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Karl-Heinz Nassmacher - The Funding of Party Competition

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Karl-Heinz Nassmacher

The Funding of Party Competition

2009

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Modes of party competition S. 135-141

„… of party politics.2. Modes of party competitionBecause the difference between (potentially …” „… , which are based on details of intra-party as well as inter-party competition, in short the very essence …” „… factors concern different modes of party competition, among them intra-party relations, the impact of …”

Summary of findings for party competition S. 360-362

„… coffers.C) Summary of ? ndings for party competitionThe potential impact of political funds in the real …” „… party competition ? rst and at the speci? c impact of public subsidies afterwards. If money is a means …” „… to success in politic al competition, then the candidate (or party) who is able to spend the most …”

Influence of party competition on funding rules S. 324-326

„… this point the structure of party competition comes into focus.1. In? uence of party competition on …” „… provid ed to national party headquarters in Israel (€10.50), Norway (€4.40), France (€4.20), Ireland …” „… take advantage of public subsidies. Party ? nance legislation belongs to the major in stitutional …”

Demarcation of the subject of this study: party funding S. 34-37

„… party and to harass others.94 The impact of such activities on party competition cannot be assessed …” „… Nevertheless the funding of party competition is an essential issue of democracy.102 Although only a segment of …” „… parties. Third, im pacts of funding on the fairness of party competition, the development of party systems …”

Revenue/ income S. 393-397

„… unifying concept of political party covers many facets of political competition. Although it is useful in …” „… causes of political spending.For party competition in the mid-20th century Heard, Heidenheimer and …” „… this impact differs. Party competition is less expensive in individualistic Anglo-Saxon style …”

(Campaign) Spending by individual candidates S. 335-341

„… 335CHAPTER NINEImpacts on Party SystemsThe sustainable combination of fair competition and …” „… party organisation in the next chapter and deal with political competition in this one.2 First, the …” „… competition among parties can be studied by comparing party systems. Has there been any change within the …”

Capital-intensive campaigning vs. labour-intensive party apparatus S. 132-135

„… of party politics.2. Modes of party competitionBecause the difference between (potentially …” „… . The relationship between less expensive Anglo-Saxon style party competition and the multi-party …” „… competition, e.g., intra-party factions, ideological warfare, one-party dominance, capital-intensive …”

Party spending S. 37-40

„… on the fairness of party competition, the development of party systems, and the structure of party …” „… scholars and public opinion frequently feel that an awful lot of money is spent on party competition. On …” „… experience in party competition (plus 2 more recent additions to the democratic fold) should be acceptable …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-14

„… of Party CompetitionPolitical Finance in 25 DemocraciesNomosBUT_Nassmacher_4271-7.indd 3 …” „… . Modes of party competition 135a) Ideological warfare 136b) One-party dominance 137c) Intra-party …” „… competition 164a) Parliamentary election cycle 164b) Other competitive factors 165B) Causes of increased party …”

Definition of the subject: political finance S. 30-34

„… competition and party activity into the centre of scholarly investigation. Expensive competition could be a …” „… (income and expenses) and its impacts (cost explosion, distorted competition, ossi? cation of party …” „… . Researchers of party funding still face Duverger’s dilemma. That is, to develop a theory without a broad da …”

Party penumbra (ancillary bodies and affiliated organisations) S. 56-58

„… opportunity for patronage besides public administration, and not an area of spending on party competition.If …” „… on such projects.52 Because we only deal with the costs of party competition within Germany, this …” „… concern party competition in Germany. However, “research” is a heading, which contributes to confusion …”

Impacts of funding S. 43-46

„… competition among parties. The impact of such great potential of political funds in the real world of party …” „… parties to co-operate voluntarily with regulation.Party families traditionally differ in their share of …” „… payers’ contribution to party funding can be measured either by the share that public subsidies …”

Routines of conflict resolution S. 128-132

„… resolution and the structure of party competition are: Some formal institutions, e.g. federalism or …” „… extremely high costs of party competition. The strong consensus poli ties of the Netherlands and Switzerland …” „… for no more than one. These correlations indicate that party competition in competitive (majoritarian …”

Index S. 451-467

„… 359-60, 362, 393-4competition within parties see intra-party competitioncongresssional campaigns …” „… system) 346, 356, 361, 362funding (of political competition) see party revenue, public fundingfunding …” „… organised interestsinternational aid 57, 84, 310internet 68, 76, 79, 404458intra-party competition …”

Changing roles of political parties: Arrested distribution of power? S. 356-360

„… coffers.C) Summary of ? ndings for party competitionThe potential impact of political funds in the real …” „… party competition ? rst and at the speci? c impact of public subsidies afterwards. If money is a means …” „… to success in politic al competition, then the candidate (or party) who is able to spend the most …”

Interaction of causal factors S. 149-154

„… dualistic tradition, balanced party competition and a low level of corruption. In all but one of these …” „… impact differs. Party competition is less expensive in highly individualistic (“Puritan”) Anglo-Saxon …” „… ) and the ? ght for name recogni tion (e.g. in the U.S.), constitute intra-party competition, which was …”

Areas of interest: issues in political finance S. 19-26

„… activity, party competition and party structure is the core subject of political analysis.2. Desiderata of …” „… cannot be accessed easily. In the 1920s Max Weber emphasised that party funding belongs to the least …” „… transparent chapters of party activity, although it may be one of the most signi? cant.1 Since the 1920s the …”

Organisations of the party penumbra S. 308-310

„… should have an impact on inter-party competition.D) Allocation of national party subsidiesPublic …” „… latter will have no impact upon party competition with in any of the established democracies. Therefore …” „… power centres contribute towards intra-party competition and thus counterbalance the potential for …”

Cost push or demand pull? S. 183-192

„… approach to party competition in different democracies. Nevertheless the extent of actual increases in all …” „… for higher spending on political competition.Between 1988-2000, the most recent 12 year period …” „… campaign technology, central of? ce spending on campaigns is not a cause of increas ed party spending. Each …”

National, regional and local tiers (levels of party organisation) S. 47-54

„… ) chapters (shibu) at the local level due to factional in? ghting and strong intra-party competition. Support …” „… 47CHAPTER TWOFactual Pattern of (Party) ExpenditureSince the 1970s political parties have published …” „… : What are the costs of political competition, in detail and in total? Is there a systematic approach to …”

Skewed competition between individual parties S. 341-346

„… access to political funding in? uence the fairness of party competition? Af? uent segments of a society …” „… challengers. However, the controversial debate about the impacts of money continues.2. Skewed competition …” „… its counterpart. A minor party will most likely use fewer funds than a major one. How does traditional …”

Cornerstone of democracy or demand from never-land? S. 193-199

„… cy,9 Leibholz introduced the party organisation as a strategic unit of political competition and …” „… essential revenue for any insti tutionalised party.1 Currently, political debate and scholarly research …” „… will consider the ? rst source of party revenue early in this chapter, and handle the latter cate gory …”

Sources of revenue S. 40-43

„… additional party revenue. State intervention in the economy provides an incentive for interested money to get …” „… ) will require time series data. Can we discover a trend for party spending during a few decades in any …” „… of a full-time paid organisation cause a “cost explosion” in party spending?This attempt to pursue …”

Unlimited sources of funding S. 141-146

„… groups according to the costs caused by intra-party competition. There is no substantial amount of such …” „… ? nancial outlay in Canada, France and Israel. There is high-level intra-party competition for support …” „… this assumption. When we discuss spending levels, the sources of party money should not be neglected …”

Policy development (research and training) S. 84-86

„… personalities shall be the standard bearers. Intra-party competition for leadership positions is the …” „… of party activity: The concept of political party covers many facets of political competition. This …” „… complete costs of political competition cannot be given in full or in detail for any one party or democracy …”

Impacts of political funding S. 397-398

„… party organisation. The impacts on party competition start out with individual candidates and extend to …” „… the development of party systems. If money is a means to success in political competition, then the …” „… have successfully entered party competition in many democracies. Established parties have lost and …”

Access to public funding S. 310-314

„… , the allocation of subsidies should have an impact on inter-party competition.D) Allocation of national …” „… building activities is that the latter will have no impact upon party competition with in any of the …” „… the party universe. Multiple power centres contribute towards intra-party competition and thus …”

Intensified competition S. 164-167

„… analysis of party competition.3. Intensi? ed competitionEarly in his study of U.S. elections Alexander …” „… entered the system. Such changes may have an impact on the intensity of competition and party spending …” „… their total expenses. The data processed for the major parties include all levels of the party …”

Cartel parties S. 402-406

„… strife as it enables partisan competition.The new type of cartel party assumes that the top level has …” „… 402but at the same time it imperils a continuing interest of the party leadership in the more …” „… cartel-like manner.2. Cartel partiesIn the 1990s Katz und Mair identi? ed a new type of party and named it the …”

Level of the taxpayers’ contribution S. 322-324

„… their operations. At this point the structure of party competition comes into focus.1. In? uence of …” „… party competition on funding rulesIn order to get access to public funds, parties become dependent on …” „… organisational routine activities is considerable in Spain, where most party headquarters are extremely dependent …”

More comprehensive data S. 162-164

„… to the comparative analysis of party competition.3. Intensi? ed competitionEarly in his study of U.S …” „… public disclosure, more and more data concerning the costs of political competition is available. Whereas …” „… additional campaigns (e.g. for ballot issues or by issue advocacy groups) as well as party …”

List of tables and graphs S. 15-16

„… £; 1952-91 annual averages) 81Table 3-1: Costs of party competition in comparative perspective, late 1950s …” „… / indicators for per capita political spending 116Table 3-5: Costs of party competition in comparative …” „… 15List of tables and graphsGraph 2-1: Dimensions of cost accounting applied to party spending 48 …”

Access for new parties: Openness of the party system? S. 346-352

„… ? nance regimes(regulation of party funding)Political competition:Party systemCleavages, associationsand …” „… different risks for a party system, especially the suggested trend of petri? cation, which may result from …” „… an unfair advantage for established parties over a recently created competing party or newly emerged …”

Costs of the biggest democracies: USA, Japan, Germany, Mexico S. 87-96

„… party competition in comparative perspective, late 1950s to early 1980sCountry 1960 a) 1963 b) 1984 c …” „… be related to party competition. During the 1990s with the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, the SPD …” „… estimate of the total costs of party competition: the amount of public subsidies to political parties (at …”

Spending/ expenses S. 393

„… unifying concept of political party covers many facets of political competition. Although it is useful in …” „… life that is covered by the term “party” seems so diverse, political scientists have tried to reduce …” „… democracies: Neumann’s mass party, Duverger’s cadre party, Kirchheimer’s catch-all party and – most recently …”

Developing a case for public funding S. 289-292

„… party competition per se was expected to provide fairness, reliability and link age, any interference of …” „… other coun tries, the rising costs of politics stimulated the spread of party subsidies.1 Costa Rica and …” „… other reliable source of revenue could be ex pected to cover the costs of party democracy.6 Public …”

Comparison of spending levels S. 115-120

„… inexpensive party competition while Germany, Ireland, Israel and the U.S. displayed, more or less, a similar …” „… per eligible voter) by far.Table 3-5: Costs of party competition in comparative perspective, late …” „… , Heidenheimer and Penniman for party competition in the mid-20th century was still valid at the end of that …”

Size of the electorate (economies of scale) S. 124-128

„… , Tables 3-2 (column 5), 3-3 and 3-4.126sults. Party competition in the U.S., Mexico, Japan and Italy …” „… party competition are: Some formal institutions, e.g. federalism or electoral system, structure the …” „… democratisation) reduces the level of political spending. However, various factors can pull the level of party …”

Election campaigns (campaign spending) S. 73-79

„… competition, e.g. Canadian leadership contests or the continuously operating intra-party factions (as in Japan …” „… president is an im portant arena for party competition. “Heads of state” (no matter whether they hold an …” „… cost(s) of policy development (research and training) or intra-party competition can be expected to reach …”

Public funding as a result of government structure S. 326-332

„… part of the subsidy is spent on intra-party competition. Canada, Australia and Britain are clearer …” „… 326Even in countries, which traditionally are ruled by single party governments, the party that …” „… minority government) to include ? xed rate party reimburse ments, which replaced subsidies for postage and …”

Groups of party activists S. 54-56

„… of party politics. Within the process of intraparty competition, such factions ope rate their own …” „… 54Some doubts notwithstanding, the ? nancial means of the three tiers of German party organisa tion …” „… centralisation of power and resources in modern political parties.29 Quite to the contrary, each party boasts a …”

Party organisation and party penumbra S. 387-389

„… , but only a small part of it is used for purposes of party competition, e.g. the training of party …” „… 3873. Party organisation and party penumbraUntil the 1950s the U.K. experienced “a high degree of …” „… with the parliamentary elites. Afterwards the Labour Party, due to intra-party con? icts and left-wing …”

Parliamentary party groups (caucuses) S. 58-60

„… competition with party headquarters, branches and chapters.59 How much of the outlay of a parliamentary party …” „… the research does not concern current issues of public policy, but rather the maintenance of party …” „… equals the training of party activists. Some of the adult education may be adequately characterised by …”

Problems of public funding S. 292-294

„… survival of an individual party is not important beyond its own clientele, competition of more than two …” „… competition. Nevertheless this may be a speci? c problem of candidatecentred U.S. politics. In most …” „… democracies the party, which ? elds a candidate will have to organise and to fund the campaign (nationally as …”

Summary of findings for party organisation S. 389-392

„… to competition among the fundraisers of candidates, party organisations at all levels and …” „… 389while offering opportunities to their party activists. Parties in government (mostly in …” „… analysis of funding impacts on party organisation.C) Summary of ? ndings for party organisationScholars …”

General grants S. 302-303

„… 302To this day grants to party af? liated but separate institutes earmarked for training and …” „… grants for party activity in parliament and in the ? eld, during election periods and be yond. In most …” „… intended use of speci? c subsidies in individual cases. Germany is a quite instructive example. The party …”

Bibliography S. 407-450

„… .Ferguson, Thomas (1995): Golden Rule. The Investment Theory of Party Competition and the Logic of …” „… . 63-67.Greene, Kenneth F. (2002): Opposition Party Strategy and Spatial Competition in Dominant Party …” „… , Menachem (1996a): Public Financing, Party Membership and Internal Party Competition. In: European Journal …”

Candidates (for parliament or the presidency) S. 303-304

„… participants of political competition the speci? c recipient varies. Depending on the major institutions of the …” „… legislators may shy away from such open preference and provide subsidies to organi sations of the party …” „… important arena of political competition. A logical consequence seems to be that candidates for the …”

Abuse of public resources S. 276-279

„… by parlia ment funds to cover expenses of party competition, such as sending campaign mail or travel …” „… trade union funds) has found a new focus, the intra-party competition for positions on the national …” „… 276party (KPÖ) was the greatest capitalist of all, owning a petroleum company, which held the …”

Room for changing weight of individual parties: Freezing of the party system? S. 352-356

„… consensus among scholars. That is, electoral sys tems are important rules for party competition that shape …” „… 352party system than the distribution of and threshold for public subsidies.79 At least the …” „… hypothesis that state aid causes the closure of a party system can be refuted.The countries with (signi? cant …”

Desiderata of political finance research S. 26-30

„… , party competition and party structure is the core subject of political analysis.2. Desiderata of …” „… for operating costs of permanent party headquarters. The reporting of major items of party income and …” „… (individuals, groups, corporations), regulatory agencies and party organisations. Enforcement agencies and …”

State intervention in the economy S. 146-149

„… economy increases the costs of political competition.D) Interaction of causal factorsAfter testing a …” „… subsidy of less than 22 percent of total party spending for ? rst wave democracies and of almost 47 …” „… party spending; some of them will increase, while others will decrease the outlay of parties for …”

Institutional fundraising S. 244-254

„… (party competition).35 Donations received without interference of a middling institution will be …” „… of funds into party or campaign coffers can be analysed by the democratic sovereign, the voter, at …” „… consensus, a de tailed and comprehensive account of the ? ow of large amounts of money into party coffers is …”

External influences (electorate and inflation) S. 155-162

„… international trend. In both countries excessively growing amounts of money are spent on political competition.A …” „… 155CHAPTER FIVECost Explosion: Fact or Fantasy?In democracies all over the world the costs of party …” „… “explosion in the cost” of political competition.5 The question guiding the next step of this 1 Bloom 1956, p …”

Professional politics S. 177-183

„… the possible rise, which depend on the speci? c approach to party competition in different democracies …” „… campaign technology options are legal re strictions (as perceived by the competing parties), party leaders …” „… that spending on political competition is impacted by a variety of individual factors. Among them the …”

Changes of grass-roots linkage via membership dues and small donations S. 363-370

„… . intra-party competition for positions on the party list] came to depend on the source that the national party …” „… 363CHAPTER TENImpacts on Party OrganisationEach party organisation is a Janus-like element of …” „… political competition. The inwardlooking face concerns the political machine, the mechanisms of its …”

Donations by wealthy individuals (contributions from personal wealth) S. 254-260

„… unregulated funds into party competition. Soft money receipts totalled about $500 million in 2000.94 Among the …” „… fact, somebody was bound to ? nd a loop hole … The Democratic Party … has effectively outsourced its …” „… strive for a dynamic balance.86 For each left-ofcentre party the support by a majority of voters is not …”

Paid TV advertising S. 167-172

„… to the political causes of increased spending.B) Causes of increased party spendingAlthough the …” „… political competition. “Television is the principal villain” for the rising costs of politics and the …” „… (Table 5-2 above) indicates, that in Austria, Germany and Japan annual party spending differs for years …”

Party caucuses (parliamentary groups) S. 306-308

„… parties can foster intra-party competition, but the additional power centre thus created may also be an …” „… 306municipal elections are available. In Israel there is a speci? c subsidy for each party list …” „… campaigns and national party organisa tions) in Austria each of the nine states (Länder) grants subsidies to …”

Party organisations S. 304-306

„… parties can foster intra-party competition, but the additional power centre thus created may also be an …” „… half of their campaign expenses. About half of all candidates and roughly two thirds of the major party …” „… individual candidates.2. Party organisationsIn parliamentary systems with proportional representation …”

Adjustment for election cycle, country size and economic performance S. 109-115

„… forgoes the equivalent of ? ve and more Big Macs in order to cover the annual costs of party competition …” „… the increase at 50 percent and the total amount spent centrally by national party of? ces at IEP 17 …” „… estimates for the routine spending by local party branches and for the nation-wide campaign concerning the …”

Approaching members and supporters by direct mailings S. 370-372

„… in party of? ces.In times of overwhelming media importance, a party’s link to civil society is often …” „… / state and local/ municipal). The vitality of the “party on the ground” may ? nd its ex pression in a …” „… caused by reliance on membership as the major form of linkage, a lack of public incentives for party …”

Other goods and services S. 71-73

„… that are due to peculiarities of competition in speci? c democracies and costs of minor importance.a …” „… ) Polling/ research, interest and fundraisingIn 1997 the U.K. Labour Party recently spent heavily on surveys …” „… to pay for party workers’ food and time. “Such expenses add up to between 25 and 33 percent of …”

Catch-all parties S. 398-402

„… analysis of poli tical parties. A brief look at the state of party research is expected to be an additional …” „… stepping stone for the understanding of party politics and party development.B) Consequences for the debate …” „… on party type(s)In the early 1950s Duverger identi? ed two types of democratic parties: cadre parties …”

Parties and their candidates S. 374-378

„… 374(koenkai) into local party chapters.46 It remains to be seen in the decades to come whether this …” „… resurgence of the parties on the ground was tried by a change in the non-? nancial rule of intra-party com …” „… petition, the introduction of nominating “primaries” for the party lists by the major parties.47 This …”

Publicity S. 68-71

„… at 6 percent of total party expenses.92Among all established democracies, only Canada provided the …” „… most detailed and most reliable regular information on individual items of party spending by type of …” „… details for certain types of cost by party and year. Annual averages for travelling expenses range from 6 …”

Organisation maintenance S. 79-84

„… local, regional and national level. This includes the salaries of party staff, the operation of party of …” „… least, serve as a measure of campaign readiness by coaching potential party workers and attending to the …” „… ? ock of party faithful. It is also part of providing forums for gen eral discussion and policy debates …”

Costs of small democracies: Austria, Switzerland, Israel, Denmark, Ireland S. 105-109

„… total of CHF 186 to 206 million. This puts our estimate of total spending on party competition in the …” „… democracies: Austria, Switzerland, Israel, Denmark, Irelanda) Austria has been called a party democracy quite …” „… neglect the party penumbra (of? cial trade union factions and ÖVP sub-organisations, called leagues or …”

Contribution to party revenue (Income situation of parties) S. 317-322

„… party may collect a monthly grant to cover current expenses, which amounts to ? ve per cent of the …” „… each eligible party regardless of size.140 Whereas subsidies in Austria, Belgium and Israel are indexed …” „… importance of public subsidies for each party and different democracies varies considerably, and possibly in …”

Graft from business sources S. 279-284

„… resources (and trade union funds) has found a new focus, the intra-party competition for positions on the …” „… 279a regional minister while being in practice a member of his party’s study centre.223 In Poland …” „… their mid-level party bureau crats as ‘political advisors’ to ministers, …, governors or city mayors …”

Costs of major democracies: Italy, Britain, France, Spain, Poland S. 96-101

„… 96tralised as 54 to 60 percent of all party spending is non-federal.48 In the U.S. state and local …” „… level accounts for most of the party spending and covers a range between half and two thirds of total …” „… MXP 11 and 15 billion is a fair representation of the total spending on political competition during …”

New technology S. 172-177

„… Until the 1950s, election campaigns relied on local activity and voluntary action. Party sup porters …” „… rallied to mass meetings, party activists canvassed potential voters in their quarters and party workers …” „… rendered by voluntary party workers, the “principle of performance in exchange for money”78 determines a …”

Different levels of the party organisation (headquarters, branches and chapters) S. 378-387

„… 378Therefore candidate-oriented party organisations and politics should exist to an even lesser …” „… demands for de mocratisation have led to increased focus on the individual candidates in P.R. party list …” „… sys tems. Such new rules, in turn, could have shifted the traditional party-oriented vote towards a …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845216515

Jörg Astheimer, Klaus Neumann-Braun - Doku-Glamour im Web 2.0

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Jörg Astheimer (ed.), Klaus Neumann-Braun (ed.)

Doku-Glamour im Web 2.0

2010

Results in this title

Nina Hobi, Rahel Walser Karma-Competition. Kommunikationsanalyse der Party-Portale – am Beispiel von Tilllate S. 75-102

„… Von nina Hobi und Rahel Walser Karma-Competition Kommunikationsanalyse der Party-Portale — am …” „… Karma-Competition 91 durch die Aspekte Nightlife und Party geprägt (siehe den Beitrag von Stingelin/Müller in …” „… Beispiel von Tilllate 1. Kommunikationskanäle auf tilllate.com Wer glaubt, auf Party‑Portalen würden nur …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… Web 2.0 Party-Portale und ihre Bilderwelten Edition Reinhard Fischer Buch_v2.indb 3 30.11.09 …” „… Bänziger Konkurrenzverhältnisse. Nutzungsvergleich von Party‑Portalen mit Freundschats‑Netzwerken …” „… (Facebook & Co.) 53 Buch_v2.indb 5 30.11.09 15:01 6Nina Hobi und Rahel Walser Karma-Competition …”

Ulla Patricia Autenrieth, Andreas Bänziger Konkurrenzverhältnisse. Nutzungsvergleich von Party-Portalen mit Freundschafts-Netzwerken (Facebook & Co.) S. 53-74

„… Party-Portalen mit Freundschafts- Netzwerken (Facebook & Co.) 1. Zur Abgrenzung von Social Network Sites …” „… : Party-Portale versus Freundschafts-Netzwerke Der Erfolg von Social Network Sites (SNS) ist exorbitant und anhal …” „… Karma-Competition Zuwendungszirkel Goldmember und VIP-Ladys O-Töne Doku-Glamour Bravo Gala! Schlussdiskussion …”

Sina Stingelin, Katharina Müller Geschäftsroutine(n). Fotografische Praktiken vor und hinter der Kamera S. 135-152

„… schnelle Beat und das schummrige Licht der Party‑Location versetzen die Gäste in den Rhythmus des Abends …” „… « – sozusagen das Schluckbeschwerden Einführende Bemerkungen Konkurrenzverhältnisse Karma-Competition …” „… Forschungsteam neben den beiden Autorinnen dieses Beitrags mit der Videokamera eine Party besuchten.3 Führt in …”

Karin Widler Schluckbeschwerden. Die Übernahme des einstigen Studentenprojekts Tilllate durch das Multimedia-Konglomerat Tamedia S. 31-52

„… schlechthin wurde : Auf dem Party‑Por‑ tal Tilllate können Partygänger am Tag danach Fotos von sich und Freun …” „… Karma-Competition Zuwendungszirkel Goldmember und VIP-Ladys O-Töne Doku-Glamour Bravo Gala! Schlussdiskussion …” „… Erfolg der Party‑Portale weckte auch das Interesse der großen Medienhäuser. Der Axel‑Springer‑Verlag hat …”

Klaus Neumann-Braun, Jörg Astheimer Partywelten — Bilderwelten. Einführende Bemerkungen S. 9-30

„… . »You Gotta Fight for Your Right to Party!«, sangen Mitte der 1980er‑Jahre die Beastie Boys und fanden …” „… that Shaped Rock and Roll‹. Aus gutem Grunde – denn das Party‑Machen ist für junge Menschen neben bspw …” „… Kontrollen (ziemlich) Schluckbeschwerden Konkurrenzverhältnisse Karma-Competition Zuwendungszirkel …”

O-Töne. »Die Fotografen holen bei mir einfach mehr den Vamp raus.« Interview mit einem Lautundspitz-Model S. 153-162

„… raus.« Ein Leben zwischen Party‑Spaß und Foto‑Shootings : Carmina (Name geändert), prominentes …” „… Kulissen der Schweizer Party‑Szene und erzählt über ihre Karriere zum Star der Bil‑ der‑Charts des Portals …” „… Karma-Competition Zuwendungszirkel Goldmember und VIP-Ladys O-Töne Doku-Glamour Bravo Gala! Schlussdiskussion …”

Jörg Astheimer Doku-Glamour. (Semi-)Professionelle Nightlife-Fotografie und ihre Inszenierungen S. 163-186

„… bewerten. Mit ihrem Netzauftritt betraten die Party‑Portale Neuland. Denn das Geschät mit den kostenlosen …” „… Konkurrenzverhältnisse Karma-Competition Zuwendungszirkel Goldmember und VIP-Ladys O-Töne Bravo Gala! Schlussdiskussion …” „… ? Welche kulturellen Leitideen werden durch die Akteure der Party‑Portale aufgegrifen, ver‑ arbeitet und …”

Schlussdiskussion. Jörg Astheimer, Ulla Patricia Autenrieth, Andreas Bänziger, Nina Hobi, Vanessa Kleinschnittger, Axel Schmidt, Rahel Walser – Moderation: Klaus Neumann-Braun S. 213-234

„… möchte als erstes in die Runde fragen, ob Party-Portale lediglich dazu dienen, davon zu überzeugen …” „… . Walser: Repräsentation spielt auf den Party‑Portalen klar eine zentrale Rolle: Wer auf den Bildern …” „… , Schluckbeschwerden Einführende Bemerkungen Konkurrenzverhältnisse Karma-Competition Zuwendungszirkel Goldmember und …”

Jörg Astheimer Goldmember und VIP-Ladys. Die Drehbücher der Nightlife-Communitys S. 113-134

„… anderen zu Schluckbeschwerden Einführende Bemerkungen Konkurrenzverhältnisse Karma-Competition …” „… Party ‑Touren dadurch zu‑ steht, dass entsprechende Leistungen sowie Zahlungen erbracht worden sind. 1 …” „… VIP‑Bereichs beschreibt und darauf hot, durch die Party neue Stamm‑ gäste zu gewinnen. Danach sieht man den …”

Roberto Brunazzi, Michael Raab, Moritz Willenegger Bravo Gala! User und ihre privaten Bilder im Horizont von internationalem Starkult S. 187-212

„… Karma-Competition Zuwendungszirkel Goldmember und VIP-Ladys O-Töne Doku-Glamour Bravo Gala! Schlussdiskussion …” „… (Member) der Party‑Portale Lautundspitz und Festzeit. Die Bilder stammen nicht von den Foto‑Reportagen …” „… der Partys und Events, sondern von den individuellen Seiten (Proilen) der Member der Party‑ Portale …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845221250

Roland Sturm - Der deutsche Föderalismus

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Roland Sturm

Der deutsche Föderalismus

2015

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Party Competition and the Federal System: The Lehmbruch Hypothesis Revisited S. 203-222

„… Party Competition and the Federal System: The Lehmbruch Hypothesis Revisited Introduction …” „… : Federalism and Party Competition - a Contradiction? In the mid-1970s Gerhard Lehmbruch published a book1 on …” „… political conflict. Party competition and federalism each follow, according to his argument, their own logic …”

The Adventure of Divergence - An Inquiry into the Preconditions for Institutional Diversity and Political Innovation after Political Decentralisation S. 25-44

„… dynamics of party competition. Subnational elites often display a lack of vision or knowledge when they …” „… : 2.1 Institutional identity 2.2 Financial autonomy 2.3 Regionalised party competition 2.4 Separation of …” „… policy decisions. Regionalised party competition Modern democracies are party democracies. To understand …”

Kapitel 6: The Constitution under Pressure. Emerging Asymmetrical Federalism in Germany? S. 140-154

„… German Communist party had propagated - was still different from the identity of West Germans …” „… Court. For the first all-German elections, it stipulated, that a party needs to obtain five per cent of …” „… West13 and difficulties with regard to accepting individual responsibility14 and competition as a basic …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-5

„… Kapitel 3: 189 Party Competition and the Federal System: The Lehmbruch Hypothesis Revisited Kapitel 4: 203 …”

Zur Reform des Bundesrates. Lehren eines internationalen Vergleichs der Zweiten Kammern S. 189-202

„… . Vgl. auch Roland Sturm: Party Competition and the Federal System: The Lehmbruch Hypothesis Revisited …”

Der Föderalismus im Wandel: Kontinuitätslinien und Reformbedarf S. 223-241

„… : Parteienwettbewerb im Bundesstaat, Opladen, 2. Aufl. 1998; Roland Sturm: Party Competition and the Federal System …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845256863

Marc Debus - Pre-Electoral Alliances, Coalition Rejections, and Multiparty Governments

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Marc Debus

Pre-Electoral Alliances, Coalition Rejections, and Multiparty Governments

2007

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Multidimensional models of party competition and coalition formation S. 98-104

„… adequately reflect patterns of party competition and coalition politics. Therefore, in the next section I …” „… of party competition and coalition formation Obviously, multidimensional models differ from …” „… required for a sufficient description of a country’s party competition and therefore coalition formation …”

Institutional constraints on Dutch party competition and coalition politics S. 71-75

„… the end of the 1960s, the structure of the party system and competition changed, but the respective …” „… . 2.4.2 Institutional constraints on Dutch party competition and coalition politics Having described the …” „… “semi-institutional” patterns of party competition and coalition politics in the Netherlands, in the following I will …”

Institutional constraints on Austrian party competition and coalition politics S. 58-61

„… Austrian party competition and coalition politics Beside the historical development and the influence of …” „… the political culture in Austria after 1945, constitutional factors also influence party competition …” „… inside this portfolio. To sum up the findings for the Austrian case, party competition and coalition …”

Institutional constraints on Belgian party competition and coalition politics S. 85-89

„… 85 2.5.2 Institutional constraints on Belgian party competition and coalition politics Beside the …” „… Belgian cleavage structure, institutional constraints influence the party competition and the partisan …” „… the historic origins of party competition, it is possible to define long-standing policy dimensions …”

Institutional constraints on Irish party competition and coalition politics S. 36-39

„… and FG, Labour and the Greens on the other side. 2.1.2 Institutional constraints on Irish party …” „… competition and coalition politics One major institutional factor that influences Irish coalition politics …” „… select candidates for the Dáil from more than one party by ordering their one vote across party …”

Institutional constraints on party competition and coalition politics in Germany S. 47-52

„… Institutional constraints on party competition and coalition politics in Germany With regard to the general …” „… pivotal role of the FDP inside the German party competition. Furthermore, the state level can also be seen …” „… these cultural and institutional patterns of German party competition on coalition formation, assertion …”

Covered policy dimensions S. 21-23

„… structure party competition most, are extracted.1 Together with data on the a priori favoured or rejected …” „… potential coalitions, derived from a historic-driven analysis of party competition in the five states under …” „… about party competition and patterns of coalition politics, questions concerning the number of relevant …”

Historical development and cultural constraints on Irish coalition politics S. 25-36

„… 252 Historical development of party competition and coalition politics This part of the study …” „… analyses the development of party competition and coalition politics in each of the five states that are …” „… not only the ideological party constellation and the structures of party competition, but also the …”

Historical development and cultural constraints on Dutch coalition politics S. 61-71

„… portfolio. To sum up the findings for the Austrian case, party competition and coalition politics have been …” „… The Netherlands: stability and change of party competition and coalition culture in a segmented …” „… structure of party competition and coalition politics. In the 19th century, as the “forerunners” of the …”

References S. 207-228

„… voting. In: Public Choice 100: 1-2, 103-122. Adams, James F.(2001): Party Competition and Responsible …” „… Party Government. A Theory of Spatial Competition Based upon Insights from Behavioral Voting Research …” „… F.; Merrill, Samuel; Grofman, Bernard (2005): A Unified Theory of Party Competition. A …”

Vorwort S. 5-10

„… policy dimensions 21 1.5 Plan of the study 23 2 Historical development of party competition and coalition …” „… constraints on Irish coalition politics 27 2.1.2 Institutional constraints on Irish party competition …” „… constraints on party competition and coalition politics in Germany 47 2.3 Austria: the dominance of the …”

Historical development and cultural constraints on Belgian coalition politics S. 75-85

„… 75 2.5 Belgium: party competition and coalition politics in a divided country 2.5.1 Historical …” „… system. Before describing these reforms and their impact for party competition, I will outline what …” „… reasons led towards the structure of party competition since the 1980s. Once more, a helpful theoretical …”

Expert surveys S. 134-136

„… party competition and coalition politics. Furthermore, another requirement for the adherence of validity …” „… analysing patterns of party competition and coalition politics. 4.1.3 Expert surveys The programmatic party …” „… – structure party competition. When conducting a new expert survey, Warwick (2005, 2006) took these …”

Historical development and cultural constraints on Austrian coalition politics S. 52-58

„… party competition there. Figure 2.3: Policy positions of Austrian parliamentary parties in …” „… Austrian party competition, three other policies have become more relevant since the late 1970s. Firstly …” „… on the patterns of Austrian party competition was the ideological rollback of the FPÖ and its change …”

Summary of the findings S. 201-203

„… the study have shown that the historical roots and the patterns of party competition have a major …” „… of party competition and coalition politics in each country is still required. However and with …” „… patterns of coalition politics and party competition in the form of pre-electoral alliances, which have …”

Right-wing populist parties S. 158-161

„… aspects of party competition. Therefore, Laver’s (2001) critique not only addresses theoretical and …” „… analysis of party competition and coalition formation, for example by weighting the partyspecific policy …” „… . First of all, the ideological party competition in Austria, Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands …”

Comparative perspective and open questions S. 89

„… of party competition, it is possible to define long-standing policy dimensions that structure the …” „… respective party competition as well as the most important offices in the cabinet by referring to the Lipset …” „… historical-sociological approach? First of all, it seems that for a full explanation of party competition and coalition …”

Case selection S. 19-21

„… remaining countries – Belgium and the Netherlands – belong to the multipolar type of party competition. In …” „… saliencies of all parliamentary parties on three policy dimensions, which structure party competition most …” „… from a historic-driven analysis of party competition in the five states under consideration, an …”

The institutional perspective S. 107-112

„… on the other side on patterns of party competition and coalition politics is under consideration from …” „… fragmentation and historical 108 origins as well as cultural frames on party competition and coalition politics …” „… respective country, because beside the national arena another level in the structure of party competition …”

Plan of the study S. 23-24

„… identified as the third dimension that influences party competition and coalition politics. The selection of …” „… De Swaan, 1985; Strøm, 1990a), I give a more descriptive overview of party competition and coalition …” „… party competition and coalition politics with the main focus on three aspects. First, I refer to …”

Incentives for future research S. 203-206

„… despite the inclusion of historical, cultural and institutional patterns on party competition and …” „… party competition, coalition politics and methodological aspects and measuring the ideological position …” „… party competition and coalition politics would be to relax the unitary actor assumption and to look at …”

Historical development and cultural constraints on German coalition politics S. 39-47

„… . Before turning to the patterns of party competition and coalition politics between 1980 and 2005, I will …” „… structure party system and party competition, can be identified. This is the more recent class conflict on …” „… in 2005. 2.2.2 Institutional constraints on party competition and coalition politics in Germany With …”

The behaviouralist perspective S. 112-118

„… , 1967), for instance, identify the roots of party competition by analysing the basic divisions in a …” „… dimensions are equally important for the whole party competition. However, few would protest if one argues …” „… clearly changed patterns of party competition and coalition politics. This becomes clear when looking at …”

Analysis of policy documents S. 136-141

„… the largest and most complex database on party competition. It includes party saliencies on 56 policy …” „… makes the CMP dataset not useful for this study. As already mentioned, when analysing party competition …” „… the development of party competition and coalition politics in the five countries under consideration …”

Position extraction from elite studies and regular surveys S. 133-134

„… inclusion of a second or even a third dimension is required when analysing party competition and coalition …” „… behaviour, but would have considerable implications when analysing patterns of party competition and …” „… ideological position of a political party based on the legislative activity of their members in parliament. It …”

Applied method S. 21

„… structure party competition most, are extracted.1 Together with data on the a priori favoured or rejected …” „… potential coalitions, derived from a historic-driven analysis of party competition in the five states under …” „… about party competition and patterns of coalition politics, questions concerning the number of relevant …”

Theories of coalition formation and the pay-off structure in coalition governments S. 94-98

„… argued that one single policy dimension could not adequately reflect patterns of party competition and …” „… coalition formation. 3.3 Multidimensional models of party competition and coalition formation Obviously …” „… primary goal and the highest utility of a political party is to maximize the number of offices they occupy …”

Coalition formation S. 162-177

„… policy-orientation. Moreover, they take into account the development of party competition and the constraints of the …” „… considered as an outlier in the Western European patterns of party competition and coalition politics. The …” „… necessary to look at the surrounding patterns of party competition. Therefore a combination of the European …”

Bringing office-, policy- and (semi-)institutional perspectives together: an extended model of coalition politics S. 118-131

„… exception is the study on party competition by Adams, Merill and Grofman (2005; see also Adams amd Merrill …” „… considerations on the core and the political heart and their implications for party competition and coalition …” „… party combinations exist that were not favoured by the respective parties? (3) Are there party …”

Green parties S. 155-157

„… election manifestos since this point in time. The other main field of party competition, i.e. issues on …” „… at the development of the German Green party. Starting with a very left-wing location, they became a …” „… very moderate actor in economic issues. This development happened in particular when this party …”

Christian democratic and Christian social parties S. 150-153

„… re-structuring of party competition in the Flemish as well as in the Walloon part of Belgium, which resulted for …” „… democratic or Christian social parties as a further very important party family in the five states under …” „… the Christian party family.41 As the left panel of figure 4.4 below points out, Christian democratic …”

Approaches in analysing payoffs in coalition governments S. 104-107

„… on the other side on patterns of party competition and coalition politics is under consideration from …” „… only take party strength and the programmatic positioning of parties into account, but also …” „… pay-offs each party receives if it enters a coalition government. The office-driven approach of the …”

Research questions, theoretical framework and results of the study S. 15-19

„… Netherlands – belong to the multipolar type of party competition. In such party systems, no political party …” „… as rejected party alliances are used for answering these questions. Furthermore, are there parties …” „… seats or an ideological ‘central’ location could be at the core. If a party is located at the core, it …”

Social democratic and moderate socialist parties S. 147-150

„… directions, which shape party competition in the five states included in this study. These are parties …” „… be assigned. However, this would result in two more or less separate sets of party and coalition …” „… estimation of time- as well as policy-area specific party ideological positions. 4.2 Overview of the data To …”

Coalition formation, assertiveness and tactical programmatic positioning as patterns of coalition politics S. 90-94

„… actual circumstances in party competition seem to be of relevance for the outcome of the coalition game …” „… that the party-specific preferences or rejections on the partisan composition of the next government …” „… government (see Saretzki and Tils, 2006: 147f.). With such clear party blocs on each side, the possibility …”

Which parties are pivotal? S. 181-185

„… development to the last mentioned situation in Germany can be seen in the Dutch party competition. The Dutch …” „… comprehensible connection between party positions and the coalition agreement, I use the programmatic positions …” „… that bound the modified political heart. The extraction of a party that has to be considered as pivotal …”

Tactical programmatic behaviour of political parties S. 194-200

„… possibility to bring the obtained results of party competition and party behaviour in the coalition game …” „… . when the next election is held. For clarification, consider a peripheral party D that wants to move …” „… parties that restrict the heart. If peripheral party D tries to capture a position located closer to the …”

Wordscore – combining expert judgements with computer-aided content analysis S. 141-147

„… directions, which shape party competition in the five states included in this study. These are parties …” „… the most important policy dimensions for the party systems he is interested in. The second step is …” „… and Laver (2006) expert surveys are the best sources for reference scores, the party positions …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845203898

Torsten Körber - Standardessentielle Patente, FRAND-Verpflichtungen und Kartellrecht. Standard Essential Patents, FRAND Commitments and Competition Law

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Torsten Körber

Standardessentielle Patente, FRAND-Verpflichtungen und Kartellrecht. Standard Essential Patents, FRAND Commitments and Competition Law

Series: Kartell- und Regulierungsrecht

Volume 6 2013

Results in this title

Compatibility of the Orange-Book-Standard test with EU competition law S. 301-318

„… license on the patent holders side, the rules of EU competition law did not require that the party seeking …” „… thus amending substantive EU competition law at the expense of the party seeking a license and limiting …” „… reject this offer without breaching competition law. European law correctly focuses on the party with a …”

Orange-Book-Standard test S. 254-301

„… contrary to competition law if the party seeking a license offers such a high license fee that any change …” „… competition cannot be compensated by adjusting the fees in relation to the party seeking a license …” „… have its grounds in restrictions resulting from competition law or from the conduct of the party …”

1: Summary S. 173-180

„… patent is challenged are in breach of competition law. Therefore, the party requesting a license is not …” „… , competition in the downstream product market because suppliers in this market depend on the grant of a license …” „… standard-setting process have to observe as well as to their background under competition law. 2. According to the …”

Licensing duty S. 188-221

„… from a FRAND commitment towards an SSO, but also directly from competition law (III below). If such a …” „… under IPR law can nevertheless be asserted without exceeding the limits defined by competition law. In …” „… FRAND declarations under the law of obligations and under competition law a) Starting point A …”

Calculation of the license fee in case of a plurality of patents S. 243-251

„… and FTC, Antitrust Enforcement and Intellectual Property Rights: Promoting Innovation and Competition …” „… asserts the royalty claims for the SEPs held by it. In addition, the party requesting a license (but also …” „… efficient undertaking requesting a license would thereby be hindered in its participation in competition in …”

Inhaltsverzeichnis / Table of Contents S. 9-16

„… obligations and under competition law 188 a) Starting point 188 b) Effects of FRAND declarations under the …” „… to Section 23 PatG 195 dd) Competition law background of standard-setting and FRAND declarations …” „… competition law 205 2. Compulsory licenses under Article 102 lit. b TFEU (de novo cases) 208 a …”

Obligation of national courts to adhere to competition rules and the principle of effectiveness S. 251-254

„… claim for a subsequent contract amendment due to the FRAND commitment and in accordance with competition …” „… of the Orange-Book-Standard test with EU competition law I. Obligation of national courts to adhere …” „… to competition rules and the principle of effectiveness Article 102 TFEU is directly applicable at …”

Assertion of a cease and desist claim as an abuse within the meaning of Article 102 TFEU S. 221-228

„… obliged to grant a license under competition law (or for other reasons, namely due to a FRAND declaration …” „… competition law. 2. ITT-Promedia and further case law The GC decision in ITT Promedia is largely referred to …” „… undertaking concerned and can therefore only serve to harass the opposite party and (ii) it is conceived in …”

More detailed specification of the FRAND standard S. 230-235

„… 4. The FRAND commitment and the application of competition law shall ensure that any party …” „… competitors of the integrated undertaking from the downstream market thereby also impeding competition as such …” „… basis for a compulsory license under competition law – the standard to be applied in such cases is not …”

Market definition S. 182-183

„… parameters of competition in its favour for a significant period of time.6 II. Market definition “Market” in …” „… geographical scope and under aspects of time. With regard to the effects on competition of a refusal to grant a …” „… ”.”7 The same applies to EU competition law. In its decision Google/MMI, the Commission emphasized …”

FRAND or “no reasonable relation”? S. 228-230

„… , and to thereby restrict competition and harm consumer welfare.155 This conclusion is shared in …” „… FRAND declaration.156 C. Limits under competition law for calculating and determining license fees I …” „… . FRAND or “no reasonable relation”? An obligation to grant a license under competition law would be of no …”

Dominance S. 183-185

„… addressee of the prohibitions of abuse under competition law. This market is defined by the territorial …” „… , can exclude any other party from the use of the technical teaching of the patent, but that the SEP is …” „… not substitutable due to its standard essentiality. In an SEP situation, competition by imitation is …”

Base for calculating the license fee S. 235-243

„… that they impede an as efficient competitor in relation to its participation in competition in the …” „… calculation, it should first be noted that competition law primarily examines whether an unreasonable or …” „… 1. below); furthermore, there may be problems under competition law when taking the price of the end …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845247359

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