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Michael Homberg, Benjamin Möckel - Human Rights and Technological Change

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Michael Homberg (ed.), Benjamin Möckel (ed.)

Human Rights and Technological Change

Series: Schriftenreihe Menschenrechte im 20. Jahrhundert

Volume 2022

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Claudia Roesch A Human Right or a Danger to the Future? Debates about Family Planning Between Parental Rights and Duties in 1960s West Germany S. 168-186

„… Parental Rights and Duties in 1960s West Germany»It was a ray of hope for me that you refer to family …” „… 168Claudia RoeschA Human Right or a Danger to the Future? Debates about Family Planning Between …” „… planning as a human right,« a pious mother of four wrote to Hans Harmsen, the honorary presi-dent of the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… Claudia RoeschA Human Right or a Danger to the Future? Debates about Family Planning Between Parental …” „… Human Rights and Technological ChangeConflicts and Convergences after 1945Schriftenreihe …” „… Norbert FreiBand 10Human Rights and Technological ChangeConflicts and Convergences after 1945Edited by …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783835348424

Federal Constitutional Court - Decisions of the Bundesverfassungsgericht - Federal Constitutional Court - Federal Republic of Germany

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Federal Constitutional Court (ed.)

Decisions of the Bundesverfassungsgericht - Federal Constitutional Court - Federal Republic of Germany

2013

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BVerfGE 107, 104 Judgment of the Second Senate of 16 January 2003 – 2 BvR 716/01 “Parental involvement in proceedings under the Juvenile Court Act case” Exclusion of a father with parental rights from proceedings before a juvenile court which involve his son (§ 51.2 of the Juvenile Court Act) S. 591-610

„… into conflict with the parental right to bring up a child. A conflict between parental rights and the …” „… rights being overruled; it is to be resolved through a weighing of interests, whereby the parental right …” „… . The right to enforce the state’s right to punish may allow encroachment upon the parental right to …”

BVerfGE 84, 168 Order of the First Senate of 7 May 1991 – 1 BvL 32/88 “Case regarding custody rights for children born out of wedlock” Joint parental custody for children born out of wedlock S. 320-335

„… by Article 9.2 no. 3 of the Act to Amend the Right to Exercise Parental Custody (Gesetz zur …” „… of wedlock loses the right and the duty to exercise her parental custody without exception upon the …” „… mother loses the right and the duty of exercising parental custody. This right may be retransferred to …”

BVerfGE 113, 88 Judgment of the First Senate of 7 June 2005 – 1 BvR 1508/96 “Parental support case” Constitutional limits where children are required by the social assistance funding agency to pay support for their parents as the result of an assigned right S. 732-746

„… No. 46 BVerfGE 113, 88 of 7 June 2005 – 1 BvR 1508/96 – “Parental support case” HEADNOTE: Decision …” „… assistance funding agency to pay support for their parents as the result of an assigned right. Judgment of …” „… – violates the fundamental right of the complainant under Article 2.1 of the Basic Law (Grundgesetz – GG). 2 …”

BVerfGE 127, 132 Order of the First Senate of 21 July 2010 – 1 BvR 420/09 “Case regarding custody rights of fathers of children born out of wedlock” Decision regarding the parental right of the father of a child born out of wedlock; incompatibility of § 1626a.1 no. 1 and § 1672.1 of the Civil Code with Article 6.2 of the Basic Law S. 826-851

„… of children born out of wedlock” HEADNOTE: The parental right under Article 6.2 of the Basic Law of …” „… it did not violate the parental right of the father of a child born out of wedlock under Article 6.2 …” „… the precondition of joint custody, did not take sufficient account of the parental right of the father …”

BVerfGE 60, 79 Order of the First Senate of 17 February 1982 – 1 BvR 188/80 “Case concerning the separation of a child from its family” Separation of a child from its family even where the parents fail without being at fault as the strongest encroachment on parental rights, only if principle of proportionality is strictly observed S. 191-202

„… separating a child from its family, as the strongest encroachment on parental rights, is only consistent with …” „… complaint concerns the withdrawal of parental custody rights for a legitimate child and the transfer of such …” „… with the right to exercise parental custody that on principle accrues to the parents. The relevant …”

BVerfGE 118, 45 Order of the First Senate of 28 February 2007 – 1 BvL 9/04 “Childcare maintenance case” Incompatibility of the different assessment of childcare maintenance because of the care or bringing up of children born in and out of wedlock (§§ 1570 and 1615 l.2 sentence 3 of the Civil Code) with Article 6.5 of the Basic Law S. 779-803

„… legally identified parent is entitled to the parental right entrenched in Article 6.2 of the Basic Law …” „… , by contrast, does not violate the parental right protected by Article 6.2 of the Basic Law. Article …” „… foremost and has to serve the child’s best interests. The parental right is in this respect a right serving …”

BVerfGE 61, 358 Judgment of the First Senate of 3 November 1982 – 1 BvL 25, 38, 40/80, 12/81 “Joint custody case” Decision regarding the exclusion of the joint custody of divorced parents S. 203-219

„… considered to be unconstitutional, is objected to for a violation of the parental right which is guaranteed …” „… custody to both parents after divorce without permitting exceptions was said to violate the parental right …” „… said that, in exercising its watchdog function, the state may only encroach on parental rights and …”

BVerfGE 107, 150 Judgment of the First Senate of 29 January 2003 – 1 BvL 20/99, 1 BvR 933/01 “Case regarding parental custody for children born out of wedlock” § 1626a of the Civil Code is currently compatible with Article 6.2 and 6.5 of the Basic Law, lack of a transitional arrangement for old cases is unconstitutional S. 611-632

„… this regulatory concept does not take sufficient account of the parental right under Article 6.2 of the …” „… that takes sufficient account of their parental right under Article 6.2 of the Basic Law, with due …” „… . 1. It still does not violate the parental right of the father of a child born out of wedlock under …”

BVerfGE 24, 119 Order of the First Senate of 29 July 1968 – 1 BvL 20/63, 31/66, 5/67 “Adoption I case” Substitution of parental consent to adoption S. 51-74

„… educators, priority over the state. This parental right entails, as an essence-determining element, the duty …” „… same time, this was said to constitute deprivation of the parental right guaranteed in Article 6.2 …” „… parental right was said to grant a right to avert non-permissible encroachments on the part of the state …”

BVerfGE 108, 82 Order of the First Senate of 9 April 2003 – 1 BvR 1493/96, 1724/01 “Biological father case” Decision regarding the legal position of the (putative) natural, but not legal, father and the constitutionality of §§ 1600 and 1685 of the Civil Code and § 1711 of the Civil Code old S. 642-668

„… Rights and from Article 6.2 of the Basic Law. He was a holder of parental rights, since this was a …” „… Law. It follows from parental rights, he submits, that the biological father of a child must as a …” „… upon his parental rights as the biological father was justified neither by the child’s best interests …”

BVerfGE 121, 69 Judgment of the First Senate of 1 April 2008 – 1 BvR 1620/04 “Parental duty of contact case” Decision regarding the compulsory enforcement of an adjudged duty of contact pursuant to § 1684.1 of the Civil Code S. 804-825

„… right to parental care and upbringing in Article 6.2 sentence 1 of the Basic Law corresponds with this …” „… parental duty. It is for the legislature to elaborate the right and duty. 2. The encroachment on the …” „… Article 6.2 sentence 1 of the Basic Law and the child’s right to parental care and upbringing. It is …”

BVerfGE 10, 59 Judgment of the First Senate of 29 July 1959 – 1 BvR 205, 332, 333, 367/58, 1 BvL 27, 100/58 “Case concerning parental power” Decision regarding the equality of the mother and the father (father’s final decision) S. 20-39

„… provisions of the Civil Code on parental power were amended by the Equal Rights Act of 18 June 1957 (Federal …” „… father, by virtue of parental power, has the right and duty to care for the person and property of the …” „… commitment to human dignity, to personal freedom and equality, follows the rule as regards parental rights …”

BVerfGE 55, 171 Order of the First Senate of 5 November 1980 – 1 BvR 349/80 “Custody case” Accommodation of the will of a child in a ruling on custody after divorce of the parents and ruling of the judge with jurisdiction on the question of the personal hearing of children under the age of 14 S. 156-165

„… . Furthermore, the impugned order was said to cause detriment both to the parental right of the complainant …” „… GROUNDS: A. The constitutional complaint relates to a judicial arrangement according to which parental …” „… mother. I. The ruling on parental custody for a child who is the issue of a dissolved marriage is …”

BVerfGE 72, 122 Order of the First Senate of 18 June 1986 – 1 BvR 857/85 “Withdrawal of custody rights case” Safeguarding the status of children as holders of fundamental rights in the proceedings (supplementary curator) S. 231-244

„… the parental right and the child’s personality right is characterised by the special structure of the …” „… parental right. This is essentially a right which is in the child’s interests, as already results from the …” „… by definition alone includes the child’s interests in the parental right. This corresponds to the …”

BVerfGE 99, 145 Order of the Second Senate of 29 October 1998 – 2 BvR 1206/98 “Hague Child Abduction Convention case” Hague Child Abduction Convention; accommodation of the best interests of the child in the special case of converse child return applications S. 386-401

„… interests of these children, as well as on the parental right of the complainant re 1. Greater accommodation …” „… surroundings within a short period. Also the parental right of the complainant re 1. was said to be rendered …” „… . completely losing his parental right. It could not be constitutionally accepted in cases of converse child …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… parents fail without being at fault as the strongest encroachment on parental rights, only if principle of …” „… 1991 – 1 BvL 32/88 “Case regarding custody rights for children born out of wedlock” Joint parental …” „… in proceedings under the Juvenile Court Act case” Exclusion of a father with parental rights from …”

BVerfGE 103, 89 Judgment of the First Senate of 6 February 2001 – 1 BvR 12/92 “Marriage covenant case” Judicial review of agreements in a covenant of marriage concluded with a pregnant woman prior to the conclusion of marriage S. 475-490

„… protection against the irresponsible exercise of the parental right (see BVerfGE 24, 119 (144); 55, 171 (179 …” „… exercise of the parental right to the disadvantage of the child’s best interests. III. The impugned ruling …” „… 280/91 – violates the complainant’s rights from Article 2.1 in conjunction with Article 6.4, as well as …”

Index S. 937-956

„… identity 365-366 – parental rights 650-651 – relations with a child 647-648, 650, 662, 664 – social and …” „… , 762-763, 765 – right to parental care and upbringing 804, 816 · in Article 6.2 sentence 1 of the Basic Law …” „… – parental consent to, substitution 51, 54, 56, 58-62, 67, 69, 71, 73-74 alien(s) – entry 309 · limiting 271 …”

BVerfGE 104, 373 Judgment of the First Senate of 30 January 2002 – 1 BvL 23/96 “Double family names case” Exclusion of double family names S. 515-529

„… exclusion of a double name for the child does not violate the parental right protected by Article 6.2 of the …” „… encroachment on the parental right to designate the forename for their child over and above this. b) Added to …” „… )). The consequence of this for the parental right to designate names is that both parents are equally …”

BVerfGE 79, 51 Order of the First Senate of 12 October 1988 – 1 BvR 818/88 “Foster parents case” Removal of a child from its foster family S. 287-300

„… parental rights under Article 6.2 sentence 1 of the Basic Law, which foster parents cannot invoke. For …” „… – and of the Celle Higher Regional Court of 24 May 1988 – 21 W 9/88 – violate the fundamental right of …” „… of the child. I. The care for the person of a child includes the right to require surrender of the …”

BVerfGK 5, 161 Order of the First Chamber of the First Senate of 5 April 2005 – 1 BvR 1664/04 “Görgülü III case” Binding effect of a decision of the European Court of Human Rights – constitutional requirements placed on the removal of a child from its foster family S. 724-731

„… the relationship in which the parental right stands to the fundamental right of the child under …” „… the Federal Constitutional Court too – both of the parental right under Article 6.2 sentence 1 of the …” „… complainant’s parental right under Article 6.2 sentence 1 of the Basic Law in conjunction with Article 20.3 of …”

BVerfGE 105, 313 Judgment of the First Senate of 17 July 2002 – 1 BvF 1, 2/01 “Civil Partnerships Act case” Correction of an adopted bill; right of approval of the Bundesrat; compatibility with Articles 6.1, 3.1, 3.3 sentence 1 and 14.1 of the Basic Law S. 541-576

„… parental rights of the parent without custody. It infringes Article 14.1 of the Basic Law because without a …” „… parental rights of the parent without custody under Article 6.2 of the Basic Law. Article 6.2 sentence 1 of …” „… duty incumbent in the first instance on them. The scope of protection of the parental right here …”

BVerfGE 99, 216 Order of the Second Senate of 10 November 1998 – 2 BvR 1057, 1226, 980/91 “Equalisation of family burdens case” Exclusion of parents living in marital community from tax deduction of childcare costs as an extraordinary expense resulting from gainful employment and from granting of the household allowance S. 402-419

„… exercise of parental rights in a marital child-raising community (Article 6.1 and 6.2 of the Basic Law). b …” „… linked to the existence of a marriage (Article 6.1 of the Basic Law) or to the exercise of parental …” „… rights in a marital child-raising community (Article 6.1 and 6.2 of the Basic Law). 2. Over and above the …”

BVerfGE 51, 386 Order of the First Senate of 18 July 1979 – 1 BvR 650/77 “Expulsion case” Expulsion of a foreign national convicted of a criminal offence who is married to a German woman and has a legitimate child with her S. 127-137

„… (83 et seq.); 17, 38 (50); 24, 119 (135)). Article 6.2 of the Basic Law guarantees the parental right …” „… ) guarantees complete freedom of entry and establishment (Article 2), but at the same time reserves the right …” „… Ministerialblatt – GMBl.) 1962 p. 102) leaves unaffected the right of each Contracting Party to forbid nationals of …”

BVerfGE 66, 84 Order of the First Senate of 10 January 1984 – 1 BvL 5/83 “Maintenance priority case” Priority under the law of maintenance for the divorced spouse with care of children S. 220-230

„… parental responsibility, which forms a characteristic and integral part of the parental right (see BVerfGE …” „… marriage. Article 6.1 of the Basic Law guarantees the right to be able to enter into a marriage and to …” „… to take as a starting point two fundamental-rights positions based on that guarantee, so that the …”

BVerfGE 97, 332 Order of the First Senate of 10 March 1998 – 1 BvR 178/97 “Graduated kindergarten contributions case” Kindergarten contributions graduated by family income S. 372-385

„… the persons with parental rights: a) 10 per cent for families with one child, b) 20 per cent for …” „… fundamental rights, was said not of itself to make the empowerment constitutionally objectionable. It was said …” „… the case. The written complaint does not reveal to what degree the complainants’ fundamental rights …”

BVerfGE 101, 361 Judgment of the First Senate of 15 December 1999 – 1 BvR 653/96 “Caroline of Monaco II case” Publication of photographs from the daily and private life of prominent persons – Caroline of Monaco S. 450-474

„… : 1. Privacy, which is protected by the general right of personality under Article 2.1 in conjunction …” „… without being disturbed by the activities of photojournalists. 2. The general right of personality is not …” „… protection provided by the general right of personality of parents is enhanced by Article 6.1 and 6.2 of the …”

BVerfGE 106, 166 Order of the First Senate of 29 October 2002 – 1 BvL 16, 17/95, 16/97 “Case involving the advantage acquired through additional counted children” Decision regarding the equal treatment of different forms of family under the law on child benefit S. 577-590

„… the child or the sole parental right to bring up the child. 578 2. By means of the First Act …” „… to the parent who has the care for the person of the child or the sole parental right to bring up the …” „… equality of the various forms of maintenance (care or financial allowances). The right to draw benefits of …”

BVerfGE 111, 307 Order of the Second Senate of 14 October 2004 – 2 BvR 1481/04 “Görgülü I case” Obligation to take into account the European Convention on Human Rights and the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, and the limits of such obligation, in the context of the principle that the judge is bound by statute and law (Article 20.3 of the Basic Law) S. 694-713

„… )) includes taking into account the guarantees of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights …” „… and Fundamental Freedoms and the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) as part of a …” „… rights in conjunction with the principle of the rule of law. 2. In taking into account decisions of the …”

BVerfGE 80, 81 Order of the Second Senate of 18 April 1989 – 2 BvR 1169/84 “Case concerning the adoption of an adult foreigner” Right of residence of an adult foreigner adopted by a German S. 301-310

„… a right of residence for the foreigner. Order of the Second Senate of 18 April 1989 – 2 BvR 1169/84 …” „… – BTDrucks.) 7/3061, p. 65). c) The law on residence contains no particular regulation of the right of …” „… residence for a foreigner adopted by Germans. His or her right of residence is hence determined in …”

BVerfGE 105, 1 Order of the First Senate of 5 February 2002 – 1 BvR 105, 559/95, 457/96 “Post-marital maintenance case” Equivalence of family work and gainful employment in the assessment of post-marital maintenance S. 530-540

„… November 1994 – 16 UF 201/93 – violates the fundamental right of the complainant re 1 under Article 6.1 in …” „… Court of 31 January 1995 – 18 UF 361/94 – violates the fundamental right of the complainant re 2 under …” „… Court of 19 January 1996 – 20 UF 8/95 – violates the fundamental right of the complainant re 3 under …”

BVerfGE 117, 202 Judgment of the First Senate of 13 February 2007 – 1 BvR 421/05 “Secret paternity test case” Decision regarding the right of the legal father to know that his child is biologically his and the obligation of the legislature to make available a suitable procedure S. 759-778

„… Basic Law guarantees the parents the right and the responsibility to care for their child. Parental …” „… : 1. In order to put into effect the right of a legal father to know that his child is biologically …” „… Basic Law if the courts, on the ground of violation of the right to informational self-determination of …”

BVerfGE 28, 324 Order of the First Senate of 27 May 1970 – 1 BvL 22/63, 27/64 “Marriage clause case” Incompatibility of the marriage clauses in the orphans’ pension in social pensions insurance with Article 6.1 of the Basic Law S. 75-99

„… also have a right to training assistance according to the Training Assistance Act …” „… granting of the pension right. 5. In concordance with the above supreme-court rulings, the Federal …” „… acquisition of a new maintenance right can be compared to the possible strain entailed by one’s own …”

BVerfGE 76, 1 Order of the Second Senate of 12 May 1987 – 2 BvR 1226/83, 101, 313/84 “Entry of aliens to join family members living in the Federal Republic” Waiting periods for the entry of aliens (Turkish and Yugoslavian nationals) to join family members living in the Federal Republic of Germany S. 245-286

„… , of the Basic Law establishes a fundamental right allowing foreign spouses or family members to claim …” „… persons entitled to fundamental rights are able to claim under Article 6.1 and 6.2, first sentence, of the …” „… to the orders of the Administrative Courts. They assert a violation of their fundamental rights under …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845237534

Kathrin Weise - Reformbedarf bei den sorgerechtlichen Befugnissen sozialer Elternteile

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Kathrin Weise

Reformbedarf bei den sorgerechtlichen Befugnissen sozialer Elternteile

Series: Düsseldorfer Rechtswissenschaftliche Schriften

Volume 182 2023

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Kapitel 1: Elterliche Sorge innerhalb der Kernfamilie S. 37-70

„… Begriff der„parental rights and duties“ auch die Begriffe „parental power and duties“ oder „rightsand …” „… folgt definiert:“In this act ‘parental responsibility’ means all the rights, duties …” „… Rechte undPflichten (parental rights and duties) wurde durch das Konzept der elterli‐chen Verantwortung …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 329-347

„… : The Allocation of Parental Rights and Responsibilities – The Position inEngland and Wales, FLQ 2005 …” „… .): Principles ofEuropean Family Law Regarding Parental Responsibilites, Antwerpen u.a. 2007(zit …” „… : Parental Responsibilities, Antwerpen u.a. 2005 (zit.:Boele-Woelki/Braat/Curry-Sumner/(Hrsg.), European …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748942146

Helen Dahlkamp - Das Recht auf Zugang zur Elternschaft

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Helen Dahlkamp

Das Recht auf Zugang zur Elternschaft

Series: Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht

Volume 326 2023

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Literaturverzeichnis S. 671-720

„… Verbraucherschutz(BMJV), Bundesanzeiger Verlag, Berlin 2017Archard, David, Child Abuse: Parental Rights and the Interests …” „… Biology as the Basisfor Parental Rights, New York University Law Review 1991 (66/2), S. 353-420Hillgruber …” „… verfassungswandelnde Gewalt, Rechtswissenschaft 2014 (4),S. 426-480Millum, Joseph, How Do We Acquire Parental Rights …”

Erster Hauptteil: Das Recht auf Zugang zur Elternschaft auf supranationaler und nationaler Ebene S. 37-630

„… the concern of all States. In view of the importance of the rights involved, allStates can be held to …” „… 1990, S. 4-32; Goodman/Jinks, Incomplete Internalization and Compliance with Human Rights Law, EJIP2008 …” „… , NJW 2018, S. 2674-2677;Nussberger, The European Court of Human Rights, 2020, S. 14 ff.; Blömacher …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748917496

Julia Ricarda Jungfleisch - Das digitale Eltern-Kind-Staat-Verhältnis im Verfassungs-, Europa- und Völkerrecht

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Julia Ricarda Jungfleisch

Das digitale Eltern-Kind-Staat-Verhältnis im Verfassungs-, Europa- und Völkerrecht

Series: Schriften des Europa-Instituts der Universität des Saarlandes - Rechtswissenschaft

Volume 114 2023

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Literaturverzeichnis S. 427-452

„… rights, parental authority and state power, Towota, 1980, S. 124-153Fenton-Glynn, Claire: Children …” „… und Verfassungsrecht AcP 1992, 108-152Richter, Dagmar: Religious Freedom and Parental Rights in a …” „… , parents and the European Court of Human Rights,European Human Rights Law Review 2019, 643-653 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748918806

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