6: U. S. Policy in practice …” „… slow?implementation?on?other?factors,?such?as?corruption?in?local?politics?or?indecisive?party?politics.?On?the?other?hand,?relying?on?one?single?person,?the?king?of ?Morocco?in?this?case,?for?stability?might?be?dangerous.?As?one?observer?noted:“Right now things …”

U. S. exceptionalism S. 23-34

„… ?U.?S.?foreign?policy?implementation?and?its?repercussions?on?the?Arab?world.?As?a?result,?the?framework?is?practice-oriented?and?approachable?to?practitioners?and?academics?alike.Specifically,? the? goal? here? is? to? explain? how? post? 9/11? policies? were? conceptionalized?and? then …” „… .? foreign?policy?process?and?the?many?difficulties?faced?in?the?implementation?of ?policy …” „… ?U.?S.?policy?implementation,?the?trade-offs?and?wider?debates?about?the?desirability?as?well?as?the?necessity?of ?these?policies?thus?remain?key?issues?of ?interest.This? study? will? use? the? aforementioned …”

Democracy promotion as a means to fight the root causes of terrorism S. 143-145

„… ? for?policy? implementation.?Increasingly,?the?root?causes?of ?terrorism?were?perceived?as?an?aspect?of …” „… Having?explored?how?U.?S.?idealism?and?assumptions?affected?and?guided?U.?S.?policy?in?the?Middle?East?and?Morocco,?the?next?section?will?turn?to?the?different?U.?S.?interests?that?frustrated?the?implementation?of ?the?new?security?rationale?of …” „… ?the?new?U.?S.?rationale?towards?the?Middle?East.?Policy?implementation?was?further?constrained?by?the?different?interests?of ?various?U.?S.?government?agencies.White?House?staff ?and?Bush’s?inner?circle?of …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… promotion as a means to fight the root causes of terrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Policy implementation …” „… to fight the root causes of terrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . 144Policy implementation and practical …” „… policy implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185Outlook …”

Bureaucrats, incentives and structures S. 43-45

„… services) hints at the complexity and the practical challenges in policy implementation. Incentives and …” „… counter-terrorism debates influences his way of policy implementation. This matters because governmental politics …” „… understanding between individuals. These are often overlooked factors when tracing actual policy implementation …”

NGOs and structural challenges S. 45-47

„… ?understanding?between?individuals.?These?are?often?overlooked?factors?when?tracing?actual?policy?implementation.?U.?S.?government?officials,?especially?at?embassies,?constantly?shift?and?rotate?positions.?Career-wise?it?might?be?in?their?personal?interest?to?pour?considerable?energy?into?a?subject,?the?timing?of …” „… ?a?rotation?(with?regards?to?funding?cycles?and?their?ability?to?influence?how?funds?will?be?spent)?might?impact?policy?implementation,?as?will?the?extent?to?which?staff–both?within?agencies?but?also?between?agencies–get?along.Policy?coherence?also?depends?on?intra-agency?communication?and?hinges?on?the?level?of ? understanding? among? individuals …” „… ?history,?economic?development,?culture,?regional?integration?and?so?on.?Democracy?promoters?however?work?on?certain?assumptions?that?shape?and?influence?their?policy?implementation.?The?goal? is?here?to?outline?the?most?important?debates? that?affect?U.?S.?democracy?promoters …”

Democracy promotion as a means to fight the root causes of terrorism S. 36-41

„… ?the?analytical?framework?will?deal?with?competing?imperatives?affecting?practical?policy?implementation.?At?the?same?time,?it?will?discuss?U.?S.?attitudes?towards?democracy?promotion?in?general,?a?concept,?which?is?embedded?in?U.?S.?foreign?policy?traditions?and?narratives.?The?most? important? issue?to?examine?here …” „… ?the?government?regarded?democracy?promotion?as?an?effective?means?by?which?to?‘drain?the?swamp’?in?regards?to?terrorist?activities?in?the?region.?U.?S.?policy?incentives?as?well?as?structural?challenges?to?policy?implementation?will?be?analyzed?in?the?next?section?with?these?factors? in?mind.?Outlining?the?different …” „… ?terrorism?and?how?to?respond?to?this?phenomenon?remain?contested.Policy implementation and practical obstaclesCompeting …”

Obstacles to poicy implementation S. 185-188

„… ?terror,?was?there?truly?a?rupture?with?prior?support?of ?authoritarian?states?in?the?Arab?world?Obstacles to policy implementationThe? initial …” „… ?the?resistance?the?U.?S.?would?face?in?policy?implementation.?As?democracy?partly?resulted?in?chaos,?less?security?and? unwanted? results,? while? in? other? parts? of ? the? world,? economic? growth? exceeded?2 …” „… esis?three?(fundamental?change?in?U.?S.?policy)?offers?the?more?accurate?explanation,?and?indeed,?there?was?a?fundamental?change?in?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East.At?first,?in?2000,?there?was?very?little?indication?that?the?incoming?Bus …”

A fundamental change? S. 183-185

„… ?terror,?was?there?truly?a?rupture?with?prior?support?of ?authoritarian?states?in?the?Arab?world?Obstacles to policy implementationThe? initial …” „… ?U.?S.?policy?implementation.?This?three?part?analytical?framework?allowed?one?to?gain? insight …” „… ?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?in?a?Middle?Eastern?context.?Analyzing?U.?S.?policies?in?Morocco?has?also?exemplified?the?various?challenges?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?faces?in?Arab?countries.All?in?all,?this?study?has?attempted?to?answer?the?following?key?research?questions:?Was?there?a?fundamental?change?in?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East?after?9/11 …”

Expectations of the role of outsiders S. 158-160

„… ? to?positive?change.?This?section?has?explored?the?different?competing?interests?that?guided?and?limited?U.?S.?policy?implementation.?The?next?section?will?deal?with?development?theories?that?affect?U.?S.?policy?makers?in?their?daily?operational?goals?at?a?more?subconscious?level.Contested development theories: Middle EastExpectations of the role of …” „… ?procedure?affected?U.?S.?policy?makers?in?their?policy?implementation.In?line?with?this?rationale,?some?democracy?promoters?both?within?and?outside?of ?the?U.?S.?government?thought? ‘all?we?need?to?do?is?to?empower?people’?and?‘all? they?need?is …” „… ?U.?S.?democracy?promoters.?The?goal?here?is?to?illustrate?that?some?premises?on?which?U.?S.?policy?makers?operate?have?serious?limitations?in?a?Middle?Eastern?context.?Not?because?there?is?something?so?specific?to?the?Middle?East,?but?because?there?is?a?systematic?misconception?of …”

When idealism and realism converge S. 34-36

„… ? in? the? decision? making? and? policy? implementation? process.? As? discussed …” „… ?the?analytical?framework?will?deal?with?competing?imperatives?affecting?practical?policy?implementation.?At?the?same?time,?it?will?discuss?U.?S.?attitudes?towards?democracy?promotion?in?general,?a?concept,?which?is?embedded?in?U.?S.?foreign?policy?traditions?and?narratives.?The?most? important? issue?to?examine?here …” „… ?the?government?regarded?democracy?promotion?as?an?effective?means?by?which?to?‘drain?the?swamp’?in?regards?to?terrorist?activities?in?the?region.?U.?S.?policy?incentives?as?well?as?structural?challenges?to?policy?implementation?will?be?analyzed?in?the?next?section?with?these?factors? in?mind.?Outlining?the?different …”

Democracy promotion as a means to fight the root causes of terrorism S. 150-152

„… ? made?policy?implementation?in?this?area?challenging.?Broadly?simplified,?some?at?the?State?Department?had?little?incentive?to?carry?out?policy?and?the?Pentagon?was?concerned?with?the?impact?of ?policy …” „… ?terrorism?in?Morocco?is?an?appropriate?working?assumption?is?unclear.?Given?the?evidence,?it?seems?that?democracy?promotion?would?only?ever?represent?one?part?of ?a?solution?to?tackle?the?root?causes?of ?terrorism.Policy implementation and practical …” „… ?on?wider?strategic?operational?goals,?which?for?most?of ?the?time?overrode?all?other?imperatives.?Added?to?this,?USAID?did?not?want?to?be?politicized.?The?practical?implementation?of ?democracy?promotion?was?further?complicated?by?the?range?of …”

Conclusion S. 58

„… ConclusionThe?three?concepts?examined?here?demonstrate?that?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?during?the?George?W.?Bush?administration?is?not?an?easy?story?to?tell.?Different?concepts?and?mindsets?have?to?be?taken?into?account?so?as?to?better?understand?the?rationale,?motivations?and?obstacles?in?the?implementation …” „… ?of ?this?particular?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Arab?world.?First,?assumptions?in?U.?S.?foreign?policy?play?a?large?role,?since?many?assumptions?are?deeply?ingrained?in?U.?S.?history.?Second,?competing?interests?and?structural? challenges? also?matter?because? they?determine …” „… ? the?U.?S.?policy …”

Pre-requisites for democracy? S. 173-181

„… ?9/11.?From?the?beginning?of ?the?new?policy?implementation?phase,?in?2003 …” „… us?contested?development?theories,?practical?policy?implementation?was?guided?by?several?unresolved?questions:?Should?the?U.?S.?attempt?to?exert?pressure?so?that?the?Moroccan?regime?would?feel?more?inclined?to?allow?for?greater?political? liberalization??What?kind?of ?democracy?did? the?U.?S.?want? to …” „… ?real?democracy?and?preferred?to?help?the?host?state?build?state?capacity?so?as?to?better?control?potential?terrorists.?Policy?implementation?was?further?challenged?by?unresolved?questions? regarding?whether? and?how? to?promote?democracy.?But? as? explored? in? the?conceptual …”

Conclusion S. 181-182

„… ?real?democracy?and?preferred?to?help?the?host?state?build?state?capacity?so?as?to?better?control?potential?terrorists.?Policy?implementation?was?further?challenged?by?unresolved?questions? regarding?whether? and?how? to?promote?democracy.?But? as? explored? in? the?conceptual …” „… ?these?questions.?Policy?implementation?was?further?complicated?by?the?different?contested?development?theories.?There?is?no?one-size-fits-all?model?on?how?to?promote?democracy.?Some?focus?on?pre-requisites,?others?deem?modernization?necessary,? whereas? others? look? towards? economic? development.? Overall,? U.?S …” „… Chapter 6: U. S. Policy in practice: Conceptual framework applied181 …”

Lack of definition S. 47-49

„… ?democracy?in?the?Middle?East,?the?goal?here?is?to?afford?deeper?insight?into?the?assumptions,?mindset?and?frameworks?of ?U.?S.?policy?makers?and?democracy?promoters? involved? in? the?shaping?and? implementation?of …” „… ?history,?economic?development,?culture,?regional?integration?and?so?on.?Democracy?promoters?however?work?on?certain?assumptions?that?shape?and?influence?their?policy?implementation.?The?goal? is?here?to?outline?the?most?important?debates? that?affect?U.?S.?democracy?promoters …” „… ? funding? for?their? activities.?Their? expectations? and? the? actual? implementation?practices?might …”

When idealism and realism merge S. 142-143

„… Having?explored?how?U.?S.?idealism?and?assumptions?affected?and?guided?U.?S.?policy?in?the?Middle?East?and?Morocco,?the?next?section?will?turn?to?the?different?U.?S.?interests?that?frustrated?the?implementation?of ?the?new?security?rationale?of …” „… ? the?U.?S.?political?agenda.?Most?U.?S.?government?officials?agree?that?policy?discourse?in?the?U.?S.?had?changed?and?that?they?were?able?and?willing?to?address? issues?that?had?previously?remained?unmentioned.12 …” „… ? Interview?with?U.?S.?government?officials,?Washington?D.C.?and?Rabat,?Morocco,?September?2007-May?2008.2010_Diss_Nautre_Buch.indb 142 06.09.2010 15:35:41 UhrChapter 6: U. S. Policy in …”

Repercussions of U. S. policies S. 57-58

„… ?external?intervention??And?finally,?given?that?security?imperatives?remain?as?well?as?little?consensus?over?how?to?respond?to?the?aforementioned?questions,?how?should?policy?be?implemented?in?a?coherent?way?103? Only? recent?publications? examine? the?problem.?See? for? example:? Steven?Heydeman …” „… ConclusionThe?three?concepts?examined?here?demonstrate?that?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?during?the?George?W.?Bush?administration?is?not?an?easy?story?to?tell.?Different?concepts?and?mindsets?have?to?be?taken?into?account?so?as?to?better?understand?the?rationale,?motivations?and?obstacles?in?the?implementation …” „… ?of ?this?particular?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Arab?world.?First,?assumptions?in?U.?S.?foreign?policy?play?a?large?role,?since?many?assumptions?are?deeply?ingrained?in?U.?S.?history.?Second,?competing?interests?and?structural? challenges? also?matter?because? they?determine …”

NGOs and structural challenges S. 149-150

„… ? made?policy?implementation?in?this?area?challenging.?Broadly?simplified,?some?at?the?State?Department?had?little?incentive?to?carry?out?policy?and?the?Pentagon?was?concerned?with?the?impact?of ?policy …” „… Chapter 6: U. S. Policy in practice: Conceptual framework applied149scope?and?impact?of …” „… ?the?new?policy?rationale.?Further,?structural?challenges?influenced?the?incentives?for?carrying?out?democracy?promotion?activities?and?thus?also?the?success?of ?implementing?the?new?security?rationale.NGOs and structural …”

Expectations of the role of outsiders S. 49-51

„… ? funding? for?their? activities.?Their? expectations? and? the? actual? implementation?practices?might …” „… ?The?overview?presented?here?notes?regional?specification?with?regards?to?democratic?developments?in?the?Middle?East?in?particular?when?necessary,?but?not?at?all?times.?The?focus?here?is?on?the?assumptions?and?mindset?of ?U.?S.?policy …” „… ?Good?governance,?rather?than?technical?help,?thus?increasingly?becomes?more?important.As?discussed?earlier,?the?conviction?that?democracy?can?and?should?be?promoted?is?deeply?ingrained?in?U.?S.?foreign?policy …”

Methodology S. 17-19

„… ?the?policy?shift?and?the?challenges?and?dilemmas?in?policy?implementation:Due? to? the?proximity?of ? the? timeframe?analyzed?sources?were?problematic.?As?a?consequence?of …” „… the?U.?S.?regarding?Morocco’s?reform?might?not?have?helped?to?accelerate?the?reform’s?actual?implementation …” „… ? indicate?the?general?funding?trend?in?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East?since?9/11.Research?is?also?based?on?two?rounds?of …”

Expectation of the role of outsiders S. 172-173

„… ?9/11.?From?the?beginning?of ?the?new?policy?implementation?phase,?in?2003 …” „… us?contested?development?theories,?practical?policy?implementation?was?guided?by?several?unresolved?questions:?Should?the?U.?S.?attempt?to?exert?pressure?so?that?the?Moroccan?regime?would?feel?more?inclined?to?allow?for?greater?political? liberalization??What?kind?of ?democracy?did? the?U.?S.?want? to …” „… ?U.?S.?policy?makers?working?on?Morocco?can?be?drawn.To?begin?with,?Morocco?is?in?comparison?to?its?neighbors?and?from?a?practical?perspective? an? easy? country? to? carry? out? democracy? promotion? programs.? Domestic …”

When idealism and realism merge S. 137-141

„… ith?the?Iraq?war,?grew?increasingly?unpopular,?frustrating?policy?implementation?even?further.Unexpected?troubles?in?stabilizing?Iraq?reduced?the?leverage?for?U.?S.?pressure?on?other?fronts.?It?also?absorbed?an?unexpected?amount?of ?manpower?and?energy.?Further,?the?White? House? did? not? anticipate? the? possibility? that …” „… ?In?any?case,?associating?democracy?promotion?with?the?Iraq?war?made?policy?implementation …” „… Chapter 6: U. S. Policy in practice: Conceptual framework applied137 …”

Support for NGOs S. 99-100

„… ?the?region.?Several?institutions?were?granted?funding?to?encourage?this?democratization?process.The?following?section?will?attempt?to?trace?how?the?various?initiatives?were?implemented?and?discuss?their?underlying?assumptions.?It?will?also?analyze?the?practical?obstacles?in?policy?implementation …” „… Chapter 4: The new foreign policy orientation: U. S. initiatives99In? combination? with? the? large …” „… ? from? the? initial? foreign? policy? outlook? of …”

Diplomatic pressure S. 100-101

„… ?the?region.?Several?institutions?were?granted?funding?to?encourage?this?democratization?process.The?following?section?will?attempt?to?trace?how?the?various?initiatives?were?implemented?and?discuss?their?underlying?assumptions.?It?will?also?analyze?the?practical?obstacles?in?policy?implementation …” „… ,?some?of ?which?are?related?to?the?various?competing?imperatives?of ?the?different?U.?S.?government?agencies.New measures post 9/11: Implementation of …” „… policy orientation: U. S. initiatives101tated?and?these?were?seldom?crossed,?even?post?9/11 …”

Increase in funding at the State Department and USAID S. 115-118

„… ?a?change?in?policy?from?past?unquestioned?tolerance?for?authoritarian?Arab?regimes?to?democracy?promotion,?was?not?directly?geared?towards?Morocco.?The?administration’s?speeches?after?9/11?did?not? suggest? that?Morocco?was? its?primary? target.?Nevertheless …” „… ,? the?Bush?administration’s?tone?gave?an?overall?impression?that?its?tolerance?for?authoritarian?regimes?had?elapsed?and?a?major?policy?shift?towards?the?Near?and?Middle?East?was?about?to?take?place.?When?asked?if ?this?overall?aggressive?rhetoric?had?any?impact?on?U.?S.?Moroccan?relations,?most?of …” „… ?press?freedom.?However,?since?the?shift?in?U.?S.?policy?on?democracy?promotion,?diplomats?reportedly?placed?greater?emphasis?on?issues?that?had?previously?been?neglected?or?deemed? less? important.?The?U.?S.? embassy? in?Rabat?for? instance? supported? the? highly …”

Research Question S. 11-12

„… ?democracy?promotion?programs’?implementation,?U.?S.?foreign?policy?dilemmas?in?carrying?out?these?programs?and?the?political?structure,?environment?and?resistance?democracy?promotion?programs?meet?in?the?Arab?world.1? By?Middle?East,?this?text?refers?to?the?Arab?countries?of …” „… QuestionThis?study?is?about?complexity.?More?succinctly,?this?work?focuses?on?a?complexity?of ?assumptions?and?rationales? in?U.?S.?foreign?policy …” „… ?those?discussions?and?policy?changes?that?took?place?in?U.?S.?foreign?policy?towards?the?Middle?East?post?9/11.An? understanding? of ? how? U.?S.? policy? towards? the? Middle? East? evolved? post? 9/11 …”

Diplomatic pressure S. 89-91

„… ? to?democracy?promotion?significantly?changed?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East.?As?highlighted?in?the?conceptual?framework?(in?the?section?on?competing?interests?and?contested?development?theories),?practical? implementation?of ?the?new?post?9/11 …” „… 89Chapter 4: The new foreign policy orientation: U. S …” „… . initiativesHaving?now?explored?the?different?ideas?and?assumptions?and?possible?changes?in?U.?S.?policy? towards? the?Middle?East,? this? chapter?will? focus?on?how? this? policy …”

Implementation of new rationale S. 114-115

„… ? there? existed? little? consensus? on? these? questions,? how? should? this? policy …” „… ? be?implemented?in?a?coherent?way?Implementation of new rationaleGiven?the?complexity?of …” „… ?the?issue?and?the?many?unresolved?questions?identified?above?it?is?difficult?to?trace?how?policy?was?then?applied?to?Morocco.?However,?analysis?of ?the?measures?and?steps?adopted?shows?that,?at?the?very?least,?post?9/11 …”

Structure S. 20-22

„… ?the?issue?at?hand.?Crucially,?this?chapter?will?set?out?the?framework?for?analysis?and?provide?the?concepts?necessary?to?analyze?the?debates?after?9/11?and?the?actual? implementation?of ?policies.?The?chapter?will …” „… ? policy?processes?and?discussions?that?took?place?after?9/11 …” „… ? in?U.?S.?foreign?policy …”

Contested development theories S. 113-114

„… ?their?ideals?and?assumptions.?U.?S.?policy?makers’?work?was?further?complicated?by?different?contested?development?theories?underpinning?their?work.Contested development theoriesAs?subsequently?discussed,? the?programs?and? initiatives?established?after …” „… ?seem?to?suggest?that?although?security?concerns?continued?to?play?a?large?role,?many?U.?S.?policy?makers? were? ready? to? put? democracy? promotion? higher? on? the? political? agenda.? The?question?of …” „… ? there? existed? little? consensus? on? these? questions,? how? should? this? policy …”

Pre-requisites for democracy? S. 160-172

„… ?not?naive?in?their?anticipated?goals.?Some?U.?S.?policy …” „… ?makers?anticipated?that?they?would?be?received?very?positively.?Since?many?Americans?assume?that?other?people?naturally?aspire?to?live?in?similar?conditions?to?Americans?and?that?they?value?the?same?freedoms,?they?believed?that?they?were?going?to?help?Arabs?be?more?like?Americans?and?that?Arabs?were?likely?to?be?grateful?for?this.?Not?enough?thought?seems?to?have?been?paid?into?how?far?U.?S.?policies?would?be?resisted?within?the?region?and?how?U.?S.?policy …” „… ?would?be?perceived?if ?Americans?were?trying?to?democratize?the?Arab?world?for?security?reasons.60?Further,?U.?S.?policy …”

NGOs and structural challenges S. 156-158

„… ? to?positive?change.?This?section?has?explored?the?different?competing?interests?that?guided?and?limited?U.?S.?policy?implementation.?The?next?section?will?deal?with?development?theories?that?affect?U.?S.?policy?makers?in?their?daily?operational?goals?at?a?more?subconscious?level.Contested development theories: Middle EastExpectations of the role of …” „… _Diss_Nautre_Buch.indb 156 06.09.2010 15:36:21 UhrChapter 6: U. S. Policy in practice: Conceptual framework applied …” „… y?therefore?had?little?leverage?over?policy …”

A fundamental change? S. 13-16

„… ? in?the?region?and?b)?the?domestic?necessity?for?reform?within?the?region.?At?the?same?time,?the?implementation?of ?this?change?in?U.?S.?policy?was?not?always?steady?and?linear.No change–short-term security …” „… ? in?U.?S.?policy? towards?the?Middle?East?after?9/11 …” „… ?terrorism.?Security?imperatives?remained?in?place?and?critics?stressed?that?any?fundamental?change?in?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East?advocated?at?a?rhetorical?level?never?actually?translated?into?practice.?If ?pressure?was?exerted …”

Increase in funding at the State Department and USAID S. 101-103

„… Chapter 4: The new foreign policy orientation: U. S. initiatives101 …” „… ? give?up?democracy?promotion,”?Policy?Brief ?No.?52?(Washington?D.C.:?Carnegie?Endowment?for?International?Peace,?July?2007).?36 …” „… ? Some?policy?makers?for?instance?when?asked?why?many?of ?NDI’s?programs?and?in?2008 …”

Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI) S. 118-119

„… ? In?comparison,?Jordan?the?country?with?the?next?highest?program?implementation?score?was?part?of ?28 …” „… ? technical? assistance?needs?for?the?negotiation?and?implementation …” „… ?Congress?to?be?an?initiative?worthy?of ?support,?and?one?that?followed?the?overall?policy …”

Conservatism and tolerance S. 127-128

„… ?of ?the?law?was?according?to?U.?S.?NGOs?active?in?Morocco?mainly?possible?because?the?king?insisted?on?it.?Further,?the?law?continues?to?face?many?challenges? in? implementation?as? local?courts?often? ignore?rights?of ?women?because …” „… .?The?implementation …” „… ?the?key?obstacles?to?a?stronger?opposition?is?the?political?parties’?selflimitation?policy …”

Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI) S. 103-104

„… Chapter 4: The new foreign policy orientation: U. S. initiatives103 …” „… (MEPI)Due?to?the?high?level?attention?it?received?and?its?ad?hoc?nature,?MEPI?was?initially?perceived?by?some?as?a?‘rogue?entity’?with?embassy?officials?expressing?“reservations?for?the?approach,?implementation,?leadership?and?evolution?of ?the?program”.42 …” „… ?Most?democracy?promoters?perceived?MEPI?as?an?instrument?to?promote?the?Bush?administration’s?new?policy?towards?the?Middle?East.?Allegedly,?the?program?had?a?difficult?time?getting?off ?the?ground.?Beyond?its?difficult?launch?in?2002 …”

Pre-requisites for democracy? S. 51-57

„… an inherently good thing to do. But policy makers and implementers are divided on many of their …” „… , competing interests that shape and influence the decisions of policy makers and implementers.Pre-requisites …” „… that affect the implementation of U. S. democracy promotion activities. These also include two other …”

Bibliography S. 199-216

„… ?State?Foreign?Policy …” „… ?State?Foreign?Policy …” „… ? to?Congress,?Department?of ?State?Foreign?Policy …”

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Sonja Löber - Knowledge and Policy Implementation

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Sonja Löber

Knowledge and Policy Implementation

Series: Policy Analyse

Volume 6 2015

Results in this title

Related debates S. 21-48

„… strands of literature on implementation research and interpretive policy analysis will lead to a focus on …” „… policy process during policy implementation be structured through instrument design? Chapter 2: Related …” „… political control (politische Steuerung) and governance. In their seminal study on policy implementation …”

Concept, methods and case selection S. 49-102

„… assessment of the role of knowledge in policy implementation, a process that is considered crucial to a …” „… the role of knowledge during policy implementation because these instruments, even in their policy …” „… :  The analytical framework must allow for a focus on policy implementation.  Moreover, it must allow …”

Introduction S. 15-20

„… instead of seeking to determine their actions during policy implementation (cp. Golub 1998; Jordan et al …” „… capacities during policy implementation. Secondly, they refrain on the other hand from making the assumption …” „… implementation therefore depends on the specific instrument’s policy design. This reasoning will be considered …”

Conclusions S. 199-216

„… 199 Chapter 6: Conclusions Studies on policy implementation conducted during the 1970s and 1980s …” „… may not be invested in structuring the process of knowledge incorporation during policy implementation …” „… instrument and the way actors involved in policy implementation perceive it. While perfectly in line with …”

References S. 217-229

„… . 1980: Backward Mapping: Implementation Research and Policy Decisions, Political Science Quarterly, 94(4 …” „… : The Implementation of EU Environmental Policy. In: Jordan, Andrew J. (ed.): Environmental Policy in …” „… . Majone, Giandomenico/Wildavsky A. (1978): Implementation as Evolution. In: Policy Studies Review Annual …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-14

„… NomosKnowlegde and Policy ImplementationSonja LöberPolicy Analyse | 6New Approaches in EU …” „… DataLöber, SonjaKnowledge and Policy ImplementationNew Approaches in EU Environmental Policy makingSonja …” „… Figure 3: Knowledge-based policy implementation 74 Figure 4: Filtering mechanisms 77 Figure 5 …”

Case study on emissions trading S. 103-156

„… shapes policy implementation – and, conversely, in which the policy instrument and its perception shape …” „… policy implementation is presented (4.2). After the energy provider Eon’s decision in the context of the …” „… the actors involved in policy implementation. As indicated in Chapter 2, Kingdon’s Multiple Streams …”

Case study on Strategic Environmental Assessment S. 157-198

„… development also illustrates a paradigm shift in EU environmental policy. Up until the implementation of the …” „… of the new policy instrument. The implementation of SEA in regional planning came into force on 20 …” „… study on the implementation of SEA 197 process) had very limited knowledge regarding the policy …”

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