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Martin Sternal - Mergers and Acquisitions by Digital Technology Giants

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Martin Sternal

Mergers and Acquisitions by Digital Technology Giants

Series: Nomos Universitätsschriften - Betriebswirtschaftslehre

Volume 10 2020

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2 Digital Giants’ Mergers and Acquisitions Activity: Drivers of Value Creation and Value Dilution S. 23-71

„… Digital Giants’ Mergers and Acquisitions Activity: Drivers of Value Creation and Value Dilution4 …” „… more likely to be driven by mergers and acquisitions or organically? In a digital environment, industry …” „… Mergers and Acquisitions? in: Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Information Systems …”

3 Competitive Dynamics in the Digital Technology Industry: Rival Effects in the Light of Digital Giants’ Mergers and Acquisitions Activity S. 72-126

„… Giants’ Mergers and Acquisitions Activity16 Introduction “Don’t be evil” – Preface of Google’s Code of …” „… government recommended that the antitrust assessment of mergers and acquisitions activity in the digital …” „… innovation by way of mergers and acquisitions (Staykova and Damsgaard, 2017; Yoo et al., 2010). These …”

References S. 169-180

„… , R.B., 2009. Taking Stock of What We Know About Mergers and Acquisitions: A Review and Research Agenda …” „… ., Zeidler, F., 2010. Value generation of mergers and acquisitions in the technology, media. Journal of …” „… study of U.S. mergers and acquisitions between 1993 and 2005. Information & Management 45, 304–311 …”

1 Introduction and Motivation S. 17-22

„… by means of mergers and acquisitions (M&A). Two different types of value can be distinguished – user …” „… effect across industries and firms, specific subgroups can create value in mergers and acquisitions. The …” „… ). Some 2 The terms transaction, deal, merger and acquisition are used interchangeably. 3 The terms owner …”

5 Overall Conclusion and Contribution S. 162-168

„… . The first research question (chapter 2) discusses the effect of mergers and acquisitions on the value …” „… reaction of competitors to digital giants’ mergers and acquisitions. The thesis shows that platform …” „… technology giants’ mergers and acquisitions in comparison with dotcom giants’ transactions. The dissertation …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-16

„… Betriebswirtschaftslehre 10 U ni ve rs it ät sS ch ri ft en Mergers and Acquisitions by Digital …” „… Betriebswirtschaftslehre Band 10 BUT_Sternal_7672-6.indd 2 24.11.20 15:55 Martin Sternal Mergers and Acquisitions by …” „… (ePDF) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sternal, Martin Mergers and Acquisitions by …”

Appendix S. 181-183

„… economical and societal influence but also conducted a large number of mergers and acquisitions in the recent …” „… decade. The dissertation analyzes mergers and acquisitions by digital technology giants from three …” „… market dynamics in the digital technology industry support the value creation in mergers and acquisitions …”

4 Dotcom Giants vs. Digital Giants: Two Groups of Leading Digital Technology Players from Different Periods S. 127-161

„… create value in mergers and acquisitions and transmit signals to rivals. On the other hand, the dotcom …” „… of Wall Street Journal and mention the company in the respective year. Mergers and Acquisitions and …” „… , 2015). In addition, the market environment can affect mergers and acquisitions by dotcom giants similar …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748910473

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Yuanshi Bu (ed.)

Chinese Business Law

2010

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. Mergers and Acquisitions S. 147-178

„… 17:40:50 3B2 9.1.431; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm Chapter 5. Mergers and Acquisitions Literature: GUAN …” „… Jingxin (关景欣), Practice of Mergers & Acquisitions and Restructuring of Companies (公司并购重组操作实务), Beijing …” „… 2007. LIAO Yunfeng/ZHOU Qingjie/LI Youyuan (廖运凤/周清杰/李友元), Foreign-Related Mergers and Acquisitions and …”

. Antitrust S. 179-204

„… decisions on merger control have been published and the relevant case law is slowly developing. 3The …” „… antitrust statute: monopoly agreements, abuse of a dominant market position and merger control and is …” „… , abuse of market dominance and merger control. Anti-monopoly intervention is usually triggered only when …”

. Offshore Investment Vehicles S. 395-406

„… of Mergers and Acquisitions by Foreign Investors (关于完善外资并购外汇管理有关问题的通知), which was promulgated by SAFE …” „… Domestic Residents and Foreign Exchange Registration for Merger and Acquisition by Foreign Investors (关于境内居 …” „… Circular of Relevant Issues on Improving Foreign Exchange Administration of Mergers and Acquisitions by …”

Index S. 407-412

„… Acquisition by tender offer 5 88, 95–96 Acquisition of Chinese listed companies – Interest disclosure and …” „… reporting requirements 5 100–103 – Methods of LC acquisition 5 75–83 – Strategic investment issues 5 84–99 …” „… Acquisition of non-tradable shares by agreement 5 75–77 Acquisition through QFIIs 5 79–80 Ad hoc meetings of …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-22

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Chapter 5. Mergers and Acquisitions …” „… ............................................... Limited Liability Companies M&A ............................................. Mergers and Acquisitions M&A …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 3. (Multiple) Assignment and Bona Fide Acquisition …”

. Outbound Investment from China S. 377-394

„… the Preliminary Reporting Rules for Overseas Mergers and Acquisitions by Enterprises (企业境外并购事项前期报告制度 …” „… ). The NDRC 2009 Circular establishes additional rules for outbound acquisition projects and outbound …” „… .73 In recognition of the risks involved in overseas acquisition of financial institutions and the …”

. Securities S. 103-146

„… . After the merger, the latter would be liquidated and, therefore, delisted. 135 Art. 72 Securities Law …” „… 2008. CORNE, H. Peter, Creation and Application of Law in the PRC, American Journal of Comparative Law …” „… in Establishing a Viable Chinese Securitization Market, Northwestern Journal of International Law and …”

. Foreign Investment Law S. 77-102

„… Profile for China, 2009. YE Jun (叶军)/BAO Zhi (鲍治), An Anatomy of Merger and Acquisitions of Domestic …” „… existing equity in the form of mergers & acquisitions (M&A), greenfield investment and extension of …” „… compliance; – Custom duty, revenue tax and VAT; – Income tax; – Merger, acquisition, liquidation and …”

. China’s Accession to WTO S. 23-36

„… China’s domestic banks is an issue of cross-border merger and acquisitions.105 This 98 2008 USTR Report …” „… , Ljiljana, Selective adaptation of WTO transparency norms and local practices in China and Japan, Journal of …” „… Journal of Business Law, vol. 3 (2006), 47–61. CAO Jianming, WTO and the rule of law in China, Temple …”

. Corporations and Partnerships S. 37-76

„… 17:38:56 3B2 9.1.431; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm Chapter 2. Corporations and Partnerships Literature …” „… : ANDERSON, Craig/GUO Bingna, Corporate Governance under the New Company Law (Part 1): Fiduciary Duties and …” „… , Corporate Governance under the New Company Law (Part 2): Shareholder Lawsuits and Enforcement, China Law …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845265452

Peter Kindler, Jan Lieder - European Corporate Law

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Peter Kindler (ed.), Jan Lieder (ed.)

European Corporate Law

2021

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Tobias de Raet Article 88 Rules governing mergers by acquisition and mergers by formation of a new company S. 501-505

„… encouraged to do so. Article 88 Rules governing mergers by acquisition and mergers by formation of a new …” „… rules governing mergers by the acquisition of one or more companies by another company and merger by the …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1. Merger by acquisition and merger by formation of a new company (Article 89, 90 …”

Tobias de Raet Article 89 Definition of a ‘merger by acquisition’ S. 505-509

„… difference between the ‘merger by formation of a new company’ and the ‘merger by acquisition’ as defined in …” „… as mergers under this Chapter (Articles 116, 117) Operations in the sense of Articles 116 and 117 are …” „… not to be interpreted as mergers in the narrow meaning of the Directive (cf. Articles 89 and 90).16 …”

Tobias de Raet Article 119 Definitions S. 594-598

„… acquisition and Article 119(2)(b) defines the merger by formation of a new company. In contrast to the …” „… by acquisition and mergers by formation of a new company where this is required. Pursuant to Article …” „… operation, but equal to (cross-border) mergers by acquisition (cf. Article 119(a)) and mergers by formation …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 87 494 Rules governing mergers by acquisition and mergers by formation of a new company …” „… . Professor Leuering has experience in corporate law, corporate litigation, mergers and acquisitions, capital …” „… cross-border mergers and divisions. Furthermore, the volumes comprises the important directives on financial …”

Tobias de Raet Article 113 Merger by acquisition by a company which holds 90 % or more of the shares of a company being acquired S. 570-572

„… raised concerns.5 Article 113 Merger by acquisition by a company which holds 90 % or more of the shares …” „… of a company being acquired Where a merger by acquisition is carried out by a company which holds 90 …” „… mergers by acquisition by a company which holds 90 % or more of the shares of a company being acquired …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 135 General provisions on division operations S. 688-690

„… Merger Directive: Article 24 of the 1986 preliminary draft and Article 21 of the drafts of 1970, 1973 and …” „… the case of mergers, given the close relationship between the two legal restructuring methods, and in …” „… and protective instruments therefore correspond as far as possible to those of the Merger Directive …”

Tobias de Raet Article 109 Merger by formation of a new company S. 564-566

„… merger by formation of a new company. For this purpose, ‘merging companies’ and ‘company being acquired …” „… . Article 91(2)(a) shall also apply to the new company. 2. The draft terms of merger and, if they are …” „… companies that will cease to exist. I. Application of the Model for Mergers by Acquisition …”

Tobias de Raet Article 132 Simplified formalities S. 677-680

„… Article 132 Simplified formalities 1. Where a cross-border merger by acquisition is carried out …” „… acquiring company does not allot any shares under the merger: — points (b), (c), (e) and (m) of Article 122 …” „… apply to the company or companies being acquired. 2. Where a cross-border merger by acquisition is …”

Tobias de Raet Article 90 Definition of a ‘merger by the formation of a new company’ S. 509

„… between the ‘merger by formation of a new company’ and the ‘merger by acquisition’ as defined in Article …” „… ‘merger by acquisition’ may involve one or more transferring entities, a ‘merger by formation of a new …” „… , governed by the provisions for mergers and not the general provisions for setting up a new company. II …”

Tobias de Raet Article 112 Shares held by or on behalf of the acquiring company S. 569-570

„… . Article 112 permits Member States to apply Articles 110 and 111 to mergers of a subsidiary into its parent …” „… CONVERSIONS, MERGERS AND DIVISIONS Art 112 Tobias de Raet 569 2 3 4 1 2 As a consequence, Section 2 of this …” „… acquisition by a company which holds 90 % or more of the shares of a company being acquired Where a merger by …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 136 Definition of a ‘division by acquisition’ S. 690-693

„… other legal entities which may be involved in a merger under German law (and not only by public …” „… ‘each of the recipient companies’ and the term ‘draft terms of merger’ shall mean ‘draft terms of …” „… CONVERSIONS, MERGERS AND DIVISIONS Art 136 Klaus Bader and Andreas Börner 691 1 2 3 4 5 6 threshold, so that …”

Tobias de Raet Article 131 Consequences of a cross-border merger S. 672-677

„… the period between registration and publication of the cross-border merger in the register of …” „… companies resulting from the merger and the registration of the deletion of the transferring …” „… critical evaluation: J. Schmidt, Cross-border mergers and divisions, transfers of seat: Is there a need to …”

Karsten Kühnle Article 86 i Protection of members S. 434-445

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 TITLE II CONVERSIONS, MERGERS AND DIVISIONS Art 86 i Karsten Kühnle 435 I. Introduction From …” „… European Parliament and of the Council of 26 October 2005 on crossborder mergers of limited liability …” „… , MERGERS AND DIVISIONS Art 86 i Karsten Kühnle 437 5 6 7 8 9 registered office in a Member State other …”

Tobias de Raet Article 108 Conditions for nullity of a merger S. 560-564

„… for nullity of a merger 560 Tobias de Raet 2 3 4 5 the judgment was published and after the date on …” „… which the merger takes effect; and (h) companies which have been parties to a merger are jointly and …” „… Furthermore, the limitation of reasons for which a merger may be null and void ensures legal certainty for the …”

Article 61 Derogation from rules on acquisition of own shares Jan P. Brosius S. 297-301

„… acquisitions do not constitute a repayment of contributions and carry no potential risk for the company.13 Also …” „… acquisition of own shares Shares acquired in contravention of Articles 60 and 61 shall be disposed of within …” „… Article 61 Derogation from rules on acquisition of own shares 1. Member States may decide not to …”

Index S. 1029-1055

„… merger 130 3, 8 – documents and particulars relating to a branch 29 14 ff. Cadbury Schweppes Intro 2 …” „… of merger report 124 17 ff. – control agains abuse and fraudulent purposes 127 29 ff. – cooperatives …” „… 133a 1 f. – liability of experts 133a 1 f. – majority requirement 126 18 f. – merger by acquisition …”

Tobias de Raet Article 91 Draft terms of merger S. 509-514

„… between the ‘merger by formation of a new company’ and the ‘merger by acquisition’ as defined in Article …” „… ‘merger by acquisition’ may involve one or more transferring entities, a ‘merger by formation of a new …” „… , governed by the provisions for mergers and not the general provisions for setting up a new company. II …”

Tobias de Raet Article 134 Validity S. 686-688

„… applying for the pre-merger certificate; and (b) the expert’s opinion is impartial and objective, and is …” „… I: Company Law Package’ (2019), BB, 1922 (1929); J. Schmidt, ‘Crossborder Mergers, Divisions and …” „… reasons expressly set out in Article 108. Limiting the reasons for which a merger may be declared null and …”

Tobias de Raet Article 114 Exemption from requirements applicable to mergers by acquisition S. 572-573

„… acquisition Member States shall not impose the requirements set out in Articles 95, 96 and 97 in the case of a …” „… those securities to it prior to the merger at a fair price. I. Historical Background and Context …” „… to mergers by acquisition 572 Tobias de Raet 8 1 2 3 II. Specific Conditions Points (a) to (c) of …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 151 Consequences of a division S. 717-720

„… Kapitalmarkt- und Gesellschaftsrecht' ZGR (6th edn, 2017), § 21, p. 707. TITLE II CONVERSIONS, MERGERS AND …” „… ) universal succession, (ii) acquisition of shares in the recipient company, and (iii) (as the Directive does …” „… ) § 21, p. 709. TITLE II CONVERSIONS, MERGERS AND DIVISIONS Art 151 Klaus Bader and Andreas Börner 719 …”

Tobias de Raet Article 110 Transfer of all assets and liabilities by one or more companies to another company which is the holder of all their shares S. 566-568

„… merger is drawn up. Since Article 96 requires an examination of the merger by experts and a report to be …” „… operations were not to be treated as, but similar to mergers by acquisition.3 II. Derogations of Certain …” „… includes provisions which do not fit the specifics and characteristics of 100 % upstream mergers4 and …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 160 h Approval by the general meeting S. 769-773

„… , Verschmelzungen und Spaltungen’ Der Betrieb (29) 2019, 1612. TITLE II CONVERSIONS, MERGERS AND DIVISIONS Art …” „… Proposal, 2019. 3 → Art 86 h mn. 4-5. TITLE II CONVERSIONS, MERGERS AND DIVISIONS Art 160 h Klaus Bader …” „… EU-Company Law Package’ ZIP (355) 2019, 9. TITLE II CONVERSIONS, MERGERS AND DIVISIONS Art 160 i Klaus …”

Tobias de Raet Article 120 Further provisions concerning scope S. 598-603

„… acquisition and cross-border mergers by formation of a new company, where an additional cash payment within …” „… acquisition and cross-border mergers by formation of a new company) to exceed 10 % of the nominal value, or …” „… cross-border conversions, mergers and divisions, COM(2018) 241 final, 25.4.2018, p. 25 et seq.; Bormann and …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 137 Draft terms of division S. 693-697

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 TITLE II CONVERSIONS, MERGERS AND DIVISIONS Art 137 Klaus Bader and Andreas Börner 693 I …” „… companies and are based on the “European model for structural changes” already established by the Merger …” „… information required for mergers in accordance with Article 5(1) no. 2, 7, 8 and 9 of the German …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 156 Application of rules on divisions by acquisition S. 725-727

„… of dissolution without going into liquidation. The difference between a division by acquisition and a …” „… remaining assets and liabilities.2 Article 156 Application of rules on divisions by acquisition 1. Articles …” „… → Art 159. TITLE II CONVERSIONS, MERGERS AND DIVISIONS Art 156 Klaus Bader and Andreas Börner 725 1 2 …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 160 b Definitions S. 744-746

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1. Cross-border divisions by formation and acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 …” „… Cross-border conversions, mergers and divisions’, Position Paper No. 31/ 2018, 28 …” „… , 46-127. TITLE II CONVERSIONS, MERGERS AND DIVISIONS Art 160 b Klaus Bader and Andreas Börner 745 2 3 4 …”

Tobias de Raet Article 87 General provisions S. 494-501

„… legal entities can only be encouraged to do so. Article 88 Rules governing mergers by acquisition and …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1. Merger by acquisition and merger by formation of a new company (Article 89, 90 …” „… Directive 2005/56/EC as regards reporting and documentation requirements in the case of mergers and …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 154 Exemption from the requirement of approval by the general meeting of the company being divided S. 723-724

„… to the merger or division of companies, laid down in Chapter I and Chapter III of Title II, need not …” „… Directive 2017/1132. TITLE II CONVERSIONS, MERGERS AND DIVISIONS Art 154 Klaus Bader and Andreas Börner …” „… a permissible manner, has gone beyond the minimum standard of the Directive and generally ruled out …”

Tobias de Raet Article 117 Mergers without all of the transferring companies ceasing to exist S. 575-576

„… , it is contradictory to apply the concept of mergers to cash-acquisitions, i.e. where the …” „… other conditions of a merger (cf. Articles 89 and 90) are fulfilled.1 2 Cf. Kalss, ‘Europarechtliche und …” „… . TITLE II CONVERSIONS, MERGERS AND DIVISIONS Art 117 Tobias de Raet 575 4 5 6 7 8 1 This Article …”

Tobias de Raet Article 116 Mergers with cash payment exceeding 10 % S. 574-575

„… payment exceeds 10 %. This is necessary because Articles 89 and 90 are only applicable to mergers where …” „… shareholders and creditors of the companies involved in the merger.1 Article 116 shall cover operations whose …” „… mergers.2 1 Bayer and J. Schmidt, ‘Der Referentenentwurf zum 3. UmwÄndG: Vereinfachungen bei …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 160 c Procedures and formalities S. 746-748

„… assets and liabilities.5 Cross-border divisions by formation and acquisition The 2019 Directive only …” „… its assets and liabilities to an existing company are thus not allowed.6 Such divisions by acquisition …” „… , MERGERS AND DIVISIONS Art 160 c Klaus Bader and Andreas Börner 747 1 2 3 4 5 IV. Scope of the Term …”

Tobias de Raet Article 105 Consequences of a merger S. 553-557

„… and the European Commission, a company should not be able to use a merger by acquisition as a means of …” „… to mergers by formation of a new company (cf. Article 109(1)) and to upstream-mergers of a 100 …” „… merger shall have the following consequences ipso jure and simultaneously: (a) the transfer, both as …”

Tobias de Raet Article 95 Detailed written report and information on a merger S. 524-528

„… Article 95 Detailed written report and information on a merger 1. The administrative or management …” „… terms of merger and setting out the legal and economic grounds for them, in particular the share …” „… liabilities between the date of preparation of the draft terms of merger and the date of the general meetings …”

Tobias de Raet Article 99 Protection of the interests of creditors of the merging companies S. 541-545

„… merging companies whose claims antedate the publication of the draft terms of merger and have not fallen …” „… . 1970/0091) commenting Article 10, p. 30; Wooldridge, ‘The Third Directive and the Meaning of Mergers’ (1980 …” „… Europäisches Recht der Strukturmaßnahmen”‘ (2004) NZG, 15 (22). TITLE II CONVERSIONS, MERGERS AND DIVISIONS …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 155 Definition of a ‘division by the formation of new companies’ S. 724-725

„… by acquisition and a division by formation of new companies lies in the fact that that in case of the …” „… remaining assets and liabilities.2 Article 156 Application of rules on divisions by acquisition 1. Articles …” „… → Art 159. TITLE II CONVERSIONS, MERGERS AND DIVISIONS Art 156 Klaus Bader and Andreas Börner 725 1 2 …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 160 i Protection of members S. 773-778

„… , MERGERS AND DIVISIONS Art 160 i Klaus Bader and Andreas Börner 773 16 17 18 19 20 21 the conditions laid …” „… neuen Umwandlungsrichtlinie’ ZIP 2019, 2437, 2439. TITLE II CONVERSIONS, MERGERS AND DIVISIONS Art …” „… . 9 → Art 86 j mn. 33. 10 → Art 86 j mn. 31-32. TITLE II CONVERSIONS, MERGERS AND DIVISIONS Art 160 …”

Tobias de Raet Article 126 Approval by the general meeting S. 643-648

„… cross-border merger by acquisition is carried out by a company which holds 90 % or more, but not all, of the …” „… merger by experts and a report to be drawn up by such experts, an additional report on the contribution …” „… to approve the common draft terms of the cross-border merger and whether to adapt the instrument of …”

Jan P. Brosius Article 54 Safeguards in the event of conversion S. 269-271

„… a division. Mergers and divisions are governed by Title II of the Directive (essentially derived …” „… apply to mergers and divisions. Article 49 (5), for instance, merely facilitates the reporting …” „… requirements for formations by way of mergers and divisions. The explicit provision in Article 54 is due to the …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 157 Divisions under the supervision of a judicial authority S. 727-729

„… . TITLE II CONVERSIONS, MERGERS AND DIVISIONS Art 157 Klaus Bader and Andreas Börner 727 7 8 to …” „… CONVERSIONS, MERGERS AND DIVISIONS Art 158 Klaus Bader and Andreas Börner 729 4 5 6 1 …” „… III. Formal Requirements When compared to the procedure of a division by acquisition, Article …”

Tobias de Raet Article 96 Examination of the draft terms of merger by experts S. 528-534

„… company and the merger. There is, however, no need for a report on the draft terms of mergers if there are …” „… terms of merger and draw up a written report to the shareholders. However, the laws of the Member States …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 IV. Option to Waive Examination of the Draft Terms of the Merger and the Expert Report …”

Jan P. Brosius Article 50 Derogation from the requirement for an experts' report S. 251-258

„… Title II on mergers and divisions of limited liability companies, which derive from the Third Directive …” „… 22, the Sixth Directive23 and the Cross-Border Mergers Directive24, the obligation to draw up a …” „… Directive 2011/35/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2011 concerning mergers of …”

Tobias de Raet Article 125 Independent expert report S. 634-643

„… merging company or companies. Consequences of errors If the merger report is not prepared and published …” „… of cross-border merger and draw up a single written report to all the members. 3. The report referred …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 TITLE II CONVERSIONS, MERGERS AND DIVISIONS Art 125 Tobias de Raet 635 a) Addressees …”

Karsten Kühnle Article 86 f Independent expert report S. 422-425

„… . TITLE II CONVERSIONS, MERGERS AND DIVISIONS Art 86 f Karsten Kühnle 423 1 2 3 In terms of procedures …” „… undisclosed know-how and business information (trade secrets) against their unlawful acquisition, use and …” „… 78/660/EEC and 83/349/EEC and repealing Council Directive 84/253/EEC. TITLE II CONVERSIONS, MERGERS AND …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 138 Publication of the draft terms of division S. 697-700

„… not charged a specific fee for such publication. TITLE II CONVERSIONS, MERGERS AND DIVISIONS Art …” „… Recital 74 Directive 2017/1132. TITLE II CONVERSIONS, MERGERS AND DIVISIONS Art 138 Klaus Bader and …” „… to the corresponding requirements for mergers as codified under Article 93. Thus, and thereby …”

Silja Maul, Larissa Furtwengler Article 23 Addressees S. 1027-1029

„… Article 21 Transposition 1. Member States shall bring into force the laws, regulations and …” „… Silja Maul and Larissa Furtwengler 1027 Index Italic roman numbers refer to the main parts: no roman …” „… number: Directive (EU) 2017/1132 relating to certain aspects of company law I: Accounting and Auditing …”

Silja Maul, Larissa Furtwengler Article 4 Supervisory authority and applicable law S. 988-994

„… therefore include regulations like the London City Code on Takeovers and Mergers.3 Relation to other …” „… regulated in the London City Code on takeovers and mergers. III. Competency of the Supervisory Authority …” „… is offered, and after taking all reasonable measures to secure the implementation of any other …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 160 a Scope S. 731-744

„… 2014/59/EU. TITLE II CONVERSIONS, MERGERS AND DIVISIONS Art 160 a Klaus Bader and Andreas Börner 731 5 …” „… cross-border conversions, mergers and divisions (the “2019 Directive”)1 for the first time introduces …” „… cross-border divisions and conversions and provides additional rules on cross-border mergers of limited …”

Karsten Kühnle Article 86 g Disclosure S. 425-429

„… ) against their unlawful acquisition, use and disclosure, OJ L 157, 15.06.2016. 10 Directive 2006/43/EC of …” „… 84/253/EEC. TITLE II CONVERSIONS, MERGERS AND DIVISIONS Art 86 g Karsten Kühnle 425 8 9 themselves …” „… Bock, GmbHR 2018, 281 et seq. TITLE II CONVERSIONS, MERGERS AND DIVISIONS Art 86 g Karsten Kühnle …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 160 d Draft terms of cross-border divisions S. 748-757

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 TITLE II CONVERSIONS, MERGERS AND DIVISIONS Art 160 d Klaus Bader and Andreas Börner 749 I …” „… . 3. 4. 8 → Art 122 mn. 12. 9 → Art 122 mn. 13. TITLE II CONVERSIONS, MERGERS AND DIVISIONS Art 160 …” „… European company (SE), OJ 294, 10.11.2001, 1-21. 22 → Art 160 r mn. 10. TITLE II CONVERSIONS, MERGERS AND …”

Tobias de Raet Article 122 Common draft terms of cross-border mergers S. 605-618

„… the uniform codification of cross-border mergers by acquisition and cross-border mergers by formation …” „… which explained that cross-border mergers shall in principle be governed by the principles and …” „… CONVERSIONS, MERGERS AND DIVISIONS Art 122 Tobias de Raet 605 6 7 8 9 (a) for each of the merging companies …”

Peter Kindler Introduction S. 1-65

„… Comparison’, 9 (2008) German Law Journal 1093; J. Schmidt, ‘Cross-border mergers and divisions, transfers of …” „… . Schmidt, ‘Cross-border Mergers, Divisions and Conversions: Accomplishments and Deficits of the Company Law …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 b) Mergers and divisions …”

Article 60 Acquisition of own shares Jan P. Brosius S. 286-297

„… general meeting, which shall determine the terms and conditions of such acquisitions, and, in particular …” „… years, and, in the case of acquisition for value, the maximum and minimum consideration. Members of the …” „… effected, the conditions referred to in points (b) and (c) are respected; (b) the acquisitions, including …”

Tobias de Raet Article 118 General provisions S. 576-594

„… the French split-merger (fusion-scission)3 and the conversion via merger (verschmelzungsrechtliche …” „… mergers of limited liability companies formed in accordance with the law of a Member State and having …” „… as ‘cross-border mergers’). I. Legislative History and Regulatory Context of the Provisions on Cross …”

Jan P. Brosius Foreword to Arts 44-85 S. 204-223

„… financial assistance of the acquisition of own shares and pre-emptive rights.27 In 2000, the Commission …” „… contributions in kind, the acquisition of own shares, the reduction of subscribed capital and the financial …” „… the case of mergers and divisions, OJ No L 259, 2.10.2009, p. 14–21. 44 In Article 1(1), the …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 10 Proxy voting S. 959-966

„… attend and vote at a general meeting in his name. The proxy holder shall enjoy the same rights to speak …” „… and ask questions in the general meeting as those to which the shareholder thus represented would be …” „… respect of shares held by one and the same shareholder. 3. Apart from the limitations expressly permitted …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845279909

Jörn Kruse, Ralf Dewenter - Wettbewerbsprobleme im Internet

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Jörn Kruse (ed.), Ralf Dewenter (ed.)

Wettbewerbsprobleme im Internet

Series: Hamburger Forum Medienökonomie

Volume 9 2009

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Patrick F. E. Beschorner Do Consumers Benefit from Concentration in the New Economy? – A Review of Google’s Mergers, Acquisitions and Arrangements S. 139-154

„… related markets. During the past years Google was involved in several mergers and acquisitions of which …” „… , Acquisitions and Arrangements Patrick F. E. BESCHORNER 1 Introduction Google is active in many internet …” „… . Department of Justice (DOJ) in its attempted blocking of Oracle’s acquisition of PeopleSoft (Sidak and …”

Ralf Dewenter, Jörn Kruse Vorwort S. 3-6

„… , Acquisitions and Arrangements …” „… higher risk of investment and how to deal with it? .........................................83 Günter …” „… Do Consumers Benefit from Concentration in the New Economy? – A Review of Google’s Mergers …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845218908

Nicola Cobelli, Emanuele Blasioli - M&A Management & Healthcare Industry

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Nicola Cobelli, Emanuele Blasioli

M&A Management & Healthcare Industry

2024

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Chapter 2 Mergers and Acquisitions of Private Healthcare Companies: A Focus on Europe S. 61-126

„… Chapter 2 Mergers and Acquisitions of Private HealthcareCompanies: A Focus on Europe2.1 “Silver …” „… ,Chapter 2 Mergers and Acquisitions of Private Healthcare Companies64• 60 % – the percentage of disabled …” „… on a rather narrowChapter 2 Mergers and Acquisitions of Private Healthcare Companies66economic and …”

Chapter 1 M&A in the Healthcare Industry: A Bibliometric Analysis S. 13-60

„… mergers and acquisition (M&As) refers to the activityby which an organization, known as the acquirer …” „… , 2003), the two terms, merger and acquisi‐tion, can be defined as follows:– Merger: a combination of two …” „… merger or acquisition may involve both. The terms consolida‐tion and integration occur frequently and …”

Chapter 3 An Empirical Study on M&A in the Italian Audiology Industry S. 127-196

„… retail trade that has emerged in recent years, leading to the creation ofprofessional figures and …” „… , audiology was not widely recognized as adistinct and vital area of medicine. This underestimation stemmed …” „… times, there was a limited understanding ofhearing loss, with mechanisms and consequences not well …”

Conclusions and Implications S. 197-204

„… outcomes, including the due diligence process, valua‐tion, negotiations, integration, and post-merger …” „… also shape thestrategies and synergies that underpin successful mergers and integrations.The …” „… achieving post-merger harmony and synergy. Inparticular, the book highlights that when it comes to the …”

Preface S. 9-10

„… mergers and acquisitions (M&A).M&A in healthcare refers to the strategic combination of …” „… manufacturers, and healthcare serviceproviders, through processes like mergers, acquisitions, joint ventures …” „… PrefaceThe healthcare industry is a dynamic and rapidly evolving sector that playsa pivotal role in …”

Foreword S. 5-8

„… Future Research Directions1.4 45Mergers and Acquisitions of Private HealthcareCompanies: A Focus on …” „… , and audiology. He showedso much passion for this subject that I came to visit him at his alma …” „… materlater on, discussing services and service marketing issues with him. Hedid not let loose and insisted on …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748940241

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