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Nils Elias Lukacs - Obama's New Beginning in the Middle East

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Nils Elias Lukacs

Obama's New Beginning in the Middle East

2023

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I. The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict S. 39-120

„… The Israeli-Palestinian ConflictIntroductionIf we can’t criticize settlements, then we might as …” „… president) as a mediator in solving the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.America will align our policies with …” „… Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.In the following sections, these three key rhetorical themes of the Cairo speech are used …”

Conclusion S. 191-208

„… ) developments in Afghanistan, see Ignatius 2021.Chapter I: Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Chapter II: Iran’s …” „… studies on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict and the Iranian nuclear issue, the analysis naturally produced …” „… expected.Thus looking at the results of a close reading of Obama’s rhetoric on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict …”

Appendix S. 239-244

„… 05101520253020042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017Israeli-Palestinian ConflictIranTerrorismIraqAppendix I: Graph 1:Coding Table Israeli-Palestinian …” „… speeches on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict)Campaign (1*)1. Term (20*)2. Term (15*)Appendix II: Table 4 …” „… ConflictThematic Coding(selection)Thematic ClusteringMethdological …”

Introduction S. 1-38

„… unexpectedly, Obama took a passionate personal interest in addressing the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, an …” „… Israeli-Palestinian Conflict had moved to the back burner and had not seen much development. Yet, even if the …” „… instances. Looking back on the ‘new beginning’ towards the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict during his last …”

II. The Iranian Nuclear Question S. 121-190

„… Iranian nuclear question.In contrast to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, the US relationship with Iran …” „… Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, neatly fit into the narrative of a ‘new beginning’. Although there have been attempts to …” „… mentioned in the introduction the chapter on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, about 21% of Obama’s speeches …”

Secondary Literature S. 225-238

„… : Obama and the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict.” Diplomacy & Statecraft. Vol. 22. No. 4 (2011): 678-695 …” „… , Mark. A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. 2nd edition. Indiana University Press, 2009.Toews …” „… Palestinian Conflict Is Mixed.” The Wall Street Journal (Eastern Edition). 5 June 2009.10 July 2017 …”

Index S. 245-250

„… anti-Semitism, 45, 63, 76Arab:exceptionalism, 18Israeli Conflict, 49, 80–81, 104Israeli War, 50, 55, 67, 77 …” „… :Egyptian peace, 81, 90independence, 67, 77, 80narrative, 67–79occupation, 60, 85, 93Palestinian Conflict, 3, 5, 7 …” „… , 61, 64, 88–90territorial conquests, 80Israeli Defence Forces (IDF), 54Israeli and Palestinian …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict …” „… Historiographical Schools on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict 67Table 3: Research Design Results 192Graph 1: Middle …” „… East Foreign Policy Issues in Obama’s Speeches 239Table 4: Coding Table Israeli-Palestinian Conflict …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783956509681

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Corinna Gayer

Gendered Intractability

2012

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Final Q-Sample S. 201-207

„… . Victimization (6)* During the hundred-years of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, the Palestinians are usually …” „… ultimate victims of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Israeli women are generally the ultimate …” „… victims of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. (21) Not all of the wars fought by …”

Israeli national identity constructions: consensus, characteristic and contested beliefs S. 221-234

„… the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. -2 -3 0.26 Vic (45) To prevent ethnic cleansing, Israel defended …” „… that Israeli women are the ultimate victims of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict (14). There are three …” „… illustrates the centrality and totality the Israeli-Palestinian conflict plays in the life of Israeli …”

Historical narratives of inter-societal conflict S. 89-113

„… 89 3 The intractability of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict Conflicts are multi-dimensional …” „… society. The organization of the subsequent literature review on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict may best …” „… internal disparities and fragmentations. Israeli and Palestinian narratives of conflict are – at least to …”

Context S. 34-37

„… 34 Context 12 The Israeli-Palestinian conflict13 belongs to one of the most typical examples of …” „… Palestinian 12 The purpose of this part is to illustrate the main conflict events in the Israeli-Palestinian …” „… of the people on the ground14. Writing about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict requires some …”

References S. 321-346

„… , Daniel. (1990). Israeli-Palestinian conflict: a cognitive analysis. International Journal of …” „… ). Psychological dynamics of intractable ethnonational conflicts: The Israeli-Palestinian case. American …” „… Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Grasping the nettle: analyzing cases of intractable conflict, 343-357. Cole, Juan R. I …”

Palestinian national identity constructions: consensus, characteristic and contested beliefs S. 234-246

„… hundred-years of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, the Palestinians are usually the victims of Jewish aggression …” „… Israeli Jews are sincere in their declarations of peace. -4 -4 -0.12 Del (32) The Palestinians can be …” „… is no Israeli partner for a peace process +2 +2 -0.29 Pea (34) The Palestinian people contributed …”

Content S. 7-12

„… , gender-role ideologies, and intractability 87 3 The intractability of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict 89 3.1 …” „… conflict 113 3.1.3 Discursive and symbolic constructions of Israeli femininity and masculinity and its …” „… inter-societal conflict 138 Palestinian nationalism in Ottoman- and British-ruled Palestine (until 1947) 138 …”

Historical narratives of inter-societal conflict S. 138-153

„… governmental institutions. More importantly, the connection between the Israeli-Palestinian conflict …” „… Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It thus disregards early historical hints on Palestinian identity and concentrates of …” „… to state that ideological and religious reasons and the continuing impact of the Israeli-Palestinian …”

National identity constructions, gender, and inter-group violence S. 298-308

„… ideologies) impact the intractability of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, is the topic of interest of the …” „… for the overall approach to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict proposed in this research. They provide …” „… to the intractability or tractability of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. 8.4 Limitations and scope …”

Statement collection S. 195-198

„… Israeli-Palestinian conflict. To ensure a diverse composition of opinions and their different forms of expression …” „… communicability surrounding national identity constructions in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. In total, a …” „… Salaam Ayelet Israeli international women’s and Zionist organization Empowerment; Impact of conflict upon …”

National identity constructions in Israel and Palestine S. 277-285

„… Israeli-Palestinian conflict. 279 group, is what distinguishes particularism from universalism. It usually comes …” „… Israeli-Palestinian conflict, there are various indications of these intra-societal 282 differences within Israeli and …” „… precondition for the sustainable settlement of the conflict. Interestingly, Israeli and Palestinian …”

Gender-explicit beliefs in the construction of national identity S. 249-252

„… Palestinians/the Israelis that want to end the conflict. Del X (22) Palestinian/Israeli mothers educate their …” „… the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Vic -2 -3 1 1 (16) It is more important to Israeli/Palestinian men …” „… 249 Table 13: Characteristic beliefs of Israeli and Palestinian liberalistic national identity …”

Intra-societal reverberations of the conflict S. 113-120

„… , started to adopt more nationalistic attitudes, especially regarding the Israeli-Palestinian conflict (M …” „… external identity dimension that is determined by the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. More precisely, the …” „… reverberations of the conflict Literature usually refers to three noticeable conflict lines within Israeli …”

Discursive and symbolic constructions of Israeli femininity and masculinity and its tangible reverberations S. 120-138

„… , especially regarding the Israeli-Palestinian conflict (M. Shamir & Arian, 1999; Zarembski, 2005). The answer …” „… that is determined by the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. More precisely, the external dimension refers …” „… Israeli-Palestinian conflict is inherently linked to the subordinated position of women within Israeli and Palestinian …”

Israeli and Palestinian national identity constructions compared: Corresponding and competing meanings S. 246-249

„… 246 6.3.3 Israeli and Palestinian national identity constructions compared: Corresponding and …” „… national identity on an intra-societal level, this section compares Israeli and Palestinian identity …” „… intractable conflicts. On a comparative level, two beliefs are consensual in both the Palestinian and the …”

Intra-societal reverberations of the conflict S. 153-159

„… during the course of the intractable conflict, intermingled with internal dimensions of the Palestinian …” „… to a split within the broader society as many Palestinians did not agree to a conflict resolution …” „… framed the Israeli occupation as the primary threat to the Palestinians and thus started engaging in …”

Discursive and symbolic constructions of Palestinian femininity and masculinity and its tangible reverberations S. 159-178

„… . Israeli and Palestinian conflict narratives show that both societies, even though inherently interwoven …” „… in 1948 has been silenced in both Israeli and Palestinian society, there are recurrent accounts that …” „… gender construction in Palestine. The gendered impact of armed conflict and the occupation The Israeli …”

P-set S. 207-209

„… population are Palestinians that hold an Israeli citizenship. They constitute a relatively large minority …” „… Palestinians in the OPT and their status as Israeli citizens. The so called ‘Israeli Arabs’, as a collectivity …” „… and right has an entitlement within the Palestinian society, the meaning differs from the Israeli …”

Limitations and scope of the empirical findings S. 308-312

„… tractability of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. 8.4 Limitations and scope of the empirical findings Critical …” „… Israeli-Palestinian conflict, however, the results suggest that certain identity constructions are prone to either …” „… to their lifes. The experience of many intractable conflicts, not at least of the Israeli-Palestinian …”

National identity constructions and gender-role ideologies S. 285-298

„… come to the fore during the course of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and particularly, during the …” „… Israeli-Palestinian conflict, is the topic of interest of the ensuing section. 8.3 National identity constructions …” „… intentions regarding the intractability of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The difference to other …”

Structure S. 37-40

„… tractability of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict (8.5). The work concludes with directions for future research …” „… Palestinian society. The historical narratives of both nations center on the intersocietal conflict and depict …” „… discursive and symbolic construction of Israeli and Palestinian femininity and masculinity. The last sections …”

Implications for the intractability or tractability of the conflict S. 312-315

„… least of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, has widely demonstrated the great influence of these so …” „… for the analysis of gender and identity in the Israeli-Palestinian and other intractable conflicts and …” „… Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It proposed a conceptual-methodological framework which intended to avert the …”

The five measures of the intractability scale S. 266-270

„… 266 Accordingly, both the Israeli and the Palestinian data analysis supported the hypotheses that …” „… peace negotiations between Israelis and Palestinians. Both Israeli and Palestinian respondents had the …” „… constructions, gender role ideologies, and intractable conflicts As indicated in the introduction to this …”

Israeli sample S. 253-256

„… changes the pattern of the previous chapter and presents the results of the Israeli and the Palestinian …” „… explorative in nature and aimed to understand and reflect the national identity constructions of Israeli and …” „… Palestinians, the analysis of the quantitative questionnaires intended to shed light on the relationship …”

Methodological approach S. 21-34

„… thus laid on the presentation of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict on the inter- and intra societal …” „… of the extensive literature on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict along these levels for one thing …” „… Israeli-Palestinian conflict13 belongs to one of the most typical examples of intractable conflicts and constitutes a …”

Exploring national identity constructions S. 81-86

„… colleagues focus on the Israeli ethos of conflict38. In these works, the Palestinian ethos is frequently …” „… analysis is exploratory in nature and aims to broaden the understanding of Israeli and Palestinian national …” „… impossible, for Israeli researchers to carry out studies within Palestinian society. The contributions of …”

Analysis of the pre-test Q-sorts S. 200-201

„… 131. Additionally, the statement ‘being Israeli/Palestinian is not only a sign of fighting against …” „… Palestinian terrorism/the Israeli occupation, but also a symbol to other Western nations fighting terrorism/to …” „… ‘patriotism’ the statement ‘Due to the demographic issue, it is the national duty of every Israeli/Palestinian …”

Interrelating national identity constructions and gender-role ideologies S. 258-266

„… the Israeli than in the Palestinian society. This assumption was statistically corroborated with an …” „… Israeli than in the Palestinian sample. Both the Israeli and the Palestinian results indicated a strong …” „… Accordingly, both the Israeli and the Palestinian data analysis supported the hypotheses that particularist …”

Summary S. 178-180

„… . Israeli and Palestinian conflict narratives show that both societies, even though inherently interwoven …” „… importance for both the Israeli and the Palestinian context, is that its unequal structures are presented in …” „… that affect and are affected by protracted, violent conflict. On a general level, macro-political …”

Classification of ideal national identity types S. 214-215

„… were equal for both the Israeli and the Palestinian data. The archetypical factor scores, as …” „… ultimately revealed two different identity constructions within both the Israeli and the Palestinian …” „… (i.e., the Israeli factors I and II and the Palestinian factors I and II) forwent the following …”

National identity constructions, gender-role ideologies and behavioral intentions S. 270-274

„… . Cronbach-Alpha tests revealed that the intractability-scales for the Israeli (a = .859) and the Palestinian data …” „… in the Israeli and two in the Palestinian data as outliers. The exclusion of these participants from …” „… ² increased by five percent for the Israeli and by eleven percent for the Palestinian data. In addition, the …”

Content validation S. 198-199

„… Israeli-Palestinian conflict. In total, a little more than a hundred statements were extracted from the interview …” „… statements for both the Israeli and the Palestinian society, not at least as one of the guiding interests of …” „… native language of the participants with the assistance of an Israeli and a Palestinian co-worker. Both …”

Structure S. 215-216

„… ultimately revealed two different identity constructions within both the Israeli and the Palestinian …” „… (i.e., the Israeli factors I and II and the Palestinian factors I and II) forwent the following …” „… 12 for the idealized Q-sorts of Israeli and Palestinian particularism and liberalism). In general …”

Empirical research: Q-sorting and questionnaires S. 209-211

„… nations. The cooperation with an Israeli and a Palestinian coworker who translated my introduction and …” „… process, the power imbalances between the Israeli State and the Palestinian people came to the fore. More …” „… just as much Ashkenazi as Sephardic Jews, who live to equal parts in Israeli Jewish society (Arian …”

Conceptual-methodological contributions and future directions S. 315-320

„… and identity in the Israeli-Palestinian and other intractable conflicts and outlines directions for …” „… Israeli-Palestinian conflict was presented as a prototypical example of current-day intractable conflicts. A question …” „… identity constructions, gender-role ideologies and the perpetuation of violence in the Israeli-Palestinian …”

Reflections of unequal power relations between Israelis and Palestinians on the empirical research process S. 211-212

„… Israeli and a Palestinian coworker who translated my introduction and instructions to the research during …” „… imbalances between the Israeli State and the Palestinian people came to the fore. More than once, Palestinian …” „… relations between Israelis and Palestinians that became obvious during the empirical research process. 5.6 …”

Design S. 199-200

„… language of the participants with the assistance of an Israeli and a Palestinian co-worker. Both the …” „… The pre-test was carried out with five Palestinians from the West Bank and five Israelis living within …” „… beliefs, whereby half of the statements were (re-formulated) in accordance to the ethos of conflict and …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-4

„… Israeli-Palestinian ConflictGendered IntractabilityNomosCorinna GayerBUT_Gayer_7646-0.indd 3 23.07.12 10:121 …”

Acknowledgements S. 5-6

„… contributed to this project during the last years. My special thanks go to the Israeli and Palestinian people …” „… views, emotions and thoughts with me, even under the detrimental conditions of an ongoing conflict …” „… to the research group on socio-psychological dynamics of intractable conflicts at the Tel Aviv …”

Critical evaluation of Q-methodology S. 192-194

„… having applied Qmethodology to assess Israeli and Palestinian national identity constructions, I am …” „… the intractable conflict situation they are exposed to and thereby disclose the subjective behavior …” „… context of the warring parties. Conflict analysis should focus on a genuine investigation of the …”

National identity S. 52-56

„… conception that was propagated by both Jewish Israeli and Palestinian political movements and leaders. …” „… conflict A comprehensive approach for analyzing the meaning of social identity in intractable conflicts is …” „… offered by Daniel Bar-Tal’s concept of the ‘ethos of conflict’ that society members develop and hold on to …”

The ethos of conflict S. 56-64

„… conception that was propagated by both Jewish Israeli and Palestinian political movements and leaders. 57 …” „… nationalist discourses in myriad and fluid ways. The examples of many intractable conflicts show that religion …” „… and religious identities. 2.3.2 The ethos of conflict In the following, I propose that the ethos of …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845241975

Claudia Baumgart-Ochse - Demokratie und Gewalt im Heiligen Land

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Claudia Baumgart-Ochse

Demokratie und Gewalt im Heiligen Land

Series: Studien der Hessischen Stiftung Friedens- und Konfliktforschung

Volume 2 2008

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Literatur S. 317-343

„… Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, in: Cooperation & Conflict 41: 1, 5-29. Doyle, Michael W. 1986: Liberalism and World …” „… System in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. , in: International Political Science Review 25: 1, 77-96 …” „… Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, in: Cooperation & Conflict 40: 3, 343-360. Kahl, Colin H. 1998/99: Constructing a …”

Fehlersuche: Systematisch-deskriptive Analysen S. 31-38

„… berühre: „As a result, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict has evoked maximalist notions of the two groups …” „… exercise violence (on the Palestinian side) or establish new settlements and strongholds (on the Israeli …” „… omissions and miscalculations by both Israeli and Palestinian leaders, obstructed the Oslo peace process …”

Primärquellen, Datenquellen und Internetressourcen S. 343-345

„… , Statement to the Israeli People by Prime Minister Ehud Barak, 07.10.2000 www.mfa.gov.il/MFA, (Zugriff …” „… , 12.10.2000, www.mfa.gov.il/MFA, 14.02.2007, (Zugriff: 15.02.2007). B'Tselem: The Israeli Information Center …” „… Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. Jurisdiction of the Court to give the Advisory …”

Schuldzuweisungen: Einseitige Analysen S. 26-31

„… precluded a fair and workable settlement of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict [...]“ (2002: 8). Zwar räumt …” „… Palestinians every reason to believe that an interim or transition period would not be one toward general peace …” „… and a fair compromise, but rather toward a deeper and more irreversible Israeli consolidation of its …”

Argumente für den Friedensprozess S. 228-235

„… : „Public opinion is, then, a critical input to the decisionmaking process on the Israeli-Palestinian …” „… terror. Together we may be able to assure mothers, both Israeli and Palestinian, that their children who …” „… measures alone are not enough. Implementation of the Israeli-Palestinian agreement, fulfillment of the …”

Argumente gegen den Friedensprozess II S. 291-299

„… einer politischen Lösung: „The establishment of a Palestinian state was no longer anathema to Israeli …” „… – Palestinian and Israeli – the terrible bereavement that knows no remedy, because neither of our peoples will …” „… des Jaffee Center for Strategic Centers ergab: „The Israeli public’s mood was bleak, and indicators of …”

Selbstverteidigung oder Selbstermächtigung? S. 68-74

„… whether a Palestinian state should or should not exist is anachronistic; a semi-independent state already …” „… , democracies will fail to respond in kind. Hence, the determination of which side in a conflict was the first …” „… is given to the Withdrawal Phrase if it is read as requiring an Israeli withdrawal from all the …”

Eskalation nach der Öffnung des Tunnels zum Tempelberg S. 237-250

„… to events and developments related to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, despite their divided …” „… city. Israel’s provocative act, however, unleashed Palestinian frustrations after months of waiting for …” „… Autonomiebehörde (Palestinian Authority, PA) und legte deren Struktur und Kompetenzen fest. Auf der Grundlage des …”

Der junge Staat Israel: Mamlachtijut und Status Quo S. 186-191

„… policies concerning the Arab-Israeli conflict and the Israeli Palestinians, to pursue a non-selective …” „… In der deutschen Übersetzung von Eisenstadts klassischer Studie „The Transformation of Israeli …” „… explosive arena, the fear of unmanageable conflict over the very essence of Jewish identity in the Jewish …”

Einordnung: Theoretisch angeleitete Analysen S. 38-46

„… berühre: „As a result, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict has evoked maximalist notions of the two groups …” „… Konflikt als einen Konflikt zwischen zwei Gruppen (intergroup conflict) aus. Der entscheidende Fehler, so …” „… zwischenstaatliche Konflikte (interstate conflict, Methode: conflict management) gedacht sind. In der Tradition der …”

Reziprozität und Konfliktdynamik S. 150-155

„… eingeht, dass „Israeli violence against Palestinians also influences the Palestinians’ political …” „… Kategorien, während das Schema von COPDAB (Conflict and Peace Data Bank) 16 ordinale Kategorien auf einer …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845212357

Stefan Ahlswede - Israel's European policy after the Cold War

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Stefan Ahlswede

Israel's European policy after the Cold War

Series: Düsseldorfer Schriften zu Internationaler Politik und Völkerrecht

Volume 6 2009

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The dispute on rules of origin S. 160-164

„… domestic actors. At the same time, there were conflicts within the Israeli foreign policy system that were …” „… should resist Israeli-Palestinian outward processing tra?c on these grounds. Upon closer observation, the …” „… argument fails to make sense: due to the way in which the Israeli and Palestinian economies are structured …”

External operational environment S. 29-42

„… . The EU has favoured a two-state solution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Its aims have been …” „… negotiating over Jerusalem. Two months later, violent conflicts between Palestinians and Israeli forces broke …” „… its e?orts for a peaceful solution of the Arab-Israeli conflict. Due to its history and its national …”

Excursion: the EC agrees to negotiations – a success of Israeli policy? S. 134-144

„… , accepting a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and renouncing terrorism.367 The Soviet …” „… further negotiations leading to a permanent solution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. On 9th September …” „… Israeli-Palestinian front. To forestall an American peace plan, Israel had come up with its own Shamir Plan …”

Tactic S. 70-75

„… Likud harmed Israel’s economic interests and were responsible for the damage done to Israeli …” „… , how Israeli actors perceived this and what determined Israel’s stance, we will look into the details …” „… Palestinian exports as unrealistic. They were questioning if Palestinian farmers had the logistics and variety …”

Motivation of the European Parliament S. 59-65

„… its integration into the EC/ EU. 3.1. The conflict over independent Palestinian agricultural exports …” „… regarding Palestinian exports. The Israeli reaction was furious. Understanding full well the real reason for …” „… , direct, Palestinian – exports and marketing channels. Exporters would need approval from an Israeli …”

Israel’s motivation to agree S. 77-85

„… change in Israeli behaviour would have removed this obstacle. To the other part, the Parliament’s stance …” „… that would be called an international conference but would immediately lead to direct Israeli …” „… conflict.161 To be certain, as much as he was interested in a European contribution, Peres did not envision …”

Rhetoric S. 186-193

„… a result, the exposure of the Israeli agricultural sector to Palestinian cheap labour products …” „… even a prioritised one at that.613 At the core of their conflict lay the question of if the EMA should …” „… accompanied the negotiations and formed the Israeli position, and we have studied the disputes that arose …”

The politicians S. 121-123

„… in formulation, neither in the conflict on independent Palestinian exports nor in the issues of the …” „… Minister was active at all in formulating Israel’s position in the conflict over independent Palestinian …” „… significant role of the Israeli Foreign Minister in the formulation of designated foreign behaviour towards …”

Background of Israel’s counterproductive behaviour S. 66-70

„… Palestinians and the EC.130 Rabin was not worried about the fact that Palestinian farmers might bypass AGREXCO …” „… and not too much about possibly developing Palestinian national structures. His aim was to prevent …” „… deeper contacts between the Palestinians and the EC in general for he saw the EC’s activities in the …”

The future of the EU’s contribution S. 278-280

„… meet the security concerns of Israel’s neighbours and particularly the Palestinians. More generally, it …” „… anything to improve the unsympathetic attitude it perceives from the rest of the world. The Israeli …” „… Palestinians which has failed to achieve its objective for well over half a century now: to bring Israel peace …”

Exploratory talks S. 144-146

„… negotiations leading to a permanent solution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. On 9th September 1993 the PLO …” „… 144 there were no changes at the Lebanese front, hardly any in talks with the Palestinians and …” „… success of Israeli European policy? It could appear so, considering that the EC gave up on all of the …”

The EU as the facilitator of peace S. 243-247

„… European contribution to a Middle East Development Bank,722 to the construction of Israeli-Palestinian …” „… Israeli governments have had di?erent conceptions of how exactly the EC/ EU should best proceed; what they …” „… aim for and uphold peace with Israel.718 Whilst this Israeli goal is ultimately political …”

Internal operational environment S. 42-48

„… . Two months later, violent conflicts between Palestinians and Israeli forces broke out again, not the …” „… solution to their conflict. The Oslo Accords set o? a process in which Israel should transfer territory and …” „… responsibility bit by bit to a Palestinian Authority. The most complicated issues were deferred to a later stage …”

Has Israel’s European Policy changed? S. 263-267

„… European policy system: the end of the Cold War and the Israeli-Palestinian peace, the Oslo Accords. One …” „… conflict with each of the other Israeli goals vis-à-vis Europe. The good services that Europe has to o?er …” „… . Incompatibilities and conflicts of aims 6.2.1. Conflicting aims: contain Europe or embrace Europe? E?ectively, the …”

The EU’s special envoy to the Middle East S. 98-104

„… the time, Israeli-Palestinian negotiations were set to resume at the Erez checkpoint of the Gaza Strip …” „… Israeli-Palestinian summit in Washington in early October. The EU did not try to hide its indignation.253 249 Peres …” „… to press the issue and not to insist on an EU role at the Israeli-Palestinian talks that resumed the …”

Reference List S. 285-322

„… http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC05.php?CID=1861. Cobban, H. (1991). The superpowers and the Syrian-Israeli conflict: Beyond crisis …” „… East: New Thinking on regional conflict. London: Printer Pub. Gov’t strikes deal with Palestinians on …” „… . (2004). The Israeli-Palestinian road block: Can Europeans make a di?erence? International A?airs (Oxford …”

Aims in detail S. 153-160

„… political solution of the conflict with the Palestinians and Israel’s neighbouring states. First, before …” „… gain support for his scheme of Israeli-Palestinian talks.460 Far more appealing to the Rabin-Peres …” „… programmes and manifestations of closer political ties. Lacking a masterplan, though, the Israeli objective …”

The actors S. 75-76

„… . The actors It is di?cult to name the central actors that shaped Israel’s behaviour in the conflict …” „… over independent Palestinian exports. The reason is that we are looking less at action than at …” „… controversy on Palestinian exports, i. e. in formulation – albeit in formulation of behaviour in other policy …”

Israel’s motivation to agree S. 89-97

„… Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip known as “Oslo-II” in September 1995 …” „… massive wave of 400,000 Lebanese civilians fleeing North and a hail of Katyusha rockets fired into Israeli …” „… cease-fire understanding might be considered of limited interest to an analysis of Israeli policy towards the …”

Scientific interest S. 13-15

„… growing awareness of the centrality of the Palestinian problem to the Middle East conflict. The EC states …” „… chose the Arab-Israeli conflict as one of the two initial areas of European Political Cooperation, and …” „… , understandably the bulk looks at questions related to the Arab-Israeli conflict. US-Israeli relations, too …”

Administrative units S. 123-124

„… issues though, the conflict of independent Palestinian exports, private interest groups did indeed play a …” „… foreign policy. On closer examination there is nothing to suggest that any Israeli government has regarded …” „… , the mechanism making top Israeli politicians deal with European relations works the other way around …”

Incompatible visions: European or Middle Eastern? S. 268-270

„… most crucial to Israel. The fact that relations with the EC/ EU have served as an issue in Israeli …” „… will be that the EU has moved into a policy field classically dealt with by top Israeli politicians for …” „… fields that are considered even more important: relations with Israel’s neighbours, the Palestinians and …”

Images – Israel’s self-perception S. 50-57

„… fate. At the same time, for all the explosive potential of the Arab-Israeli conflict, Israel has been …” „… irrigation technology. In this conception the Palestinian Zionist community and later the Israeli society …” „… processors, the actors shaping the Israeli government’s behaviour towards Europe, have seen Israel and its …”

A third leg – Counterbalance a possible decrease of American commitment S. 113-119

„… vanished.”307 In the perception of many Israeli politicians and government o?cials, particularly to the …” „… developing Israeli Mediterranean identity, see Nocke, 2006, Del Sarto, July 2003 and Del Sarto, 2006. 307 …” „… irrelevancy. Israeli politicians and pro-Israeli commentators have claimed to discern a new strategic value of …”

Perspective on integration S. 274-278

„… 274 6.3. Perspectives on Israeli-European relations Israel’s relations with and its behaviour …” „… same reason, an isolated Israeli European policy would be as good as pointless and irrelevant. That …” „… attempt to achieve anything further in association with the EU. The Israeli debate on future relations …”

Has Israel achieved its aims? S. 215-218

„… about the EMA negotiations, in the Israeli system they did not operate as pressure groups. They were not …” „… joint-ventures. The EU’s treatment of Israeli outward processing tra?c and particularly cumulative rules of …” „… Israel. The EU settled for a lot less than it set out for, accepting access solely to the Israeli sectors …”

The ministerial officials S. 119-121

„… between two groups of actors within the Israeli European policy system, the ministerial o?cials on the one …” „… the issue of independent Palestinian exports, the ministerial o?cials can be expected to have played a …” „… motivated as these inter-ministerial conflicts were, however, their pursuit and particularly their …”

Nature and aims of the EMP S. 104-106

„… division. Certainly Israel’s conflict with the Palestinians, Lebanese factions but also with Syria has not …” „… window of opportunity for further democratisation of the conflict-ridden country,280 and finally the …” „… 104 to active mediation would certainly have meant pressure on Israel at the Palestinian front …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… 2.1.1.4.3. Israeli-Palestinian relations 41 2.1.2. Internal operational environment 42 2.1.2.1. Military …” „… role of the EC/ EU 59 3.1. The conflict over independent Palestinian agricultural exports 59 3.1.1 …” „… . Incompatibilities and conflicts of aims 267 6.2.1. Conflicting aims: contain Europe or embrace Europe? 267 10 …”

The history of scientific cooperation with the EC S. 132-134

„… , that is, of enhanced and deeper relations between Israel and the EU. Accordingly, the Israeli desire to …” „… others serving the Israeli goal of updating and upgrading relations. Whilst Israel-EC scientific …” „… laboratory EMBL. Since 1971, Israeli scientific delegations had met with the European Commission’s …”

Why has Israel been successful? S. 218-220

„… become possible. Up until the early 1990s, the Arab-Israeli conflict had hindered all attempts to create …” „… 218 fested by the EU’s Essen summit acknowledging Israeli special status. More or less, Israel is …” „… policy such as its invasion of Lebanon, Israeli policy in the occupied territories and particularly the …”

Incompatible notions: European or special? S. 270-272

„… reason that the fertility rate of the West Bank Palestinians and of Arab Israelis is higher than of …” „… Jewish.762 At the moment it appears as if a consensus were building encompassing the Israeli right to …” „… , worries are running high in Israeli domestic politics that Jews might be about to lose the demographic …”

The data basis S. 26-27

„… interviewed, in Brussels and Germany, but most of them are Israeli and have been interviewed in Israel.20 Data …” „… scope of Israeli newspapers, but also from radio and television reports as documented by the Tel Aviv …” „… . Israel-US relations will thus be looked into, Israel’s relationship to its neighbours and the Palestinians …”

Conflicting aims: contain Europe or embrace Europe? S. 267-268

„… stands in conflict with each of the other Israeli goals vis-à-vis Europe. The good services that Europe …” „… 267 6.2. Incompatibilities and conflicts of aims 6.2.1. Conflicting aims: contain Europe or embrace …” „… – and somewhat rightly so, as Israeli o?cials admit. In fact, an actor who did not wield political …”

An assessment after ten years S. 106-108

„… the Turkish North to overcome the division. Certainly Israel’s conflict with the Palestinians …” „… conflict-ridden country,280 and finally the Balkans have returned to relative stability after years of war and …” „… . The security and conflict-resolution aspect of the Barcelona-Process, on the other hand, as well as …”

The role of the US S. 253-254

„… the case in the conflict over independent Palestinian exports – or because there was nothing to lobby …” „… the EU mostly got what it wanted: independent Palestinian exports, EU participation at the …” „… of the most influential of these EU members and has traditionally championed Israeli interests and …”

The 1975 Free Trade and Cooperation Agreement S. 125-127

„… protocols: the EC would abolish all such trade barriers on Israeli goods by January 1977; ceilings that …” „… remained on a limited number of goods would be removed by the end of 1979. Israeli tari?s on EC goods were …” „… Israeli trade in services with the EC before the EMA, see Gabay, 1990. 126 Agricultural products were …”

Sanctions, threats and retaliation S. 193-195

„… procrastinating and “sleeping through the progress in the peace process”. Similarly, Israeli o?cials came out …” „… recognising the sacrifices Israel had made to achieve peace with the Palestinians in summer 1994.630 Whilst …” „… punish the EU by not signing the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement, which would open up Israeli …”

The German channel S. 254-255

„… concrete issue – as was the case in the conflict over independent Palestinian exports – or because there …” „… Germany is one of the most influential of these EU members and has traditionally championed Israeli …” „… appears to have been seen as the most promising and thus received most attention.741 Despite these Israeli …”

Incompatible perspectives on appropriate foreign behaviour S. 272-274

„… European history. To the Europeans, violent conflict is to be avoided and instead disintegration into a …” „… to use violence in conflict, which in itself is very hard to accept by Europe’s ethic standards …” „… outlining change through rapprochement, see Bahr, 1973. 273 the Israeli impression that Israel indeed had …”

Portray behaviour as if caused by EU attitude: the issue of the deportees S. 255-257

„… Minister Peres claimed that the EC’s attitude did make a di?erence. Israeli concessions to the EC of any …” „… were stranded in a no-man’s land between Israeli and Lebanese forces. The expulsion of the inhabitants …” „… deportations, 1992; Danish Ambassador: Israeli gesture on deportees not enough, 1993; Britain: expulsions …”

Private interest groups S. 124

„… designated behaviour towards Europe could be found. In one of the five issues though, the conflict of …” „… independent Palestinian exports, private interest groups did indeed play a role: AGREXCO, fearing for its …” „… Agriculture’s opposition to the EC’s demand. The Israeli flower growers on the other hand, keen to see the EC …”

Israel’s perspective S. 108-113

„… mechanism. The security and conflict-resolution aspect of the Barcelona-Process, on the other hand, as well …” „… as the fostering of democracy, civil society and mutual understanding served – as was the Israeli …” „… the EMP had been set up. In the Israeli perspective, this has rendered a considerable aspect of the …”

Confusion over Israel’s goal S. 146-153

„… angry snaps notwithstanding, the Israeli party to the negotiations in fact were aware of the background …” „… started was far from clear. Israeli politicians and o?cials presented oddly incompatible scenarios of what …” „… the desired outcome of negotiations would be. In the late eighties, the Israeli Ministry of …”

Further measures S. 195-202

„… structure of the markets which cannot be changed by Israeli activity in a matter of months, if at all. And …” „… assume that the Israeli actors were aware that their threats could hardly take e?ect. Similarly, the …” „… explanation for the Israeli behaviour seems to be that the threats were rather meant for domestic consumption …”

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europa ethnica Volume 80 (2023) Issue 1-2 ISSN Online: 0014-2492

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Brad R. Roth Implementing “Two Peoples, One Future”: Conceptualizing Mutual Self-Determination in Israel-Palestine S. 79-87

„… normative premises of the Israeli-Palestinian “peace process.”1) Yet with that process appearing moribund …” „… Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA), Israeli Practices towards the Palestinian People and the Question of …” „… impartial commentators, to territorial partition as the centerpiece of any foreseeable Israeli-Palestinian …”

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