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Horst Eidenmüller - Regulatory Competition in Contract Law and Dispute Resolution

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Horst Eidenmüller (ed.)

Regulatory Competition in Contract Law and Dispute Resolution

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2013

Results in this title

Thomas Ackermann Private Production of Transnational Regulation through Standard Form Contracts S. 155-159

„… throughStandard Form ContractsThomas AckermannI. The Existence of Regulatory Competition in International …” „… leads to arejection of state law in favor of non-state law in the form of standardized contracts.In my …” „… privatetransnational law-making in the form of standardized contracts.”1 This idea breaksdown into two elements which I …”

Hugh Collins Regulatory Competition in International Trade: Transnational Regulation through Standard Form Contracts S. 134-154

„… : TransnationalRegulation through Standard Form ContractsHugh CollinsI. The Use of Standard Form Contracts and Boilerplate …” „… form of regulatorycompetition. In other words, standard form contracts are best understood in …” „… form of transnational law.I. The Use of Standard Form Contracts and BoilerplateMuch international trade …”

Axel Metzger Standard Form Contracts as Private Law Regimes S. 125-128

„… setting. The paper of Dan Wielsch islimited in its scope to standard form contracts and excludes as such …” „… read Dan Wielschs paper and tosee how wide the landscape of different types of standard form contracts …” „… andother specific examples of standard form contracts and distills common features fromthese examples. The …”

Horst Eidenmüller Regulatory Competition in Contract Law and Dispute Resolution S. 14-23

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2III. Forms of Regulatory Competition in Contract Law and DisputeResolution …” „… that field.III. Forms of Regulatory Competition in Contract Law andDispute ResolutionFirst, there is …” „… various forms of regulatory competition with respect to contract law anddispute resolution give rise to a …”

Dan Wielsch Global Law’s Toolbox: How Standards Form Contracts S. 84-124

„… collective agreement on a standard contract,sometimes involving public agencies.10 In the light of the …” „… adhesioncontracts. Under the prominent “contract-as-product” theory, contracts form partof the product, economically …” „… network effects in the value of contract language.47Subjecting the activity of contracting to …”

Theodore Eisenberg, Geoffrey P. Miller The English vs. the American Rule on Attorney Fees: An Empirical Study of Public Company Contracts S. 484-509

„… . We searched all Form 8-Kfilings and coded information about any contract that fit into one of Table 1 …” „… contracts.Table 2: Frequency of Attorney Fee ClausesContractual fee rule Number %American Rule 870 37.1 %English …” „… categories least likely to be based on asimple markup of prior contract forms – employment, licensing, and …”

Florian Möslein Regulatory Competition between Public and Private Rules S. 160-167

„… rules.4By examining the role of standard form contracts in regulatory competition,Hugh Collins …” „… concerns the qualification of private-maderules as law. With respect to standard form contracts, this …” „… Moreover, he describes astonishing similarities between standard form contracts24 On the concept of private …”

Erin O’Hara O’Connor Jurisdictional Competition for Dispute Resolution: Courts versus Arbitration S. 440-454

„… source of most empirical claims aboutparty preferences is the contract used to form the parties …” „… the franchise contracts.Type of carveout clause # of contractscontainingcarveout% of total contracts …” „… left 141 contracts that took the form of service agreements,master service agreements, licensing …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-13

„… ......................................................................................................... 121Private Production of Transnational Regulation through Standard FormContractsThomas Ackermann …” „… “governance by contract”.This volume contains the edited versions of papers presented during an international …” „… ................................................................................................... 66Chapter 5 Global Law’s Toolbox: How Standards Form ContractsDan Wielsch …”

Index S. 514-525

„… , contractsConsumer protection 9, 304, 331, 340, 449– access to litigation 450– cross-subsidy of weak consumers 449 …” „… choice 296Freedom of contract, see contractual freedomFrench Law 273Frustration, doctrine of 324GG20 89 …” „… – contracts with non-US parties 487– lower rate of use in international contracts476– opting out 475, 490, 492 …”

Martin Engel, Johanna Stark The CESL as a European Brand – PayPalizing European Contract Law S. 350-359

„… that contract-law-related obstacles in general have hardly any impact; according to morethan 70 % of …” „… ) may prima facie seem to be a form of “contractual negligence” – it ishowever, perfectly rational from …” „… ). The second and equally important point is thatthe proposed CESL is to take the form of an “optional …”

Hugh Beale Characteristics of Contract Laws and the European Optional Instrument S. 326-349

„… parties, the old notions of freedom and sanctity of contract, and ofself-reliance – “qui dit contractuel …” „… Press).Beale/Dugdale (1975), Contracts between Businessmen: Planning and the Use ofContractual Remedies, 2 British …” „… ContractLaw, 1.Eidenmu¨ller/Faust/Grigoleit/Jansen/Wagner/Zimmermann (2008), The CommonFrame of Reference for …”

Andreas Engert Networks and Lemons in the Market for Contract Law S. 317-325

„… . IntroductionGiesela Ru¨hl provides a highly illuminating analysis of jurisdictional competitionin contract law that is …” „… , which both enable and restrictcompetition of substantive contract laws.1 There can be little doubt that …” „… we observe,at least in certain fields, conscious party choice of the applicable contract …”

Gerhard Wagner Dispute Resolution as a Product: Competition between Civil Justice Systems S. 360-435

„… stage is the one of contract formation, i. e. the negotiation of the commercialcontract which forms the …” „… perfectsubstitutes of each other, and some of them are not substitutes at all but may becombined to form a …” „… goods to citizens and businesses, and they charge a price for thebundle of goods offered in the form of …”

Bruce H. Kobayashi, Larry E. Ribstein Private Lawdrafting, Intellectual Property, and Public Laws S. 56-78

„… mightprofit by writing standard form contracts or general business plans that many firmscan use. Because …” „… appear to beno valid grounds why legal forms such as contracts, insurance policies, pleadings and other …” „… of these standard forms is diminished by theuncertainty that the provisions contained in these …”

Horst Eidenmüller, Lars Hornuf, Markus Reps Contracting Employee Involvement: An Analysis of Bargaining over Employee Involvement Rules for a Societas Europaea S. 168-199

„… more freedom of contractand contract governance at least with respect to these Member States.72V …” „… for thispopularity of the SE corporate form in general and amongst German and Czechfirms in particular …” „… form of employee involvement in the management of public corporations ismandatory. Such employee …”

Christoph Thole Can Living Will Regulations Revive Contractual Approaches to Bankruptcy? S. 233-239

„… contract,which forms the basis of this relationship, is, however, often more difficult. Theremay be potential for …” „… term condition. Creditors who subsequently contract with thecompany would be on notice of the …” „… beingrenegotiation-proof. He builds quite a complex economic model to argue that thesesorts of contracts could be drafted …”

Omri Ben-Shahar Arbitration and Access to Courts: Economic Analysis S. 460-483

„… prohibited.Arbitration clauses in consumer contracts are chosen bilaterally by the parties –they are part of the …” „… – averse to legalese – manifest no such demand at the time of contracting.Consumers’ ex ante apathy towards …” „… through the useof form contracts.”4 Wagner (in this volume, Ch. 12).5 Wagner (in this volume, Ch. 12 IV. 3 …”

Stefan Vogenauer Regulatory Competition Through Choice of Contract Law and Choice of Forum in Europe: Theory and Evidence S. 240-297

„… consensual choices of the applicable contract law and theforum for resolving contractual disputes in Europe …” „… impossible topredict the fate of the contractual relationship. Admittedly, some contract lawregimes have …” „… sophisticated contract law (choices of contractlaw and choices of forum frequently go hand in hand43) will …”

Lars Hornuf Comment on Eisenberg/Miller S. 510-511

„… to contractaround class actions in consumer contracts.33. The absence of a “Jury Trial Waiver”, which …” „… often as the American Rule; in 37 percent and 36 percent of all contracts,respectively. However, in …” „… empirically. Theyanalyze a unique hand-collected dataset of 2,347 contracts in large U.S. corporations, which …”

Michael Klausner Comment on Wielsch S. 129-133

„… ofsome industry groups that promulgate standard contract terms. This phenomenonraises the specter of a …” „… , underwhat circumstances should we be concerned about an industry group’s standardization of contract terms …” „… enforcethese contracts, and presumably rewrite the terms of the parties’ relationship expost. Professor Wielsch …”

Adam Feibelman Living Wills: A Prelude to Private Ordering Under Bankruptcy Law? S. 212-232

„… of Munich conference on Regulatory Competitionin Contract Law And Dispute Resolution, and the Tulane …” „… expected returns of others. The former shouldcharge the debtor less for credit and the latter should charge …” „… weak financial institution”.51Although the precise form and function of living wills remain largely …”

Gregor Bachmann, Heiko Richter Contracting Co-Determination: The SE-Directive as a Model? S. 200-211

„… the board level existed before the (still rare)corporate form of the SE, representatives are less …” „… Form Contract, 19 Zeitschriftfu¨r Unternehmens- und Gesellschaftsrecht, 169.Romano (1998), Empowering …” „… employeerepresentatives of an SE cannot agree on a contractual regime. As a rule, the fall-back-model followsthe strictest …”

Robert D. Cooter, Aaron S. Edlin Clearings and Thickets: Intellectual Property Law and Growth Economics S. 24-37

„… fraction of a lot can contract to allowsomeone to use it. Some theorists think that this fact demarcates …” „… form the Universal Patent Pool? It would replaceindividual ownership with common ownership of patents …” „… owner of a patent can contractto allow others to use it, but the owner cannot sell half of a patent to …”

Ralf Michaels Make or Buy – A Public Market for Legal Transplants? S. 40-55

„… is clearest in products that areactually products of the law, like insurance contracts.11 But it also …” „… Codification, 8 EuropeanReview of Contract Law, 277.Michaels (2013), “One Size Can Fit All” – On Mass …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303. The Promise of a Public Market for Legal Transplants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32III. Law …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845259154

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Peter Mankowski (ed.)

Commercial Law

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2018

Results in this title

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 2.1.13 (Conclusion of contract dependent on agreement on specific matters or in a particular form) S. 511

„… the originally agreed, Arts. 2.1.4 and 4.8 may help to determine the contents of the contract.15 C …” „… it permits any alteration of contract by silence.16 It goes less far than some European legal systems …” „… contract formation.17 Article 2.1.13 (Conclusion of contract dependent on agreement on specific matters or …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 19 CISG S. 93-101

„… Perales Viscasillas, ‘“Battle of the Forms” Under the 1980 United Nations Convention on Contracts for the …” „… Perales Viscasillas, ‘“Battle of the Forms” Under the 1980 United Nations Convention on Contracts for the …” „… object, the terms of the contract are the terms of the offer with the modifications contained in the …”

Sebastian Omlor Article 29 CISG S. 153-155

„… agreements requiring the written form for the modification or termination of a written contract are permitted …” „… a supplement to the contract.10 Modifications of contractual provisions that are, as regards content …” „… to the court and how to make use of the court’s discretion.25 Article 29 CISG (1) A contract may be …”

Peter Mankowski Article 12 CISG S. 52-53

„… Del Duca, ‘Implementation of Contract Formation Statute of Frauds, Parol Evidence, and Battle of Forms …” „… whether the place of registration or the siège réel should feature as the seat. Article 11 CISG A contract …” „… all requirements as to form. Contracts under the CISG can be concluded orally. Art. 11 CISG takes …”

Stefan Kröll Article 39 Assignment of Proceeds S. 1504-1531

„… contract conclusion UNIDROIT 2.1.13 – defined UNIDROIT 2.1.1 – waiver of specific matters or form UNIDROIT …” „… – forms of application UNIDROIT 7.4.8 3, 5 Modification of contract CISG 29 2 et seqq. – by mere …” „… 2.1.13 1 – confirmation of a contract despite a ground for avoidance UNIDROIT 3.2.9 1 – contracting …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 21 CISG S. 105-111

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 7. Timing of conclusion of contract …” „… ’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 6. Timing of conclusion of contract …” „… , Art. 20 para. 10. PART II FORMATION OF THE CONTRACT Art. 21 CISG Lisa Spagnolo 105 9 1 (Art. 21(1 …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 14 CISG S. 58-69

„… take the form of an entity’s own standard business terms, or be sourced from a framework contract …” „… ascendency of Art. 55: Bridge, para. 11.12 (favor contractus basis); Morten M. Fogt, ‘Contract Formation …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 I. Overview An offer, if accepted, will form an enforceable contract. Words used by the offeree …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 2.1.12 (Writings in confirmation) S. 509-510

„… agreement on the form of the contract conclusion (Art. 2.1.13), para. 2 provides for an exception for …” „… suitable.14 C. Special Rule for Standard Terms Art. 2.1.11 does not cover the battle of forms between …” „… writing which is sent within a reasonable time after the conclusion of the contract and which purports to …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 18 CISG S. 81-92

„… Resurrected: Contract Formation: Common Law UCC CISG’ (2015) 40(2) North Carolina Journal of International Law …” „… , Art. 17 para. 8. PART II FORMATION OF THE CONTRACT Art. 18 CISG Lisa Spagnolo 81 4 5 I. Overview …” „… apply to acceptances of offers to modify a pre-existing contract pursuant to Art. 29.1 The burden of …”

Marco Torsello Article 30 CISG S. 156-162

„… contractual arrangements, or of usages or contract practices established between the parties, will the …” „… Incoterms® in their contract, the parties incorporate as part of their contractual arrangements the entire …” „… modification or termination of the contract has to prove the corresponding agreement under Art. 29(1) CISG.29 …”

CISG Marco Torsello Article 34 S. 186-189

„… the case under consideration the seller’s failure to deliver on time qualifies as a breach of contract …” „… at the time of the conclusion of the contract or to have avoided or overcome. Furthermore, the …” „… supports the conclusion that the seller cannot be held in breach of contract if the failure to deliver on …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 1.2 (No form required) S. 485

„… secondly the freedom to determine the content of the contract. That includes the choice of the type of …” „… contract and the individual terms, such as the exclusion of individual principles pursuant to Art. 1.5. C …” „… . Limits The limits to the freedom of contract deriving from mandatory law (→ Art. 1.4) or mandatory …”

Lisa Spagnolo Introduction to Articles 14–24 CISG S. 55-57

„… (where both possibities are weighted for probability of success or failure to form a contract) such that …” „… divesting the owner of control. PART II FORMATION OF THE CONTRACT Introduction to Articles 14–24 CISG …” „… Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods: Convention on the Limitation Period in the …”

Petra Butler Introduction to Articles 45–65 CISG S. 232-237

„… standard form contracts under domestic law regard has to be had as well to the remedies scheme of the CISG …” „… contract and a seller cannot claim damages arising out of the buyer’s failure to give notice.30 A possible …” „… account Art. 44.35 Section III Remedies for breach of contract by the seller Introduction to Articles …”

Raimond Emde Article 15 S. 1284-1285

„… of requiring the written form as a condition of effectiveness of an agency contract. Scarcely any …” „… of the parties to the agency contract that each party shall be entitled to receive from the other on …” „… request a signed written document setting out the terms of the agency contract including any terms …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 72 CISG S. 327-331

„… 72(3)) A debtor’s refusal to perform is the ‘purest’ form of contractual breach.28 Thus, the creditor …” „… of the contract. In practice, the debtor’s non-performance will often qualify as a ground for …” „… avoidance based on anticipatory breach of contract (Articles 72, 73) or based on non-performance after the …”

Sebastian Omlor Article 26 CISG S. 143-145

„… processing generally, this breach of contract does generally not classify as fundamental. The criterion …” „… CISG A declaration of avoidance of the contract is effective only if made by notice to the other party …” „… . I. Systematic and teleological classification The avoidance of the contract is not effective ipso …”

Peter Mankowski Article 11 CISG S. 52

„… Del Duca, ‘Implementation of Contract Formation Statute of Frauds, Parol Evidence, and Battle of Forms …” „… whether the place of registration or the siège réel should feature as the seat. Article 11 CISG A contract …” „… all requirements as to form. Contracts under the CISG can be concluded orally. Art. 11 CISG takes …”

Peter Mankowski Article 8 CISG S. 42-46

„… contract and the statements made by either party. Good faith does not form part of the list. But this does …” „… ); Del Duca, ‘Implementation of Contract Formation Statute of Frauds, Parol Evidence, and Battle of Forms …” „… ) in fine caves into the inevitable: The supplementary lex causae of the contract determined by virtue …”

Petra Butler Article 65 CISG S. 296-297

„… contract the buyer is to specify the form, measurement or other features of the goods and he fails to make …” „… for breach of contract. However, the seller is not deprived thereby of any right he may have to …” „… may declare the contract avoided: (a) if the failure by the buyer to perform any of his obligations …”

Peter Mankowski Article 3 CISG S. 24-27

„… services to varying degrees. But it only addresses contracts where manufacturing or producing form part of …” „… covered by (f), but do fall under the CISG when they are the object of sales contracts.26 Oil and gas are …” „… of the oil or gas trade. Article 3 CISG (1) Contracts for the supply of goods to be manufactured or …”

Peter Mankowski Article 96 CISG S. 413

„… reservation. The consequence of a relevant reservation under Art. 96 is that the form of the contract is …” „… law applicable to the contract is the law of a Contracting State who has declared the reservation. The …” „… applied.8 Article 96 CISG A Contracting State whose legislation requires contracts of sale to be concluded …”

Raimond Emde Article 14 S. 1284

„… of requiring the written form as a condition of effectiveness of an agency contract. Scarcely any …” „… of the parties to the agency contract that each party shall be entitled to receive from the other on …” „… request a signed written document setting out the terms of the agency contract including any terms …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.1.14 (Application for public permission) S. 615-616

„… at similar provisions in the 1976 International Commercial Contracts Law of the former German …” „… contracts underlying UNIDROIT Principles are the later ones, circumstances may imply the application of Art …” „… . 6.1.12. Yet, in case of connected contracts (e.g. contract amendments made under new circumstances such …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… or neglected. The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG …” „… added from the quarters of general contract law, namely the UNIDROIT Principles (PICC, also known as …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods . . . . . . . . .I. 9 …”

Peter Mankowski Article 1 S. 422-424

„… arising from a contract of international sale of goods or relating to its breach, termination or …” „… contract of sale; b) “creditor” means a party who asserts a claim, whether or not such a claim is for a sum …” „… of money; c) “debtor” means a party against whom a creditor asserts a claim; d) “breach of contract …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 6 Contract of carriage S. 1134-1138

„… involve the nullity of the other provisions of the contract of carriage. Nevertheless, a carrier may …” „… can be in the interest of both parties to the contract of carriage (e.g. if the limitation is linked …” „… of the Contract of Carriage Article 6 Contract of carriage By the contract of carriage, the carrier …”

Klaus Ramming Article 2 Scope of application S. 1000-1002

„… packed. Article 1 No. 7 clarifies that such articles of transport or the packing form part of the goods …” „… , perhaps together with cargo provided by other shippers. Here, the container does not form part of the …” „… regular mail. IX. “Applicable law” (Article 1 No. 9) If a contract of carriage is, in principle, subject …”

Peter Mankowski Article 2 S. 425-426

„… Contracting States. Hence, an international contract is staged if the seller has his place of business in a …” „… seller have their respective places of business in different non-Contracting States. Yet a contract …” „… show that the Convention is applicable without regard to the form of the organisation that enters into …”

Peter Mankowski Article 6 CISG S. 33-36

„… applicable law objectively.7 If the contract parties choose the law of non-Contracting State of the CISG …” „… Contracting State or the choice of the law of a territorial unit of a Contracting State.11 The CISG forms an …” „… Contracting State of a CISG form which choice of forum a tacit or implicit choice might be implied, e.g. by …”

Klaus Ramming Article 1 Definitions S. 993-999

„… apply to contracts of carriage (relating to inland waterways) if no freight is payable. The contracting …” „… liable, vis-à-vis the original shipper, who concluded the contract of carriage with the contractual …” „… carrier with whom the contractual carrier concludes a sub-contract of carriage. In a line of sub-carriers …”

Klaus Ramming Article 11 Nature and content S. 1022-1026

„… contract of carriage. Corresponding provisions to that effect are to be found in Article 10.1. The …” „… . The carrier may claim the full freight from the consignee, as agreed in the contract of carriage. If …” „… consignee is protected from inflated and unreasonable freight claims agreed under the contract of carriage …”

Peter Mankowski Article 9 CISG S. 47-50

„… trade is widely known to, and regularly observed by, parties to contracts of the type involved in the …” „… , the latter have developed accordingly between the parties of the concrete contract in their previous …” „… formation of contracts as well as to the performance of contracts.1 Usages might in particular provide for …”

Marco Torsello Article 32 CISG S. 175-180

„… of determining the court having jurisdiction with respect to contracts for the sale of goods, the …” „… contract, the goods were delivered, or should have been delivered”.83 Therefore, the place of delivery of …” „… jurisdictional purposes coincides with the place of delivery agreed upon between the parties in the contract …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.1.1 (Definitions) S. 715-717

„… )8 and the Principles of European Contract Law (PECL – Part III).9 The rules in Chapter 9 apply …” „… whenever an initial contract, governed by the UNIDROIT Principles (in particular as a result of a choice of …” „… which become subject of a transfer (Art. 9.2.1). In all three scenarios the recipient of the contract …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 22 CISG S. 112-113

„… speculate in the form of a second chance to decide on whether to conclude the contract with updated …” „… protection of the offeree is marginal; an automatically concluded contract protects the offeree’s reliance …” „… . 11.2 It is unnecessary to use the same form of communication as the acceptance or offer.3 An acceptance …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 6 Contract of carriage S. 1090

„… of the Contract of Carriage Article 6 Contract of carriage By the contract of carriage the carrier …” „… CIV provides for a primary and two secondary obligations based on the contract of carriage. The …” „… are subject to a special agreement within the context of the contract of carriage. Contract of …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 20 CISG S. 102-104

„… contract (Art. 29), unlike battle of the forms in domestic laws requiring writing where the existence of …” „… (Art. 19(1)),94 but an oral contract was frequently agreed before exchange of documents, as no writing …” „… is required by the CISG,95 leaving only the question of whether exchange of forms modified the …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 16 CISG S. 74-78

„… promissory estoppel); Schroeter, Art. 16 para. 1. Art. 16 CISG PART II FORMATION OF THE CONTRACT 74 Lisa …” „… . 8(3). For example, an offer in the form of a tender might be considered irrevocably binding depending …” „… ; Joseph Lookofsky, ‘The 1980 United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 2.1.18 (Modification in a particular form) S. 519

„… Article 2.1.18 (Modification in a particular form) A contract in writing which contains a clause requiring …” „… contract conclusion. Such protection of the ‘integrity of the writing’1 is standard in international …” „… enables a party, in particular of a long-term contract (Art. 1.11 3d hyphen), to rely on the agreed terms …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 7 Ticket S. 1091-1092

„… that it is the national law that governs the conditions for the formation of a contract of carriage …” „… ; Article 6(2) CIV UR relates only to the proof of the existence of such a contract. The ticket shall be …” „… prima facie evidence of the conclusion and the contents of the contract of carriage. Ticket(s …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 7 Unfair contractual terms and practices S. 1342-1349

„… business partner in the context of contract negotiations. The Late Payment Directive aims at impeding …” „… basis. A potential battle of forms arising out of contending wills has to be evaluated in the light of …” „… Article 3 (1) of the Unfair Contract Terms Directive, a term should be regarded as unfair if, ‘contrary to …”

Raimond Emde Article 20 S. 1300

„… business activities of a commercial agent following termination of the agency contract is hereinafter …” „… covered by his agency under the contract. 3. A restraint of trade clause shall be valid for not more than …” „… two years after termination of the agency contract. 4. This Article shall not affect provisions of …”

Raimond Emde Article 17 S. 1287-1295

„… is, after termination of the agency contract, indemnified in accordance with paragraph 2 or …” „… performance of the agency contract would have procured him whilst providing the principal with substantial …” „… to amortize the costs and expenses that he had incurred for the performance of the agency contract on …”

Peter Mankowski Article 4 S. 429-430

„… contract” might exclude both Conventions.13 Choosing the law of a non- Contracting State as the law …” „… governing the contract amounts to an exclusion14 whereas the mere choice of the law of a Contracting State …” „… entirety, this should incidentally justify any lesser step. But on the other hand, (2) forms part of the …”

Peter Mankowski Article 84 CISG S. 388-391

„… , such remedies kann only be based on the initial breach of contract (by the seller) and not on any …” „… This relates to both parties, including the one who has committed the breach of contract justifiying …” „… They threaten to exceed the envisaged level of compensation by far. Interest accrues form the date when …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 3 Transactions between undertakings S. 1321-1333

„… the end of the period for payment fixed in the contract; (b) where the date or period for payment is …” „… procedure of acceptance or verification, by which the conformity of the goods or services with the contract …” „… meaning of Article 7. 5. Member States shall ensure that the period for payment fixed in the contract does …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.3.3 (Requirement of consent of the other party) S. 753-754

„… of ‘special rules governing transfers of contract’, Art. 9.3.2).3 The UNIDROIT Principles require …” „… Principles, the rights and obligations transferred by the ‘assignment of contract’ may relate to payment of a …” „… to the assignment of contracts made under the special rules governing transfers of contracts in the …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 34 S. 975-977

„… III. Form Given that Art. 33 CMR does not stipulate any requirements as to the form of the …” „… Article 34 If carriage governed by a single contract is performed by successive road carriers, each of …” „… succeeding carrier becoming a party to the contract of carriage, under the terms of the consignment note, by …”

Peter Mankowski Article 4 CISG S. 28-30

„… Condition in the contract is governed by Arts. 14-24 CISG, including the battle of forms in the event of …” „… Convention governs only the formation of the contract of sale and the rights and obligations of the seller …” „… this Convention, it is not concerned with: (a) the validity of the contract or of any of its provisions …”

Peter Mankowski Introduction S. 1-8

„… added from the quarters of general contract law, namely the UNIDROIT Principles (PICC, also known as …” „… Transnational Contract Law’, 14 Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 469 (2007); id. (ed), Transnationales …” „… , namely the European Principles of Contract Law (the PECL or Lando Principles), has not been included. The …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.3.2 (Exclusion) S. 753

„… of ‘special rules governing transfers of contract’, Art. 9.3.2).3 The UNIDROIT Principles require …” „… Principles, the rights and obligations transferred by the ‘assignment of contract’ may relate to payment of a …” „… to the assignment of contracts made under the special rules governing transfers of contracts in the …”

Article 29 Additional national provisions S. 1065-1067

„… provided for in this Convention, the contract of carriage is governed by the law of the State agreed by the …” „… Parties. 2. In the absence of such agreement, the law of the State with which the contract of carriage is …” „… most closely connected is to be applied. 3. It is to be presumed that the contract of carriage is most …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 5.3.1 (Types of condition) S. 590-591

„… condition) A contract or a contractual obligation may be made conditional upon the occurrence of a future …” „… The implicitly mandatory1 provision in Art. 5.2.6 protects the beneficiary’s freedom of contract (Art …” „… contract,9 subject to interpretation (Arts. 4.1, 4.3–4.7). Section 3 Conditions Article 5.3.1 (Types of …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 24 CISG S. 116-129

„… FORMATION OF THE CONTRACT 116 Lisa Spagnolo 1 2 the timing of when declarations ‘reach’ the addressee in the …” „… Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) 1980’ (1999) 6(1) EDI Law Review 6(1), 27. Compare …” „… Note (e-CC)’), paras 18, 290. See also David- PART II FORMATION OF THE CONTRACT Art. 24 CISG Lisa …”

Peter Mankowski Introduction S. 9-10

„… I. UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON CONTRACTS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL SALE OF GOODS Travaux préparatories …” „… Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, prepared by the Secretariat [of UNCITRAL …” „… ); Kröll/ Mistelis/Perales Viscasillas, UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods …”

Petra Butler Article 49 CISG S. 257-261

„… contractual relationship. The right to avoid the contract is, therefore, the central element of the …” „… contractual breach, ie the serious impact on the value of the contract for the obligee, has to be foreseeable …” „… the contract requires a serious breach of the contract where an ordinary party would have lost the …”

Peter Mankowski Article 12 S. 437-438

„… before or after the conclusion of the contract), accrue on the date on which the fraud happened or …” „… . Both should first be determined in accordance with the contract and the terms of the respective …” „… by one party of a contract for the delivery of or payment for goods by instalments shall, in relation …”

Peter Csoklich Article 1 S. 901-905

„… transport of goods on the road, CMR also applies to all contracts under which the contractor organises the …” „… Thus follows that CMR applies to a contract on the carriage of goods from or to a contracting state …” „… clause (Art. 3 Rome-I-Regulation), the law applicable to contracts of carriage shall be the law of …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 3.2.7 (Gross disparity) S. 546-547

„… Article 3.2.7 (Gross disparity) (1) A party may avoid the contract or an individual term of it if …” „… , at the time of the conclusion of the contract, the contract or term unjustifiably gave the other …” „… purpose of the contract. (2) Upon the request of the party entitled to avoidance, a court may adapt the …”

Raimond Emde Article 18 S. 1296-1298

„… takes the form of an assignment, novation or the legal transaction of a transfer of contract is a matter …” „… , for example, because of the short duration of the contract or where, for example, the agent's loss is …” „… ) where the principal has terminated the agency contract because of default attributable to the commercial …”

Petra Butler Article 51 CISG S. 269-273

„… delivered is in conformity with the contract, articles 46 to 50 apply in respect of the part which is …” „… breach of the contract. I. General features …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 III. Avoidance of the entire contract in case of part-performance (Article 51 (2 …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 27 Substitute carrier S. 1160

„… whole or in part, to a substitute carrier, whether or not in pursuance of a right under the contract of …” „… of the contract over the entire route. The abandonment of the obligation to carry does, however …” „… , oblige the carrier concluding the contract to ensure, generally by means of prior agreements with the …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.1.16 (Permission neither granted nor refused) S. 618

„… contract becomes void without the permission, argumentum Art. 3.3.1(2)14), e.g. because of the blocking of …” „… reasonable time from the conclusion of the contract, either party is entitled to terminate the contract. (2 …” „… circumstances, it is reasonable to uphold the remaining contract even if the permission is refused. A. Right of …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 2 Definitions S. 1311-1320

„… private autonomy agreeing on a certain transaction. The question arises whether other forms of contracts …” „… , regardless of the subject or value of the contract; (3) ‘undertaking’ means any organisation, other than a …” „… missing private autonomy of the contracting party in this regard. A contractual transaction typically …”

Article 1.7 (Good faith and fair dealing) S. 492-493

„… freedom of contract (Art. 1.1);22 bindingness of contracts (pacta sunt servanda) (Art. 1.3), party …” „… Art. 1134(3)), Art. 6 and 60(2) Contract Law of the People’s Republic of China, Art. 1061 des Código …” „… . 790-794. 3 § 205 of the US Restatement 2 d Contracts. See recently an analysis by Andrews, Neil, Good …”

Peter Csoklich Article 5 S. 912-913

„… contract of carriage 912 Peter Csoklich 3 4 5 6 I. Background Art. 5 CMR describes the form and the number …” „… even the loss of the consignment do affect the existence or the validity of the contract. Moreover, Art …” „… disputed;1 the contract of carriage, therefore, is not a formal contract:2 insofar, there is no obligation …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 8.1 (Conditions of set-off) S. 698-705

„… performance is due. (2) If the obligations of both parties arise from the same contract, the first party may …” „… moment of contract negotiation and drafting, setoff is usually a side topic, if it becomes a topic at all …” „… time pressure of contract negotiations. Rather, depending on their specific legal background, in their …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 1 Scope of Application S. 1184-1187

„… , whether it had been agreed upon under the form of a single contract or of a series of contracts, and it …” „… does not lose its international character merely because one contract or a series of contracts is to be …” „… concluded a contract (see paragraph 4). Despite the absence of a contract with the carrier actually …”

Petra Butler Article 46 CISG S. 239-242

„… obligations or between defects in quality or quantity.4 Legal defects of the goods are one form of a failure …” „… 45(1)(b) stems from the duties of the seller imposed by the contract, in particular, the duties stated …” „… entitlement to damages. Also, a breach of the obligation to make restitution when unwinding the contract upon …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 1.12 (Computation of time set by parties) S. 498

„… preserves a record of the information contained therein and is capable of being reproduced in tangible form …” „… hyphen was introduced by the 2016 edition. It emphasises the duration of the contract as the core …” „… is non-monetary or monetary.”5 Example: In a contract of sales the seller is the obligor for the good …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 2.1.6 (Mode of acceptance) S. 503-504

„… ’ like a mistake (Arts. 3.2.1 et seq.). The expression of assent is free of a specific form (Art. 1.2),4 …” „… particular form. Possible Impact of Silence Silence does not amount to acceptance (para. 1 sentence 2)11 …” „… renewal of contracts,13 a silent ‘continuation of a contract’ after a business transfer14 or a ‘writing in …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 2.1.19 (Contracting under standard terms) S. 520-521

„… of forms. Otherwise, it provides no special regime for abusive or unconscionable standard terms.2 In …” „… a pre-printed form)12 and (iii) which are actually used ‘without negotiation’.13 The length of the …” „… considering the freedom of contract (Arts. 1.1–1.2) and integrating all realistic means of communication …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 2.1.17 (Merger clauses) S. 518

„… in civil law contexts where lawyers grow up with an understanding that prior versions of a contract …” „… ’ or ‘supplement’ the contents of the contract3 (sentence 1), but, in line with Art. 4.3(a),4 prior …” „… contract, but, in light of the clear language of sentence 1, sentence 2 does not give room to go beyond the …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 5.1.9 (Release by agreement) S. 584

„… ) Art. 7.3.7 (which concerns long-term contracts) for issues of restitution.17 E. Contractual Options …” „… contracts, Art. 1.11 3d hyphen) and/or (b) options of prolongations. (ii) They can agree on a change of …” „… of Art. 5.1.8 and provide an option to purchase the contract partner (or the relevant part of its …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 11.1.1 (Definitions) S. 786-788

„… other forms of obligations5 which are left to contract (Art. 1.5; below D.). Art. 11.1.2 provides a …” „… : independent contracts such as with a contractor and with the architect of the same building20 or where an …” „… necessary (Art. 1.6); at the stage of contract drafting it may be wise to include more detailed …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Preamble (Purpose of the Principles) S. 477-483

„… contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Para. 2: Choice of UNIDROIT Principles as governing contractual …” „… of law’ to govern a contract, the UNIDROIT Principles can be chosen as the contractual regime (such a …” „… applied when the parties have agreed that their contract be governed by general principles of law, the lex …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 5.2.1 (Contracts in favour of third parties) S. 585-586

„… (Contracts in favour of third parties) (1) The parties (the “promisor” and the “promisee”) may confer by …” „… the ‘principle of relativity of contracts’ (Art. 1.3 sentence 1).2 Para. 1 documents,3 at the top of …” „… . 1.1), governed by the UNIDROIT Principles regime which is applicable to the contract;9 such right of …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.2.1 (Modes of transfer) S. 741-742

„… obligation. A. One Option for Each Contract Partner Art. 9.2.1 is the first of eight articles which provide …” „… for each contract partner of the initial contract (hereinafter ‘main contract’) the basis to ‘transfer …” „… . 9.2.6(1) last limb) and/or contract (which could exclude a transfer of the obligation, Art. 1.5), the …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.1.7 (Payment by cheque or other instrument) S. 606-607

„… contract) may lead to a new place of performance of monetary obligations at the place of business of the …” „… party changing its place of business is obliged to inform its contract partner (duty of cooperation …” „… any form used in the ordinary course of business at the place for payment. (2) However, an obligee who …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.1.11 (Successive assignments) S. 731-732

„… ). (c) If the application of the UNIDROIT Principles to the initial contract is not evident by a choice …” „… contract, i.e. irrespective of the applicable law to the assignments). 6 Vogenauer/Mazza Art. 9.1.11 no. 4 …” „… , and especially against bad faith of the contract partner (fraus omnia corrumpit)16 regarding …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 56 Carriers against whom an action may be brought S. 1121

„… passenger or whose branch office or agency, which concluded the contract of carriage is located in that …” „… of the contract of carriage. For the explanation of the term “branch or agency” is concerned, see …” „… comments to → Art. 46 of the CIM UR. Other claims relating to the contract of carriage must be addressed in …”

Introduction Introduction LPC S. 418-421

„… Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, Convention on the Limitation Period in the …” „… Conventions on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods and the Limitation Period in the International …” „… not encompass matters of limitation.2 But it does not form an integrative part of the CISG and thus …”

Petra Butler Article 64 CISG S. 296

„… contract the buyer is to specify the form, measurement or other features of the goods and he fails to make …” „… for breach of contract. However, the seller is not deprived thereby of any right he may have to …” „… may declare the contract avoided: (a) if the failure by the buyer to perform any of his obligations …”

Peter Mankowski Article 95 CISG S. 411-412

„… declared the reservation, have to apply the CISG if both parties to the sales contract have their places of …” „… applicable if either of the parties to the contract has its place of business in a state who has declared the …” „… reservation If at least one of the parties to the sales contract has its place of business not in a …”

Klaus Ramming Article 13 Bill of lading S. 1030-1032

„… and separate contract of carriage. The bill of lading determines the relation between the bearer and …” „… the carrier, whilst the contract of carriage is concluded between the carrier and the shipper. The …” „… ). In view of the express distinction between the bill of lading and the underlying contract of carriage …”

Petra Butler Article 48 CISG S. 249-256

„… the right to declare avoidance of the contract, is suspended even if in the case of avoidance the …” „… breach of the contract is fundamental.36 After the additional time-period has expired the obligor has the …” „… right to declare avoidance of the contract even there is no fundamental breach (Articles 49(1)(b), 64(1 …”

Stefan Kröll Introduction S. 1416-1419

„… commercial letter of credit is preceded by at least two other contractual relationships, the sales contract …” „… will only be made upon receipt of documents evidencing performance of the contract by the other party …” „… transaction In its traditional form as a secured payment mechanism for a sales transaction the issuance of a …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 70 CISG S. 317-318

„… Article 70 CISG If the seller has committed a fundamental breach of contract, articles 67, 68 and …” „… . Details Fundamental breach Article 70 applies in cases of ‘fundamental breach of contract’ by the seller …” „… not causally related to the seller’s breach of contract (see paras 11-12 in the section on → Art. 66 …”

Petra Butler Article 50 CISG S. 262-268

„… be non-performance. III. Loss of the right to avoid the contract Articles 49(2) and 64(2) state the …” „… contract are different depending on the type of breach in question. Both scenarios require that the notice …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1. Breach of contract …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.1.3 (Partial performance) S. 599-600

„… and in an unperformed part;11 in a notice 2 § 233 Restatement (Second) of Contracts (USA …” „… Pennsylvania judgement Shinn et al v Bodine et al, 60 Pa 18 (Pa 1869) interpreting a contract for 800 tons of …” „… . Penn. 1950): ‘whether a contract is divisible or entire arises, it is the intention of the party that …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 12 Transposition S. 1358-1360

„… provisions of the Directive. With regard to this exclusion of contracts concluded before 16 March 2013, the …” „… European Court of Justice held that the date of the contract is the relevant factor that determines whether …” „… the Directive is applicable to the respective contract. In the Case Zarski/Stadnicki, payments of a …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 4 Derogations S. 1088

„… contractual carrier with whom the passenger has concluded the contract of carriage pursuant to these Uniform …” „… Rules, or a successive carrier who is liable on the basis of this contract; b) “substitute carrier …” „… ” means a carrier, who has not concluded the contract of carriage with the passenger, but to whom the …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 3 Definitions S. 1088

„… contractual carrier with whom the passenger has concluded the contract of carriage pursuant to these Uniform …” „… Rules, or a successive carrier who is liable on the basis of this contract; b) “substitute carrier …” „… ” means a carrier, who has not concluded the contract of carriage with the passenger, but to whom the …”

Peter Mankowski Article 1 CISG S. 11-19

„… substantive law of a Contracting State as the law applicable to the contract by virtue of their PIL rules49 …” „… contract (Part II; Arts. 14-24); Sale of goods (Part III; Arts. 25-88); Final provisions (Part IV; Arts …” „… which avoids subjecting formation and performance of the very same sales contract to regimes contained …”

Raimond Emde Article 6 S. 1275-1276

„… applicable substantive law3 – but evasive transactions are not to be recognized. The survival of the contract …” „… contract receives the content – in accordance with the protective purpose of the standard from which it …” „… ”. Otherwise, the total nullity of the contract would generally entail even further legal disadvantages (for …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.1.13 (Defences and rights of set-off) S. 734-737

„… may not opt out of Art. 9.1.1218 (provided that the initial contract with the obligor is governed by …” „… . Art. 9.1.13 UNIDROIT Chapter 9 Assignment of Rights and Contracts 734 Eckart J. Brödermann 3 4 5 A …” „… (quasi indirectly) as part of an ‘assignment of a contract’ pursuant to Art. 9.3.1 (→ Art. 9.3.6(1)). B …”

Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli Article 38 CISG S. 200-204

„… from the breach of contract.8 IV. Burden of proof The party deriving rights from Art. 37 has to prove …” „… contract involves carriage of the goods, examination may be deferred until after the goods have arrived at …” „… reasonable opportunity for examination by him and at the time of conclusion of the contract the seller knew …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 1.11 (Definitions) S. 497

„… all kinds of notices under the UNIDROIT Principles.2 The notice is not subject to any specific form3 …” „… (unless agreed in the contract,4 or unless mandatory law in the sense of Art. 1.4 requires otherwise), but …” „… “place of business” is that which has the closest relationship to the contract and its performance …”

Peter Mankowski Article 5 CISG S. 31-32

„… conclude the contract, Part III of the CISG could be said to establish an appropriate framework.24 IV …” „… way of redress, in particular with a chain of contracts eventually leading back to the producer. In …” „… afterwards remedied by a second delivery under → Art. 46 (3) CISG. Wrapping forms part of the goods. Mere …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 41 Mutual Liability S. 1238

„… rules of this Convention, the former for the whole of the carriage contemplated in the contract, the …” „… name and not as an agent or servant of the contracting carrier. The actual carrier is not a …” „… carrier, only between the contracting and the actual carrier.1 Article 40 Respective Liability of …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 40 Respective Liability of Contracting and Actual Carriers S. 1238

„… rules of this Convention, the former for the whole of the carriage contemplated in the contract, the …” „… name and not as an agent or servant of the contracting carrier. The actual carrier is not a …” „… carrier, only between the contracting and the actual carrier.1 Article 40 Respective Liability of …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 71 CISG S. 319-326

„… Anticipatory breach and instalment contracts Article 71 CISG (1) A party may suspend the performance of his …” „… obligations if, after the conclusion of the contract, it becomes apparent that the other party will not …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 5. Apparentness ‘after the conclusion of the contract …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.3.1 (Right to terminate the contract) S. 656-661

„… the contract where the failure of the other party to perform an obligation under the contract amounts …” „… non-performance substantially deprives the aggrieved party of what it was entitled to expect under the contract …” „… compliance with the obligation which has not been performed is of essence under the contract; (c) the …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 3.1.2 (Validity of mere agreement) S. 536

„… contract principle (Art. 1.1) beyond the issue of form (covered by Arts. 1.21 and 1.4).2 Fostering the …” „… of mere agreement) A contract is concluded, modified or terminated by the mere agreement of the …” „… parties, without any further requirement. A. Merely Consensual Contracts Art. 3.1.2 shapes the freedom of …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 15 CISG S. 70-73

„… para. 1. 6 See → Art. 24 CISG. Art. 15 CISG PART II FORMATION OF THE CONTRACT 70 Lisa Spagnolo 29 1 …” „… withdrawal may take a different form to the offer.16 An offeror can nullify the potentially binding effect of …” „… Schlechtriem, Uniform Sales Law – The UN-Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (Manz …”

Klaus Ramming Article 18 Special exonerations from liability S. 1042-1044

„… the contract of carriage may, by agreement, also be extended to the carrier’s servants and agents. The …” „… idea behind that concept is that the exonerations and limitations of the contract of carriage in favour …” „… contract of carriage. 2. When, in the circumstances of the case, damage could be attributed to one or more …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 2.1.22 (Battle of forms) S. 524

„… Article 2.1.22 (Battle of forms) Where both parties use standard terms and reach agreement except …” „… on those terms, a contract is concluded on the basis of the agreed terms and of any standard terms …” „… 2.1.611 and/or avoid contract conclusion on the basis of standard terms of the other party12 (Art. 1.5 …”

Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli Article 39 CISG S. 205-211

„… form or content of the notice,3 shorten or lengthen the notification period4 or agree that the duty to …” „… Kröll et al (eds), UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) (2nd ed …” „… a contract asking for an expert report to be attached to the notice for lack of conformity. 4 RB …”

Christoph Oertel IV. INCOTERMS® 2010 S. 828-897

„… ® . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 1. Incorporation of Incoterms® into a Contract …” „… ® . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 I. Incoterms® and the ICC The need for trade terms In the context of a contract for the delivery …” „… aspects of terms and conditions of delivery of goods in a sales contract bears the risk that some issues …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 17 CISG S. 79-80

„… 653; Schroeter, Art. 16 para. 13. 51 See Peter Schlechtriem, ‘The Borderland of Tort and Contract …” „… . PART II FORMATION OF THE CONTRACT Art. 17 CISG Lisa Spagnolo 79 16 17 1 II. Meaning of rejection …” „… the offer is refused will constitute rejection of the offer.3 No particular words or form are required …”

Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli Article 42 CISG S. 220-225

„… property, of which at the time of the conclusion of the contract the seller knew or could not have been …” „… contemplated by the parties at the time of conclusion of the contract that goods were to be resold or otherwise …” „… where: a. at the time of the conclusion of the contract the buyer knew or could not have been unaware of …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 2 Prescriptions of public law S. 1132

„… the consignor has concluded the contract of carriage pursuant to these Uniform Rules, or a successive …” „… carrier who is liable on the basis of this contract; b) “substitute carrier” means a carrier, who has not …” „… concluded the contract of carriage with the consignor, but to whom the carrier referred to in letter a) has …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 3 Definitions S. 1132

„… the consignor has concluded the contract of carriage pursuant to these Uniform Rules, or a successive …” „… carrier who is liable on the basis of this contract; b) “substitute carrier” means a carrier, who has not …” „… concluded the contract of carriage with the consignor, but to whom the carrier referred to in letter a) has …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.1.2 (Exclusions) S. 718

„… forms) which lies also outside the scope of international ‘contract’ law and of the UNIDROIT Principles …” „… questions lying beyond the scope of private international contract law (→ Introduction no. 17 at H.) which …” „… ’ assignment of rights pertaining to such instruments by an ‘ordinary’ assignment contract (i.e. without the …”

Raimond Emde Article 16 S. 1286

„… periods with a fixed-term contract (cf. Article 14) which is continued after the end of the term shall be …” „… States where the latter provides for the immediate termination of the agency contract: (a) because of the …” „… claim for damages upon termination of the contract, the damage alleged here must be distinct from …”

Raimond Emde Introduction S. 1247-1264

„… form of “close Community connection” of the contract, e.g. in the case of intra-European activities of …” „… . commissions (Articles 6-12), as well as on the conclusion and termination of the agency contract (Articles …” „… for the acquired customer base in the event of termination of the contract (Article 17).23 It is …”

Article 25 CISG S. 130-142

„… non-contractual duty is at the same time part of the contractual agreement.19 No breach of contract is given if …” „… contract-drafting, it is highly recommendable to clearly formulate the binding expectations and obligations of both …” „… III SALE OF GOODS Chapter I General provisions Article 25 CISG A breach of contract committed by one …”

Stefan Kröll Article 4 Credits v. Contracts S. 1430-1432

„… and its limitations in form of the fraud exception. Due to the contractual nature of the UCP, the role …” „… integral part of the credit, copies of the underlying contract, proforma invoice and the like. 1 …” „… case avail itself of the contractual relationships existing between banks or between the applicant and …”

Marco Torsello Article 31 CISG S. 163-174

„… conclusion of the contract), then Article 31(b) doesn’t apply and, absent a contractual arrangement on this …” „… ) if the contract of sale involves carriage of the goods – in handing the goods over to the first …” „… manufactured or produced, and at the time of the conclusion of the contract the parties knew that the goods …”

Peter Csoklich Article 12 S. 926-928

„… of the carrier under → Art. 23, 29 CMR.12 As clearly follows form the wording of Art. 11 para. (3 …” „… and performance of the contract of carriage 926 Peter Csoklich 7 I. Background …” „… of disposal is a valid contract for carriage.2 Since, in most cases, subsequent instructions imply an …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 11.1.4 (Availability of defences and rights of set-off) S. 791-793

„… regarding the validity of the contract (chapter 3, e.g. Art. 3.3.1);8 (iii) Art. 7.1.3 (withholding …” „… interpretation of the concrete contract (pursuant to Arts. 4.1, 4.3 et seq.), including e.g. the contract history …” „… contract: three obligors may have committed to 6.000 thinking that each of them is liable for 2.000; if one …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 32 S. 972-973

„… other cases, on the expiry of a period of three months after the making of the contract of carriage. The …” „… years applies to all claims and actions arising out of a contract of carriage under the convention …” „… the conclusion of a contract of carriage subject to the CMR is a prerequisite.3 The scope of the …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Introduction to the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (“PICC”) S. 462-476

„… as freedom of contract/party autonomy, bindingness of contracts (pacta sunt servanda), openness to …” „… usages, upholding the contract if possible (favor contractus),23 the observance of good faith and fair …” „… making of a contract, formation (including contracting under standard terms, Arts. 2.1.19 et seq.) and …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 1 Subject matter and scope S. 1307-1310

„… ). 19 Gutman, The Constitutional Foundations of European Contract Law: A Comparative Analysis (2014) 56 …” „… bankruptcies in the European Union.5 Breaches of contract have been made attractive to debtors as a result of …” „… Market.8 In terms of legal policy, the Directive forms part of the initiative encouraging small and …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 1 Definitions S. 1367-1368

„… reservation agreement or a leasing agreement; (b) “assignment” means a contract which, whether by way of …” „… ) “conditional seller” means a seller under a title reservation agreement; (g) “contract of sale” means a …” „… contract for the sale of an object by a seller to a buyer which is not an agreement as defined in (a) above …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 11.2.1 (Definitions) S. 813-817

„… obligation due to several obligees to a subsequent interpretation of the contract creating the obligation …” „… sides of a synallagmatic contract, the parties assembled at each side will constitute both a plurality …” „… behalf of all obligees).42 Selected Advantages or Disadvantages (i) The choice of this form of obligation …”

Raimond Emde Article 2 S. 1266-1271

„… agency contract,3 which is outlined in more detail in para. 3 by a non-exhaustive list of case studies …” „… form nor the trade exercised is decisive here. The use of the singular is not intended to exclude the …” „… legally defined the agency contract in Article 1742 para. 1 of the codice civile, from which the concept …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 19 Payment of charges for the carriage of registered luggage S. 1100

„… contract of carriage of passengers (similar to a special form of the carriage of express parcels). For …” „… the existence of the main contract of carriage confirmed by the ticket). The carriers, however, can …” „… The passenger must ensure, on receipt of the luggage registration voucher, that it has been made …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 18 Registration and carriage S. 1100

„… contract of carriage of passengers (similar to a special form of the carriage of express parcels). For …” „… the existence of the main contract of carriage confirmed by the ticket). The carriers, however, can …” „… The passenger must ensure, on receipt of the luggage registration voucher, that it has been made …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 32 Liability in case of cancellation, late running of trains or missed connections S. 1108-1109

„… agreed upon at the moment of the conclusion of contract of carriage, the respective law applicable …” „… passengers by air). Thus, even where a single contract of carriage of passengers was concluded subject to the …” „… that the punctuality irregularities constitute the most typical example of the performance of contract …”

Klaus Ramming Article 15 Conditions for the exercise of the right of disposal S. 1034

„… shipper’s right of disposal may shift to the consignee when the contract of carriage is performed. Article …” „… . This is a declaration made by the consignee to the carrier. There is no particular form in respect of …” „… scheduled place of delivery, unless the contract of carriage provides otherwise. Introduction Article 15 is …”

Peter Mankowski Article 21 S. 446

„… sales contract by virtue of Art. 79 CISG on the one hand and circumstances preventing the creditor form …” „… obligation in its entirety. Likewise, a payment of interest for the past where the existence of the contract …” „… The acknowledgement must be staged before the expiration of the original limitation period. Any …”

Raimond Emde Article 13 S. 1283

„… draft the relevant law as regards the form of the information or the extract from the books or the legal …” „… Conclusion and termination of the agency contracts Article 13 1. Each party shall be entitled to receive from …” „… the other on request a signed written document setting out the terms of the agency contract including …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 79 CISG S. 367-376

„… with a basis for decision-making on the exercise of contractual remedies (notably, contract avoidance …” „… does not affect the existence of the contract or of any contractual obligation. Furthermore, other …” „… account at the time of the conclusion of the contract or to have avoided or overcome it, or its …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 7 Formal requirements S. 1373

„… reproduced in “tangible” form and indicates “by reasonable means” a person’s approval of the record. There is …” „… no doubt that it includes records in electronic form, and that the approval can take the form of …” „… shall be read and interpreted together as a single instrument. 2. To the extent of any inconsistency …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 6 Relationship between the Convention and the Protocol S. 1373

„… reproduced in “tangible” form and indicates “by reasonable means” a person’s approval of the record. There is …” „… no doubt that it includes records in electronic form, and that the approval can take the form of …” „… shall be read and interpreted together as a single instrument. 2. To the extent of any inconsistency …”

Peter Mankowski Article 7 CISG S. 37-41

„… materiellrechtliche Verweisung incorporating the rules of the CISG as though they were contract clauses, submitted to …” „… e.g. opt-out of the CISG, the battle of forms, or limitation and exclusion clauses. The number of …” „… Principles of International Commercial Contracts and the Vienna Sales Convention (CISG) – Alternatives or …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 17 Luggage registration voucher S. 1099

„… form and content of the luggage registration voucher as well as the language and characters in which it …” „… carriers with a freedom to determine the form and content of the luggage registration voucher in the GCCs …” „… assert the rights resulting from the contract of carriage. Following the logics of → Art. 7 § 2 of the …”

Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli Article 43 CISG S. 226-228

„… breach of contract by the seller before being allowed to ask for substitute goods to be delivered. Where …” „… fundamental breach of contract will normally be present.49 With regard to → Art. 50, the position is clearer …” „… or claim.1 Art. 43 merely states an incumbency of the buyer, not a contractual duty. Consequently …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 10.3 (Modification of limitation periods by the parties) S. 768-770

„… separately provided that the limitation period has not yet expired.9 It can be combined with a contract of …” „… . 3 sentence 1 of the German Transformation Act in case of assertion of a right against the former …” „… freedom of contract to the greatest possible extent.”17 This approach copes adequately with agreements …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 8 Payment and refund of the carriage charge S. 1093

„… The ticket may be established in the form of electronic data registration, which can be transformed …” „… ticket represented by those data. Tickets can be made out in the form of an electronic data record. Given …” „… the important evidentiary function of the ticket (proof of the contract of carriage), e-tickets and …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 11 Examination S. 1142

„… accordance with Article 17 § 3, nor modified the contract of carriage in accordance with Article 18, the …” „… case. In this context, all forms of franking used can be included, but it is also possible to include …” „… other, more far-reaching forms, according to the demands of international trade (e.g. → Incoterms®).1 …”

Raimond Emde Article 5 S. 1274

„… in the form of the substantive freedom of contract, and thus accounts for the potential impairment of …” „… the warranty for accuracy of the negotiated contract. Unlike Article 19, the design of Article 5 is …” „… favorable interpretation for the commercial agent.1 A structure of the contractual relationship that is …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 11.1.10 (Extent of contributory claim) S. 803-805

„… towards the obligee in the mutual knowledge of each other creates a contractual (or at least …” „… quasi-contractual)3 relation among the co-obligors, either (i) explicitly through a contract which regulates …” „… , p. 1226 (“non-contractual contributory claim”). Section 1 Plurality of Obligors Art. 11.1.10 …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 10.2 (Limitation periods) S. 765-767

„… the UNIDROIT Principles remains a choice regardless of the form of the choice.). 13 Vogenauer/Wintgen …” „… , transfer of debts or entire contracts, the winding-up of companies, or unclear third-party beneficiary …” „… of the limitation period to the next business day (unless the circumstances, e.g. a contractual …”

Peter Mankowski Article 85 CISG S. 392-394

„… of the goods are to be made concurrently, if he fails to pay the price. For the former, it is …” „… a fob contract –he fails to conclude a contract of carriage or does not nominate the vessel to the …” „… third parties must be in the normal course of business protects the seller against the buyer on …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.1.10 (Notice to the obligor) S. 729-730

„… non-assignment clause, based on breach of contract (Art. 9.1.9(1) sentence 2). If the notice is a scam, the …” „… payments to the (former) assignee until receipt of such notice of revocation (Art. 1.10).25 2. 1. 2. 3. 10 …” „… sum. As para. 2 protects the obligor, the assignor and the assignee cannot opt out of this rule …”

Klaus Ramming Article 20 Maximum limits of liability S. 1047-1051

„… . Normal wastage may be determined by the contract of carriage, by regulations or by established practise …” „… carrier’s rights in relation to the freight. Rather, the respective provisions of the contract of carriage …” „… regulations are those of the law otherwise applicable to the contract of carriage as per Article 29.1 through …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 31 S. 968-971

„… which the contract of carriage was made, or (b) The place where the goods were taken over by the carrier …” „… , in dispute, whether Art. 31 CMR already applies if the contract of carriage was concluded but the …” „… the contract of carriage it would seem appropriate to apply the convention once a contract is …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 43 Claims S. 1171

„… contract of carriage (see also Appendix 20 (CIT20) to the GTM-CIT – a product of the CIT).1 The formal …” „… . Article 43 Claims Claims relating to the contract of carriage must be addressed in writing to the carrier …” „… claim the carrier may require the production, in the original form, of the consignment note, the …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 1.5 (Exclusion or modification by the parties) S. 489

„… . A. Party Autonomy Emphasized Art. 1.5 emphasizes an important aspect of the freedom of contract …” „… the case require an adaptation of the contractual 2. 19 Cf. Art. 9 para. 2 Rome I Regulation. 20 See …” „… requirements of Arts. 1.5 and 7.1.6, and in particular the principle of fair dealing in Art. 1.7(2 …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 34 Compensation in case of declaration of value S. 1166

„… established by agreement, other forms of compensation than those provided for in § 1 may be so agreed. If, in …” „… CIM UR is the freedom of contract, Article 34 of the CIM UR enables the consignor to agree on a …” „… ). This provision is yet another emanation of the basic principle of freedom of contract, which also …”

Peter Mankowski Article 24 S. 448

„… imposing such extensions already at the time of contracting or from instrumentalising a form contract of …” „… clause is valid pursuant to the lex causae of the sales contract (nota bene: not the lex loci arbitri …” „… ). Some safeguard against possible abuse of such a contractual provision is established, thus.6 GENERAL …”

Peter Mankowski Article 23 S. 448

„… imposing such extensions already at the time of contracting or from instrumentalising a form contract of …” „… clause is valid pursuant to the lex causae of the sales contract (nota bene: not the lex loci arbitri …” „… ). Some safeguard against possible abuse of such a contractual provision is established, thus.6 GENERAL …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 10.4 (New limitation period by acknowledgement) S. 771-772

„… contract, a readily discoverable right) after the expiration of the time frame agreed to initiate disputes …” „… acknowledgements.9 B. Form of Acknowledgement The acknowledgement is free of any form (Art. 1.2),10 subject to …” „… the free will of the parties provides the basis to choose the application of the UNIDROIT Principles …”

Peter Mankowski Article 25 S. 449

„… proceedings raising the exception, not necessarily the debtor. Further requirements as to form or time of the …” „… done: a) if both claims relate to the same contract or to several contracts concluded in the course of …” „… Art. 24 defines the basic effect of the limitation period expiring. Any interested party to …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 3.2.4 (Remedies for non-performance) S. 542

„… non nocetrule),3 there remains a discrepancy between the wording of the contract and the real …” „… intention there is an error in expression4 which may take the specific form5 of an error in transmission …” „… non-performance) A party is not entitled to avoid the contract on the ground of mistake if the circumstances on …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 3.2.3 (Error in expression or transmission) S. 542

„… non nocetrule),3 there remains a discrepancy between the wording of the contract and the real …” „… intention there is an error in expression4 which may take the specific form5 of an error in transmission …” „… non-performance) A party is not entitled to avoid the contract on the ground of mistake if the circumstances on …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.2.5 (Discharge of original obligor) S. 745-746

„… UNIDROIT Chapter 9 Assignment of Rights and Contracts 746 Eckart J. Brödermann 2 3 4 5 …” „… an ‘overt sign’4 (e.g. in the initial contractual document such as a Letter of Intent → above no. 1 …” „… use of advance consent (under Art. 9.2.4 and/or Art. 9.3.4) helps to maintain the required …”

Raimond Emde Article 7 S. 1277-1278

„… agency contract: (a) where the transaction has been concluded as a result of his action; or (b) where the …” „… Article 6 para. 2 2. Any part of the remuneration which varies with the number or value of business …” „… transactions shall be deemed to be commission within the meaning of this Directive. Article 6 para. 2 defines …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 30 S. 963-967

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3. Form of the Reservation …” „… Form of the Reservation A reservation regarding apparent loss or damage may be made in any form …” „… (since the contract of carriage is seen as a contract for the benefit of the consignee), a reservation …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 31 Other modes of transport S. 1107

„… to a full extent on the national law. Article 30 Form and amount of damages in case of death and …” „… personal injury The damages under Article 27 § 2 and Article 28, letter b) must be awarded in the form of a …” „… , in accordance with the contract of carriage, was not carriage by rail. Article 31 § 1 of the CIV UR …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 30 Form and amount of damages in case of death and personal injury S. 1107

„… to a full extent on the national law. Article 30 Form and amount of damages in case of death and …” „… personal injury The damages under Article 27 § 2 and Article 28, letter b) must be awarded in the form of a …” „… , in accordance with the contract of carriage, was not carriage by rail. Article 31 § 1 of the CIV UR …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 29 Compensation for other bodily harm S. 1107

„… to a full extent on the national law. Article 30 Form and amount of damages in case of death and …” „… personal injury The damages under Article 27 § 2 and Article 28, letter b) must be awarded in the form of a …” „… , in accordance with the contract of carriage, was not carriage by rail. Article 31 § 1 of the CIV UR …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 9 Retention of title S. 1351-1352

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 III. Forms of retention of title …” „… , however, limits the effect and scope of the provision (see below).7 III. Forms of retention of title In …” „… some Member States, retention of title can take various forms. Whereas the simple form is widespread …”

Article 5 Payment schedules S. 1339

„… of payment from the Directive as there was no intention or reason to prohibit this common form of …” „… contractual clause contradicts the purpose of the Directive and should therefore not be permitted, especially …” „… compensation for damages as no damage can be derived.16 Although no explicit exclusion of this strategy can be …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 2 The international interest S. 1369

„… transfer of ownership of an object pursuant to a contract of sale; (hh) “secured obligation” means an …” „… teletransmission) which is in tangible or other form and is capable of being reproduced in tangible form on a …” „… national interest specified in a notice of a national interest registered pursuant to Chapter V; (dd …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.4.8 (Mitigation of harm) S. 688

„… ‘damages’ pursuant to Arts. 7.4.1 and 7.4.2. B. Two Forms of Application Paras. 1 and 2 stand for two …” „… forms of application of the concept of mitigation. A Partial Shield for the Obligor In line with the …” „… Article 7.4.8 (Mitigation of harm) (1) The non-performing party is not liable for harm suffered by …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 24 Carriage voucher S. 1103

„… determine the form and content of the carriage voucher as well as the language and the characters in which …” „… from the contract of carriage. The passenger must ensure, on receipt of the carriage voucher, that it …” „… GCCs of the respective carrier. Article 24 Carriage voucher The contractual obligations relating to the …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 23 Conditions of carriage S. 1103

„… determine the form and content of the carriage voucher as well as the language and the characters in which …” „… from the contract of carriage. The passenger must ensure, on receipt of the carriage voucher, that it …” „… GCCs of the respective carrier. Article 24 Carriage voucher The contractual obligations relating to the …”

Peter Mankowski Article 88 CISG S. 400-403

„… costs of storing etc.,9 measured against the commercial value of the contract. Notice of the intention …” „… require any specific form,19 but only to be made by appropriate means of communication.20 This exclude …” „… cy to the first party to conclude the warehousing contract in the other party’s name and on the …”

Stefan Kröll Article 38 Transferable Credits S. 1499-1503

„… of the existing general theories of contract law. If one does not want to classify the transfer of a …” „… be able to control the fulfilment of the underlying contract which would be impossible if documents …” „… principle of standard international letter of credit practice that a bank giving an instruction is liable …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.4.12 (Currency in which to assess damages) S. 694

„… paid in instalments may be indexed. A. Flexibility to the Court Art. 7.4.11 also forms part of the set …” „… Article 7.4.11 (Manner of monetary redress) (1) Damages are to be paid in a lump sum. However, they …” „… may be payable in instalments where the nature of the harm makes this appropriate. (2) Damages to be …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.4.11 (Manner of monetary redress) S. 694

„… paid in instalments may be indexed. A. Flexibility to the Court Art. 7.4.11 also forms part of the set …” „… Article 7.4.11 (Manner of monetary redress) (1) Damages are to be paid in a lump sum. However, they …” „… may be payable in instalments where the nature of the harm makes this appropriate. (2) Damages to be …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 2.2.2 (Establishment and scope of the authority of the agent) S. 526

„… )). For example, it may relate to agreements on details of the purported contract7 and may be derived from …” „… B. Large Concept of Agency The UNIDROIT Principles regime on agency constitutes a compromise …” „… . 2.2.3(2))10 and (ii) ‘massagers’ and authorised ‘recipients of messages’11 as, for their task, they are also …”

Peter Mankowski Article 13 CISG S. 54

„… supplementarily applicable to issues of form.2 Either way, Art. 13 CISG is only of minor importance. Art. 13 …” „… ) carve-out from Art. 6 CISG. Contract parties are not at liberty to derogate from Art. 12 1st sentence CISG …” „… the opportunity to opt-out of the CISG including its Art. 12 completely. Article 13 CISG For the …”

Peter Mankowski Article 19 S. 444

„… . Art. 18 (2) is concerned with chains of contracts, for the outset in the simple form seller …” „… Unlike the second part of the official heading “recourse actions” might be taken to indicate or …” „… ought to find its answer outside the Limitation Convention, with a reference via the PIL of the forum …”

Peter Mankowski Article 89 CISG S. 404

„… between the parties of the original sales contract. The party bound to preserve the goods may only keep …” „… The notice to be given does not require a specific form.39 → Art. 27 CISG applies: Such notice does …” „… . Distribution of emergency sale proceeds, (3) (3) divides and distributes the proceeds of the emergency sale …”

Stefan Kröll Article 22 Charter Party Bill of Lading S. 1477-1478

„… (short form or blank back non-negotiable sea waybill). Contents of terms and conditions of carriage will …” „… examine charter party contracts, even if they are required to be presented by the terms of the credit …” „… in relation to the name of the vessel, an on board notation indicating the date of shipment and the …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Introduction Introduction Dir. 2011/7/EU S. 1305-1306

„… legislative acts that relate to the business-to-business (B2B) sector. It forms part of a European initiative …” „… , ‘Retention of Title and the EC Late Payment Directive’, Journal of Corporate Law Studies 2001 (cited as …” „… “McCormack, Journal of Corporate Law Studies 2001”); Oelsner, ‘Zwingendes Recht im Geschäftsverkehr durch die …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.2.4 (Judicial penalty) S. 653-654

„… . 1.11 1st hyphen) has discretion (‘may’)3 to order a judicial penalty in the form of a monetary sanction …” „… “ensure compliance with judgements ordering the performance of contractual obligations”.2 The court (→ Art …” „… value of the goods, the significance of the non-performance and the inconveniences caused by the …”

Peter Csoklich Article 21 S. 947-948

„… delivery” charge which should have been collected by the carrier under the terms of the contract of …” „… agreements, he is liable under the applicable national law.5 CMR does not define which form of payment the …” „… sumption of loss is irrebuttable,3 even if the goods are recovered before the compensation for loss …”

Stefan Kröll Article 19 Transport Document Covering at Least Two Different Modes of Transport S. 1469-1473

„… another source containing the terms and conditions of carriage (short form or blank back 15 …” „… the credit permits alternative forms of single mode transport documents, either of them may be used as …” „… an exclusive one but not a multimodal transport document combining both forms of transport.3 By …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 13 Relief pending final determination S. 1379-1380

„… agreed, obtain from a court speedy relief in the form of such one or more of the following orders as the …” „… forms of interim relief other than those set out in paragraph 1. 1 See Regulation no 593/2008 (Rome I …” „… declared add a fifth form of relief under Art 13(1): “(e) if at any time the debtor and the creditor …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 12 Additional remedies S. 1379

„… agreed, obtain from a court speedy relief in the form of such one or more of the following orders as the …” „… forms of interim relief other than those set out in paragraph 1. 1 See Regulation no 593/2008 (Rome I …” „… 55, a Contracting State shall ensure that a creditor who adduces evidence of default by the debtor …”

Peter Mankowski Article 98 CISG S. 414

„… . Evidence, and Battle of Forms CISG Provisions in Civil and Common Law Countries’, 25 Journal of Law and …” „… Article 97 CISG (1) Declarations made under this Convention at the time of signature are subject to …” „… confirmation upon ratification, acceptance or approval. (2) Declarations and confirmations of declarations are …”

Peter Mankowski Article 97 CISG S. 414

„… . Evidence, and Battle of Forms CISG Provisions in Civil and Common Law Countries’, 25 Journal of Law and …” „… Article 97 CISG (1) Declarations made under this Convention at the time of signature are subject to …” „… confirmation upon ratification, acceptance or approval. (2) Declarations and confirmations of declarations are …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 6 Compensation for recovery costs S. 1340-1341

„… between the two forms of payment prolongation.4 Furthermore, as it is the aim of the Directive to expedite …” „… costs is vital to discourage late payment. The compensation in the form of a fixed sum, as envisaged in …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Contractual exclusion of recovery costs …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 24 Evidentiary value of certificates S. 1386

„… registration. Pursuant to Art 20(1), the parties may agree to extend the duration of the …” „… registration prior to its expiry. Discharge of the obligations of the debtor does not automatically result in …” „… the discharge of the registration, which must be procured by the holder of the interest.1 Registration …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 23 List of declarations and declared non-consensual rights or interests S. 1386

„… registration. Pursuant to Art 20(1), the parties may agree to extend the duration of the …” „… registration prior to its expiry. Discharge of the obligations of the debtor does not automatically result in …” „… the discharge of the registration, which must be procured by the holder of the interest.1 Registration …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 22 Searches S. 1386

„… registration. Pursuant to Art 20(1), the parties may agree to extend the duration of the …” „… registration prior to its expiry. Discharge of the obligations of the debtor does not automatically result in …” „… the discharge of the registration, which must be procured by the holder of the interest.1 Registration …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 56 Reservations and declarations S. 1412

„… applied partly, or otherwise which other forms of interim relief will be applied. Australia and New …” „… Article 53 Determination of courts A Contracting State may, at the time of ratification, acceptance …” „… Article 1 and Chapter XII of this Convention. Article 54 Declarations regarding remedies 1. A Contracting …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 55 Declarations regarding relief pending final determination S. 1412

„… applied partly, or otherwise which other forms of interim relief will be applied. Australia and New …” „… Article 53 Determination of courts A Contracting State may, at the time of ratification, acceptance …” „… Article 1 and Chapter XII of this Convention. Article 54 Declarations regarding remedies 1. A Contracting …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 54 Declarations regarding remedies S. 1412

„… applied partly, or otherwise which other forms of interim relief will be applied. Australia and New …” „… Article 53 Determination of courts A Contracting State may, at the time of ratification, acceptance …” „… Article 1 and Chapter XII of this Convention. Article 54 Declarations regarding remedies 1. A Contracting …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 53 Determination of courts S. 1412

„… applied partly, or otherwise which other forms of interim relief will be applied. Australia and New …” „… Article 53 Determination of courts A Contracting State may, at the time of ratification, acceptance …” „… Article 1 and Chapter XII of this Convention. Article 54 Declarations regarding remedies 1. A Contracting …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 25 Discharge of registration S. 1387

„… form of the “priority search certificate” is prescribed by section 7.4 of the Regulations and …” „… Aviation Organization (ICAO) provide for three types of searches: priority, informational and Contracting …” „… The International Registry allows various kinds of searches. With respect to aircraft objects, the …”

Raimond Emde Article 9 S. 1280

„… form a systematic unit. Together they both regulate the commission for post-contractual transactions.1 …” „… accordance with Article 12 para. 2. Ambiguities shall be to the detriment of the principal. Article …” „… because of the circumstances for the commission to be shared between the commercial agents. Article 9 …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 40 Registrable non-consensual rights or interests S. 1402

„… Off. Com. Aviation, no 4.275. 5 One of the model forms for declarations proposed by UNIDROIT is …” „… Art 39(1)(b) empowers Contracting States to make a declaration preserving the right of the provider of …” „… of the same fleet for payment airport charges). While the majority of Contracting States have made …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 19 Validity and time of registration S. 1384

„… favour it was made. 4. The acquisition of an international interest by legal or contractual subrogation …” „… Article 19 Validity and time of registration 1. A registration shall be valid only if made in …” „… conformity with Article 20. 2. A registration, if valid, shall be complete upon entry of the required …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 20 Consent to registration S. 1384

„… favour it was made. 4. The acquisition of an international interest by legal or contractual subrogation …” „… Article 19 Validity and time of registration 1. A registration shall be valid only if made in …” „… conformity with Article 20. 2. A registration, if valid, shall be complete upon entry of the required …”

Peter Mankowski Article 14 S. 440

„… , concerning both form and substance of any writ or equivalent instrument. It has the say as to whether …” „… formalised ADR to which the parties have submitted contractually. In the direct sphere of application, Art …” „… The law of the court possibly seised is to determine which requirements the claimant has to fulfil …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 39 Rights having priority without registration S. 1400-1401

„… interest if and only if the former is of a category covered by a declaration deposited prior to the …” „… agreement. Subrogation, even contractual, is not an Assignment in the meaning of the Convention. It is …” „… by way of subrogation (whether legal or contractual) may be registered with the International …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 30 Effects of insolvency S. 1391-1394

„… creditor shall be entitled to apply for any other forms of interim relief available under the applicable …” „… the period specified in a declaration of the Contracting State which is the primary insolvency …” „… Each of the three protocols offers two11 to three12 options for Contracting States willing to adopt a …”

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OER Volume 62 (2016) Issue 2 ISSN Online: 2366-6730

Results in this title

Elwira Macierzyńska-Franaszczyk Architect Design Contract under Polish Law S. 226-238

„… the contract, or in a standard form of the contract. In this case, the proposed contract terms …” „… parts: the first part provides a set of definitions used in a contract and the form to fill (sections A …” „… contractual activities, and the context and circumstances of the conclusion of the contract, for the legal …”

Abstracts S. 264-267

„… parties the most? This article goes into the limits of freedom of contract using the example of …” „… justified to limit the possibility of drawing up a joint will only to the form of notarial deed …” „… legal status of an architect design contract and some other architect services under Polish law. The …”

Katažyna Mikša Consequences of Non-Recognition of State in Private International Law from the Polish Perspective S. 149-160

„… agreement, contractual obligations are governed by the law of the state in whose territory the contract was …” „… international law point of view? Despite the occupation, life in Crimea goes on: contracts are being concluded …” „… and officials of the regions of Georgia: the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia and the former …”

doi.org/10.5771/0030-6444-2016-2

Mathias Schmoeckel - Übertragung von Immobilienrechten im internationalen Vergleich

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Mathias Schmoeckel (ed.)

Übertragung von Immobilienrechten im internationalen Vergleich

Series: Schriften zum Notarrecht

Volume 52 2018

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Arzu Oğuz Transfer of Property in Turkish Law S. 133-156

„… requires a particular form for contracts for sales of real property. Under this rule the contracts for the …” „… contract to be registered in written form (Art. 1013 of TCC, Art 963 Section 1 of ZGB). The other party …” „… of the contract for transfer of property in the event of nonobservance of the form. With regard to …”

Heikki Pihlajamäki Land Registers and Conveyancing in Finnish Legal History S. 193-208

„… declaratory, as opposed to constitutive effect only. The contract of sales – form-free in Norway and Denmark …” „… the form of provincial laws. Nine of them still exist, and two more almost certainly used to exist …” „… , it is little wonder that the binding nature of the sales contract developed in the …”

Kenneth G. C. Reid Transfer of Immovable Property in Scotland S. 209-242

„… a contract of sale which, taking the form of an exchange of letters, is known as ‘missives of sale …” „… abstraction.51 But Scotland’s is a mild form of that theory. Certainly, if the contract of sale is invalid …” „… electronic form. It is true that, since a change in the law in 2014, the contract of sale can be in …”

Laurent Pfister The Transfer of Real Property in French Legal History: Between the Consensualist Principle and Formalities S. 157-192

„… of the contract transfers the property. This is the consensual system, the system of a transfer solo …” „… , the parties to the contract can delay the transfer of property. Secondly, for future things, the …” „… tradition into a contract, that is, into the agreement of the parties. However, it does not mean the …”

Vincent Nossek Transfer of Real Property Rights in Germany S. 113-132

„… validity of the contract due to a possible lack of legal capacity or the non-existence of a transferrable …” „… of the principle of legality would be the control of the validity of the contract which is the base …” „… a non-valid contract could affect the stability of the registration in the future. ee) Fourth …”

Mark Jordan Irish Land Law and the scope for EU Harmonisation post-BR-Exit S. 67-86

„… were also some forms which resembled private property. The chief had a portion of land assigned to him …” „… use and enjoyment of the land.46 The law on easements has also been heavily modified. The forms of …” „… prescription were abolished and replaced by a new form of statutory prescription.47 While the essential …”

Federico Roggero The Registration of Contracts in 19th century Italy S. 243-264

„… 243 The Registration of Contracts in 19th century Italy Prof. Dr. Federico Roggero I. The …” „… origin of a system of public registration of contracts, as it was created in Italy as well as later in …” „… system of transfer of property, in which the contract wasn’t perfected without the material transfer of …”

Peter Sparkes and English Land Law after Brexit S. 265-282

„… makes this an inevitable ultimate destination. The postbags of MEPs were once filled with the (former …” „… simplest form of the institution of trust is the bare trust in which T1 and T2 hold on trust for B, where …” „… qualified indefeasibility of our system provides a very good balance. Forms: Registered conveyancing in …”

Jennifer Anderson, Helge Dedek Landholding and Conveyancing in the Canadian Province of Ontario S. 11-48

„… condominium, commercial property, etc.). The Agreement of Purchase and Sale is a binding contract but is …” „… parcel – and the associated title guarantees that form part of the parcel – depends on how and when the …” „… lawyer will also consider the form and content of the instrument to assess its validity. A variety of …”

Priit Kama Estonian Law of Immovables in Baltic Context S. 87-92

„… estate often takes place at the level of preliminary contracts that are not notarised and that are …” „… 87 Estonian Law of Immovables in Baltic Context Dr. Priit Kama The good neighbourly relationship …” „… cultural and legal integration in the area than could be assumed. The historical common ground of the …”

Gerald Kohl The Austrian land register – history, principles, perspectives S. 93-112

„… written form and that the signatures of the parties must be verified by a notary24 or by the court (or …” „… information system. However, the structure of the former analogue land register survived in a modified form …” „… . General In Austria, all legal transactions relating to real estate are subject to the general rules of …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845289410

Jan Ziekow - Wandel der Staatlichkeit und wieder zurück?

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Jan Ziekow (ed.)

Wandel der Staatlichkeit und wieder zurück?

Series: Verwaltungsressourcen und Verwaltungsstrukturen

Volume 18 2011

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Piotr Stec Piotr Stec, Public Private Partnership between Public and Private Law. A Polish View S. 199-214

„… usually form of a contractual assignment of a public task to be realized by private partner20. 3. Choice …” „… considered one of contractual forms of public administration’s activities.36 It should however be noted that …” „… such statutory variations of named contractual relationships as separate contracts. This was true for …”

Rahel Schomaker Rahel Schomaker, Public Private Partnerships aus Sicht der Neuen Institutionenökonomik – Theoretische Überlegungen und empirische Evidenzen S. 215-234

„… können in verschiedenen Formen erfolgen; Laufzeit, Zuordnung der Verfügungsrechte und die …” „… Risikoverteilung sind an dieser Stelle die Kriterien, anhand derer die unterschiedlichen Formen von …” „… Öffentlich-Privaten Partnerschaften klassifiziert werden können. Gemeinsam ist den verschiedenen Formen, dass der …”

Kenji Kamino Kenji Kamino, Partnership Actors and Legal Changes in the State and Society S. 9-22

„… accordingly in regard to the array of actors involved in partnership and their organizational forms, the …” „… is first of all necessary to be aware of these dynamics and place them in terms of the form and …” „… organization and the form of implementation these objectives are amended and reformed, and are carried out …”

Holger Mühlenkamp Holger Mühlenkamp, Ökonomische Analyse von Public Private Partnerships (PPP) – PPP als Instrument zur Steigerung der Effizienz der Wahrnehmung öffentlicher Aufgaben oder als Weg zur Umgehung von Budgetbeschränkungen? S. 67-106

„… – einschließlich aller in diese Kategorie fallenden Formen von PPP (Leasing- und Contracting-Modelle o. ä.) – von …” „… – Contract Design and Risk Transfer, in: European Investment Bank (ed.): Innovative Financing of …” „… Qualitätsniveau lässt sich in Form korrigierter Erwartungswerte der vertraglichen ex ante-Nutzen und damit als …”

Anita Boros Anita Boros, PPP-Projekte in Ungarn S. 151-176

„… Abrechnung mit Ergebnisbetrachtung der Projekte entsteht. Die Verwendung der PPP-Form kann auch dazu …” „… Partnership Der Begriff der PPP im engeren Sinne bedeutet solche Formen des Zusammenwirkens von öffentlicher …” „… einheitlichen Staatsverfahrensordnung. Die PPP-Projektidee musste das Fachministerium in offizieller Form in …”

Chen-Jung Chan Chen-Jung Chan, Vertragsgestaltung bei Public-Private-Partnership-Projekten in Taiwan S. 107-132

„… zu den weltweit größten PPP-Projekten in Form des sog. BOT-Modells. Ebenso wie in den meisten …” „… Entwicklungen von PPPs in Taiwan im Überblick 2.1. Rechtsrahmen für PPPs PPPs haben als Form des kooperativen …” „… Kooperationsmodelle zur Verfügung. Die in der Praxis am weitesten verbreitete Form ist das sog. BOT-Modell …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845229959

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