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Andreas Fischer-Lescano, Hans-Peter Gasser, Thilo Marauhn, Natalino Ronzitti - Frieden in Freiheit - Peace in liberty - Paix en liberté

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Andreas Fischer-Lescano (ed.), Hans-Peter Gasser (ed.), Thilo Marauhn (ed.), Natalino Ronzitti (ed.)

Frieden in Freiheit - Peace in liberty - Paix en liberté

2008

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Yoram Dinstein Comments on the UK Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict S. 387-402

„… Comments on the UK Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict Yoram Dinstein A. The present …” „… essay will address selected problems emanating from the Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict, published …” „… player in the world arena, and any Manual of the law of armed conflict officially published by its …”

Wolff Heintschel von Heinegg Manoeuvring in Rough Waters: The UK Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict and the Law of Naval Warfare S. 439-456

„… Manoeuvring in Rough Waters: The UK Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict and the Law of Naval …” „… and rules of international humanitarian law applicable to armed conflicts at sea. In view of the fact …” „… International Law Applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea, printed in: Documents on the Laws of War, at p. 573 et …”

Dieter Fleck Law Enforcement and the Conduct of Hostilities: Two Supplementing or Mutually Excluding Legal Paradigms? S. 403-420

„… advocates a strict legal distinction between the conduct of hostilities in armed conflicts and law …” „… situation is not an armed conflict under international law, the relevant principles and rules of …” „… Unified Use of Force Rule in the Law of Armed Conflict’, 64 Saskatchewan Law Review (2001), 347- 396; see …”

Heike Spieker The Conduct of Hostilities and the Protection of the Environment S. 753-780

„… Warfare: Active and Passive Damage During Armed Conflict”, in: Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law …” „… ., “The International Law of Environmental Warfare: Active and Passive Damage During Armed Conflict”, in …” „… . T., “The International Law of Environmental Warfare: Active and Passive Damage During Armed Conflict …”

Elzbieta Mikos-Skuza The International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission: An Awakening Beauty? S. 493-504

„… , international humanitarian law. The question of compliance with the law of armed conflicts is the key topic at …” „… Humanitarian Law and the Challenges of Contemporary Armed Conflicts. Report prepared by the International …” „… violations of international humanitarian law. There are too many armed conflicts around the world, too many …”

Sabine von Schorlemer “Women in Progress?” The Relevance of Security Council Resolution 1325 (2000) S. 1155-1170

„… ?” Since then, the impact of armed conflict on women and vice versa2 has been increasingly recognized: From …” „… stereotyping of innately peaceful/victimized women in armed conflict. Reactions and important follow-up …” „… violence in situations of armed conflict, and when the Report of the Fourth World Conference on Women held …”

Thilo Marauhn The Silent Thread: Explosive Remnants of War S. 205-216

„… environment, neither general international law nor the law of armed conflict is effective in deterring States …” „… has taken long to limit the effects of ongoing armed conflicts, it seems to take even longer to …” „… effects of armed conflicts that should be addressed. This article will not discuss the continuing effects …”

David P. Forsythe The United States and International Humanitarian Law S. 421-428

„… about laws of war or law of armed conflict, compared with IHL. It seems that IHL has only been widely …” „… emblems in armed conflict) is of recent vintage and was always as controversial—if not more so—as the …” „… management of armed conflict. (Some do contest the nomenclature, with some preferring the old semantics …”

Marco Sassòli Human Shields and International Humanitarian Law S. 579-590

„… ; Yoram Dinstein, The Conduct of Hostilities under the Law of International Armed Conflict (Cambridge …” „… in bello”, supra note 21 at 8; UK Ministry of Defence, The Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict …” „… Victims of International Armed Conflicts, 8 June 1977, 1125 UNTS 3 – 434. It corresponds however without …”

Bibliographie Michael Bothe S. 1265-1290

„… Law of Armed Conflict - Challenges Ahead, Essays in Honour of Frits Kalshoven, Dordrecht u.a. 1991, S …” „… . • New Rules for Victims of Armed Conflicts, Commentary on the 1977 Protocols Additional to the Geneva …” „… State, in: Kalshoven (ed.), Assisting the Victims of Armed Conflict and Other Disasters, 1989, S. 91-97 …”

Bakhtiyar Tuzmukhamedov The End of Contractual Disarmament? S. 345-350

„… humanitarian law. It may be assumed that certain exigencies of contemporary armed conflicts could be met …” „… conflict, while the law-enforcement uses stay beyond that ban. However, look at it from a perspective of …” „… an ever-expanding notion of “armed conflict” which oftentimes tends to embrace traditional …”

Natalino Ronzitti The Proliferation Security Initiative and International Law S. 281-296

„… the law of armed conflict. For instance, the UK Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict makes the case of …” „… Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict (2004), Article 12.7. Ronzitti 281 attack. Moreover …” „… , “Maritime Interdiction of Weapons of Mass Destruction”, Journal of Conflict & Security Law, vol. 12, No. 1 …”

Mary Ellen O’Connell Defending the Law against Preemptive Force S. 249-260

„… armed attack: [I]n view of the current state of international law, and of the elements of fact at …” „… the 21st century that international law prohibits the use of force except against an armed attack or …” „… that no one wanted Damascus to have. Law is largely a matter of practice and custom, and it is …”

Friedhelm Krüger-Sprengel Das rechtliche Fundament Nicht-Letaler Waffen (NLW) S. 477-492

„… with national and international law Consistency with the Law of armed Conflict The research and …” „… Karlsruhe hatten folgende Leitthemen: • Symposium 2001: Impact of Non-Lethal Weapons on the Law of Armed …” „… protection of civilans and civil property. Respect of the treaties and rules of humanitarian law of armed …”

Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 7-12

„… im bewaffneten Konflikt – The law of armed conflict – Droit humanitaire François Bugnion La …” „… Dinstein Comments on the UK Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict 375 Dieter Fleck Law Enforcement and the …” „… Manoeuvring in Rough Waters: The UK Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict and the Law of Naval Warfare 427 …”

Hanspeter Neuhold The International Community and „Rogue States“ S. 227-248

„… party; 1 Michael Bothe, International Legal Aspects of the Darfur Conflict, in: August Reinisch and …” „… Ursula Kriebaum (eds.), the law of international relations: liber amicorum hanspeter neuhold (2007), pp …” „… international law, above all the prohibition of the threat or use of force, arms control and disarmament …”

Stefan Oeter Das militärische Vorgehen gegenüber bewaffneten Widerstandskämpfern in besetzten Gebieten und internen Konflikten – „Direct participation in hostilities“ und der Schutz der Zivilbevölkerung S. 515-534

„… : A Contribution to the Understanding and Respect for the Rule of Law in Armed Conflict, International …” „… Non-International Armed Conflicts, in: Dieter Fleck (ed.), The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law, 2nd ed …” „… ; vgl. außerdem Zechmeister (Anm.2); S. 110 ff.; Lindsay Moir, The Law of Internal Armed Conflict, 2003 …”

Djamchid Momtaz La participation directe des personnes civiles aux hostilités S. 505-514

„… § 1944. 13 Yoram Dinstein The Conduct of Hostilities under the Law of International Armed Conflict …” „… Consequences in International Law and Armed Conflict : Exploring the Faultivies Essay in Honour of Yoram …” „… under the Law of International Armed Conflict op.cit. note 13 pp. 29-33. L'article 75 al 3 est …”

Ruth Lapidoth The legal effect of Security Council Resolution 1701 (2006) on cessation of hostilities in Lebanon S. 199-204

„… ., 30 August 2006; Robbie Sabel, "Hezbollah, Israel, Lebanon and the Law of Armed Conflict", ibid., 25 …” „… July 2006; Robbie Sabel, "War in Lebanon, the Law of Armed Conflict and the UN Security Council …” „… recapitulate briefly the contents of the resolution and the law and practice concerning the nature of Security …”

Stelios Perrakis De la réparation des victimes des violations du droit international humanitaire et l'affaire des „réparations de guerre allemandes“ en Grèce – Essai de synthèse et quelques considérations S. 535-562

„… right of compensation for victims of an armed conflict, Chinese Journal of International Law, 2005 …” „… in applying human rights law to armed conflict, IRRC 2005. 737-754; M. Dennis, Application of human …” „… in armed conflict: implementation of international humanitarian law norms by regional …”

Theodor Schweisfurth The United Nation's Peacebuilding Commission's First Year S. 309-344

„… an instrument of conflict-prevention. To fill the "gaping hole" in the United Nations institutional …” „… countries with post-conflict recovery experience; five top providers of contributions to the UN budgets and …” „… efforts necessary for recovery from conflict; • to develop best practices; • to extend the period of …”

Daniel-Erasmus Khan At the Edge of an „Inadvertent War“ – The 2007 British-Iranian Incident in the Shatt-al-Arab Annotated S. 155-168

„… of international law in combination with tion in order to gain support for an armed attack against …” „… . I. Arreguin-Toft, How the Weak Win Wars: A Theory of Asymmetric Conflict", Khan 144 …” „… and embedded in a number of lingering conflicts of a global character (“nuclear nonproliferation …”

Volker Epping Ius post bellum – Völkerrechtliche Grauzone und Flickenteppich S. 77-92

„… for Victims of Armed Conflicts: Commentary on the two 1977 Protocols Additional to the Geneva …” „… Conflicts, 1995, S 254 ff.; C. Greenwood, The Administration of Occupied Territory in International Law, in …” „… : Fact-finding as a Means of Ensuring Respect for International Humanitarian Law, in: W. Heintschel von Heinegg …”

Laurence Boisson de Chazournes, Danio Campanelli The United Nations Compensation Commission: Time for an Assessment? S. 13-30

„… for Domestic Authority and the Need for Legitimacy”, New York Journal of International Law and Policy …” „… international law for any direct loss, damage, including environmental damage and the depletion of natural …” „… Bothe, “‘Other Relevant Rules of International Law’ under Art. 31 of the Provisional Rules for Claims …”

Rainer Hofmann International Protection of Human Rights and International Territorial Administration: A Legal Black Hole S. 135-154

„… international lawyer, Michael Bothe was interested in the area of overlap between the law of international …” „… organisations and international humanitarian law.1 One of the areas of particular concern has been the law …” „… such peaceful occupation by international organisations subsequent to an armed conflict have become a …”

Yves Sandoz Mondialisation, société civile et action humanitaire S. 563-578

„… , New Rules for Victims of Armed Conflicts, Martinus Nijhoff Pubishers, The Hague/Boston/London, 1982 …” „… Violations of International Humanitarian Law and the Deterioration of the Situation of Civilians in Armed …” „… : International Law in the Era of Globalization », Revue suisse de droit international et de droit européen, No.l …”

Lucius Caflisch Militärpersonen und die Europäische Konvention für Menschenrechte S. 1111-1132

„… Thema N. Lubbell, "Challenges in Applying Human Rights Law to Armed Conflict", International Review of …” „… , s.P. J. Rowe, The Impact of Human Rights Law on Armed Forces, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press …” „… ., 2006, S. 610-611. 7 Advisory Service on International Humanitarian Law of the ICRC, International …”

Hans-Peter Gasser Recht der kriegerischen Besetzung und Menschenrechte: Leitlinien für die Konfliktlösung? S. 429-438

„… Armed Conflicts: Exploring the Faultlines, Essays in Honour of Yoram Dinstein, Martinus Nijhoff …” „… erleichtern können. Quellen und Literatur R. Bernhardt, Encyclopedia of Public International Law, 4 …” „… the Laws of War and Human Rights, Michael N. Schmitt and Jelena Pejic (eds), International Law and …”

Andreas Zimmermann Durchsetzung des Völkerrechts zwischen Fragmentierung, Multilateralisierung und Individualisierung S. 1089-1100

„… international law and almost all of their obligations almost all of the time”2. Fraglich ist aber, selbst die …” „… Weltfriedens, Vereinte Nationen (2004), 71 ff. 6 James Crawford, The creation of states in international law …” „… (2. Aufl., 2006), 4. 7 Gerhard Loibl, Environmental Law and Non-Compliance Procedures: Issues of …”

Christian Tomuschat Pacta sunt servanda S. 1059-1078

„… on the Law of Treaties (hereinafter: VCLT), can hardly be said to have elicited many inspiring …” „… . In fact, pss constitutes a determinative feature of the entire edifice of international law. It …” „… most sacred precept of natural law, and one that governs the grace, manner, and reasonableness of all …”

Gerhard Hafner The ECHR torn between the United Nations and the States: The Behrami and Saramati Case S. 115-134

„… International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, the proceedings are instituted against States, although acts …” „… Nations Law, 100. Hafner 106 detonated and killed one of the two sons and severely injured …” „… 47, but abstained from identifying the responsible subject of law. The UN rejected any …”

Andreas Fischer-Lescano Bundeswehr als globaler Sicherheitsdienstleister? Grenzen der Zustimmungsfähigkeit von bewaffneten Streitkräfteeinsätzen S. 93-114

„… of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977, Art. 91, 1053 (Rdn. 3658 …” „… over Kosovo: A Violation of International Law?, in: Arizona Law Review 44 (2002), 31 ff. (104). 51 …” „… Doppelhutkonstruktion mit der NATOgeführten und nicht UN-mandatierten OEF verbunden ist)20 Alle vier Verfahren (und …”

François Bugnion La neutralité du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge et celle de la Suisse S. 363-374

„… II. Recht im bewaffneten Konflikt – The law of armed conflict – Droit humanitaire …” „… , Stuttgart et Vienne, Éditions Paul Haupt, 1992, pp. 247-263. 3 Act of the Congress of Vienna, 9 June 1815 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845209593

David Krivanek - The Weapons Provisions in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and in the German Code of Crimes Against International Law

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David Krivanek

The Weapons Provisions in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and in the German Code of Crimes Against International Law

2010

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In violation of the international law of armed conflict S. 135-136

„… Statuteis that the use of the named bullets violates the international law of armed conflict.The insertion …” „… of armed conflictThe next requirement of Element of crime 2 of Article 8 (2) (b) (xix) of the …” „… armed conflict.Nevertheless, the phrase was deemed necessary in order to allow for the lawfuluse of …”

In violation of the international law of armed conflict S. 165

„… law of armed conflictThe means or methods must furthermore cause these effects 'in violation of …” „… theinternational law of armed conflict'. Although it has been argued that it is not easyto agree upon when weapons …” „… indiscriminateimplies that it is in violation of the international law of armed conflict. As explainedabove, both …”

Comparing the contextual elements of the Rome Statute and of the CCAIL S. 181-185

„… armed conflict.Mental elementLike the Rome Statute, the Code of Crimes against International Law …” „… serious violation of international humanitarian law applicable in non-international armed conflict.959 And …” „… , in Schmitt, Green (eds.), The Law of Armed Conflict: Into the Next Millennium, at 219; Meron, in …”

Armed conflict S. 179-181

„… Code of Crimes against International LawArmed conflictWhen implementing the provisions on prohibited …” „… extended the law of weaponry applicable in international armed conflictsto conflicts not of an …” „… Crimesagainst International Law encompasses both types of armed conflicts. Armed conflict in the terms of the …”

Contextual element 1 S. 176-179

„… Crimes against International LawArmed conflictWhen implementing the provisions on prohibited means of …” „… took place in the context of and was associated with an international armed conflict;2. The perpetrator …” „… conflict, the second part refers to armed conflicts not of aninternational character.909The contextual …”

Bibliography S. 201-232

„… Armed Conflict.Greenspan, Morris, The Modern Law of Land Warfare. Berkeley. Los Angeles: University …” „… Humanitarian Law: The Regulation of Armed Conflicts.Aldershot 1990.Cited as: McCoubrey, International …” „… , in Delissen, Tanja (eds.), Humanitarian Law of Armed Conflict.Meyrowit?, Henri, "The Principle of …”

Conclusion regarding the contextual elements S. 185-186

„… ) of the Statute to non-international armed conflicts.969 This isonly partly explained by the …” „… internal armedconflicts today by far surpass that of international armed conflicts.970In this aspect, the …” „… internationalarmed conflict may be applied to internal armed conflicts by means of a "full andmechanical transplant …”

Of a nature to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate S. 149-165

„… See for attempts of interpreting this principle UK Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict,marginal nos …” „… effects.In violation of the international law of armed conflictThe means or methods must furthermore cause …” „… .), Armed Conflict and the New Law, p. 271, at 277. See alsoUK Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict, marginal …”

Elements of Crimes of the new provisions S. 196-198

„… bullets' use "violatesthe international law of armed conflict" sufficiently takes these situations into …” „… laws and customs applicable in armed conflicts not of an international character, within the …” „… Whereas the first part of the new Element is taken from the modelapplied in international armed conflicts …”

History of restricting the use of certain means of warfare S. 24-25

„… et seq.12 See Green, in Delissen, Tanja (eds.), Humanitarian Law of Armed Conflict, p. 269, at 283;cf …” „… .16 It is true, however, thatwith the intensification of the way armed conflicts were fought in the 20 …” „… the concept of 'war' changed to 'armed conflict' cf. Partsch, inBernhardt (ed.), EPIL I (1992), at 249 …”

Nexus between the acts and the armed conflict S. 181

„… armed conflict.Mental elementLike the Rome Statute, the Code of Crimes against International Law …” „… weaponry applicable in international armed conflictsto conflicts not of an international character.943 …” „… perpetrator needs to be aware that an armed conflict existed.940 In the contextof the CCAIL, the question of …”

Mental element S. 181

„… armed conflict.Mental elementLike the Rome Statute, the Code of Crimes against International Law …” „… weaponry applicable in international armed conflictsto conflicts not of an international character.943 …” „… perpetrator needs to be aware that an armed conflict existed.940 In the contextof the CCAIL, the question of …”

A decision by the International Criminal Court S. 188-190

„… means of warfare in international armed conflictto non-international armed conflict are missing in the …” „… non-international armed conflict.993All in all, the Court would be well advised to follow the tendency of this …” „… of having used prohibited means of warfare in the contextof a non-international armed conflict …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-18

„… violation of the international law of armed conflictII. 135Possible applicability to other weaponsIII. 136 …” „… agentsd. 163Preliminary conclusione. 165In violation of the international law of armed conflictIII. 165 …” „… Code of Crimes againstInternational LawD.179Armed conflictI. 179Nexus between the acts and the armed …”

Future Review Conferences S. 190-193

„… penali?ation of the use of prohibited means of warfarein non-international armed conflict.Extending the Court …” „… criminal in the context of anon-international armed conflict.992 The ICC cannot yet convict anyone on the …” „… basisof having used prohibited means of warfare in non-international armed conflict.993All in all, the …”

Subject of a comprehensive prohibition S. 165-172

„… law of armed conflictThe means or methods must furthermore cause these effects 'in violation of …” „… theinternational law of armed conflict'. Although it has been argued that it is not easyto agree upon when weapons …” „… indiscriminateimplies that it is in violation of the international law of armed conflict. As explainedabove, both …”

Comparison with the weapons provisions of the Code of Crimes against International Law S. 23-24

„… international armed conflict,within the established framework of international law, namely, any of the following …” „… violation ofthe international law of armed conflict, provided that such weapons, projectiles and materialand …” „… , yetB.11 For details on when and why the concept of 'war' changed to 'armed conflict' cf. Partsch …”

Conclusion S. 198-200

„… context of international armed conflict for guidance. At the same time,the preamble to the resolution is …” „… differingfrom those in the context of international armed conflict. Even if the new thresholdmay be easier for …” „… aninternational armed conflict. However, there is no indication of this intention.The other difference is the …”

Possible applicability to other weapons S. 136-138

„… crimes are committed in the context of an armed conflict.Nevertheless, the phrase was deemed necessary in …” „… bullet did not violate the international law of armed conflictif a police action was to take place in …” „… , although such ahostage situation may be difficult to imagine in the context of an armed conflict654 and …”

Aggravating circumstances S. 83-85

„… distinguishing between civilians and combatants in times of armed conflict,which is reflected in Article 48 of AP …” „… protections granted".379Admittedly, civilians are the most vulnerable group of persons in an armed conflict …” „… number of civilian casualties in recent armed conflicts, Report of the Secretary-General, Protection of …”

Introduction S. 176

„… took place in the context of and was associated with an international armed conflict;2. The perpetrator …” „… conflictThe first aspect and indeed the defining part of contextual element 1 is the existenceof an …” „… extended analysis.906 For one, it is an area wherethe Code of Crimes against International Law deviates …”

Overview of new provisions in the Rome Statute S. 25-27

„… arms-limitation treaties, armed conflicts still witnessthe employment of means of warfare the legality of which is …” „… the victims of an armed conflict. Following this distinction, this analysis,being concerned with the …” „… International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977.24 For an overview of this development see Heinsch, Die …”

Bullets that expand or flatten easily in the human body S. 128-135

„… in the humanbody.In violation of the international law of armed conflictThe next requirement of …” „… the international law of armed conflict.The insertion of these words in Element 2 is owed to concerns …” „… their use violates theinternational law of armed conflict because they expand or flatten easily in …”

General Comment S. 38-39

„… formulated by Grotius; see Green, in Delissen, Tanja(eds.), Humanitarian Law of Armed Conflict, at 283.109 Cf …” „… international humanitarian law seeMeron, 90 AJIL 1996, at 238 et seq.115 Turns, 11 Journal of Conflict …” „… weaponsGeneral CommentAs one of the oldest principles of international humanitarian law,105 the …”

General Comment S. 127-128

„… Law of Armed Conflict, marginal no. 6.9.1: "This prohibition[of bullets which expand or flatten easily …” „… . 510, 1. (b); UK Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict, marginal no. 6.9.; U.S. Law of War Handbook, at …” „… theinternational law of armed conflict because they expand or flatten easily in thehuman body.One of the issues …”

Contextual element 2 S. 179

„… Code of Crimes against International LawArmed conflictWhen implementing the provisions on prohibited …” „… awareof factual circumstances that established the existence of an armed conflict'. Thiselement, the …” „… considered sufficient for theperpetrator to have been aware that an armed conflict existed, and the …”

Contextual elements of Article 8 (2) (b) (xx) of the Rome Statute S. 179

„… Code of Crimes against International LawArmed conflictWhen implementing the provisions on prohibited …” „… awareof factual circumstances that established the existence of an armed conflict'. Thiselement, the …” „… considered sufficient for theperpetrator to have been aware that an armed conflict existed, and the …”

Findings S. 187-188

„… means of warfare in international armed conflictto non-international armed conflict are missing in the …” „… international humanitarian law and international criminal law,979 theRome Statute of the International Criminal …” „… Tribunals, these provisions nevertheless fall short of customary international law. This pertains to two …”

Decision taken at the Review Conference S. 195-196

„… ) (xvii) –(xix) of the Statute to armed conflicts not of an international character.1021The relevant …” „… " means:…(e) Other serious violations of the laws and customs applicable in armed conflicts not of an …” „… elements regarding the nature of thearmed conflict.C.1019 See supra, at 27 et seq.1020 Resolution RC/Res.5 …”

Relationship to Article 8 (2) (b) (xviii) of the Rome Statute S. 44-46

„… .), Humanitarian Law of Armed Conflict, at 289 et seq. pointsout that the use of poison was sometimes considered to …” „… German Manual, Humanitarian Law in Armed Conflicts, para. 434.145 UK Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict …” „… Werle, Principles of International Criminal Law, marginal no. 1264.140 Green, in Delissen, Tanja (eds …”

Effects of the substance S. 42-44

„… , Tanja (eds.), Humanitarian Law of Armed Conflict, at 289 et seq. pointsout that the use of poison was …” „… , at 5-3.144 German Manual, Humanitarian Law in Armed Conflicts, para. 434.145 UK Manual of the Law of …” „… Armed Conflict, marginal no. 6.19.1.146 U.S. Law of War Handbook, at 183.147 See for further examples …”

Other bullets S. 142-145

„… 127 et seq.692 German Manual, Humanitarian Law in Armed Conflicts, para. 407.142It is interesting to …” „… , Humanitarian Law in Armed Conflicts, para. 407.697 Parks, 8 YIHL 2005, at 65 et seq.698 Oeter, in Fleck (ed …” „… criminal law. However, the use of dum-dum bullets was one of the particular examplesof international law …”

Weapons encompassed by Sec. 12 (1) No. 1 of the CCAIL S. 73-81

„… Conflicts, para. 434. See also Oeter, inFleck (ed.), Handbook of International Humanitarian Law, marginal no …” „… German Code ofCrimes against International Law may be interpreted. As with the correspondingnorm in the …” „… use of riotcontrol agents within Germany. Following the amendment, the armed forces may now useRCAs …”

Employment S. 39-40

„… international humanitarian law seeMeron, 90 AJIL 1996, at 238 et seq.115 Turns, 11 Journal of Conflict …” „… norms that were originally intended for international armed conflicts to non-international armed …” „… international law.114 While some results of the ICRC Study on Customary International Humanitarian Law have been …”

Scope of application S. 142

„… 127 et seq.692 German Manual, Humanitarian Law in Armed Conflicts, para. 407.142 …” „… criminal law. However, the use of dum-dum bullets was one of the particular examplesof international law …” „… criminal law prior to theenactment of the Code of Crimes against International Law;690 for the use of …”

Article 8 (2) (b) (xx) of the Rome Statute S. 23

„… international armed conflict,within the established framework of international law, namely, any of the following …” „… violation ofthe international law of armed conflict, provided that such weapons, projectiles and materialand …” „… Crimes againstInternational LawAt the end of the discussion of each Rome Statute provision, a closer look …”

Introduction S. 141-142

„… 127 et seq.692 German Manual, Humanitarian Law in Armed Conflicts, para. 407.142 …” „… ) of the Rome Statute in the GermanCode of Crimes against International LawIntroductionThe next part of …” „… in Sec. 12 (1) No. 3 of the Code of Crimesagainst International Law. This provision criminali?es …”

Weapons encompassed by Article 8 (2) (b) (xvii) of the Rome Statute S. 46-67

„… 1999, p. 234, at 240.178 UK Ministry of Defence, Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict, at 118, marginal …” „… Law of Armed Conflict, at 297 stressesthe exceptional status of nuclear weapons in international law …” „… Michigan Journal of International Law 1999, p. 51, at 61; and Rappert, 20 Medicine, Conflict and Survival …”

Introduction S. 194-195

„… armed conflict, i.e., Article (8) (2) (b) and (e) of the Statute; and the criminali?ation of weapons …” „… blinding laser weapons,in both international and non-international armed conflicts.1009 Mexico raised …” „… means of warfare hasbeen established under customary international law,1011 this is not the case when …”

Overview of the Rome Statute's weapons provisions S. 21-23

„… international law of armed conflict, provided that such weapons, projectiles and materialand methods of warfare …” „… conflict,within the established framework of international law, namely, any of the following acts:…(xvii …” „… implementing the Statute in Germany, the Code of Crimes against International Law.Overview of the Rome Statute …”

Conclusion regarding the scope of application of Article 8 (2) (b) (xix) of the Rome Statute S. 140-141

„… 61.680 ICRC, Arms Availability and the Situation of Civilians in Armed Conflict, at 23 et seq.140national …” „… Statute in the GermanCode of Crimes against International LawIntroductionThe next part of this examination …” „… . 3 of the Code of Crimesagainst International Law. This provision criminali?es "employing bullets …”

Mental Element: The perpetrator was aware that the nature of the bullets was such that their employment would uselessly aggravate suffering or the wounding effect. S. 138-140

„… 61.680 ICRC, Arms Availability and the Situation of Civilians in Armed Conflict, at 23 et seq.140 …” „… See also Kittichaisaree, International Criminal Law, at 179.669 Cf. Dörmann, Elements of War Crimes …” „… , at 293.670 Kittichaisaree, International Criminal Law, at 179; Werle, Principles of International …”

Element of Crime 1: The perpetrator employed certain bullets. S. 128

„… their use violates theinternational law of armed conflict because they expand or flatten easily in …” „… servance of international humanitarian law by U.N. troops.592 Neither the Statuteof the Yugoslavia …” „… Tribunal nor that of the Rwanda Tribunal contains a similarprovision.Although the Hague Declaration gives …”

Comparing Article 8 (2) (b) (xvii) of the Rome Statute and Sec. 12 (1) No. 1 of the CCAIL S. 85-86

„… consideration that killing or injuring combatants is not a violation of the lawof armed conflict.381 This may …” „… and the Code of Crimes against International Law. The examination of these provisions has shown that …” „… of international law as reflected by the RomeStatute. Although it was reali?ed that in some aspects …”

Conclusion regarding the scope of application of Sec. 12 (1) No. 1 of the CCAIL S. 85

„… consideration that killing or injuring combatants is not a violation of the lawof armed conflict.381 This may …” „… and the Code of Crimes against International Law. The examination of these provisions has shown that …” „… is submitted that it is not acceptable that they die from the effects ofprohibited means of warfare …”

Drafting history of the weapons provisions in the Rome Statute S. 27-31

„… ) agents or toxins for hostile purposes or an armed conflict,(v) Chemical weapons as defined in and …” „… not only been proscribed and outlawed by aninstrument of international law – the Rome Statute …” „… ) (xvii) – (xx) of the RomeStatute.38Whereas the International Law Commission's Draft Statute of 1994 had …”

General Comment S. 147-148

„… or which are inherently indiscriminate in violation of the international law of armed conflict …” „… Article 8 (2) (b) (xx) of the Rome StatuteGeneral CommentArticle 8 (2) (b) (xx) of the Statute is …” „… phrased in the form of a generic clause. Itdenotes as a war crime[e]mploying weapons, projectiles and …”

Weapons encompassed by Article 8 (2) (b) (xviii) of the Rome Statute S. 93-117

„… Manual, para. 518; German Manual, Humanitarian Law in ArmedConflicts, para. 434.451 See the references in …” „… The evolution of international law did not come to a halt with the adoption ofthe Geneva Protocol …” „… international law following the adoption of the Geneva Protocol may be referred to inorder to determine the …”

Employing weapons, projectiles and material and methods of warfare S. 148-149

„… ofinternational humanitarian law that the only legitimate purpose of an armed conflictis to weaken the military …” „… appropriate to elaborate on its requirements and examine which weapons mightbe encompassed by it.Of the four …” „… unique. Not only does it not, as the otherthree provisions, contain a prohibition of specific means of …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845227559

Björnstjern Baade, Linus Mührel, Anton O. Petrov - International Humanitarian Law in Areas of Limited Statehood

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Björnstjern Baade (ed.), Linus Mührel (ed.), Anton O. Petrov (ed.)

International Humanitarian Law in Areas of Limited Statehood

2018

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Raphael Schäfer A History of Division(s): a Critical Assessment of the Law of Non-International Armed Conflict S. 41-58

„… Definition of Armed Conflict in International Humanitarian Law: A Critique of Internationalized Armed …” „… , ‘Re-envisaging the International Law of Internal Armed Conflict’ (2011) 22 EJIL 219, 221. 5 Antony Anghie …” „… in favour of the terms ‘Law of Armed Conflict’ and ‘International Humanitarian Law’. Although war as …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-20

„… Division(s): a Critical Assessment of the Law of Non- International Armed Conflict 43 Raphael Schäfer A …” „… International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict (IFHV) at Ruhr-University Bochum contact …” „… of International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict JCSL Journal of Conflict & Security Law JICJ Journal …”

Lars Müller Comment: Detention by Armed Groups S. 163-168

„… Non-International Armed Conflicts (ICRC 2008) 11; Theodor Meron, ‘The Humanization of Humanitarian Law’ (2000) 94 …” „… AJIL 239, 260 et seq; Lindsay Moir, The Law of Internal Armed Conflict (CUP 2002) 34, 67 et seq, 85 et …” „… seq (hereafter Moir, The Law of Internal Armed Conflict); Antonio Cassese, ‘The Status of Rebels under …”

Vincent Widdig Detention by Organised Armed Groups in Non-International Armed Conflicts: the Role of Non-State Actors in a State-Centred International Legal System S. 124-162

„… Oxford Handbook of International Law in Armed Conflict (OUP 2014), 766 (hereafter Clapham, ‘Focusing on …” „… ) (hereafter Prosecutor v Tadić). 6 Chris Jenks, ‘Detention under the law of armed conflict’ in Rain Liivija …” „… and Tim McCormack (eds), The Routledge Handbook of the Law of Armed Conflict (Routledge 2016) 301 …”

Heike Krieger, Björnstjern Baade, Linus Mührel Introduction: International Humanitarian Law and Areas of Limited Statehood S. 21-40

„… Sivakumaran, The Law of Non-international Armed Conflict (OUP 2012) (hereafter Sivakumaran, The Law of NIAC …” „… of IHL are capable of regulating today’s armed conflicts in such areas. Can the law be interpreted in …” „… Critical Assessment of the Law of Non-International Armed Conflict’ in this volume 43. 60 Schöberl and …”

Björnstjern Baade, Linus Mührel, Anton O. Petrov Concluding Observations: how International Humanitarian Law is Shaped to Meet the Challenges Arising from Areas of Limited Statehood – Theoretical Problems in Practice S. 217-240

„… , The Treatment of Combatants and Insurgents under the Law of Armed Conflict/Anthony Cullen, The Concept …” „… Division(s): A Critical Assessment of the Law of Non-International Armed Conflict’ in this volume 43. 8 Cf …” „… Lachenmann and Rüdiger Wolfrum (eds), The Law of Armed Conflict and the Use of Force (OUP 2017) 568, 574-75 …”

Manuel Brunner Detention for Security Reasons by the Armed Forces of a State in Situations of Non-International Armed Conflict: the Quest for a Legal Basis S. 87-117

„… of Hostilities under the Law of International Armed Conflict (3rd edn, CUP 2016) 35. 7 Lawrence …” „… detentions may be lawful under the law of the State on whose territory the armed conflict is taking place, or …” „… Situations of Armed Conflict Only if human rights law applies in situations of armed conflict, its rules on …”

Katja Schöberl, Linus Mührel Sunken Vessel or Blooming Flower? Lotus, Permissions and Restrictions within International Humanitarian Law S. 59-79

„… Sandesh Sivakumaran, The Law of Non-International Armed Conflict (OUP 2012) 301; Els Debuf, Captured in …” „… prohibiting/limiting detention in armed conflict. C. Existence of an International Humanitarian Law-Specific Approach …” „… ? IHL is a branch of public international law governing armed conflicts by protecting those who are not …”

Ira Ryk-Lakhman Aharonovich Foreign Investments as Non-Human Targets S. 169-193

„… protection of investments in armed conflicts’ in Freya Baetens (ed), Investment Law within International Law …” „… Principle of the Military Objective in the Law of Armed Conflict’ (1998) ILS 197, 201-4 (hereafter Robertson …” „… Non-International Armed Conflicts (OUP 2012) 344 (hereafter Sivakumaran, The Law of Non-International Armed …”

Anton O. Petrov Comment: Detention in Non-International Armed Conflict by States – Just a Matter of Perspective on Areas of Limited Statehood? S. 118-123

„… 118 Comment: Detention in Non-International Armed Conflict by States – Just a Matter of Perspective …” „… contributions of Comment: Detention in Non-International Armed Conflict by States 119 this volume,1 …” „… Challenge to the Dichotomy of International Armed Conflicts and Non-International Armed Conflicts An …”

Charlotte Lülf The Protection of (Foreign) Investment during Belligerent Occupation – Considerations on International Humanitarian Law and International Investment Law S. 194-216

„… Principle of Military Objective in the Law of Armed Conflict (1997) 8 Journal of Legal Studies 35. 15 …” „… Force and the Rules in Armed Conflict?’ (2003) 7 Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law 1, 56. The …” „… of law of armed conflict.56 Generally, one assumed a discontinuity of all existing treaties and State …”

Pia Hesse Comment: neither Sunken Vessel nor Blooming Flower! The Lotus Principle and International Humanitarian Law S. 80-86

„… applicable law to armed conflict in substantive terms, there is no need to (1) determine the competent State …” „… situations of armed conflicts: IHL. As mentioned above, Lotus does not say anything about the actual exercise …” „… Humanitarian Law Pia Hesse A. Introduction The Lotus case of the PCIJ is one of the most cited cases in …”

Index S. 241-246

„… Reaffirmation and Develop-ment of International Huma-nitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts 45-46, 53, 182 …” „… the Effects of Armed Conflict on Treaties 209-210 Interpretation – see development of the law …” „… – see development of the law Declaration concerning the prohibition of the use of projectiles with the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845289557

Matthias Weller - Rethinking EU Cultural Property Law: Towards Private Enforcement

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Matthias Weller

Rethinking EU Cultural Property Law: Towards Private Enforcement

Series: Schriften zum Kunst- und Kulturrecht

Volume 26 2018

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Part I: Study on the European added value of legislative action on cross-border restitution claims of works of art and cultural goods looted in armed conflicts and wars with special regard to aspects of private law, private international law and civil procedure S. 13-116

„… of works of art and cultural goods looted in armed conflicts and wars with special regard to aspects …” „… reliable statistics on the precise scale of looting of cultur‐ al goods in armed conflicts and wars, nor on …” „… following simply: cultural goods or cultural property5) loot‐ ed in armed conflicts and wars is of …”

Part II: Conclusions of the European Added Value Assessment (Christian Salm) S. 117-136

„… issue of works of art and cultural goods looted in armed conflicts and wars clearly features a …” „… ) protocol of the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflicts …” „… these and other instruments aimed at protecting works of art and cultural goods in armed conflicts and …”

Part IV: Amendments S. 141-162

„… ) Cross-border restitution claims of works of art and cultural goods looted in armed conflicts and wars …” „… of art and other cultural goods during armed conflicts and wars, as well as in times of peace, is …” „… market, and to discourage and deter looting and trafficking of art and cultural goods from armed …”

Bibliography S. 163-174

„… , Marc-André, Cross-border restitution claims of art looted in armed conflicts and wars and alternatives to …” „… Union Law, Elgar 2011. Symeonides, Symeon C., A Choice-of-Law Rule for Conflicts Involving Stolen Cul …” „… 2016, Protection of cultural heritage in armed conflicts (PE 579.081). Gesetzentwurf zum Ausschluss der …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-12

„… in armed conflicts and wars with special regard to aspects of private law, private international law …” „… of works of art and cultural goods looted in armed conflicts and wars with special re‐ gard to …” „… rc em en t 26 26 Nomos Art and culture are characteristics and expressions of being human. Law, as …”

Part III: Draft Opinion of the Committee on Culture and Education S. 137-140

„… Commission on Cross-border restitution claims of works of art and cultural goods looted in armed conflicts …” „… the lack of common standards, the applicable law often remains unclear for museums, art dealers …” „… Part III: Draft Opinion of the Committee on Culture and Education 1 European Parliament …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845290140

Eniko Dácz, Christina Griessler, Henriett Kovács - Der Traum vom Frieden - Utopie oder Realität?

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Eniko Dácz (ed.), Christina Griessler (ed.), Henriett Kovács (ed.)

Der Traum vom Frieden - Utopie oder Realität?

Series: Andrássy Studien zur Europaforschung

Volume 15 2016

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Tamás Hoffmann An Eternal Promise? – Three Sketches on the Universality of International Humanitarian Law S. 239-262

„… armed conflict and this field has become one of the most tightly regulated areas of international law.5 …” „… Moreover, many international lawyers emphasise that the very character of the law of armed conflict (LOAC …” „… , Gary D.: The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War, Cambridge: Cambridge …”

Miklós Zeidler Hungary and the League of Nations S. 187-198

„… greatest ever loss of human life and material caused by an armed conflict. After several months of …” „… the stipulations of the [peace] treaties so much in conflict with law, justice and equality […] could …” „… American Journal of International Law, 17, 1923, No. 4, pp. 641–660; Azcárate, Pablo de y Florez: League of …”

Tomasz Schramm The Great Illusion about the Impossibility of the War: Analytical Studies by Jan Bloch and Norman Angell S. 21-32

„… Europe, armed like never before, will be going into battle with each other; not one of them can be …” „… remembered in the years before the outbreak of the great conflict. Norman Angell formulated more optimistic …” „… characterisation of the main actors of a future conflict (with the United Kingdom absent from that list which is to …”

Anita Szűcs Is Kant Still Alive? – The Kantian World Order in the 21st Century S. 263-282

„… anarchical condition of a state of war. For avoiding armed conflicts the Kantian republican regime is …” „… . War, as a tool of conflict resolution is unimaginable among the most developed industrialized …” „… overarching authority or government that can lay down and enforce the law because the instruments of violence …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845263595

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