„… functioning of the labour market. This balances the discrepancy between the power of employers benefiting from …” „… market has shifted the balance of economic power towards employers. This is particularly evident in the …” „… 87 VIII. Conclusion 88 1. National labour law 88 2. The balance of power in the EU economy 88 3 …”

„… , gate­keepers are usually online platforms (such as the GAFAM companies) with consider­able market power that …” „… identified in this manner based on market power, number of users and network effects.30 In particular, the …” „… market power of the major digital companies affects the way in which the market functions, because it may …”

„… ReimsBibliography: Achleitner, ‘Digital Markets Act beschlossen: Verhaltenspflichten und Rolle nationaler …” „… Wettbewerbsbehörden’, NZKart 2022, 359; Akman, ‘Regulating Competition in Digital Platform Markets: A Critical …” „… Assessment of the Framework and Approach of the EU Digital Markets Act’, ELR 2022, 85; Belloso, ‘The Proposal …”

„… competitors; abuse of market power; vertical cooperation; antitrust compliance). He further represents …” „… proceedings, cartel and abuse of market power proceedings before the German Federal Cartel Office and the …” „… undistorted competition (in particular by preventing restraints on competition and abuse of market power (both …”

„… la Mano et al., ‘The Digital Markets Act’ (2021 …” „… ) (last accessed: 12.7.2023); de Streel et al., ‘Making the Digital Markets Act more resilient and …” „… ) markets-act-dma-resilient-effective/> (last accessed: 12.7.2023); Geradin, ‘What is a digital Gatekeeper?’ (2.4.2021 …”

„… market power, for example dominance on specific markets and of anti-compet­itive behaviour, and …” „… Annex: Digital Markets ActREGULATION (EU) 2022/1925 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCILof …” „… 14 September 2022on contestable and fair markets in the digital sector and amending Directives (EU …”

„… imposes obligations on them that serve to ensure the proper functioning of the internal market.6 In order …” „… , the legal norm concerned has to be specific enough in the case in question.8 The decisive criterion in …” „… by the Italian market regulator. See Koolen IIC 2022, 758.20 See rec. 56 DMA.21 Cf. Achleitner NZKart …”

„… inadmissible discrimi­nation of competitors, exploiting Google’s own market power, and, as a result, an …” „… , 253; Achleitner, ‘Digital Markets Act beschlossen: Verhal­tenspflichten und Rolle nationaler …” „… Wettbewerbsbehörden’, NZKart 2022, 359; Basedow, ‘Das Rad neu er­funden: Zum Vorschlag für einen Digital Markets Act …”

„… the opposite market side as the most effective criterion, will in practice be shipwrecked. How …” „… interchangeability – as main criterion is, show the following examples: Markets for ladies- and menswear The …” „… market. If the classical criterion of demand-side substitution is used as a basis, an equally balanced …”

„… 1: Hazards of a dominant market position6In a scenario of pricing power, prices are elevated. An …” „… Recital 2, theMerger Regulation aims at safeguarding competition in the internal market.Recital 5 points …” „… damage may result if the reorganisation process led tothe creation or strengthening of a dominant market …”

„… batteries for the automobile sector – overlappingdecision-making powersI.515Example of an ex officio …” „… : alice.arlebo@msa.se.ZEuS 3/2022, DOI: 10.5771/1435-439X-2022-3-505 505ing field within the internal market. Even if both …” „… market4, a final compro-mise text of which was presented on 13 July 2022 (draft EU Regulation on …”

„… criterion constitutes – taking up on the constitutional provisos – the unequal bargaining power, or a …” „… societal shaping in its interrelation with the socio-economic institution of the market and through …” „… taming of absolute state power through the rule of law. This corresponded to the liberal legal paradigm …”

„… functioning of the internal market, and of a system of undistorted competition. If, initially, the Community …” „… internal market. This was the case primarily of the freedom of movement for persons – persons being viewed …” „… economic towards the social dimension but because consumer protection became part of the internal market …”

„… power of the parties to a contract was decisive,15 and equal bargaining power was typically absent in …” „… avail of similar bargaining power so that both parties act in a selfdetermined manner. Therefore …” „… established court practice, the primary criterion for assessing the real extent of freedom of contract is the …”

„… . Comparative Remarks 393 I. The Adverse Effect of Substantive Adjustments of Contracts on the Credit Market …” „… non-market relationship between the surety and the principal debtor. Third, if a spouse entered into a …” „… income and assets, and the power of the court to partially or totally discharge a spouse from a …”

„… contracting power and concluding the same contracts. Moreover, the most attentive scholars have pointed out …” „… courts to fill the deficiencies of the legal system or of the agreement against private powers …” „… criterion of interpretation.30 27 The rule on fairness …”

„… market research.19 One of the negative effects of the Cour de cassation’s case law was that credit …” „… of their commitments. For instance, as far as the criterion of predictability is concerned, it has …” „… indirect advantage? As discussed above, the predictability of the obligations can be a criterion in …”

„… Inequality of Bargaining Power 179 I. Rationalisation of the Law 181 J. Conclusion 184 McCormack 154 A …” „… consequence of it was to deprive the creditor of the power to assign the mortgaged property to the surety …” „… . 49 [2006] EWHC 349. England 167 The fluctuations in the property market over the years have …”