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Alexandra Allred

When Women Stood

2023

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Eighteen Transgender Female Athletes in Sport S. 219-236

„… 219eighTeenTransgender Female Athletes in SportBefore discussing the issue of transgender female …” „… while the United States Tennis Association began requiring genetic testing of its female athletes …” „… important for the development of testes)5 and Transgender Female Athletes in Sport 221FOXL2 (important in …”

Fifteen The Closing of the Twentieth Century S. 179-194

„… impacted public health, including that of female athletes.Bootylicious, however, remains mere lyrical …” „… public example of that issue, but it happens around the world at all levels for female athletes.In …” „… achievements as athletes (and that of their sister athletes).Even in the twenty-first century, female athletes …”

Ten Media Relations and the Second-Wave Woman S. 105-118

„… ) of female athletes.Most certainly, this would include track sensation Wilma Rudolf. Perhaps even …” „… entire new generation of athletes—male and female. Moreover, it was not just gymnastics: As Nadia became …” „… sports.2106 Chapter TenBillie Jean King’s victory in 1973 had been thrilling, but female athletes were …”

Twenty-One Where to Go from Here? S. 267-280

„… leverage. As an example, USA Gymnastics officials (“protectors”) knew their female athletes were being …” „… athletes rebelled against dress codes imposed only on female athletes, it was the women who were …” „… punished.In the first modern Olympic games in 1900, it did not matter that the female athlete’s floor-length …”

Eight A League of Their Own S. 77-94

„… seemingly impenetrable line both the public and media drew when it came to female athletes.She was known to …” „… for female athletes, and, in 1992, actress/producer Penny Marshall (1943–2018) brought everlasting …” „… pioneering female athletes who just wanted their turn to play. Joyce Hill Westerman (1925–2021), who played …”

Nineteen Title IX in the New Millennium S. 237-248

„… , this is what happened. But when more opportunities became available, the number of female athletes—of …” „… for the individual female athletes. While male athletes took chartered buses to away games, female …” „… retired in 2011, it is the image—not the athlete—that needs to change in women’s sports.Women and female …”

Eleven The Third Wave and the Women of the 1980s and 1990s S. 119-136

„… she had started a movement, and it extended to female ath-letes who, again and again, helped showcase …” „… the strength of women, the draw of female athletes, and the certain fact that they were not going away …” „… business of sport and the modern Olympics, however, it was pure gold. Its female athletes were the most …”

Twenty Game Changers S. 249-266

„… few tampons and pads?”There also needs to be visibility with the media for female athletes.“When there …” „… other girls to succeed in wrestling.The impact of female athletes in wrestling is another example of the …” „… Female athletes also participated in exhibition games in 1930 and 1931. Despite evidence of “financial …”

Notes S. 287-328

„… , https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-mother-of -title-ix-trailblazing-athlete-eleonora-sears.10. “The Infamous New York Female Giants Baseball …” „… University.11. Meredith Lovelace and Geri Hewitt, “Female Athlete Triad,” American Col-lege of Obstetricians …” „… 18, 2022.14. Jelena Damjankovic, “Female Athletes in Team Sports Need 50 Percent More Protein Than …”

Fourteen The (Recognized) Entry of Lesbians in Sport S. 171-178

„… things female. Early on, female athletes—gay or straight—have understood that media portrayals of female …” „… 171FOurTeenThe (Recognized) Entry of Lesbians in SportHistorically, male and female athletes have …” „… , well-known female athletes such as Billie Jean King and Christy Martin initially denied their homo-sexuality …”

Index S. 331-350

„… , JayCee (powerlifter), 232. See also transgender female athletesCopeland, Misty (ballet dancer), 270–71 …” „… , Fallon (MMA fighter), 228. See also transgender female athletesFraley, Naomi Parker, 74. See also Rosie …” „… Harper, Joanna (athlete/researcher), 231. See also transgender female athletesHarris, Lucy (NBA player …”

Preface

„… athletes—History. | Women athletes—United States—History. | Sports for women—History. | Sports for women—United …” „… 205Chapter 18 Transgender Female Athletes in Sport 219Chapter 19 Title IX in the New Millennium 237 …” „… Photo Merely an Introduction xiLong had been the argument that female athletes were not as exciting or …”

Five Women of Color and Their Place in the Women’s Movement S. 39-52

„… in local, white-owned newspapers, and for Black female athletes, events were largely ignored. As just …” „… information on nonwhite, particularly Black female athletes in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries is …” „… , including those of female athletes.17It was those stories and media images that encouraged colleges and …”

Thirteen Modern Medicine for the Modern Woman S. 151-170

„… reputable female athletes col-lapsed on the field that red flags were raised. With her national team and …” „… studies were being done for female athletes in the United States. There were none.She got in touch with …” „… and that female athletes are more susceptible to concussions. While men and women have always been …”

Twelve Exploitation of the Female Image S. 137-150

„… athletes who appeared in media inspired fellow females. When these role models ap-peared in print, everyday …” „… female athletes, but Salazar and his team had caused it in Cain by decreasing her diet, resulting in poor …” „… racing times and, more importantly, dangerous consequences to the athlete.In reality, female athletes …”

Seventeen The Fourth Wave in Sports and Society S. 205-218

„… of Ireland that developed a female-focused performance platform for athletes with the ability to …” „… explained, “I innately knew how female athletes felt.”Many years prior to Clinton’s Empower Women and Girls …” „… economic demographic.Gentile saw and felt that female athletes had been overlooked in the sports media …”

Six The Importance of Race, Sports, and the Polite Society S. 53-62

„… revealed.NONWHITE WOMEN FIND A FOOTHOLDExcluded from national competitions, Black female athletes (if not all …” „… Parks by thirty-eight years.58 Chapter SixLATINA WOMEN COME TO PLAYUnlike Black female athletes, sports …” „… disinformation about Hispanic athletes, male or female. With cultural differences, language barriers, and …”

Four The Women’s Suffrage Movement S. 27-38

„… Fame, founded new sporting associations, and was dubbed the “Universal Female Athlete.” Perhaps what …” „… ready to watch female athletes play, those in position of power fought against such progress. When the …” „… female athlete competed.Behind Sullivan, the U.S. Olympic Committee formally opposed ath-letic …”

Three White Women in Sport S. 19-26

„… those London Games, thirty-seven female athletes participated in the sports of archery, tennis, and …” „… for the 1912 and 1920 Games for more demonstrations and assurances that female athletes could keep the …” „… remove female ath-letes from competition. The 1912 Stockholm Games featured forty-seven female athletes …”

Sixteen Sports and Abuse S. 195-204

„… . Olympic and Paralympic Committee failed to protect female athletes but so, too, had the Federal Bureau of …” „… rape female athletes. In an interview with NBC News, Raisman says when the FBI called her more than a …” „… 195SixTeenSports and AbuseBy 2015, four U.S. female gymnasts slated to be the “brightest stars” of …”

Postscript S. 281-286

„… reminder that amazing female ath-letes are everywhere.Another such athlete and figure in women’s sport …” „… goal of mentoring other young female athletes. It was not a salaried position, but Kammes felt …” „… female warriors and athletes fighting for their fellow sister in the name of social justice.As news crews …”

Nine The Real History behind Title IX and the Battle of the Sexes S. 95-104

„… Title IX and the Battle of the Sexes 99tive for all female athletes who had been denied the opportunity …” „… female athletes. It was why Switzer had been forced to run with the men’s team and was never allowed to …” „… medical treatment for female athletes.6In 1970, Sandler presented her findings to Rep. Edith Green of …”

Two The Media Image of Women of Enlightenment S. 9-18

„… re-corded activity, but also it would be the first coverage of a female athlete in which her appearance and …” „… . The idea that women could be athletes, warriors, landowners, or, in any fash-ion, independent, was an …” „… the female was portrayed in both literature and the church throughout history as these sweeping …”

One Early Women Warriors to Domesticity S. 1-8

„… remains a historic feat and the beginning of the female athlete’s journey in sport.HERAEAN GAMESIn the …” „… first recorded female Olympian. In 396 BC, a woman named Kyniska (or Cyniska) entered and won the …” „… , but there were those occasional daring owner-athletes who drove the horses. Like Kyniska.Kyniska not …”

About the Author S. 351-352

„… Olympic Games. When the United States Olympic Committee named her Athlete of the Year for her sport, it …” „… little data on elite pregnant athletes and powerlifting/plyometrics. While Allred became the “poster …” „… how to measure the safety of baby in utero for competitive athletes. Both the United States and …”

Seven Women, War, and Their Entry into Sport S. 63-76

„… down the street, the female aviator unwittingly changed milita-ristic strategies around the world.EARLY …” „… altitude of 11,200 feet. On November 19, 1916, she became the first American—male or female—to travel the …” „… ), believed to be the first American female avia-tor, took to the skies.For Bessie Coleman (1892–1926 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538171356

Maximilian Schochow, Saskia Gehrmann, Florian Steger - Inter* und Trans*identitäten

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Maximilian Schochow (ed.), Saskia Gehrmann (ed.), Florian Steger (ed.)

Inter* und Trans*identitäten

Series: Beiträge zur Sexualforschung

Volume 2016

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Ilke Glockentöger »Diese Trennung ist wichtig« – Geschlechtskonstruktionen im Spitzensport jenseits von Zweigeschlechtlichkeit? S. 383-404

„… , G. L. (2002). Gender verification of female Olympics athletes.Medicine & Science in Sports …” „… « rekurriert, Frauen mit Hyperandrogenimus werden hier allerdings als »intersex female athletes« (IOC, 2012, S …” „… wird aber auch hier eine Sondergruppe von Frauen definiert. Denn falls bei »intersex female athletes …”

doi.org/10.30820/9783837969931

Markwart Herzog, Michael Krüger - Schwimmen

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Markwart Herzog (ed.), Michael Krüger (ed.)

Schwimmen

Series: Sonderband Stadion

Volume 2024

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Olaf Stieglitz “The action is sometimes too swift for the camera:” Visualizing Modernity in American Swimming Pools S. 163-200

„… : “As women’s sports boomed during the 1920s, American culture transformed female athletes into icons …” „… culture also transformed female athletes into objects of desire”.54 Many swimming books and magazine …” „… other athletes.On a more general level, photography and film became an ever more crucial media in …”

Alexandra Regiert Der Bikini im Spannungsfeld von Emanzipation und Objektifizierung S. 259-291

„… symbol of female sovereignty and everyday summer garment. After the bikini was banned at several seaside …” „… bikini represented a self-determined approach to the female body and at the same time was …” „… , gesunden und athletischen Körpers aber derart eng gekoppelt wie an den Bikini, der buchstäblich nach einer …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783985721603

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STADION

Browse Volumes: STADION

STADION Volume 39 (2013) Issue 1 ISSN Online: 2942-3430

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Jean Williams Breaking into Olympic Circles: Women and Parallel Versions of the Olympic Games 1900-1936 S. 7-28

„… presence of female athletes would become more pronounced.6 However, the place of women within the early …” „… However the confluence of sport and commerce was evident with the inclusion of female athletes in the …” „… fifty-four female athletes, the aquatic competitions involved forty swimmers and divers from eight …”

Richard Haynes The Maturation of Olympic Television: The BBC, Eurovision and Rome 1960 S. 163-182

„… athletes were contrasted with the fortunes and positive news stories created by female athletes. Comments …” „… contrasted the female athletes performance to the disruption of the British male athletes. The reference to …” „… viewers also found the BBC’s studio interviews with female athletes unacceptably sexist. David Coleman’s …”

Daphné Bolz Die Olympischen Spiele 1948 in London im Spiegel der deutschen Presse S. 125-148

„… Interesse an den sportlichen Leistungen der Frauen („Media Portrayals of Male and Female Athletes: A Text …” „… erwähnten, dass die jungen deutschen Athleten keine Verbrechen begangen hätten, dass sie unschuldig wären …” „… die Athleten durch Hitler getäuscht worden: „Das nationalsozialistische Deutschland hat alle seine …”

Martin Polley The 1908 Olympics and the Entente Cordiale S. 29-42

„… of peace and Franco-British friendship, such as the Art Nouveau-inspired image of a female figure …” „… Exhibition was over. However, the Stadium quickly won favour with athletes and promoters, and the temporary …”

doi.org/10.5771/0172-4029-2013-1

Götz Schulze - Aktuelle Rechtsfragen im Profifußball

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Götz Schulze (ed.)

Aktuelle Rechtsfragen im Profifußball

2016

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Pia-Maria Wippert Belastungen im Profi-Fußballsport und Ansätze für das Erholungsmanagement S. 76-83

„… eng an die Erholungsfähigkeit und -bereitschaft von Athleten geknüpft. Sie müssen eintretende zentrale …” „… Athleten sowie eine zunehmende Verletzungsanfälligkeit. Allgemein werden bei Fußballerinnen pro 1000 …” „… wiederkehrender Verletzungen bei Athleten mit bis zu 18% Varianz aufklären (Anderson & Williams, 1988). Ähnlich …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845264257

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