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Volker Steinkamp

Foreign Affairs

Series: Klostermann Essay

Volume 1 2019

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IV. Literaturverzeichnis S. 79-86

„… Will Prevail«, in: Foreign Affairs, 88/1 (2009), pp. 77–93. Doyle, Michael W. : »Liberalism and …” „… foreign policy«, in: ib.: Liberal Peace: Selected Essays, London (Routledge) 2012, pp. 61–80. Fukuyama …” „… the West’s Fault«, in: Foreign Affairs, 93/5 (2014), pp. 77–89. revision.indd 81 13.11.2018 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-6

„… 9 783465 043782 ISB N 9 7 8 -3 -4 6 5 -0 4 3 7 8 -2 Volker Steinkamp Foreign Affairs Kritische …” „… Betrachtungen zur Außenpolitik Foreign Affairs Kritische Betrachtungen zur Außenpolitik Dieser Essay stellt …” „… 1-3 12.12.18 13:53 Volker Steinkamp · Foreign Affairs Seite_drei_neu.indd 1 12.12.2018 15:26:30 …”

II. Westliche Außenpolitik – vom Kalten Krieg bis zum Zeitalter der Interventionen S. 33-52

„… Telegram und anschließend in dem unter dem Pseudonym X verfassten Foreign Affairs-Artikel »The Sources of …” „… . 22 Cfr. dazu Anders Wivel: »Realism in Foreign Policy Analysis«, http://politics.oxfordre.com/view …” „… : revision.indd 51 13.11.2018 21:41:04 52 The foreign policy of the liberal states should continue to be …”

III. Für eine realistische Außenpolitik im 21. Jahrhundert S. 53-78

„… John J. Mearsheimer: »Why the Ukraine Crisis Is the West’s Fault«, in: Foreign Affairs, 93/5 (2014 …” „… foreign policy«, in: ib.: Liberal Peace: Selected Essays, London (Routledge) 2012, pp. 61–80 (72). 52 …” „… .« 56 Cfr. dazu auch William Pfaff: The Irony of Manifest Destiny – The Tragedy of America’s Foreign …”

I. Die Geburt einer universalistischen Außenpolitik aus dem Geist der Französischen Revolution S. 13-32

„… «, in: Foreign Affairs, 95/4 (2016), pp. 70–83 (80). revision.indd 24 13.11.2018 21:41:04 25 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783465143789

P. T. Babie, Charles J. Russo, James Kent Donlevy - Canada 2022–2023

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P. T. Babie, Charles J. Russo, James Kent Donlevy

Canada 2022–2023

2022

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FOREIGN POLICY S. 155-171

„… 155Canadathe regionally disparate national land-scape found in Canada.FOREIGN POLICYCanada, in the …” „… of its foreign policy at-tention on its southern neighbor.Canada is involved in innumerable forms of …” „… ministers of foreign affairs met four times per year. By tradition, the first foreign leader with whom a new …”

ECONOMY S. 183-208

„… million people. Canada must trade in order to maintain its prosperity; foreign trade with the U.S. alone …” „… 1.9% during this time.Foreigners, especially Americans, own a large portion of its economy. The U.S …” „… . accounts for 64% of total foreign direct investment (FDI) in Canada and the Eu-ropean Union (EU) for only …”

Web Sites and Bibliography of Key English-Language Books S. 211-221

„… technology of defense, serving senior military and industry decision-makers.)www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca (Foreign …” „… Ministry)www.strategis.ic.gc.ca (Industry Canada)www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca (Web site for De-partment of Foreign Affairs and …” „… Inter-national Trade)www.cfp-pec.gc.ca (Web site of Canadian Centre for Foreign Policy Development. See many …”

Canada Today S. 1-2

„… partners and are each other’s most preferred country for foreign investments. Moreover, the two Nations are …” „… .” In both of his terms in office, Reagan’s first foreign trips were to Canada, as was President Barack …” „… Obama’s first foreign outing in February 2009. The first non-citizen of the United States to fly into …”

CULTURE S. 3-16

„… , forgetting in the process that he is talking to a foreigner.The popular culture on both sides of the border …” „… Canadian director, Deepa Mahta, won a best foreign-language Oscar nomination for her extraordinarily …” „… like us,” not considering Canada a foreign country. Still, there is, to be sure, an extraordinary …”

HISTORY S. 39-75

„… defense and foreign rela-tions. The intendant, a lawyer and adminis-trator, was appointed by the King to …” „… to make most decisions, reserving only a few important matters, such as defense and for-eign policy …” „… quite sure when we actually achieved our independence.” The tie with Britain, insofar as foreign and …”

DEFENSE S. 172-182

„… enforce an eventual peace settlement. This was in line with ex-Foreign Minister Lloyd Axworthy’s policy …” „… foreign aid spending, .28% of GDP in 2020, compared with .19% for the U.S., also ranks 15th in the world …” „… GDP. Canada spends more than 6.1 billion in foreign aid each year, but Conservative Party Leader …”

PEOPLE S. 26-38

„… that Canada now has the highest proportion of foreign-born persons since 1931. In 2016, the …” „… foreign-born population represents 21.9% of the total population, the highest proportion of G8 countries. When …” „… immigrants were from Europe. The vast majority of the foreign-born population live in four prov-inces …”

PARTIES AND ELECTIONS S. 134-154

„… foreign policy. But his popularity dropped to the lowest of any prime minister in a half cen-tury. He was …” „… dramatic convention. In 2006 MacKay became for-eign minister and later defense minister.The Canadian …” „… global warming) or align Canada more closely with U.S. foreign policy. It is impossible to disprove a …”

POLITICAL SYSTEM S. 76-133

„… Trudeau’s move in court. By November 1980, Brit-ain’s Select Committee on Foreign Af-fairs began to study …” „… Canada for their first official foreign visit in July 2011. The out-pouring of affection for them was so …” „… short a foreign visit and return home quickly to deal with one of the biggest and most unexpected …”

Preface

„… Elections 152Foreign Policy 155Defense 172Economy 183Future 209Web Sites and Bibliography 211viMap of …”

GEOGRAPHY S. 17-25

„… , Québécois have become per-haps the most skeptical of the foreign and social policies pursued by the United …” „… filled with a Babel of foreign languages; one radio station beams programs in 30 languages, while one …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538165911

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James Dobbins

Foreign Service

2017

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Preface

„… FOREIGN SERVICEA truly fascinating tour through the inner policy process in some of the most …” „… help find solutions for seemingly irresolv-able problems. Foreign Service vividly captures why they …” „… right instincts and experience to help find solutions for seemingly irresolv-able problems. Foreign …”

Index S. 317-339

„… , 195–96; personality of, 219; refugee camp visit (JD accompanying), 196; Russian foreign minister meeting …” „… JD for obstructing or suppressing Haiti investigation, 164; as House Foreign Affairs Committee chair …” „… Wall and, 107; fi rst European trip as Index 313president, 98–99; foreign policy expertise of, 306 …”

Mending Transatlantic Relations S. 226-232

„… UN envoy, former Amer-ican secretary of state Cyrus Vance, and an EU envoy, former U.K. for-eign …” „… French foreign ministry. On most issues the views 220 F OR E I GN SERV I C Eof my British colleague, Emyr …” „… to expanding the Eu-ro pean Union’s reach into foreign and security policy realms and saw NATO as an …”

The Seventh Floor S. 23-28

„… 23THREEThe Seventh FloorANY MEMBERS OF THE FOREIGN Ser vice who intended to marry a non- American …” „… marrying an American; indeed, even if the pro-spective groom was another Foreign Ser vice offi cer. The …” „… offi ce of personnel. They had realized I intended to marry a foreigner, and the rule at that time, and …”

Postgraduate Studies S. 59-66

„… ces on Whitehall. I mounted a lightning campaign of lunches with foreign and defense ministry offi …” „… cials, journalists, and foreign policy academics. Recalling Sonnenfeldt’s advice, I became a member of …” „… and to share their own perspectives. I was given free rein to wander the halls of the Foreign Offi ce …”

A World Reordered S. 101-114

„… accepted, the only disagreement being whether such assistance should be overseen by foreign or fi nance …” „… expert and Zelikow a ju nior Foreign Ser vice offi -cer. At State, supporting Baker and his inner circle …” „… the quickest analytical minds in the Foreign Ser vice.”In my defense, I can only note that almost …”

A Small Town in Germany S. 85-100

„… , in Frankfurt, was itself the seventh largest Foreign Ser vice post in the world. West Germany was …” „… environment.An aversion to Washington among FSOs is not all that uncommon. Some people join the Foreign Ser vice …” „… foreign socie ties. There are, thus, Foreign Ser vice of-fi cers who have little interest in meeting …”

Hemispheric Interlude S. 176-188

„… and was ready to apply economic sanctions. The Argentine foreign minister and se nior offi cials from …” „… , the foreign policy case for isolating Cuba evaporated. Castro was no longer spreading com-munism …” „… citizens to sue in U.S. courts any foreign companies that had invested in formerly American- owned …”

Afghanistan Again S. 278-304

„… positions. The German Foreign Ministry volunteered to or ga nize reg-ular meetings bringing together these …” „… imprisoned the former Taliban foreign minister when he came to Kabul. By 2003 the Taliban had shifted their …” „… , further enraging the Afghan president. Senator Kerry, then chair of the Senate Foreign Relations …”

Missile Diplomacy S. 67-84

„… , had no experience in and little affi nity for foreign affairs. He was in due course replaced by Bud …” „… management of national security stabilize under Frank Carlucci, a former Foreign Ser vice offi cer, and …” „… , wanted to make, not just carry out, American for-eign policy. Richard Allen was not a strong or …”

Upstairs S. 38-54

„… bureaucracy. Kissinger tended to be indiscreet in conversation, both with his staff and with foreign offi …” „… had received some American support. To his face he accused Mario Soares, then Portugal’s foreign …” „… very confi dential forum for transatlantic consultation alongside the G-7. The foreign ministers of the …”

Another War, Another Assignment S. 240-258

„… States and Rus sia. Foreign ministers from these eight countries were to meet in New York with Kofi …” „… Friday. The Ira nian foreign minister, Kamal Kharazi, said Iran stood with the United States in the face …” „… Alliance lead-ership, had for several days been trying to persuade its foreign minister, Abdullah Abdullah …”

Losing the Peace: Afghanistan S. 259-268

„… proved as good as his word. I also called on Abdullah and Qanuni at the Foreign and Interior Ministries …” „… from all over the country and, indeed, the world. Foreign ministers from Iran, Pakistan, and Eu rope …” „… ceremony started on time. Rabbani, Brahimi, and Karzai spoke, as did Ira nian foreign minister Kharazi and …”

And Disordered Anew S. 115-127

„… common currency, what became the euro. Another provision of this treaty was to launch the Common Foreign …” „… foreign invaders. Until Hoxha’s death in 1985 Albania had been the world’s last Stalinist dictatorship …” „… foreign minister, went so far as to call this “the hour of Eu rope.” I traveled to Luxembourg to meet with …”

A Lesson in Divided Government S. 169-175

„… , rather, to assist a foreign government. Nevertheless, I didn’t argue.Some weeks later Dick Clarke asked …” „… inquiries. In tes-timony before a subcommittee of the House Foreign Affairs Committee I informed its chair …” „… longer.The full House Foreign Affairs Committee held a hearing on the topic, which turned out to be an or ga …”

Apprenticeship S. 11-22

„… Building next door to the White House where an introductory class for newly commissioned Foreign Ser-vice …” „… were taught nothing about U.S. foreign policy; not what it was, or even how it was made. That was to be …” „… . He, too, had served in the U.S. Navy before entering the Foreign Ser vice, and he admitted that this …”

A New Administration S. 233-239

„… meeting with NATO foreign ministers, he was able to assure his colleagues that “we went into Bosnia …” „… and bring the confl ict to a negotiated resolution.Powell was less keen on foreign travel than …” „… the foreign ministers of all the Balkan states to meet with Powell col-lectively in Skopje, the …”

Pacific Youth S. 1-10

„… foreign post, there was no regular rotation of personnel. Many of the American employees had been hired …” „… Foreign Ser vice. Pacifi c Youth 5Like almost every one who passed through that school between 1941 and …” „… year, I took the written entry exam for the Foreign Ser vice. To my surprise, I passed, and some months …”

War in Kosovo S. 189-206

„… foreign ministers of France, Germany, the UK, and Italy. We then reconvened in the Contact Group format …” „… reaction.In a phone call with Albright, German Foreign Minister Joschka Fischer, his voice quavering with …” „… with Wes Clark. We also had dinner with foreign ministers from all the non- NATO member states that …”

Black Hawk Down S. 137-150

„… foreign ministry. He regarded my mission in Rome as doomed to failure, and he was right. The Italian …” „… foreign and defense ministry representatives insisted that their forces would be leaving with ours. They …” „… marked my departure from the Foreign Service with kind words and a large medal, April 2002. Lifting …”

On Turtle Bay S. 33-37

„… president’s own image as the real architect of Ameri-can foreign policy. In this capacity Scali orchestrated …” „… provided and, indeed, demanded familiarity with the broad sweep of American foreign policy.The United …” „… Scali himself was replaced. Shortly before this occurred I received a call from a young Foreign Ser vice …”

From Community to Union S. 128-136

„… included the cre-ation of a common Eu ro pean currency and a common Eu ro pean foreign and security policy …” „… meet with the twelve EC foreign ministers, all but one of whom, the Irish, he had already met on the …” „… foreign ministers was conducted almost entirely in En glish, Reg donned earphones and listened to the …”

Provincial Interlude S. 29-32

„… gress in the Foreign Ser vice depends heavi ly on the reputation one establishes, and no matter how …” „… emergence of Eu ro pean institutions for foreign and security policy collaboration to promote a more …”

Downstairs S. 55-58

„… ministries, which would include the foreign and defense ministries. In the end we did not have to choose. The …” „… . Like Kissinger, and unlike most Foreign Ser vice offi cers, Hal was a national security intellectual …”

The Fall of Milosevic S. 218-225

„… society and some foreign nongovernmental organ izations could, with diffi culty, operate in-side the …” „… be-come engaged. We also dispatched Bill Montgomery, a se nior Foreign Ser vice offi cer, to Budapest to …”

Exiting Haiti S. 162-168

„… Algerian foreign minister and experienced UN troubleshooter, headed the UN mission in Haiti (UNMIH …” „… American strategy for Haiti’s development relied heavi ly on pro-moting foreign, particularly American …”

Entering Haiti S. 151-161

„… radios that could pick up such transmissions. I located a Creole- speaking Foreign Ser vice offi cer to …” „… interven-tion. Agency representatives painted gloomy pictures of sustained Haitian re sis tance to the foreign …”

Reflections S. 305-316

„… have limited sway, rather than for how they propose to conduct foreign and defense policy, over which …” „… the Foreign Ser vice. Rich Armitage, Talbott’s successor as deputy secretary of state, was quoted …”

Losing the Peace: Iraq S. 269-277

„… cratic Caucus of the House of Representatives on the topic. In 2004 I wrote an article for Foreign …”

doi.org/10.5771/9780815730200

Dimitrios-Panagiotis L. Tzakas - Die Haftung für Kartellrechtsverstöße im internationalen Rechtsverkehr

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Dimitrios-Panagiotis L. Tzakas

Die Haftung für Kartellrechtsverstöße im internationalen Rechtsverkehr

Series: Europäisches Wirtschaftsrecht

Volume 54 2011

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Foreign Government Compulsion S. 80-82

„… / Foreign Government Compulsion Eine weitere Einwendung des Beklagten gegen seine Inanspruchnahme durch die …” „… US-Kartellrechtsnormen wegen kartellrechtswidrigen Verhaltens ist die sog. „foreign government compulsion doctrine“. Die …” „… , 1145-6 (N.D.Ill. 1979). Eingehend: Fugate, Foreign Commerce and the Antitrust Laws, vol. I, §3.14. 268 …”

Section 6a Sherman Act S. 53-77

„… Dick.L.R. 766-8 (2003); ders., 40 Col. J. Transnat’l L. 293-5 (2002); Ryngaert, Foreign-to-Foreign Claims …” „… US-amerikanischen Kartellrechts wurde im Jahre 1982 der Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvements Act (nachstehend …” „… necessary for the effect on foreign commerce to be both substantial and direct as long as it is not de …”

Entstehungsgeschichte S. 49-53

„… beeinträchtigen. Eine Einschränkung wurde in Sec. 5(a)(3) Federal Trade Commission Act durch den Foreign Trade …” „… Foreign Relations Law Restatement, WuW 1990, 603, Fn. 10; Schwartz/Basedow, Restrictions on Competition, S …” „… . 2-6, §6:2; Baier, Das Auswirkungsprinzip im Kartellrecht der USA, S. 50-1; Fugate, Foreign Commerce …”

Act of State Doctrine S. 77-80

„… judicial abstention from inquiry into the validity of an act by a foreign government. The premise upon …” „… which it rests is that an act by the sovereign power of a foreign state or by its authorized agent in …” „… at 5 (3rd Cir. 1979). S. auch Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, 28 USC §§ 1330, 1602-1611; W.S …”

Balancing of Interests Test S. 82-89

„… concept-the degree of deference that a domestic forum must pay to the act of a foreign government not …” „… Kartellrecht, Baden-Baden 1990, S. 26-7; Fernandes, 20 Conn.J. Int’l L. 273-4 (2005); Fugate, Foreign Commerce …” „… , Interessenabwägung im Wirtschaftskollisionsrecht, S. 65-6. 285 „…the degree of conflict with foreign law or policy …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 600-644

„… Ryan Stephen, Positive Comity, Comp. Pol.News. 3/2000, 33-34 Ryngaert Cedric, Foreign-to-Foreign Claims …” „… “ –Verordnung, GPR 2004, 100-105 Fugate Wilbur, Foreign Commerce and the Antitrust Laws, 5th Ed., Boston 1996 …” „… : The Supreme Court Decides that Foreign Competition Regulation Limits American Antitrust Jurisdiction …”

Grundzüge des materiellen US-amerikanischen Kartellrechts S. 38-41

„… ). Eingehend: Blechman/Bernstein, in FK, Auslandsrechte USA, Lfg. 45, S. 32-5, Rn. 72-82; Fugate, Foreign …” „… , Auslandsrechte USA, Lfg. 45, S. 7-8, Rn. 15-7; Fugate, Foreign Commerce and the Antitrust Laws, vol. I, §1.14-5 …”

Zwischenergebnisse S. 89-90

„… wie die act of state doctrine oder die foreign government compulsion weiterhin Bestand haben. …”

Materielles US-amerikanisches Kartelldeliktsrecht (sec. 4(a) Clayton Act) S. 41-49

„… Regierungen. Einschränkungen angesichts des zu ersetzenden Schadens wurden im Wege des Foreign Sovereign …” „… Enforcement of EC Competition Law, S. 51-6; J. Schmidt, Keeping U.S. Courts Open to Foreign Antitrust …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-18

„… / " Foreign Government Compulsion 80"c /" Balancing of Interests Test 82"V / " Zwischenergebnisse 89"Kapitel B …”

Das Spannungsverhältnis zwischen dem wirtschaftlichen Globalisierungsprozess und der territorial eingeschränkten Kartellrechtsordnung S. 25-30

„… Mitteln der kartellrechtlichen Gesetzgebung. Ausführlich dazu s. Restatement 3rd of the Foreign Relations …”

Völkerrechtliche Legitimation und Schranken des Auswirkungsprinzips S. 263-272

„… Acts violating Foreign Law, 63 Col.L.R. 1441, 1476-80 (1963). Vgl. aber den vermittelnden Ansatz von …”

Tatbestandmerkmale S. 216-260

doi.org/10.5771/9783845227993

Jochen Baier - Das Auswirkungsprinzip im Kartellrecht der USA

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Jochen Baier

Das Auswirkungsprinzip im Kartellrecht der USA

Series: Wirtschaftsrecht und Wirtschaftspolitik

Volume 225 2008

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Foreign Sovereign Immunity S. 32

„… Gewaltenteilungsprinzip angesehen werden.1185. Foreign Sovereign ImmunityNach dem Foreign Sovereign Immunity Act (FSIA …”

Foreign Government Compulsion Doctrine S. 30-31

„… überwiegen. 1103. Foreign Government Compulsion DoctrineDie foreign government compulsion doctrine wurde …” „… doctrine aufgefasst werden.112 Mittlerweile ist die foreign government compulsion doctrine auch in der …” „… Widerspruch zum US-amerikanischen Recht steht.114Dementsprechend besagt die foreign government compulsion …”

Die Rezeption des »effects test« im Restatement of Foreign Relations Law. S. 116-119

„… Rezeption des effects test im Restatement of Foreign Relations Law Die Aufzeichnungen im Restatement of the …” „… Law Third, Foreign Relations Law of the United States sollen das zum Ende der 1980er Jahre auf diesem …”

Die Voraussetzungen von Subsection (2) FTAIA sind nicht erfüllt S. 134-137

„… foreign nations.« [. . .] The word »with« means between the United States and foreign nations. And, they …” „… contend, commerce between the United States and foreign nations that is not import commerce must consist …” „… did not involve American exports but which was wholly foreign.«726 Vgl. 124 S.Ct. 2359, 2366: »Others …”

Der Anwendungsbereich des FTAIA ist eröffnet S. 133-134

„… Preisabsprachen der Beklagten »conduct involving trade or commerce [. . .] with foreign nations« im Sinne des …” „… focus upon anticompetitive price-fixing activity that is in significant part foreign, that causes some …” „… domestic antitrust injury, and that independently causes separate foreign injury. [. . .] To clarify: The …”

Majority Vote – Die Begründung der Subject Matter Jurisdiction S. 126-130

„… Court’s jurisdiction«.678 Vgl. ebd., S. 4: »Therefore, the Joint Motion to Dismiss the foreign plaintiffs …” „… foreign plaintiffs’ claims, it need not resolve the standing issue with respect to these plaintiffs.«680 …” „… of the Clayton Act, 15 U.S.C. § 15 and 26, the antitrust laws of foreign nations, and international …”

Der Status Quo in der extraterritorialen Anwendung des Sherman Act nach dem FTAIA S. 165-169

„… involving trade or commerce (other than import trade or import commerce) with foreign nations«; siehe auch …” „… FTAIA’s limitations, the challenged conduct must involve »trade or commerce . . . with foreign nations …” „… .« 15 U.S.C. § 6a. This phrase »includes transactions between foreign and domestic commercial entities …”

CSR Ltd. v. Cigna Corp. S. 160-163

„… their foreign MCAA purchases.« This, however, is insufficient. Read carefully, the allegation …” „… . . . caused injury to Plaintiffs in connection with their foreign MCAA purchases.« [. . .] As the allegation …” „… does not even plead that it was the effect on U.S. commerce, rather than an effect on foreign commerce …”

Mannington Mills Inc. v. Cogoleum Corp. S. 69-72

„… F.2d 1287, 1290: »The antitrust count was dismissed on the grounds that the validity of the foreign …” „… for American firms to apply for foreign patents in any way other than as established by the respective …” „… nations. The court stated that to enjoin Congoleum from enforcing its foreign patents in other nations …”

Pfizer Inc.v. Government of India S. 67-69

„… »that there be some effect – actual or intended – on American foreign commerce before the federal courts …” „… Gericht fest, dass: »[t]he effect on the foreign commerce of the United States is minimal.« (vgl. ebd., S …” „… »[w]e can perceive no reason for believing that Congress wanted to deprive a [foreign nation], as …”

Die Rezeption des »effects test« durch die Antitrust Division und die FTC im Rahmen ihrer Antitrust Enforcement Guidelines for International Operations S. 114-116

„… only have succeeded with the foreign price-fixing agreement, then the foreign agreement certainly had …” „… meet the requirements of the FTAIA. The »conduct« could be an agreement to fix prices in both foreign …” „… Act. Alternatively, the »conduct« could be described as an agreement to fix prices in a foreign …”

Restriktive Auslegung von Subsection (2) FTAIA S. 145-147

„… im konkreten Verfahren geltend gemachte Anspruch auf einem »foreign independent harm«basiere. Dies …” „… keine »foreign independent harm[s]«789 gewesen. Nach der vom U.S. Supreme Courtzitierten Rechtsprechung …” „… customers outside the United States and customers within the United States, but the adverse foreign effect …”

Kritik S. 131-133

„… Preisabsprachen der Beklagten »conduct involving trade or commerce [. . .] with foreign nations« im Sinne des …” „… focus upon anticompetitive price-fixing activity that is in significant part foreign, that causes some …” „… domestic antitrust injury, and that independently causes separate foreign injury. [. . .] To clarify: The …”

Zulässigkeit der Argumentation S. 140-141

„… , C.A.D.C., 2004, S. 1: »Respondents argue, in the alternative, that the foreign injury was not independent …” „… . Rather, they say, the anticompetitive conduct’s domestic effects were linked to that foreign harm …” „… international price-fixing arrangement and respondents would not have suffered their foreign injury. They add …”

Zusammenfassende Stellungnahme S. 137-139

„… FTAIA’s exception to bring independently caused foreign injury within the Sherman Act’s reach.«744 Vgl …” „… FTAIA jedenfalls dann nicht erfüllt seien, wenn ein »foreign independent harm«752 geltend gemacht werde …” „… Verhaltens abhängig und damit eben kein »foreign independent harm«756, wenn der im Ausland erlittene Schaden …”

Minderheitsvotum S. 130-131

„… , the Supreme Court articulated policy reasons for holding that a foreign plaintiff was entitled to sue …” „… illegality,‹ »the Supreme Court reasoned that denying a foreign plaintiff injured by an antitrust violation …” „… S.Ct. at 589 (citations omitted). Moreover, [i]f foreign plaintiffs were not permitted to seek a remedy …”

Stellungnahme S. 147-150

„… technical language initially lays down a general rule placing all (non-import) activity involving foreign …” „… von Subsection (2) FTAIA erfüllt sind, wenn kein »foreign independent harm« im Sinne der …” „… Empagran-Entscheidung des U.S. Supreme Court gegeben ist. Kein »foreign independent harm«, sondern ein »dependent harm …”

Act of State Doctrine S. 28-30

„… foreign sovereign power committed within its own territory«.; einzusehen im Volltext unter …” „… foreign sovereign power committed within its own territory.« Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino, supra …” „… extend the act of state doctrine to acts committed by foreign sovereigns in the course of their purely …”

United States v. Pacific and Arctic Railway & Navigation Company S. 52-53

„… foreign corporations in so far as by the contracts made by them they became co-operators in the …” „… not have been dismissed as to the two foreign corporations,the Imperial Tobacco Company and the …” „… the contrary, the decree should have commanded the observance of the anti-trust act by the foreign …”

Continental Ore Co. v. Union Carbide & Carbon Corp S. 59-60

„… ’ rather guarded assertions that the carriage of foreign-owned goods between foreign ports in American …” „… intended to, and in fact did, affect the interstate and foreign commerce of the United States.«309 Zum …” „… courts below.«312 Vgl. 370 U.S. 690, 704: »A conspiracy to monopolize or restrain the domestic or foreign …”

eMag Solutions v. Toda Kogyo Corp. S. 158-159

„… foreign plaintiffs would lessen the deterrent effect of treble damages. The conspiracy alleged by the …” „… respondents in this case operated domestically as well as internationally. If foreign plaintiffs were not …” „… adversely affects United States commerce, which in turn causes foreign injury, the foreign plaintiff may …”

Thomson v. Cayser S. 53-54

„… , it is said, ›make it obvious that our laws relating to interstate and foreign commerce were not …” „… intended to have any effect upon the carriage by foreign roads in foreign countries, and . . . it is …” „… equally clear that our laws cannot be extended so as to control or affect the foreign carriage.‹ This is …”

Die alternative Argumentation S. 139-140

„… Argumentation stellten die im Ausland erlittenen Schäden der Kläger keine »foreign independent harm[s]«763 im …” „… fact linked to the foreign injury the appellants claim to have suffered, and (ii) whether the nature of …” „… alternative, that the foreign injury was not independent. Rather, they say, the anticompetitive conduct’s …”

Das Tatbestandsmerkmal des »direct, substantial, and reasonably foreseeable effect« in Subsection (1) FTAIA S. 79-107

„… export trade on equal footing with their foreign-owned competitors by freeing them from the possibility …” „… abgewiesen wurde.III. Die Konkretisierung des Auswirkungsprinzips im Rahmen des Foreign Trade Antitrust …” „… commerce among the several States or with foreign nations, . . .«; einzusehen im Antitrust Primary Source …”

Der »Timberlane Test«: Das Verfahren Timberlane Lumber Co. v. Bank of America S. 64-67

„… . 61,233, S. 70,665: »It is the effect on American foreign commerce which is usually cited to support …” „… evident that at some point the interests of the United States are too weak and the foreign harmony …” „… antitrust] policy cannot extend to the full sweep of American foreign commerce because of the international …”

Die Entscheidung des District Court for the District of Columbia Circuit vom 7. Juni 2001 S. 123-126

„… the relevant foreign nations, and international law for defendants’ alleged conspiracy to fix prices …” „… represent foreign corporations domiciled in Ecuador, Panama, Australia, Mexico, Belgium, the United Kingdom …” „… the relevant foreign nations, and international law for defendants’ alleged conspiracy to fix prices …”

MM Global Services et al. v. The Dow Chemical Company, et al. S. 153-156

„… that plaintiff steel producers claim foreign injuries that are independent of the domestic effects of …” „… alleged anticompetitive conduct’s domestic effects were linked to the alleged foreign harm. The District …” „… subject matter jurisdiction to hear the claim under the Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvements Act of 1982 …”

Die Entscheidung des Court of Appeals vom 28. Juni 2005 S. 141-143

„… purported foreign injuries and the domestic effects. We agree. This recommended course will preserve …” „… on whether the nature of the alleged link between foreign injury and domestic effects is legally …” „… subject matter jurisdiction under the Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvements Act (FTAIA), which makes the …”

Das Tatbestandsmerkmal »such effect gives rise to a claim« in Subsection (2) FTAIA S. 107-114

„… antitrust law to remedy anticompetitive effects on a foreign market.«588 Vgl. 117 F.Supp.2d 875, 889.589 In …” „… Litigation, 127 F.Supp.2d 702, 715: »Foreign purchasers should enjoy the protection of our antitrust laws in …” „… foreign nations.«594 Vgl. 127 F.Supp.2d 702, 716: »The critical question is not the nationality of the …”

Pacific Seafarers Inc. v. Pacific Far East Line Inc. S. 60-61

„… .316 Vgl. 404 F.2d 804, 811: »defendants’ rather guarded assertions that the carriage of foreign-owned …” „… könne, da der Transport von ausländischen Waren zwischen ausländischen Häfen kein ›commerce with foreign …” „… goods between foreign ports in American vessels may not be ›commerce with foreign nations‹ subject to …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 175-179

„… Handbook, Chicago 2004American Law Institue, Restatement of the Law: third, Foreign Relations Law of the …” „… , 1. Aufl. Baden-Baden 2001Bloom, Margaret, Should foreign purchasers have access to U.S. antitrust …” „… boundaries of the Sherman Act: Recent developments in the application of the Antitrust Laws to foreign …”

Latino Quimica-Amtex v. Akzo Nobel Chemicals S. 159-160

„… of »but-for« causation--that plaintiffs would have paid lower foreign prices »but for« inflated …” „… foreign plaintiffs’ claims of antitrust injury in »purely foreign« commerce must be dismissed because …” „… « to Plaintiffs’ foreign claim, as required by the FTAIA.«854 Vgl. ebd., S. 2.855 Vgl. ebd., S. 14.160 …”

In re Monosodium Glutamate Antitrust Litigation S. 156-158

„… wurde außerdem kritisiert, da das Gericht den Satz »foreign injury that is inextricably bound up with …” „… suffered foreign injury independent of domestic harm. [. . .]Accordingly, the Court finds that Plaintiffs …” „… , an exclusion of all foreign plaintiffs would lessen the deterrent effect of treble damages. The …”

Auslegung von Subsection (1) FTAIA S. 144-145

„… foreign commerce outside the Sherman Act’s reach. It then brings such conduct back within the Sherman …” „… »foreign independent harm«basiere. Dies sei der Fall, wenn die Inlandsauswirkungen des wettbewerbswidrigen …” „… gemachten Schäden und diese damit keine »foreign independent harm[s]«789 gewesen. Nach der vom U.S. Supreme …”

Sanib Corp. v. United Fruit Co S. 58-59

„… , 308 f.: »The participation in the foreign cartels by defendant completed the circle within which the …” „… on foreign soil relieve defendant from responsibility. [. . .] They had a direct and influencing …” „… effect on trade in tapered bearings between the United States and foreign countries.«304 Vgl. 83 F.Supp …”

Forum Non Conveniens Doctrine S. 32-33

„… Gewaltenteilungsprinzip angesehen werden.1185. Foreign Sovereign ImmunityNach dem Foreign Sovereign Immunity Act (FSIA …” „… foreign plaintiff named an American manufacturer as defendant, a court could not dismiss the case on …” „… courts, which are already extremely attractive to foreign plaintiffs, would become even more attractive …”

BHP New Zealand Ltd. v. UCAR International, Inc. S. 152-153

„… reaches a foreign injury that is not independent of the foreign conspiracy’s effect on United States …” „… that plaintiff steel producers claim foreign injuries that are independent of the domestic effects of …” „… alleged anticompetitive conduct’s domestic effects were linked to the alleged foreign harm. The District …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… ) 282. Act of State Doctrine 283. Foreign Government Compulsion Doctrine 304. Die »Rule of Reason …” „… . Foreign Sovereign Immunity 326. Forum Non Conveniens Doctrine 328Teil C: Die Durchsetzung …” „… Rahmen des Foreign Trade Antitust Improvement Act (FTAIA) und dessen Interpretation durch die …”

Der Sherman Act S. 39-42

„… Rahmen der extraterritorialen Anwendung des Antitrust Law bedeutsamen, Foreign Trade Antitrust …” „… several States, or with foreign nations, is hereby declared to be illegal.«182Demnach setzt Section 1 auf …” „… commerce among several States, or with foreign nations, shall be deemed guilty of a felony.«195Die beiden …”

Klagemöglichkeiten und Prozessrisiko in den USA nach Empagran S. 170-171

„… der foreign government compulsion oder der forum non conveniens doctrine nicht gelungen ist, die …” „… geltend machen.913 Dabei ist jedoch zu beachten, dass speziell die foreign government compulsion doctrine …” „… ).913 Vgl. Hymowitz (1986), S. 525 ff.; Burnham (1999), S. 228 f.; zur foreign government compulsion und …”

Ausblick S. 171-172

„… der foreign government compulsion oder der forum non conveniens doctrine nicht gelungen ist, die …” „… geltend machen.913 Dabei ist jedoch zu beachten, dass speziell die foreign government compulsion doctrine …” „… ).913 Vgl. Hymowitz (1986), S. 525 ff.; Burnham (1999), S. 228 f.; zur foreign government compulsion und …”

Sniado v. Bank Austria et al. S. 151-152

„… Schaden Anwendung, wenn dieser kein »foreign independent harm« im Sinne der 814 Vgl. Diamond (2006), S …” „… Empagran Court alludes-- namely, that the Sherman Act reaches a foreign injury that is not independent of …” „… the foreign conspiracy’s effect on United States commerce.«820 Vgl. 378 F.3d 210, 212: »He urges us …”

United States v. American Tobacco Co S. 51-52

„… foreign corporations in so far as by the contracts made by them they became co-operators in the …” „… not have been dismissed as to the two foreign corporations,the Imperial Tobacco Company and the …” „… the contrary, the decree should have commanded the observance of the anti-trust act by the foreign …”

Sulmeyer v. The Seven-Up Company S. 61-62

„… foreign commerce because of the international complications involved, then surely the test which …” „… monopolize or restrain the domestic or foreign commerce of the United States is not outside the reach of the …” „… Sherman Act just because part of the conduct complained of occurs in foreign countries.«324In seiner …”

Die »Rule of Reason« – Eine Interessenabwägung zur Überprüfung der »Reasonableness« extraterritorialer Rechtsanwendung S. 31-32

„… ), S. 469116 Vgl. American Law Institute, Restatement of the Law Third, Foreign Relations Law of the …” „… angesehen werden.1185. Foreign Sovereign ImmunityNach dem Foreign Sovereign Immunity Act (FSIA) aus dem …”

Timken Co. v. United States S. 57-58

„… , 308 f.: »The participation in the foreign cartels by defendant completed the circle within which the …” „… on foreign soil relieve defendant from responsibility. [. . .] They had a direct and influencing …” „… effect on trade in tapered bearings between the United States and foreign countries.«304 Vgl. 83 F.Supp …”

Die abschließenden Entscheidungen des U.S. Supreme Court vom 9. Januar 2006 und des District Court vom 1. August 2006 S. 143-144

„… . Bank Austria AG, 378 F.3d 210, 213 (2d. Cir. 2004). Under the appellants’ theory, it was the foreign …” „… ).779 Vgl. 417 F.3d 1267, 1271: »The foreign injury caused by the appellees’ conduct, then, was not …” „… down a general rule placing all (non-import) activity involving foreign commerce outside the Sherman …”

Siciliana Asfalti, Bitumi, S.P.A. v. Exxon Research & Engineering Co S. 62-64

„… , dass: »[a] conspiracy to monopolize or restrain the domestic or foreign commerce of the United States …” „… foreign countries.«324In seiner weiteren Urteilsbegründung machte das Gericht keine konkreten Ausführungen …” „… . 70,665: »It is the effect on American foreign commerce which is usually cited to support extraterritorial …”

Conservation Coucil of Western Australia v. Alcoa S. 75-77

„… wholly foreign conduct may come within the sweep of the antitrust laws if it has a sufficient effect on …” „… interstate or foreign commerce of the United States.«398 Vgl. 518 F.Supp. 270, 275: »Under the Third Circuit …” „… various foreign relations impact factors.«399 Vgl. 518 F.Supp. 270, 276: »Applying the first step of the …”

Laker Airways Ltd. v. Sabena S. 77-79

„… Auswirkungsprinzips im Rahmen des Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvement Act (FTAIA) und dessen Interpretation durch die …” „… or with foreign nations, . . .«; einzusehen im Antitrust Primary Source Pamphlet 2007, S. 38 sowie …” „… : ». . . trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations . . .«;einzusehen im Antitrust …”

United States v. Sisal Sales Corp S. 54-56

„… U.S. 66, 88: »It is contended that the combination, if there was one, was formed in a foreign country …” „… assent. As was said by the circuit court of appeals, the combination affected the foreign commerce of …” „… in importing articles from a foreign country and have become parties to a contract, combination and …”

Zwischenergebnis S. 27

„… das Rücksichtnahme- bzw. das comity-Gebot (1.), die act of state doctrine (2.), die foreign government …” „… compulsion doctrine(3.), die »rule of reason« (4.), die foreign sovereign immunity (5.) und schließlich das …”

Auswirkungsprinzip S. 26-27

„… doctrine (2.), die foreign government compulsion doctrine(3.), die »rule of reason« (4.), die foreign …”

Rücksichtnahmegebot (International Comity) S. 27-28

„… das Rücksichtnahme- bzw. das comity-Gebot (1.), die act of state doctrine (2.), die foreign government …” „… compulsion doctrine(3.), die »rule of reason« (4.), die foreign sovereign immunity (5.) und schließlich das …”

Der Clayton Act S. 42-45

„… Handels. Insofern wird ihr sehr weit gefasster Wortlaut ergänzt durch den Foreign Trade Antitrust …” „… foreign country.«208Dementsprechend sind Personen im Sinne des Clayton Act natürliche und juristische …”

Gang der Darstellung S. 20-21

„… Darstellung auf der Interpretation der Voraussetzungen des Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvements Act (FTAIA …”

Gegenstand dieser Arbeit S. 19-20

„… liegt der Schwerpunkt der Darstellung auf der Interpretation der Voraussetzungen des Foreign Trade …”

Strenge Anwendung des Territorialitätsprinzips im Fall American Banana v. United Fruit (sog. American Banana-Entscheidung) S. 50-51

„… Sherman Act, der Clayton Act als auch der FTCA auf den »commerce [. . .] with foreign nations« Anwendung …”

Joint Liability Doctrine S. 38-39

„… Rahmen der extraterritorialen Anwendung des Antitrust Law bedeutsamen, Foreign Trade Antitrust …”

Wettbewerbsschutz im Zeitalter der Globalisierung S. 15-18

„… regarding antitrust law that the foreign plaintiffs identify are voluntary and lack enforcement mechanisms …”

Zwischenergebnis S. 119-122

„… , either foreign or interstate.«; McElderry v. Cathay Pac. Airways Ltd., 678 F.Supp. 1071, 1078 m.w.N.: »a …”

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