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Romain Lachat

A Heterogeneous Electorate

Series: Studien zur Wahl- und Einstellungsforschung

Volume 7 2007

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Dual-process models of opinion formation S. 58-61

„… instability in voters’ party preferences. 3.4.1. Dual-process models of opinion formation Much research in …” „… education and their degree of political interest. 3.4. Information processing and the formation of attitudes …” „… processes, we turn to “dual-process models” of attitude formation. Such models assume that there are two …”

Memory as an associative network S. 47-50

„… publications in the field of opinion formation and change attest to this new emphasis (Ferejohn and Kuklinski …” „… 1993; Sullivan et al. 2002). Most research in the field of opinion formation and change seeks to …” „… formation of opinions or the treatment of information can be seen as a set of tasks, mechanisms, or …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-11

„… formation of attitudes 583.4.1. Dual-process models of opinion formation 593.4.2. Sophistication, heuristics …” „… graduate student at the University of Geneva. Through courses on public opinion and on the process of …” „… attitude formation, I became familiar with the literature from the fields of cognitive and social …”

References S. 223-234

„… . McPhee. 1954. Voting: A study of opinion formation in a presidential campaign. Chicago: The University of …” „… . A suggested index of the association of social class and voting. Public Opinion Quarterly 26(3 …” „… of decision and media use during the Ford-Carter campaign. Public Opinion Quarterly 44:53–69. Chaffee …”

Conclusion S. 139-141

„… opinion formation, argues that instability in voters’ choices is related to their degree of political …” „… highest level of instability. Third, we considered our hypothesis based on dual-process models of opinion …” „… formation and on schema theory. This hypothesis suggests that uncertainty is better explained by the …”

Plan of the book S. 17-24

„… has gained increasing popularity in the analysis of opinion formation. Political sophistication is …” „… evidence in the fields of both political psychology and opinion formation shows that political experts have …” „… will allow us to capture the formation of new class-party alignments. In a similar manner, the …”

Campaign intensity S. 64-65

„… the available information. Relying on dual-process models of opinion formation, we have argued that …” „… . This aspect of motivation is central to Chaiken’s heuristicsystematic model of attitude formation …” „… attitude formation and change. We have argued that social-structural predispositions and political …”

Conclusion S. 65-66

„… the available information. Relying on dual-process models of opinion formation, we have argued that …” „… attitude formation and change. We have argued that social-structural predispositions and political …” „… heuristics. Political sophistication is now a common concept in the literature on attitude formation and …”

The measurement of political sophistication S. 57-58

„… opinion formation and change, refers “to the extent to which an individual pays attention to politics and …” „… the formation of evaluations or of attitudes. While there are important differences among these …” „… interest. 3.4. Information processing and the formation of attitudes In the previous sections, we discussed …”

Sophistication, heuristics, and motivation S. 61-64

„… dual-process models of opinion formation, we can obtain a theoretical framework to use in explaining which …” „… hypothesis is central to Zaller’s (1992) model of attitude formation and change, for instance. Focusing on …” „… expertise and instability. It is important here to distinguish clearly between the formation of voting …”

Sophistication, knowledge, and political schemas S. 56-57

„… opinion formation and change, refers “to the extent to which an individual pays attention to politics and …” „… the formation of evaluations or of attitudes. While there are important differences among these …”

Sophistication and the structure of belief systems S. 51-56

„… models of opinion formation and change for several decades. Several concepts have been suggested in the …” „… 1964, the notion of a belief system has been a common thread in the research on public opinion …” „… example, when participating in an opinion survey. From this point of view, then, something like a “belief …”

Timing of the voting decision S. 107-110

„… the process of opinion formation in a campaign. It plays an important role with respect to the …” „… consider how the process of dealignment and realignment affects the formation and stability of voting …”

The social-structural model of voting choice S. 25-29

„… predispositions. Accordingly, patterns of opinion formation during the campaign would be expected to display a …” „… 1960s. They identified four dominant cleavages. The first two stem from the process of the formation of …”

The evolution of volatility in the German electorate S. 110-116

„… process of formation. The contrast between interblock and overall volatility is also central. As we shall …” „… formation of a new government after the 1969 election. And for 1969 as well, it is not meaningful to analyze …” „… variations in parties’ results. But this does not necessarily imply changes in the process of opinion …”

Political schemas S. 50-51

„… political knowledge, have been central to many models of opinion formation and change for several decades …”

Description of data files S. 213-215

„… political expertise Voters’ level of knowledge about politics is central to the process of opinion formation …”

Social change and political cleavages S. 67-69

„… towards an assessment of opinion formation processes. We begin this analysis by looking at the evolution …”

The consequences of dealignment S. 44-46

„… thoroughly in the next chapter, where we review the literature on opinion formation and change. On this basis …”

Hypotheses and operationalization S. 120-123

„… derived from Zaller’s model of opinion formation (1992), which focuses primarily on citizens’ attitudes …”

Measuring political expertise S. 215-218

„… process of opinion formation, as we have seen. Its measure, however, poses some serious problems. The main …”

What explains the instability of party preferences? S. 204-208

„… citizens can display stable attitudes. Relying on dual-process models of opinion formation, we have …”

Selection of variables and baseline model S. 142-152

„… issue opinions on voting choices was relatively strong, but it was, to a large extent, explained by a …” „… reunification were central considerations in the formation of voters’ preferences, which may have changed the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845204895

Thorsten Faas, Sascha Huber, Mona Krewel, Sigrid Roßteutscher - Informationsflüsse, Wahlen und Demokratie

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Thorsten Faas (ed.), Sascha Huber (ed.), Mona Krewel (ed.), Sigrid Roßteutscher (ed.)

Informationsflüsse, Wahlen und Demokratie

Series: Studien zur Wahl- und Einstellungsforschung

Volume 35 2023

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Simon Ellerbrock, Manuel Neumann Mirror, Mirror on the Wall: How Social Projection and Social Sampling Interact in the Formation of Public Opinion Perceptions S. 85-116

„… formation but primarily their expressive behavior and the even‐tual aggregation of voiced opinions (see …” „… Mirror, Mirror on the Wall:How Social Projection and Social Sampling Interact in theFormation of …” „… Public Opinion PerceptionsSimon Ellerbrock, Manuel Neumann11. IntroductionPublic opinion perceptions are …”

Sascha Huber, Anne Schäfer Political knowledge, media use and right-wing populist preferences S. 25-52

„… F. Lazarsfeld and William N. McPhee (1954). Voting: AStudy of Opinion Formation in a Presidential …” „… informationthrough mass media and some underlying cognitive dispositions of in‐formation processing. Secondly, we …” „… ” (Jarvis/Petty1996: 172). People with a high need to evaluate form opinions on variousobjects in their …”

Richard Johnston Partisan Intensification in Campaigns: Proof of Concept? S. 247-268

„… . Themulti-country evidence in Le Pennec and Pons (2023: 30) comes down onthe other side:… vote choice formation …” „… through government formation. In particular,two of the four German campaigns in my dataset follow grand …” „… 2009 level.Richard Johnston258Intensification of opinion on party leaders14Figure 1: Intensification of …”

Laura Morales, Luis Ramiro, María Jiménez-Buedo Assessing the Electoral Payoffs of Partisan Mobilization in Adverse Contexts: A Field Experimental Study of the 2011 Spanish Local Elections S. 213-246

„… Voting Decisions and Opinion Formation Quarterly Journalof Political Science, 2(1), 43-65.Arceneaux, K …” „… ., Lazarsfeld, P., & McPhee, W. N. (1954). Voting: a study of opinion forma‐tion in a presidential campaign …” „… cam‐paigning serves to mobilize turnout but not to change opinions or votedirection (Nickerson 2005; Alvarez et …”

Marc Debus Education, political sophistication, cohesive policy signals and proximity voting: Do voters choose the party that reflects their interests? S. 269-288

„… . Electoral Studies 34 (1), 89–99.Slothuus, R., 2009. The Political Logic of Party Cues in Opinion Formation …” „… that theyreceive from ‘others’ in order to form opinions about politics. These othersmay include (party …” „… the access to in‐formation on parties’ positions on various policy issues is, the easier andcheaper …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… Projection and Social Sampling Interact in theFormation of Public Opinion Perceptions 85Simon Ellerbrock …”

Jr., William P. Eveland, Osei Appiah, Jacob A. Long, Steven B. Kleinman How Race Affects Simply Having versus Actually Choosing: Cross-Race Political Discussion Partners S. 137-168

„… , political ideology, candidatechoice, or general political opinions (Eveland/Hively 2009; Huckfeldt et al …” „… in the formation of a politically agreeable discussion net‐work results in a failure to examine the …” „… mitigateissues of propinquity in the formation of political discussion networks sothat we could examine the …”

Christian Schnaudt, Christof Wolf Electoral integrity and voting: The interplay of individual perceptions and contextual conditions S. 485-512

„… fundamental democratic rights toinfluence government formation and gain political representation.In light of …” „… Election, and Satisfactionwith Democracy. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 27, 350–368 …” „… Assess Elections. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 31,348–367. https://doi.org …”

Oana Lup The Social Side of Immunization: The Influence of Personal Social Networks on COVID-19 Vaccination in Romania S. 117-136

„… disinformation andincreased polarization of opinions (Loomba et al. 2021; Romer et al. 2022;Jiang et al. 2021 …” „… uptakepaid very limited attention to personal social networks as providers of in‐formation and influence …” „… al. 2021), a certain amount of exposure to diverse andsometimes divergent opinions cannot be avoided …”

Bernhard Ebbinghaus Die Entzweiung der Siamesischen Zwillinge: Politische Entfremdung und Mitgliederschwund deutscher Gewerkschaften S. 355-378

„… .Ebbinghaus, Bernhard, 1995. The Siamese Twins: Citizenship Rights, Cleavage For‐mation, and Party-Union …” „… Macmillan.Ebbinghaus, Bernhard und Elias Naumann, 2018b. Introduction: Analysing OrganizedInterests and Public Opinion …”

Thomas Bräuninger, Franz Urban Pappi Kontaminationseffekte bei Wahlfunktionen in Mischwahlsystemen S. 379-412

„… Doppelin‐formation baut unser Ansatz. Wir nutzen die Methode der statistischenEntfaltung der Skalometerwerte der …” „… votes. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 30(4),466–483.Riker, W. H., und P. C. Ordeshook …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748915553

William F. Eadie - When Communication Became a Discipline

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William F. Eadie

When Communication Became a Discipline

2021

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Chapter 4: Communication as the Formation and Change of Individual and Public Opinion S. 51-68

doi.org/10.5771/9781498572163

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SCM Studies in Communication and Media

Browse Volumes: SCM Studies in Communication and Media

SCM Volume 11 (2022) Issue 2 ISSN Online: 2192-4007

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Nariman Sawalha, Veronika Karnowski Between reflective evaluation and opinion-finds-me – News-YouTubers’ role in young adults’ political opinion-forming process S. 186-209

„… Native YouTube news content: credibility assessment and opinion formationAlthough the preference and …” „… to support opinion formation, whereas those with low involvement tend to heuristically process and …” „… them as an orientation for opinion formation?6. MethodWe conducted semi-structured interviews with ten …”

Julian Hohner, Heidi Schulze, Simon Greipl, Diana Rieger From solidarity to blame game: A computational approach to comparing far-right and general public Twitter discourse in the aftermath of the Hanau terror attack S. 304-333

„… ideologically motivated actors engage in these discussions and to what extent their opinions differ from …” „… ., 2/2022Full Paperception of public opinion (Ahmed & Pisoiu, 2019). Little is known about to what extent …” „… con-sidered a reflection of general public opinion.2. Public reactions and discourses after terror …”

Marlene Schaaf, Christina Viehmann Media use and protest participation – but what is in-between? The role of different sources of information, media-related perceptions, and political efficacy for protest behavior S. 210-239

„… that the supporters of a political opinion perceive media coverage as unfair, one-sided, or even …” „… and opinions in social media: Many protest groups network and organize almost exclusively through …” „… activists from being confronted with other issues and opposing opinions. Yet, in contrast to less involved …”

doi.org/10.5771/2192-4007-2022-2

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Peter Mankowski (ed.)

Commercial Law

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2018

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Lisa Spagnolo Article 24 CISG S. 116-129

„… Part II CISG on formation.2 However, it expresses a general principle which, in accordance with Art …” „… FORMATION OF THE CONTRACT 116 Lisa Spagnolo 1 2 the timing of when declarations ‘reach’ the addressee in the …” „… Note (e-CC)’), paras 18, 290. See also David- PART II FORMATION OF THE CONTRACT Art. 24 CISG Lisa …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 21 CISG S. 105-111

„… , Art. 20 para. 10. PART II FORMATION OF THE CONTRACT Art. 21 CISG Lisa Spagnolo 105 9 1 (Art. 21(1 …” „… to prevent formation: Art. 21(2). The burden of proof will rest on the party claiming a contract was …” „… )). For objections under Art. 21(2), the onus is on the party denying formation.3 II. Article 21(1 …”

Lisa Spagnolo Introduction to Articles 14–24 CISG S. 55-57

„… divesting the owner of control. PART II FORMATION OF THE CONTRACT Introduction to Articles 14–24 CISG …” „… ) (cited as “Bridge”); CISG Advisory Council Opinion No 1, Electronic Communications under CISG, Rapporteur …” „… : Prof. Christina Ramberg (cited as “CISG Advisory Council Opinion 1”); CISG Advisory Council Opinion No …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 14 CISG S. 58-69

„… . 14 para. 2. Art. 14 CISG PART II FORMATION OF THE CONTRACT 58 Lisa Spagnolo 1 2 Although Art. 14(1 …” „… private international law governs the issue). PART II FORMATION OF THE CONTRACT Art. 14 CISG Lisa …” „… ascendency of Art. 55: Bridge, para. 11.12 (favor contractus basis); Morten M. Fogt, ‘Contract Formation …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 20 CISG S. 102-104

„… incorporation clauses that might otherwise preclude valid formation.93 In such cases formation itself is not in …” „… Compare Mankowski, Art. 20 para. 1. See also Ferrari, Art. 20 para. 1. Art. 20 CISG PART II FORMATION …” „… Communications’ (2005) 25(1) Journal of Law and Commerce 47, 148. 13 CISG Advisory Council Opinion 1, Comments …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 22 CISG S. 112-113

„… Advisory Council Opinion 1, Comments para. 22.2. 8 CISG Advisory Council Opinion 1, Comments paras …” „… 22.2-22.3; Schroeter, Art. 22 para. 2. Art. 22 CISG PART II FORMATION OF THE CONTRACT 112 Lisa Spagnolo 1 …” „… this modification to terms does not preclude formation,19 a binding contract will arise, and thereafter …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 18 CISG S. 81-92

„… Resurrected: Contract Formation: Common Law UCC CISG’ (2015) 40(2) North Carolina Journal of International Law …” „… , Art. 17 para. 8. PART II FORMATION OF THE CONTRACT Art. 18 CISG Lisa Spagnolo 81 4 5 I. Overview …” „… the CISG in general terms adopts a ‘receipt theory’ approach to formation rather than the ‘mail-box …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 19 CISG S. 93-101

„… ‘rigid’ mirror image rule). 2 E. Allan Farnsworth, ‘Formation of Contract’, in Nina M. Galston and Hans …” „… para. 1.1. PART II FORMATION OF THE CONTRACT Art. 19 CISG Lisa Spagnolo 93 1 2 to reach agreement to …” „… inclusion of a direct rule on conflicting standard terms.6 Arguably, the blending of formation and content …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 15 CISG S. 70-73

„… para. 1. 6 See → Art. 24 CISG. Art. 15 CISG PART II FORMATION OF THE CONTRACT 70 Lisa Spagnolo 29 1 …” „… Art. 16: see → Art. 16 CISG para. 14. PART II FORMATION OF THE CONTRACT Art. 15 CISG Lisa Spagnolo …” „… . 15 para. 7. 19 Art. 8(2) CISG; Sarah Jenkins, ‘Contract Resurrected: Contract Formation: Common Law …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 2.1.2 (Definition of offer) S. 501

„… ; Vogenauer/Nottage Art. 2.1.1 no. 10 (reflecting different opinions). 6 Vogenauer/Nottage Art. 2.1.1 no. 11. 7 …” „… contract formation). 11 Under such circumstances, the intent to be bound is strong (by an offer acceptable …” „… effects of a ‘gentleman agreement’). Section 1 Formation Art. 2.1.2 UNIDROIT Eckart J. Brödermann 501 1 …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 23 CISG S. 114-115

„… acceptance reached the offeror, or act of acceptance occurred.11 In this author’s opinion, the 22 Ferrari …” „… formation takes place where acceptance reaches the addressee: Markus Müller-Chen, in Peter Schlechtriem and …” „… ; Ferrari, Art. 23 para. 6. Art. 23 CISG PART II FORMATION OF THE CONTRACT 114 Lisa Spagnolo 8 1 2 3 …”

Raimond Emde Article 17 S. 1287-1295

„… generally 1 ECJ, judgment of 7 April 2016 – C-315/14, BB 2016, 910 mn. 33; Opinion of Advocate General Macij …” „… inadmissible under European law.6 2 Opinion of Advocate General Macij Szpuna of 10 September 2015 – C-315/14 …” „… , ZVertriebsR 2015, 336 mn. 28. 3 Opinion of Advocate General Macij Szpuna of 10 September 2015 – C-315/14 …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 2.1.14 (Contract with terms deliberately left open) S. 512-514

„… Vogenauer/Anderson Art. 2.1.14 no. 1. Art. 2.1.14 UNIDROIT Chapter 2 Formation and Authority of Agents 512 Eckart …” „… is essential). Section 1 Formation Art. 2.1.14 UNIDROIT Eckart J. Brödermann 513 3 4 dering the …” „… binding result within the frame provided by the two previous expert opinions. 1. 2. 3. 24 Official …”

Petra Butler Article 50 CISG S. 262-268

„… contract formation and delivery most certainly do.34 It is controversial when “delivery” occurs for the …” „… purpose of price reduction. The overwhelming opinion35 determines “delivery” in Article 50 in light of the …” „… where goods are in fact located at the time of delivery.37 In accordance with the overwhelming opinion …”

Petra Butler Article 52 CISG S. 274-278

„… contract.” By way of analogy, Article 33(c) bars delivery immediately after contract formation since the …” „… goods than the parties agreed upon.17 In line with general opinion what constitutes a breach of …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 66 CISG S. 298-302

„… dispute whenever there was a time gap between contract formation and contract performance. Historical …” „… version of this opinion wants to allow for an application of the rules on the passing of risk in cases of …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 PART II FORMATION OF THE CONTRACT Introduction to Articles 14–24 …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 1.12 498 Chapter 2 Formation and Authority of Agents Section 1 Formation Manner of formation …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Introduction to the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (“PICC”) S. 462-476

„… Advisory Council, Opinion No 8: Calculation of Damages under CISG Articles 75 and 76 (2008); Dessemontet …” „… making of a contract, formation (including contracting under standard terms, Arts. 2.1.19 et seq.) and …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845276564

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