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Marc Bungenberg, Jörn Griebel, Stephan Hobe, August Reinisch - International Investment Law

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Marc Bungenberg (ed.), Jörn Griebel (ed.), Stephan Hobe (ed.), August Reinisch (ed.)

International Investment Law

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2015

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Markus Perkams B. Protection for Legal Persons S. 638-652

„… B. Protection for Legal Persons Markus Perkams 1. Introduction …” „… treaty. Arbitral tribunals have frequently had to deal with the protection of legal persons. The case law …” „… British legal persons. III.B. Protection for Legal Persons Markus Perkams 639 2 3 4 national legal orders …”

Burkhard Schöbener IV. Outlook on the Developments in Public International Law and the Law Relating to Aliens S. 64-79

„… right to legal personality, the right to life, the right to bodily integrity and the protection of the …” „… unthinkable. Conclusion Investment protection legal standards include commitments that affect sensitive areas …” „… individual aspects of the customary international legal protection of property are, in this regard, debated …”

Rainer Hofmann III. The Protection of Individuals under Public International Law S. 46-63

„… protection of individuals (understood throughout this contribution as encompassing both natural and legal …” „… investor with individual rights not only as regards the actual legal protection of the investment, but also …” „… withdraw them. The Essential Role of Diplomatic Protection This legal status of the individual during that …”

Marc Jacob, Stephan W. Schill I. Fair and Equitable Treatment: Content, Practice, Method S. 700-763

„… Chapter 8: Standards of Protection I. Fair and Equitable Treatment: Content, Practice, Method1 …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 b) Administrative Due Process and Denial of Justice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 c) Protection …” „… Implications of the Rule of Law Approach . . . . . . . . 126 a) Comparative Analysis of Domestic Legal Systems …”

André von Walter I. Investor-State Contracts in the Context of International Investment Law S. 80-92

„… . & Pol’y 217–238; Abdullah Faruque, ‘Validity and Efficacy of Stabilisation Clauses – Legal Protection vs …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 D. Protection of Investor-State Contracts through Contractual Commitments …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 E. Protection of Investor-State Contracts through International Investment Agreements …”

John P. Gaffney, Zeynep Akçay A. European Bilateral Approaches S. 186-201

„… Republic terminates investment treaties in such a way as to cast doubt on residual legal protection for …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. European BITs within the International Legal Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 a) The …” „… for Substantive Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 (2) An Effective Legal Redress: the Advent of …”

Karsten Nowrot Chapter 10: Obligations of Investors S. 1154-1185

„… the legal protection they enjoy under investment agreements3 – expected and required to contribute in …” „… balance in the realm of investment treaty practice between the legal protection granted to foreign …” „… counterbalance to the legal protection enjoyed by foreign investors, the incontrovertible fact remains that most …”

Anthony Sinclair VII. Umbrella Clause S. 887-958

„… between International and Domestic Legal Orders 66 a) The Existence of the Protected Obligation …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 4. Whether the Umbrella Clause provides Protection Only from ‘Governmental’ Conduct …” „… the Umbrella Clause in the International Law of Investment Protection’ (2004) 4 Arb. Int’l 411–434 …”

Stephan W. Schill XII. Multilateralization: An Ordering Paradigm for International Investment Law S. 1817-1838

„… protection on bilateral grounds appears crucial for providing a legal infrastructure for a truly global …” „… , and as a single international legal discipline? While the first perspective understands international …” „… as an ‘unstructured process of privatised legal entrepreneurship’,2 Stephan W. Schill 1817 1 2 the …”

Katharina Diel-Gligor, Rudolf Hennecke D. Investment in Accordance with the Law S. 566-576

„… from confining restrictions of national legal systems, and to thereby maximise investment protection in …” „… Legal Nature of the Compliance Requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3. The Procedural Stage …” „… protections granted by the BIT. The primary purpose of these so-called ‘compliance clauses’ is to ‘prevent the …”

Giorgio Sacerdoti, Matilde Recanati XIII. Approaches to Investment Protection outside of Specific International Investment Agreements and Investor-State Settlement S. 1839-1862

„… countries such as Mexico after World War I stood the contrary, rendering international legal protection …” „… protection of investments regardless of the legal form chosen or of the legal system in question.’86 …” „… XIII. Approaches to Investment Protection outside of Specific International Investment Agreements …”

Pierre-Marie Dupuy, Jorge E. Viñuales VIII. Human Rights and Investment Disciplines: Integration in Progress S. 1739-1767

„… rights involved, all States can be held to have a legal interest in their protection; they are …” „… International Centre for the Legal Protection of Human Rights (INTERIGHTS), and the Legal Resources Centre (LRC …” „… (Oxford University Press, 2008); Florian Dupuy, La protection de l’attente légitime des parties au contrat …”

Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan VI. Investment Law and Intellectual Property Rights S. 1692-1713

„… Grosse Ruse-Khan, The Protection of Intellectual Property in the International Legal System (Oxford …” „… Ruse-Khan 1 of legal protection, economic theory argues that inventors and creators may be unwilling to …” „… protection.8 Some of these legal tools also function to balance the protection of IP with other societal …”

Richard Happ A. The Energy Charter Treaty S. 240-260

„… legal infrastructure for the protection of these investments. What is more, transporting any oil and gas …” „… . The exercise of the right under Art. 17 thus deprives the legal entity of substantive protection …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2. Investment Protection under the Energy Charter Treaty . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 a) Scope of …”

Jan Asmus Bischoff, Richard Happ A. The Notion of Investment S. 495-544

„… investor would be without legal protection on the international level69 unless the host State is willing to …” „… ’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. Definitions of Investment in Investment Protection Treaties. . . . . . . . 7 a) Asset-Based …” „… protection law’ (2011) 48 CMLR 1527– 1569; Aron Broches, ‘The Convention on the Settlement of Investment …”

Marc Bungenberg, Stephan Hobe II. The Relationship of International Investment Law and European Union Law S. 1602-1628

„… the very foundations of the Community legal order, one of which is the protection of fundamental …” „… Protection Standards? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 c) Coverage of …” „… Protection in EU Law (Oxford University Press, 2009); Steffen Hindelang, ‘Direktinvestitionen und die …”

Stephan Hobe I. The Development of the Law of Aliens and the Emergence of General Principles of Protection under Public International Law Stephan HobeThe Development of the Law of Aliens S. 6-22

„… those rules that grant a certain standard of protection to foreign legal and natural persons vis-à-vis …” „… any legal position. Moreover, there is an entitlement to the right to life and the protection of the …” „… I. The Development of the Law of Aliens and the Emergence of General Principles of Protection under …”

Sabine Konrad C. Protection for Non-Profit Organisations S. 555-565

„… C. Protection for Non-Profit Organisations Sabine Konrad* 1. Introduction …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4. Substantive Protections Available …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 c) Full Protection and Security …”

Index S. 1913-1952

„… Mutual Protection of Private Property Rights in Foreign Countries Chapter 4 I 17 – dispute settlement …” „… Convention on the Protection of Foreign Property Chapter 13 XII 21 1962 OECD Draft Convention on the …” „… Protection of Foreign Property Chapter 4 I 41 – dispute settlement Chapter 4 I 48 – inter-State disputes …”

Ralph Alexander Lorz II. Protection and Security (Including the NAFTA Approach) S. 764-789

„… ) The Real Issue: Guarantee of a Stable Legal Environment?. . . . . 53 D. Relationship of ‘Protection …” „… tribunal – employed the phrase ‘full protection and legal security’. The tribunal referred to the …” „… access to legal remedies before State courts is generally required by protection and security clauses.99 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… F. Reed and Jonathan E. Davis Protection for Legal Persons …” „… of Global Legal Studies infra below INTERIGHTS International Centre for the Legal Protection of Human …” „… ........................................................................ Chapter 2: 6 The Development of the Law of Aliens and the Emergence of General Principles of Protection …”

Jorge E. Viñuales VII. Investment Law and Sustainable Development: The Environment breaks into Investment Disputes S. 1714-1738

„… protection from a legal perspective. Given the focus of the present volume, the chapter is intended for an …” „… Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL), the International Centre for the Legal Protection of …” „… appropriate legal protection’.119 G. Concluding Remarks The foregoing analysis suggests that environmental …”

Karl-Heinz Böckstiegel I. The Future of International Investment Law – Substantive Protection and Dispute Settlement S. 1863-1872

„… decide to come to host countries if they have sufficient legal protection. Therefore, world-wide …” „… Protection and Dispute Settlement Karl-Heinz Böckstiegel 1871 39 40 41 42 and not legal evaluation, as a …” „… Law – Substantive Protection and Dispute Settlement Karl-Heinz Böckstiegel A. Introductory Remark …”

Bruno Simma, Dirk Pulkowski I. Two Worlds, but Not Apart: International Investment Law and General International Law S. 361-371

„… legal basis for the protection of foreign investment in its own economy’ (Zachary Douglas, The …” „… the remainder of public international law. The contemporary international law for the protection of …” „… foreign investments is constituted by legal provisions – often similar in content – contained in a network …”

Ursula Kriebaum VIII. Expropriation S. 959-1030

„… . Brueschke, The Iran-United States Claims Tribunal (Martinus Nijhoff, 1998); Ian Brownlie, ‘Legal Status of …” „… , Legal Aspects of Political Risk (Oceana Publications, 1997); James Crawford, The International Law …” „… , 1995); Rudolf Dolzer, Eigentum, Enteignung 1 This contribution is based, in part, on a legal opinion …”

Markus Krajewski III. Investment Law and Public Services S. 1629-1643

„… . Legitimate expectations and the protection of a stable and predictable legal and business environment are …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2. Protection against Expropriation …” „… classical subject of public law in many legal systems. Markus Krajewski 1629 1 impede the provision of …”

Kaj Hobér, Joshua Fellenbaum I. Political Risk Insurance and Investment Treaty Protection S. 1517-1551

„… country, and that the conditions in the host country provide for legal protection and fair and equitable …” „… treatment.43 The Agency will determine if there is adequate legal protection in the host State and if the …” „… availability of fair and equitable treatment and legal protection,44 the Agency shall: [E]ndeavor to conclude …”

Chester Brown I. The Evolution of the Regime of International Investment Agreements: History, Economics and Politics S. 153-185

„… Customary International Law of Investment Protection …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 C. Multilateral Efforts for the Promotion and Protection of Foreign Investment …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2. International Convention for the Mutual Protection of Private Property Rights in Foreign …”

Morris Besch II. Typical Questions Arising within Negotiations S. 93-152

„… Stabilisation Clauses. Legal Protection vs. Functional Value’ (2006) 23 (4) J. Int’l Arb. 317–336; Mohamed Al …” „… effective legal protection.2 1 See on these political risks Morris Besch, Schutz von Auslandsinvestitionen …” „… International, 2000) 14; Abdullah Faruque, ‘Validity and Efficacy of Stabilisation Clauses. Legal Protection vs …”

Sabine Konrad B. Protection of Investments Owned by States S. 545-554

„… B. Protection of Investments Owned by States Sabine Konrad* 1. Introduction …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 b) Protection of State-Affiliated Entities in BITs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 c …” „… . 793–816; Claudia Annacker, ‘Protection and Admission of Sovereign Investment under Investment Treaties …”

August Reinisch II. The Interpretation of International Investment Agreements S. 372-410

„… words, the purpose of international protection is to protect legal and bona fide investments.’). Chapter …” „… Treaties: 30 Years On (Martinus Nijhoff, 2010); Ole Fauchald, ‘The Legal Reasoning of ICSID Tribunals: An …” „… Protection Rules’ in Ole Fauchald and André Nollkaemper (eds), The Practice of International and National …”

Stephan Wittich II. State Responsibility S. 23-45

„… ), The International Legal System in Quest of Equity and Universality. Liber Amicorum Georges Abi-Saab …” „… can be traced back to a general principle of law common to all, or at least the major, legal sys …” „… - Stephan Wittich 23 1 tems according to which every violation of a legal norm entails the legal …”

Michael Hahn II. EU Rules and Obligations Related to Investment S. 671-684

„… . 63 of the TFEU to grant them the full protection of the EU legal order, the court has refused to …” „… II. EU Rules and Obligations Related to Investment Michael Hahn A. The EU Legal Order and …” „… (eds), The Evolution of EU Law (Oxford University Press, 2011) 547–574. A. The EU Legal Order and …”

Ralph Alexander Lorz, Manuel Busch E. Investment in Accordance with the Law – Specifically Corruption S. 577-589

„… qualify for BIT protection. However, the question remains which legal consequences should then exactly be …” „… Legal Consequences of Corruption’ (2010) 25 ICSID Rev.– FILJ 63–66; Bernardo Cremades, ‘Corruption and …” „… on the Recent ICSID Case Law on Corruption’ (2010) 37 LIEI 61–85; Richard Kreindler, ‘Legal …”

Andrew Newcombe B. The Americas S. 202-220

„… standard of treatment.55 Rather, there is an assumption that US legal protections are as good or better …” „… Investment Protections (Martinus Nijhoff, 2012); Céline Lévesque and Andrew Newcombe, ‘Commentary on the …” „… Canadian Model Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement’ in Chester Brown (ed), Commentaries …”

Christian Tietje XI. Investment Law and Sovereign Wealth Funds S. 1802-1816

„… investment protection ‘hard law’ provides legal security and predictability for sovereign investors. Chapter …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Literature: Claudia Annacker, ‘Protection and Admission of Sovereign Investment under Investment …” „… three areas: (A) Legal Framework, Objectives, and Coordination with Macroeconomic Policies; (B …”

Joachim Steffens II. Excursus: German Political Risk Insurance S. 1552-1568

„… countries generally had underdeveloped legal frameworks with inadequate legal protection for foreign …” „… shift to a market system. Following the development of more secure legal protection, German investors …” „… ; – as a rule there is sufficient legal protection in the host country provided by a bilateral investment …”

Christoph Schreuer V. The Future of International Investment Law S. 1904-1912

„… the same time, the legal framework continues to be mostly treaty based. Therefore, ultimate systemic …” „… and forward planning on the part of investors. Most of the time awareness of investment protection …” „… comes after problems have arisen. For the typical investor the availability of international protection …”

Anne K. Hoffmann G. Denial of Benefits S. 598-613

„… 17(1)’ in Graham Coop and Clarisse Ribeiro (eds), Investment Protection and the Energy Charter Treaty …” „… of protection and the dispute resolution clause of investment agreements which regularly are of …” „… those companies from the scope of protection which are owned or controlled by nationals of a third …”

Jan K. Schäfer I. Alternatives to Investment Arbitration S. 1186-1211

„… Advantages of ADR Methods in Investor-State Disputes 18 C. References to ADR Methods in Investment Protection …” „… resolution, time and cost savings, protection of the relationship of the parties and enabling creative …” „… have recourse to mediation can rely on a predictable legal framework, it is necessary to introduce …”

Andreas R. Ziegler X. Investment Law in Conflict with WTO Law? S. 1784-1801

„… Violations Also Contrary to the Fair and Equitable Treatment Obligations in Investor Protection Agreements …” „… the even more complex debate on the fragmentation of the international legal system and the (perceived …” „… protection from government action in a broad area of policies. This new trend has most prominently come to …”

Gabriel Bottini, Veronica Lavista, Mariana Lozza E. MERCOSUR and CAFTA S. 326-341

„… unjustified or discriminatory measures and ‘full legal protection’ are established in Article 3.20 The …” „… , 2010). The purpose of this chapter is to describe the legal developments relating to foreign …” „… designing and implementing mutually supportive actions in the political and legal arenas. The declaration …”

Michael Hahn I. WTO Rules and Obligations Related to Investment S. 653-670

„… place to turn to for finding legal rules concerning investment protection and regulation. Or so one …” „… falls short of a protection against expropriation, it represents a legal impediment for a number of …” „… Agreement does not directly address investment protection. It acknowledges that heterogeneous legal and …”

Achim-R. Börner IV. Investment Law and Energy S. 1644-1676

„… situation where protection is found outside the host State legal system e.g. via international decision …” „… fragmented into a multitude of production steps. Such investments need good legal protection. The industries …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 B. National and International Energy Investment Protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 C. The …”

Yun-I Kim I. Investment Law and the Individual S. 1585-1601

„… of local remedies is required. See also the contribution by Rainer Hofmann, ‘The Protection of …” „… unanswered. In any event, it is evident that legal positions for investors exist and that it is solely their …” „… rights under the NAFTA, but that the protection standards contained therein were of a purely …”

Arno Gildemeister V. Investment Law and Taxation S. 1677-1691

„… , is an expropriation.58 53 See, e.g. B.W. Harvey, Constitutional and Legal Protection Against …” „… natural resources industry: legal and policy analysis in the light of modern investment treaties’ in …” „… Treaty-Based International Investment Protection and Fiscal Sovereignty’ (2007) Intertax 4244–4249; Sébastien …”

August Reinisch V. National Treatment S. 846-869

„… Reinisch (ed), Standards of Investment Protection (Oxford University Press, 2008) 29–58; Andrea K …” „… ’ in August Reinisch (ed), Standards of Investment Protection (Oxford University Press, 2008) 87–110 …” „… so-called absolute treatment standards, like fair and equitable treatment or full protection and security …”

Michael Waibel II. Investment Arbitration: Jurisdiction and Admissibility S. 1212-1287

„… , the existence of a legal dispute – a present disagreement between the parties on law or fact, or …” „… the European system of human rights protection, the commitment to dispute settlement is embedded in a …” „… arbitration, access to impartial fora is seen as essential to the realisation of the substantive legal …”

Stephan Wittich V. Investment Arbitration: Remedies S. 1391-1430

„… Remarks Given the decentralised nature of the international legal system with its lack of compulsory …” „… remedies are the judicial relief which a legal system provides for the enforcement of substantive rights …” „… seen in a broader perspective as pursuing the immediate objective of securing a legal right …”

James Crawford, Simon Olleson III. The Application of the Rules of State Responsibility S. 411-441

„… protections,5 with the result that claims for breach of such instruments are claims for breach of treaty. As a …” „… investor in relation to claims of breach by the host State of the substantive standards of protection which …” „… despite the (entirely normal) position in investment protection claims that other aspects of the same …”

August Reinisch IV. Most Favoured Nation Treatment S. 807-845

„… . The ‘Basic Treaty’ as the Legal Basis of MFN Treatment . . . . . . . . . . 14 4. The Temporal Scope of …” „… Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations: Legal and Economic Problems (Kluwer Law and Taxation, 1988 …” „… Investitionsrecht (C.H. Beck, 2008) 79; Lee Caplan and Jeremy Chapter 8: Standards of Protection 808 August Reinisch …”

Irmgard Marboe III. Valuation in Cases of Expropriation S. 1057-1081

„… they applied, and render a decision which is in conformity with both the legal requirements and …” „… so that the legal consequences, including the standard of compensation, are the same. However, there …” „… the same level of protection against expropriation, be it direct or indirect. However, indirect …”

Marc Bungenberg, Catharine Titi VIII. Precedents in International Investment Law S. 1505-1516

„… and Practice of Investment Treaties (Kluwer Law International, 2009); Federico Ortino, ‘Legal …” „… Disp. Settlement 25–46; Jan Paulsson, ‘International Arbitration and the Generation of Legal Norms …” „… Robert-Cuendet, Droits de l’investisseur étranger et protection de l’environnement: Contribution à l’analyse de …”

Ole Spiermann IV. Investment Arbitration: Applicable Law S. 1373-1390

„… law exactly implies, in turn providing more work for the legal profession. What law to apply in …” „… claims, notably their legal basis. How that law is applied is in turn determined by the individuals …” „… the processes of lawyering and legal decision-making, yet they are of importance to the reputation of …”

Kaj Hobér II. Does Investment Arbitration have a Future? S. 1873-1878

„… follow from investment protection treaties, be they bilateral or multilateral. From a legal point of view …” „… channels, typically by asking the home State to exercise diplomatic protection, its ius protectionis. In …” „… investment protection treaty (BIT). Today there are around 3,000 BITs. The vast majority of them have …”

Noah Rubins, Ben Love I. Ratione Temporis S. 481-494

„… investment treaties,1 the analysis below extends to the temporal scope of a treaty’s substantive protection …” „… Temporal Scope of Investment Protection Treaties (BIICL, 2009). 2 Island of Palmas case (Netherlands v. USA …” „… treaties contain provisions limiting the protection afforded to pre-ratification investments.8 Continuous …”

Vivienne Bath, Luke Nottage C. The ASEAN Comprehensive Investment Agreement and ‘ASEAN Plus’ – The Australia–New Zealand Free Trade Area (AANZFTA) and the PRC–ASEAN Investment Agreement S. 283-303

„… deny justice in legal or administrative proceedings, and that full protection and security requires a …” „… ) Investment Protection …” „… associated with the ‘ASEAN Way’). Political integration and legal harmonisation within ASEAN, let alone the …”

Andrea K. Bjorklund B. NAFTA’s Contributions to Investor-State Dispute Settlement S. 261-282

„… Development of Substantive Protections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 a) National Treatment …” „… Reinisch (ed), Standards of Investment Protection (Oxford University Press, 2008) 28–58; Andrea K …” „… ), Protection of Foreign Investments through Modern Treaty Arbitration – Diversity and Harmonisation …”

Marc Bungenberg, Manjiao Chi C. Chinese Investment Law S. 221-239

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. Instruments of Investment Promotion and Protection: An Overview …” „… Multilateral Investment Protection Instruments . . . . . . . . . 9 3. Development of Chinese Investment …” „… new legal framework for EU–China Investment Relations (2000) 34 JWT 137–179; Wenhua Shan and Sheng …”

Carsten Kern VI. Transfer of Funds S. 870-886

„… Direct Investment: The Scope of Protection in European Union Law (Oxford University Press, 2009); Abba …” „… Restrictions under Modern Investment Treaties’ in August Reinisch (ed), Standards of Investment Protection …” „… (Oxford University Press, 2008) 205–243; Abba Kolo, ‘Investor Protection vs Host State Regulatory Autonomy …”

Jörn Griebel D. The New EU Investment Policy Approach S. 304-325

„… according to the Council itself ‘the highest possible level of legal protection and certainty’.58 However …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 (1) Scope of Investment Protection …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 (2) Standards of Treatment and Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 (3 …”

Armand de Mestral III. Pre-Entry Obligations under International Law S. 685-699

„… 105–126; Giorgio Sacerdoti, ‘Bilateral Treaties and Multilateral Instruments on Investment Protection …” „… (ed), International Protection of Foreign Investment, vol. 2 (Yorkhill Law Publishing, 2008) 519. 3 …” „… (OECD, 2012) at Arts. 1 and 2 (OECD Code of Liberalisation). 6 The World Bank Group, Legal Framework for …”

Christina Binder IV. Circumstances Precluding Wrongfulness S. 442-480

„… , ‘Investment Protection in Extraordinary Times: the Interpretation and Application of Non-precluded Measures …” „… case10 as well as in the Israel Security Wall opinion.11 Legal doctrine generally affirms the existence …” „… international law.’ Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, ICJ …”

Stefan Kroll VII. Enforcement of Awards S. 1482-1504

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1. The Relevant Legal Framework …” „… general legal obligation to do so, such a conduct is due to a number of different factors. These include …” „… least in relation to the legal concepts attached to it. In practice it is often used to refer …”

August Reinisch IV. The Likely Content of Future EU Investment Agreements S. 1884-1903

„… agreements. The traditional BIT approach is to improve the legal protection for foreign investors which …” „… limited to providing physical protection and related legal remedies for the Spanish Claimants and their …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 b) Fair and Equitable Treatment and Full Protection and Security 27 c) Non-Discrimination …”

Irmgard Marboe I. The System of Reparation and Questions of Terminology S. 1031-1044

„… Remedies are at the centre of any legal system properly called, ubi remedium ibi ius.1 This is particularly …” „… evidentiary challenges and, most importantly, confusion over the applicable legal and economic terms and …” „… money to repair injury or damage, the underlying legal concepts vary. As the German–American Claims …”

Lucy F. Reed, Jonathan E. Davis A. Who is a Protected Investor? S. 614-637

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 a) The Scope of Protection of Natural Persons under International Investment Agreements …” „… ’ Article 25(1) of the Convention states that the Centre’s jurisdiction ‘shall extend to any legal dispute …” „… State’s consent to arbitration and define the investors that enjoy the substantive protections of those …”

Monique Sasson III. Investment Arbitration: Procedure S. 1288-1372

„… Seat or Legal Place of Arbitration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 4 …” „… procedural protections and practices afforded to States under the International Centre for the Settlement of …” „… Investment Disputes (ICSID) Convention, Regulations and Rules, and also considers whether these protections …”

Irmgard Marboe IV. Valuation in Cases of Breaches of International Law Unrelated to Expropriation S. 1082-1102

„… standards aimed at the protection of foreign investment in the host State may be the basis for a claim for …” „… damages – such as the obligations of full protection and security, fair and equitable treatment …” „… expropriation contained in the applicable investment protection treaty is not applicable in cases unrelated to …”

Ursula Kriebaum III. Arbitrary/Unreasonable or Discriminatory Measures S. 790-806

„… Protection 800 Ursula Kriebaum 30 31 32 33 34 Provided for by the Law For a number of tribunals the legal …” „… or the Full Protection and Security Clause …” „… August Reinisch (ed), Standards of Investment Protection (Oxford University Press, 2008) 87–110; Federico …”

Borzu Sabahi, Kabir Duggal, Nicholas Birch VI. Limits on Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts S. 1115-1129

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2. Legal Causation …” „… , both factual and legal. Next, the effects on compensation of a claimant’s contributory fault or failure …” „… The determination of the proximity has both factual and legal aspects.13 Factual Causation and Burden …”

Catherine Kessedjian III. Where Public meets Private: a Few Thoughts on Investment Law and Arbitration S. 1879-1883

„… national treatment, but the system has evolved into a legal regime much more favourable to foreign …” „… and Consumer Protection Act and the adoption of the European Parliament Resolution of 18 September …” „… . Private Enforcement It has become customary in many legal fields to accept, alongside public enforcement …”

Joachim Karl F. The Negotiations on the OECD Multilateral Agreement on Investment S. 342-360

„… achieved so far in the area of investment liberalisation and protection.2 Given that the OECD had many …” „… with high standards for the liberalisation of investment regimes and investment protection and with …” „… liberalisation, investment protection, dispute settlement or other ‘special topics’. These Working Groups had the …”

Irmgard Marboe V. Valuation in Cases of Breach of Contract S. 1103-1114

„… treatment, full protection and security or – most importantly – an umbrella clause.2 Contracts may also be …” „… damage in such cases is a particularly difficult task which involves both legal and economic issues. For …” „… value.6 Instead, it involves complex factual, legal and economic issues which vary from case to case. In …”

Lars Markert, Helene Bubrowski B. National Setting Aside Proceedings in Investment Arbitration S. 1460-1481

„… policies are violated, they will ‘set aside’ an award, thus depriving it of its legal effect in the …” „… parties, through their choice of a place of arbitration, have opted into a national legal system. See …” „… involve States, on one side, and usually legal entities or relatively sophisticated business persons, on …”

Patrick Dumberry VII. Moral Damages S. 1130-1141

„… the basic legal rights and protections of private parties’ causing moral damages to the investor (para …” „… and Elisa Freiburg, ‘Moral Damages in International Investment Disputes: on the Search for a Legal …” „… or, as it is sometimes called, ‘legal injury’.13 To this list should be added one specific type of …”

Christina Knahr F. The Territorial Nexus between an Investment and the Host State S. 590-597

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. Territoriality Requirement in Investment Protection Treaties . . . . . . . 3 3. Arbitral …” „… Investment Protection Treaties Many bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and also multilateral treaties like …” „… outside Argentina and out of reach of its laws and tribunals. There is no way then to say (and no legal …”

John Y. Gotanda VIII. Interest S. 1142-1153

„… the liability to pay interest is now an accepted legal principle.5 Many BITs also provide for the …” „… Investment Protection and Promotion Agreement Model, 2004, available at http://italaw.com/documents/Canadian …” „… Government of the People’s Republic of China Concerning the Encouragement and the Reciprocal Protection of …”

Jean-Christophe Honlet, Barton Legum, Anna Crevon A. ICSID Annulment S. 1431-1459

„… Consultative Meetings of Legal Experts Designated by Governments, History of the ICSID Convention, vol. II-1 …” „… constitutes a legal error which cannot be remedied through annulment.54 Ad hoc committees have so far resisted …” „… ) para. 53; CDC (n. 20) para. 45 (‘Regardless of our opinion of the correctness of the Tribunal’s legal …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845258997

Chiara Mannoni - Artistic Canons and Legal Protection

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Chiara Mannoni

Artistic Canons and Legal Protection

Series: Studien zur europäischen Rechtsgeschichte

Volume 330 2023

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Introduction S. 1-14

„… fundamental steps in the development of both art history scholarship and new legal models of protection, which …” „… the Legal Protection of Monuments in Germany; H, Die geschichtliche Entwicklung des Denkmalrechts …” „… Ludwig von Maurer are relatively early, covering the first issues that arose on the legal protection of …”

Chapter One – Conceptual Chronicles S. 15-110

„… being elected worthy of legal protection. The excavations of Herculaneum and Pompeii were bringing to …” „… , a dedicated system of legal protection that set them apart from works of antiquity:1) It is …” „… introduced under legal protection only with the edict of 1820.To fully grasp the meaning and the implications …”

Afterword S. 203-206

„… to guarantee the best conditions for the physical, legal, and administrative protection and the …” „… protection of the law; it also led to the formulation of clear positions on conservation in situ, which in …” „… protection of artistic heritage that were issued in the Papal States and in Greece – that is, the Chirografo …”

Chapter Two – Administrative Chronicles S. 111-166

„… tradition – comparable to that of Rome – and a strong legal procedure for the protection of local artworks …” „… instruments to be applied to the management and protection of historical and artistic heritage. The legal …” „… artefacts of Greece and the Middle East were introduced to legal protection within this memorandum. This was …”

Chapter Three – Trading Chronicles S. 167-202

„… legal protection or, conversely, if it was unworthy of attention and care, and could thus be exported …” „… “worthless”, that is to say, whether it fell within the parameters of legal protection or not. Apart from a …” „… as “personal effects”.103The loopholes in the legal system of heritage protection in Greece may have …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… 330_Mannoni.indd 4-6 02.05.23 11:49Chiara MannoniArtistic Canons and Legal ProtectionDeveloping …” „… KlostermannFrankfurt am Main2023Chiara MannoniArtistic Canons and Legal ProtectionDeveloping Policies to Preserve …” „… legislation on heritage protection”, is part of the research project “The origins of the legal protection of …”

Bibliography S. 261-270

„… , 2007. T, W, The Development of the Legal Protection of Monuments in Germany, in …” „… Politics of the Past: Legal Protection of Cultural Heritage in Greece, in: International Journal of …” „… -marathon-spearheads.html.G, Y, ‘Insignificant’, ‘Superfluous’, and ‘Useless’: Legal Antiquities for Export?, in …”

Appendices S. 207-252

„… ἐπιχειρήσεως τῶν ἀρχαιολογικῶν ἀνασκαφν [On the Protection of the Archaeological Excava-tions]1865, 4 February …” „… ) – Royal Decree ΒΧΜΣ 2646/1899 on the protection of antiquities 210 AppendicesAppendix 2 – the Chirografo …” „… espediente di farvi.Dalle Provincie innoltre si dovrà rimettere a Noi anche una terza Copia legale di queste …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783465145479

Jens Peter Schmidt, Fabian Hübener - New Digital Markets Act

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Jens Peter Schmidt (ed.), Fabian Hübener (ed.)

New Digital Markets Act

2023

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Fabian Hübener, Raphael Reims Chapter 10 EU penalties, investigative powers and legal protection S. 80-95

„… of the Council (OJ 2023 L 102, 6).C. Legal protectionFabian Hübener/Raphael Reims 8933343536 …” „… in Grabitz/Hilf/Nettesheim AEUV Art. 263 mn. 118 et seqq.C. Legal protectionFabian Hübener/Raphael …” „… , 721 para. 62 et seqq. – Edeka.C. Legal protectionFabian Hübener/Raphael Reims 956061 …”

Gonçalo Machado Borges, Sofia Vaz Sampaio, Leonor Martins Machado J. Private enforcement in Portugal S. 165-171

„… protection, Portuguese law should, in principle, continue to grant legal standing to all citizens and other …” „… , said article then refers to the Consumer Protection Act, which in turn, concerning the legal standing …” „… implement it.183The first general observation, therefore, is that in Portugal there are currently no legal …”

Index S. 255-260

„… seq., 6 4Legal costs, lawyers’ fee 13 246Legal protection 1 5, 10 1 et seqq., 36 et seqq.– addressee …” „… legal protection 13 124Termination conditions 6 87 et seq., 13 27Third parties 10 57 et seqq.Third …” „… – unlimited jurisdiction to review 10 47Action in torts– causal link 13 185– legal basis 13 184 et …”

Henner Schläfke, Immo Schuler F. Private enforcement in Germany S. 135-145

„… protection, cybersecurity and product safety are explicitly mentioned. The two legal acts mentioned are also …” „… Germany (Henner Schläfke/Immo Schuler)This section focuses on the potential legal basis for claims …” „… displaced, at least in practice, by these statutory provisions. Further gateways for the legal evaluation …”

Pablo Figueroa, Jorge Masía, Ana Parés K. Private enforcement in Spain S. 171-175

„… . Basis for claimsThere is no legislative provision that adapts the Spanish legal system to the DMA.195 …” „… the principle that no legal action for compensation can be brought in the absence of actual …” „… expressly provided for by law for the protection of certain rights or which are deemed necessary to ensure …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IV. 79CHAPTER 10EU PENALTIES, INVESTIGATIVE POWERS AND LEGAL PROTECTIONFabian Hübener/Raphael …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .III. 11Legal basis, legal nature and objectives …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .B. 11Legal basis …”

Annex: Digital Markets Act S. 177-254

„… set of harmonised legal obligations should therefore be established at Union level to ensure …” „… have as their objective the protection of undistorted competition on the market. This Regulation …” „… market. This Regulation therefore aims to protect a different legal interest from that protected by those …”

Francesco Maria Salerno, Edoardo Ricci H. Private enforcement in Italy S. 149-153

„… , since the recent enactment of the Representative Actions for the Protection of the Collective Interests …” „… related to the private enforcement of the DMA in Italy. The focus will lay on the potential legal basis …” „… contract with respect to the interests of the parties and the legal balance of the contract.148Moreover …”

Henner Schläfke, Immo Schuler A. Private enforcement – a key implementation mechanism of the DMA S. 114-116

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20c) Requirements governing the establishment of legal relationships . . . . . . . . . 233. Rights of …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30c) Requirements governing the establishment of legal relationships . . . . . . . . . 32II. No …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601. Protection of business users: sanction of so-called ‘restrictive practices’ . . 60a) Significant …”

Markus Brösamle, Miriam Swamy-von Zastrow Chapter 5 Review by the European Commission (Art. 4 DMA) S. 36-40

„… ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82. Based on incomplete, incorrect or misleading information (lit. b) . . . . . . . . 93. Legal …” „… . Annual review of new core platform services (para. 2 subpara. 2) . . . . . . . . 193. Legal consequence …” „… gatekeepers and prevention of legal fragmentation resulting from a multitude of national regulations (cf. rec …”

Rob Corbet, Richard Willis G. Private enforcement in Ireland S. 145-149

„… rest of the negotiations […]’.The Competition and Consumer Protection Commission (CCPC) is the …” „… and consumer protection law in Ireland. In January 2021 the CCPC published a submission to the Irish …” „… claimants will also likely engage the provisions of the Representative Actions for the Protection of the …”

Rick Cornelissen, Lumine van Uden I. Private enforcement in the Netherlands S. 153-164

„… representative action for the protection of the collective interests of consumers into the Italian legal …” „… effective way to secure the plaintiff ’s legal position, especially in matters relating to torts.As far as …” „… legal basis for claims relating to an infringement of the DMA under Dutch law (→ mn. 214 et seqq …”

Henner Schläfke, Immo Schuler D. International jurisdiction S. 127-128

„… If a business user seeks preventive legal protection, the same applies in principle.6859 Stockenhuber …” „… . 2014/104/EU, according to which Member States ‘shall ensure that any natural or legal person who has …” „… align them with the concept of effectiveness and equivalence. National law, however, remains the legal …”

Juliane Mendelsohn, Oliver Budzinski Chapter 2 DMA: background, objectives, and its relationship to competition law S. 3-22

„… > (last accessed: 12.7.2023); Petit, ‘The Proposed Digital Markets Act (DMA): A Legal and Policy Review …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12B. Legal basis, legal nature and objectives …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14I. Legal basis …”

Henner Schläfke, Immo Schuler C. Civil law claims under the DMA S. 125-127

„… decision that is contrary to a decision adopted by the European Commission under the DMA. The risk of legal …” „… these have a direct impact on the legal relations between private parties.54 There is no need for any …” „… matter, it is for the domestic legal system of each Member State to lay down the detailed rules governing …”

Franck Audran, Elsa Mandel E. Private enforcement in France S. 128-135

„… rules (→ mn. 60 et seqq.) and subsequently focus on the legal basis for damages claims, i.e. the …” „… could qualify as gatekeepers (such as Amazon or Booking), using the legal basis of the prohibition of …” „… five million EUR (Article L.442–4 I. French Commercial Code, section 3).Protection of end users: the …”

Jens Peter Schmidt Chapter 1 The DMA at a glance S. 1-2

„… markets in the digital sector, to promote innovation and to enhance consumer protection. The EU did not …” „… consider the existing legal instruments, namely the ex post abuse of dominance regime under Art. 102 TFEU …”

Markus Brösamle, Johanna Krauskopf Chapter 4 Designation as a gatekeeper (Art. 3 DMA) S. 29-35

„… gatekeeper and ends with a decision to be published (→ Ch. 8 mn. 31 et seqq.; legal protection against …” „… (DMA): A Legal and Policy Review’, JECLAP 2021, 529; Schweitzer, ‘The Art to Make Gatekeeper Positions …” „… ) subpara. 1 DMA). The standard required by the vague legal term ‘sufficiently substantiated arguments’ is …”

Markus Brösamle, Emilia Etz Chapter 11 Role of national authorities and courts S. 96-106

„… data and consumer protection authorities (cf. rec. 85 DMA) and can consult national authorities on …” „… ‘coherent, effective and complementary enforcement of available legal instruments applied to gatekeepers …” „… ) (last accessed: 12.7.2023).14 Margrethe Vestager, ‘Data Protection and Competition: enforcement …”

Lucas Gasser, Jochen Hegener Chapter 6 Conduct obligations for gatekeepers (Art. 5–7 DMA) S. 41-58

„… ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23VI. Prohibition on restricting users’ legal remedies (Art. 5(6) DMA) . . . . . . . . . . . . 26VII …” „… a critical view on the choice of legal basis Basedow ZEuP 2021, 217 (221); Polley/Konrad WuW 2021 …” „… EGC and ECJ due to legal ambiguities in the text of the Regulation, the European Commission, as the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748937067

Kristina Schreiber, Patrick Pommerening, Philipp Schoel - New Data Governance Act

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Kristina Schreiber, Patrick Pommerening, Philipp Schoel

New Data Governance Act

2023

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Chapter 6 Legal protection and penalties S. 93-104

„… ; Tiedemann, ‘Das Kautionsrecht der EWG – ein verdecktes Strafrecht?’, NJW 1983, 2727.A. Legal protectionThe …” „… CHAPTER 6LEGAL PROTECTION AND PENALTIESA. Legal protection …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1I. Legal protection for re-users, data intermediaries and data altruism organisations …”

Index S. 175-183

„… altruism organisation 4 27 et seqq.– details 4 28– legal protection 6 6 et seq.Application for re-use …” „… et seqq.– data intermediation service 3 122 et seqq.– legal protection 6 1 et seqq.– supervision …” „… 6 23 et seqq.– lawsuit 6 21– legal protection 6 21 et seqq.Confidential information 2 71 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… the adjacent challenges for the use of the instruments of the DGA, up to the legal protection against …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II. 91CHAPTER 6LEGAL PROTECTION AND PENALTIESLegal protection …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A. 93Legal protection for re-users, data intermediaries and data altruism organisations …”

Annex: Data Gonvernance Act S. 115-174

„… should be transmitted to a third party for re-use only where a legal basis under data protection law …” „… protection. In order to prevent unlawful access to non-personal data, public sector bodies, natural or legal …” „… certain legal aspects of information society services, in particular electronic commerce, in the Internal …”

Chapter 5 International data transfer S. 85-92

„… – Organisational measures complement legal protection measures, but unlike these, they focus on internal processes …” „… legal relationships there with regard to the protection of intellectual property and trade secrets as …” „… adequate legal protection under Art. 5(12) DGA, the public sector body must provide for contractual …”

Chapter 2 Re-use of data from public sector bodies S. 9-30

„… protection for a longer validity.It is questionable what the legal consequence is of agreements that have …” „… necessary technical infrastructure.78 However, it is stipulated that there must be legal protection against …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463. Legal consequence and date of applicability …”

Chapter 4 Data altruism S. 63-84

„… ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32b) Legal personality and independence (lit. b, c …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52IV. Legal consequences of the registration …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693. Distinction from the data protection law of the GDPR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78D …”

Chapter 3 Data intermediation services S. 31-62

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482. Notification in the Member State of the main establishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513. Legal …” „… medium-sized enterprises and start-ups with limited financial, legal or administrative means (rec. 27 DGA). In …” „… on the one hand and data users on the other, through technical, legal or other means, including for …”

Chapter 1 The Data Governance Act S. 1-8

„… opportunities is likely to be the DGA’s open-ended relationship with data protection law, because of which legal …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19E. Relationship to data protection law …” „… the Union with the implications for data protection.6 Coupled with a lively activity of the EU …”

Chapter 7 The European Data Innovation Board S. 105-114

„… designed as an independent European institution with legal personality. Instead, it will be implemented as …” „… independent tasks or a supervisory function along the lines of the European Data Protection Board (EDPB) or …” „… discarded with reference to the areas of responsibility that go beyond the protection of personal data with …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748937050

Antje von Ungern-Sternberg, Christian Walter - Transformation of Church and State Relations in Great Britain and Germany

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Antje von Ungern-Sternberg (ed.), Christian Walter (ed.)

Transformation of Church and State Relations in Great Britain and Germany

Series: Schriften zum Religionsrecht

Volume 4 2013

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Mark Hill LEGAL PROTECTION IN ECCLESIASTICAL COURTS S. 91-106

„… 91 B. Interactions between Religious and Secular Law III. LEGAL PROTECTION IN ECCLESIASTICAL …” „… pluralist legal systems. 1 However, whilst there were fundamental differences in the respective …” „… characters of canon law and the (royal) common law, as legal systems, the church courts and the royal courts …”

Michael Germann THE GERMAN PERSPECTIVE S. 107-116

„… ecclesiastical courts in five branches. Firstly, all of them nowadays provide legal protection in …” „… are to provide legal protection, and on their procedure? 8 See Ulrich Scheuner, Grundfragen einer …” „… particular, deciding whether and to what degree legal protection in ecclesiastical courts can contribute to …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-16

„… (Denmark). The following articles examine the legal protection of individuals in religious and secular …” „… courts. Mark Hill (Cardiff) and Michael Germann (Halle- Wittenberg) deal with legal protection in …” „… . Interactions between Religious and Secular Law 91 III. LEGAL PROTECTION IN ECCLESIASTICAL COURTS …”

Lucy Vickers RELIGIOUS DISPUTES REGARDING EMPLOYMENT IN GREAT BRITAIN S. 117-132

„… procedurally fair. However, this legal protection against unfair dismissal is not available to all workers …” „… discussion of discrimination protection, the subjection of the organisation to legal regulation does not …” „… general religious context of the employment. Thus legal protection for individuals is minimal, and the …”

Katharina Pabel SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF FREEDOM OF RELIGIOUS ASSOCIATIONS UNDER THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS S. 159-172

„… analysis of the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) concerning the protection of …” „… ECtHR rules on individual cases. It is only able to decide on those legal questions which are brought …” „… basis from which more general statements on legal issues can be derived. Considering both remarks, the …”

Gernot Sydow THE LEGAL STATUS OF MUSLIM COMMUNITIES IN GERMANY S. 241-250

„… 241 THE LEGAL STATUS OF MUSLIM COMMUNITIES IN GERMANY – Gernot Sydow 1. Introduction …” „… : relevance of the concept of a particular »legal status« under German law The accommodation of the various …” „… understood by looking at religious politics and the legal status only.1 State policies do not only regulate …”

Hinnerk Wißmann THE GERMAN PERSPECTIVE S. 133-140

„… highlight the differences: From a German perspective, the legal situation in the UK is characterized by the …” „… the Bundesverfassungsgericht shows, in this context the legal culture in Germany seems to be only at …” „… religious communities. This includes the freedom to organise its structure: The legal structure should as …”

Ian Leigh BALANCING RELIGIOUS AUTONOMY AND OTHER HUMAN RIGHTS UNDER THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION S. 141-158

„… does mean that human rights arguments must be counted on both sides of the legal equation and not just …” „… churches or those with the character of public corporations or church courts integrated into the legal …” „… do not as the price of their distinctive legal status.8 Even where a strict version of …”

Lars Friedner TRANSFORMATION OF CHURCH RELATIONS – THE SCANDINAVIAN EXPERIENCE S. 85-90

„… Sweden became a legal entity of its own and thus is no longer a part of the legal entity of the State …” „… , they – as well as the dioceses – became legal entities as parts of the Church of Sweden.13 The Church …” „… the Church’s bishops. Some state-church features still remain. Some relate to the new legal solutions …”

Peter W. Edge AUTONOMY AND ESTABLISHED CHURCHES: THOUGHTS ON ENGLISH ESTABLISHMENT(S) IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY S. 173-188

„… of shared values, the demographics of worshippers, and the legal status of church law.16 One useful …” „… religious organisations are governed by special laws, for instance »the legal framework within which the …” „… , October 17, 1992, which refers to »a relationship between law and opinion«. In a legal context, see the …”

Peter Cumper THE PARTICIPATION OF RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES IN PUBLIC LIFE – THE BRITISH EXPERIENCE S. 189-208

„… British regions. 2 See Norman Doe, The Legal Framework of the Church of England A Critical Study in a …” „… ) to bring a legal challenge to the right of maintained faith schools to formulate their own 47 See …” „… protection for the right to freedom of religion in schools«, (2006) Education Law Journal 7(2), pp.102-115 …”

Augur Pearce THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHURCH-STATE RELATIONS IN ENGLAND S. 17-84

„… and legal phenomena not fully consistent with either analysis; yet the answer given to it will …” „… legal institutions serving private religion; although that understanding has arguably not been fully …” „… by Glyn CJ and Steel CB was that royal edicts of this nature did not create a lasting legal rule …”

Julian Rivers THE LEGAL STATUS OF MUSLIM COMMUNITIES IN ENGLISH LAW S. 225-240

„… subject of legal protection in the same way as race. The one place in the United Kingdom where we did …” „… 225 VIII. THE LEGAL STATUS OF MUSLIM COMMUNITIES IN ENGLISH LAW – Julian Rivers 1. Assimilation …” „… to a Church-State Model The first, and perhaps the most important, point to make about the legal …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845243399

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