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Isabel Emde - Wahlkampffinanzierung durch Unternehmen

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Isabel Emde

Wahlkampffinanzierung durch Unternehmen

Series: Beiträge zum ausländischen und vergleichenden öffentlichen Recht

Volume 33 2013

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Federal Election Campaign Act S. 54-56

„… Bundesstaaten eingeführt.139Federal Election Campaign ActIm Jahre 1971 wurden auf Bundesebene140 frühere …” „… Reformbestrebungenkonsolidiert und durch den Federal Election Campaign Act (im Folgenden FECA) ersetzt. Eine Reihe von …” „… enthalten.141 Kerr, 15 Comm. L. & Pol'y 311, 317 (2010).142 Federal Election Campaign Act Amendments of 1974 …”

Dominanz der privaten Finanzierungsquellen S. 29-49

„… „2008 Presidential Campaign Finance“ der Federal ElectionCommission, abrufbar unter …” „… Vgl. die Übersicht „2012 Presidential Campaign Finance“ der Federal ElectionCommission, abrufbar unter …” „… Inkrafttreten desamerikanischen Wahlkampffinanzierungsgesetzes, des Federal ElectionCampaign Act, in den 1970er …”

Stichwortverzeichnis S. 239-241

„… , 171Business Judgment Rule 141Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission 70 ff.Clean …” „… Elections Now Act 188Federal Election Commission 29,55, 71, 129Federal Election Campaign Act54 ff.Federal …” „… Election Commission v.Massachusetts Citizens for Life65 ff.Federal Election Commission v.Wisconsin Right to …”

Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA) S. 56-59

„… McCain-Feingold Act.153 Das Gesetz wurde im Jahre 2002 vom Kongress verabschiedetIII.149 Federal Election Campaign …” „… and the Federal Campaign Finance Law“ der Federal Election Commission, abrufbar unter …” „… v. Federal Election Commission163 teilweise aufgehoben.Praxis als vollkommen ungeeignet erwies und …”

Untergeordnete Rolle der staatlichen Finanzierungsquellen S. 49-51

„… . ferner die Angaben auf der Website der FederalElection Commission, „Presidential spending limits for 2012 …” „… akzeptieren (sogenannte Clean Elections-Gesetze).127 Indes ist der Trend auch infolge der aktuellen …” „… Rechtsprechung desSupreme Courts rückläufig. Das Gericht hat in den letzten Jahren einigeClean Elections-Gesetze …”

Tillman Act und Taft-Hartley Act S. 53-54

„… wurden vergleichbare Regelungen in der Mehrzahl der Bundesstaaten eingeführt.139Federal Election Campaign …” „… Comm. L. & Pol'y 311, 317 (2010).142 Federal Election Campaign Act Amendments of 1974, Pub. L. 93-443 …” „… Gesellschafter widersprechen.134Die Bestimmungen des Tillman Act wurden 1925 mit dem Federal Corrupt Practices …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 231-238

„… Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act: Silencing nonprofit groups and stealth PACs in federal elections, 2006 U. Ill …” „… v. Federal Election Commission, 15 Comm. L. & Pol'y 311 (2010)Ders.: Subordinating the economic to …” „… [Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 130 S.Ct. 876 (2010)], 50 Washburn L.J. 235 (2010)Nowak …”

Abkürzungsverzeichnis S. 15-18

„… Columbiaders. Derselbedies. Dieselbeebd. ebendaf. folgendeFEC Federal Election CommissionFECA Federal Election …” „… . Circuit CourtC.F.R. Code of Federal RegulationsCir. [Ct.] Circuit [Court of Appeals]C.J. Chief JusticeCo …” „… Campaign Actff. fortfolgendeFn. FußnoteFS FestschriftF. Supp. Federal Supplementgem. gemäßGG GrundgesetzGeo …”

Zwischenergebnis S. 51-52

„… akzeptieren (sogenannte Clean Elections-Gesetze).127 Indes ist der Trend auch infolge der aktuellen …” „… Rechtsprechung desSupreme Courts rückläufig. Das Gericht hat in den letzten Jahren einigeClean Elections-Gesetze …” „… Vermonts Clean Elections-Gesetzgebung aufgehoben hat.129 Frasco, 92 Cornell L. Rev. 733, 786.B. Überblick …”

Problemaufriss S. 19-22

„… einebahnbrechende Entscheidung: Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission3 erklärte gesetzliche Beschränkungen …” „… 2010.2 Im Folgenden: „Supreme Court“.3 Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (im Folgenden: FEC …” „… – 1974 to present“ der amerikanischen Wahlaufsichtsbehörde Federal Election Commission, abrufbar unter …”

Kandidatenbezogene Wahlkämpfe S. 27-29

„… Jahre 2012 laut Berechnungen der amerikanischen Wahlaufsichtsbehörde, der Federal Election Commission …” „… Federal Election Commission vom 19. April 2013 „FECSummarizes Campaign Activity of the 2011-2012 Election …” „… US-amerikanischen Botschaft unter: http://usa.usembassy.de/elections04/cantor_d.htm.30 Vgl. die Pressenotiz der …”

Finanzierung von Wahlkampfspenden und Wahlwerbung aus Mitteln eines Political Action Committees S. 177-179

„… vergangenenPräsidentschaftswahlkampf 2011/2012 enormen Einfluss ausübten. Sieunterliegen nicht den Höchstgrenzen, die der Federal …” „… Election CampaignAct für die Spendenvergabe seitens PACs statuiert.640 Ferner ist es Unternehmen gestattet …” „… bestimmtenMindestbetrag übersteigen – es könnte hier an eine Größenordnung vonII.641 Vgl. die Pressenotiz der Federal …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-14

„… verfassungsrechtlicheDiskussion rund um das im selben Jahr ergangene Supreme Court-UrteilCitizens United v. Federal Election …” „… . Kapitel:53Gesetzliche RegelungenA. 53Tillman Act und Taft-Hartley ActI. 53Federal Election Campaign ActII …”

Generelle Anwendbarkeit von Grundrechten auf Unternehmen S. 96-99

„… on Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, Redevom 6. Mai 2010 an der University of Rochester …” „… the corporation the person? Reflections on Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, Rede vom 6 …”

Gefahr von Korruption S. 169-174

„… /obama-rewards-big-bundlers-jobs-commissions-stimulus-money-government-contracts-and.626 Der Spiegel, 25/2011, S. 83, „Erkaufte Posten“.627 Vgl. die Pressenotiz der Federal Election …” „… Federal Campaign Committee, 533 U.S. 431, 441 (2001).621 Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 78dd …” „… Commission vom 19. April 2013 „FECSummarizes Campaign Activity of the 2011-2012 Election Cycle …”

Verbesserung der gesellschaftsrechtlichen Publizitätspflichten S. 179-182

„… bestimmtenMindestbetrag übersteigen – es könnte hier an eine Größenordnung vonII.641 Vgl. die Pressenotiz der Federal …” „… Election Commission vom 19. April 2013 „FECSummarizes Campaign Activity of the 2011-2012 Election Cycle …” „… überWahlkampfausgaben zu erweitern.651 Vor diesem Hintergrund bleibt zu648 Vgl. den Political Parties, Elections and …”

Verzerrung des Prozesses der freien politischen Willensbildung durch Ausnutzung einer wirtschaftlichen Machtstellung S. 159-164

„… : http://www.businessinsider.com/infographic-obama-romney-final-ad-spend-2012-11.592 Vgl. die Pressenotiz der Federal Election Commission vom 19. April 2013 „FECSummarizes …” „… Campaign Activity of the 2011-2012 Election Cycle“, abrufbar unter: http://www.fec.gov/press/press …”

Einführung in die verfassungsrechtliche Problematik S. 22-24

„… – 1974 to present“ der amerikanischen Wahlaufsichtsbehörde Federal Election Commission, abrufbar unter …”

First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti S. 63-65

„… , Smith für den Kongress, stimmt gegen, besiegt, lehnt ab.” (424 U.S. 1, 44 Fn. 52 (1976)).182 Federal …” „… Election Campaign Act Amendments of 1974, Pub. L. 93-443, 88 Stat.1263 (codified as amended at 2 U.S.C …”

Die finanzielle Unterstützung von Wahlkämpfen als „Meinungsäußerung” im Sinne des First AmendmentDie finanzielle Unterstützung von Wahlkämpfen als "Meinungsäußerung" S. 94-96

„… on Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, Redevom 6. Mai 2010 an der University of Rochester …”

Bedeutung und Regelung der Wahlkampffinanzierung durch Unternehmen S. 195-202

„… Pressenotiz der Federal Election Commission vom 19. April 2013 „FECSummarizes Campaign Activity of the …” „… 2011-2012 Election Cycle“, abrufbar unter: http://www.fec.gov/press/press2013/20130419_2012-24 …”

Buckley v. Valeo S. 59-63

„… , Smith für den Kongress, stimmt gegen, besiegt, lehnt ab.” (424 U.S. 1, 44 Fn. 52 (1976)).182 Federal …” „… Election Campaign Act Amendments of 1974, Pub. L. 93-443, 88 Stat.1263 (codified as amended at 2 U.S.C …”

Perspektive des Individuums S. 116-152

„… , dass Wahlkampfausgabengegenüber der Federal Election Commission (im Folgenden: FEC) anzuzeigen sind …” „… Pressenotiz der Federal Election Commission vom 19. April 2013 „FECSummarizes Campaign Activity of the …” „… 2011-2012 Election Cycle“, abrufbarunter: http://www.fec.gov/press/press2013/20130419_2012-24m-Summary.shtml …”

Citizens United v. FEC S. 70-81

„… einstweiligenVerfügung gegenüber der Federal Election Commission – derjenigen Bundesbehörde, die zuständig ist für die …” „… damit keine electioneering communications darstellten.224 Eine Feststellung der Verfassungswidrigkeitder …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845249995

Harald Schoen, Hans Rattinger, Maria Preißinger, Konstantin Gavras, Markus Steinbrecher - Election Campaigns and Voter Decision-Making in a Multi-Party System

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Harald Schoen, Hans Rattinger, Maria Preißinger, Konstantin Gavras, Markus Steinbrecher

Election Campaigns and Voter Decision-Making in a Multi-Party System

Series: Studien zur Wahl- und Einstellungsforschung

Volume 33 2016

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Appendix A: Question wording and construction of variables S. 235-244

„… . Questions: Waves one to six: “You have two votes in the federal election. The first vote is for a candidate …” „… the ballot.” Wave seven: “You had two votes in the federal election. The first vote was for a …” „… ). Questions: “Now let’s turn to the next federal election. In elections many people cast their votes. Others …”

1. Introduction S. 15-41

„… Bundestag – as did the liberal FDP, for the very first time in a federal election. Due to the logic of the …” „… literature the 2009 and 2013 German federal elections provide some kind of paradox. Despite favorable …” „… federal elections were cases in which a potentially volatile electorate turned out to be quite stable …”

7. Conclusion S. 208-220

„… in any German federal election after unification. This observation squares well with the dealignment …” „… political predilections. We thus suggested that the 2009 and 2013 German federal election campaigns could …” „… surveys conducted in the run-up to the 2009 and 2013 German federal elections. In these surveys …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-14

„… Decision-Making in a Multi-Party System The 2009 and 2013 German Federal Elections Schoen | Rattinger …” „… .indd 2 23.01.17 13:07 2.Auflage The 2009 and 2013 German Federal Elections Election Campaigns and …” „… Decision-Making in a Multi-Party System The 2009 and 2013 German Federal Elections Harald Schoen / Hans Rattinger …”

References S. 221-234

„… Federal Election. In: German Politics, 20: 260-272. Campbell, Angus/Gurin, Gerald/Miller, Warren E. 1954 …” „… : Evidence from German Federal Election Campaigns, 1980-2002. In: Electoral Studies, 26: 324-337. Schoen …” „… Third Term for a Popular Chancellor: An Analysis of Voting Behaviour in the 2013 German Federal Election …”

2. How voters perceived the campaigns S. 42-84

„… held one week before the 2013 federal election the FDP failed to enter parliament. This result led to …” „… debates about the FDP’s viability in the upcoming federal election. Interestingly, the CDU/CSU did not …” „… source of election-related messages because parties intend it to influence voters. Proceeding from this …”

6. Campaign effects on party choice at the individual level S. 171-207

„… to clear the five-percent hurdle in the following federal election, it follows that CDU/CSU and FDP …” „… federal election. 6. Campaign effects on party choice at the individual level 202 this controversy …” „… Bavarian state election held one week before the federal election exerted effects on vote choice in the …”

5. Campaign effects on turnout at the individual level S. 147-170

„… examine the factors driving individual turnout changes during the 2009 and 2013 federal election campaigns …” „… clarifies that exposure to campaign-specific channels of communication with election-specific messages …” „… this hypothesis: In a post-election survey people had to recall their turnout in the recent election …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845273228

Jakub Urbanik, Adam Bodnar - Περιμένοντας τους Bαρβάρους. Law in a Time of Constitutional Crisis.

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Jakub Urbanik (ed.), Adam Bodnar (ed.)

Περιμένοντας τους Bαρβάρους. Law in a Time of Constitutional Crisis.

2021

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Regina Kiener, Ivan Gunjic The Election of Federal Judges in Switzerland and the Rule of Law S. 289-300

„… 289 Regina Kiener / Ivan Gunjic THE ELECTION OF FEDERAL JUDGES IN SWITZERLAND AND THE RULE OF LAW …” „… , we first give a brief overview of the Swiss federal court structure (sec. 2.) and the election …” „… Election of Federal Judges in Switzerland and the Rule of Law 291 over the federal courts of first …”

Dieter Grimm Judicial Behaviour under Political Pressure S. 219-226

„… is truly in danger. Poland in the years after the PiS party’s victory in the election of 2015 gives …” „… . Miller (ed.), The Constitutional Jurisprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany, Durham–London 2012 (3 …” „… party that is currently in the opposition will win the next election. The second situation does not …”

Frank Clarke, Rachael O’Byrne The Influence of the Common Law Tradition on the Development of Written Constitutions: An Irish Perspective S. 129-140

„… against violation by state and local governments. While the federal courts system established under the …” „… federal government, but amending power still rested with Westminster in respect to some constitutional …” „… organs of the state and divides jurisdiction between the federal and provincial orders of government …”

Jiří Zemánek Facing Decline of Democracy: The View of the Czech Constitutional Court S. 797-802

„… Elections; European Courts of Human Rights I met Mirosław for the first time in summer 1991 at the Swiss …” „… and called forth the premature election, even when two ordinary constitutional ways, how to raise new …” „… election, existed. The group of MPs, who lost the voting in the Chamber of Deputies on the legislative …”

Zdeněk Kühn The Rise and Fall of Central Eastern European Constitutional Courts S. 373-386

„… , constitutional courts existed even before the fall of communism. The Federal Constitutional Court, together with …” „… . The Federal Constitutional Court of Yugoslavia disappeared with the disintegration of Yugoslavia and …” „… democracy), blocking the will of the people as expressed in the most recent elections. The emphasis on …”

Allan F. Tatham ‘Choose Your Judges Wisely’: Use of Third Parties in Selecting Members of International Courts S. 693-704

„… :] idem & RUSSELL, Appointing Judges (cit. n. 2), pp. 3–10, at 6. 5 M. L. Volcansek, ‘Judicial elections …” „… Federal Supreme Court of the shortlived West Indies Federation (1958–1962) as well as for the still extant …” „… Candidates for Election as Judge to the European Court of Human Rights (the ‘Advisory Panel’), prior to …”

Odile Ammann Sollten die höchsten Richterinnen und Richter im Losverfahren bestimmt werden? Überlegungen zur richterlichen Unabhängigkeit unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der schweizerischen „Justiz-Initiative“ S. 7-22

„… elections to the federal supreme court“, VerfBlog 3. September 2020; N. Raselli, „Justiz-Initiative“, ZSR …” „… . Bunting, „Election-by-lot as a judicial selection mechanism“, NYU Journal of Law & Liberty 2 (2006), S …” „… (16.–21. Jahrhundert), Bern 2017, S. 257–282; Bunting, „Election-by-Lot“ (o. Anm. 36), S. 169. 62 Zu den …”

Matthias Mahlmann Lies, Contempt, and Democracy. The Politics of Falsehood and the Destruction of Democracy’s Life-World S. 441-454

„… the political statement of scientists and journals about the US election3 or the reference of the …” „… 1976, pp. 270–271. 12 Cf. Art. 72 III of Federal Constitution of Switzerland (SR 101, admin.ch), as …” „… election. Democracy needs systems of judicial review to assure that the actors of the political process …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… ? .................................................................... 275 Regina Kiener / Ivan Gunjic The Election of Federal Judges in Switzerland and the Rule of Law …” „… Officer’s Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany. In 2020, he was distinguished with …”

Angelika Nußberger Die Auswahl der Richter – Stellschraube im Rechtsstaat. Zu den Schwierigkeiten einer unpolitischen Entscheidung über die Frage „quis iudicabit“ S. 529-538

„… Switzerland? On recent attempts to further politicise elections to the Federal Supreme Court)“, VerfBlog, 3 …”

Marek Safjan Symmetry in Search of an Appropriate Response to the Crisis S. 605-622

„… the dubious premise that those in power – legitimized by the result of elections – perfectly …” „… consistent low levels of civic participation in elections over the last 30 years including in 1989!). At the …” „… , amount to a violation of the rules on free movement’. 48 This approach would contain the kind of ‘federal …”

Jakub Urbanik, Paweł Marcisz Juristocracy Rainbow-Tested: The Case of Poland S. 705-742

„… elections.’ (ibid.)10 In the European Area of Human Rights Protection (nota bene, Hirschl stresses the …” „… Hirschl’s analysis the Federal Constitutional Court gradually broadens the notions under scrutiny providing …” „… / israel-news/elections/israel-s-justice-minister-sprays-herself-with-fascism-perfume-in-provocative-ad-1.7039221>. 28 High Court of England and Wales, [2016] EWHC 2768 (Admin) – R (on the application …”

Ben Smulders Some Reflections about the Role of the Rule of Law in a Democratic System in which the European Union Operates S. 665-678

„… minority to become tomorrow’s majority following general and periodically held free elections. These are …” „… mastering the Treaties: The German Federal Constitutional Court’s PSPP judgment’, Common Market Law Review …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748931232

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Ryan J. Rebe

The Partisan Court

2021

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Chapter 8: Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) S. 49-56

Chapter 11: McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission (2014) S. 71-76

doi.org/10.5771/9781793611345

Markus Steinbrecher, Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger - Turnout in Germany

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Markus Steinbrecher, Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger

Turnout in Germany

Series: Studien zur Wahl- und Einstellungsforschung

Volume 1 2007

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Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher The Second-Order Election Model S. 52-56

„… . Furthermore, influences from the federal level on Landtag elections may result from the close connection …” „… parties being in power at the federal level were dependent on the date of the Landtag election in the …” „… Landtag election takes place immediately after a federal election because of post-election euphoria. Then …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Landtag Elections S. 50-52

„… federal elections. But losses in relevance of the Bundestag are partially compensated by gains for the …” „… elections at the federal level thus finds a good deal of its importance in the fact that the most decisive …” „… . The prominence of federal elections is also underlined by the attention that media and the public …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Bundestag Elections S. 46-50

„… German Basic Law (Grundgesetz) federal elections have to be held every four years. Due to exceptional …” „… System of Multi-Level Governance 30conclusion that it is rational to abstain in federal elections. But …” „… . The prominence of federal elections is also underlined by the attention that media and the public …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher System Orientation and Turnout S. 275-282

„… circumstances of the 1998 federal election already mentioned earlier. Table 8.39: Turnout by satisfaction with …” „… participate in the elections at the federal and European levels. Since declining satisfaction with democracy …” „… Bundestagelections in particular. For Landtag and European elections, differences in the interest in politics lead to …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Glossary S. 19-20

„… electionStaatenverbund union of states Statistische Landesämter State Statistics Offices Statistisches Bundesamt Federal …” „… Parliament election Bundesverfassungsgericht (BVerfG)Federal Constitutional Court Bundeswahlleiter Federal …” „… Parliament in Bremen and Hamburg Bund Federation, federal level Bundeskanzler (Federal) Chancellor (head of …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Development of Turnout in European Parliament Elections S. 69-75

„… elections, identifying shares that can be attributed to the federal, the Länder, and to the Kreis level …” „… European, the federal, and the Länderlevel. The regional dimension is indispensable in a traditionally …” „… federal system like Germany. Therefore, results will be displayed separately for the 16 Länder, and for …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Development of Turnout in Bundestag Elections S. 75-81

„… very little in federal elections since 1990. Turnout differences are also very low among the Länder. In …” „… were taking place the same day as federal elections, no significant 38 Exceptions can be found for the …” „… . A quick glance at the standard deviation map for federal elections shows that variation of turnout …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Electoral Cycles and Simultaneous Elections S. 121-127

„… with a large gap between the latter and the other two levels in most of the Länder. Federal elections …” „… election was held in the electoral cycle between the federal elections in 1998 (with a turnout of 81.6 …” „… date of the elections for the Länder, we concentrate on patterns at the federal level. Five elections …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… Germany – Citizen Participation in State, Federal, and European Elections since 1979” is the first volume …” „… Schmitt-Beck, Universität Duisburg-EssenBand 12.AuflageCitizen Participation in State, Federal, and European …” „… Elections since 1979Turnout in GermanyNomosMarkus Steinbrecher | Sandra Huber | Hans Rattinger1. Auflage …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Differences Between Electoral Levels S. 118-121

„… more than 30 percentage points between elections at the federal and European level. The other West …” „… in Bundestag and European elections, differences are quite low between mean turnout in federal and …” „… levels in most of the Länder. Federal elections are also clearly in the lead with regard to stability of …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Bundestag Elections S. 199-201

„… 1994 with a ?of .23. Turnout in the last federal election is clearly the dominating factor in all …” „… . Parallel elections show only negative effects on turnout in federal elections. The strongest effect has to …” „… .84, so that parallel elections to the federal parliament are really a turnout booster for Landtag …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher European Parliament Elections S. 41-46

„… Non-Germans distinguishes the European level from the two other levels. In contrast to federal elections every …” „… multi-level governance, and second to introduce the influential second-order election model. Especially the …” „… elections, Landtag elections, and elections to the European Parliament may be dependent on the institutional …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Declining Turnout in Germany: The Research Problem S. 21-30

„… the three most important levels of elections: The European, the federal (Bund), and the state (Länder …” „… casting their ballot, turnout in the European election of 2004 reached an all-time low for elections …” „… carried out in the entire Federal Republic of Germany. Comparatively low turnout rates as a consequence of …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Cross-level Effects on Turnout S. 86-90

„… turnout rates between two elections, identifying shares that can be attributed to the federal, the Länder …” „… percent, roughly 10 percentage points less than in the 1970s and 1980s. In Landtag elections, as well, a …” „… elections are the only election type the large majority of Germans are taking part in. Thirdly, turnout is …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Landtag Elections S. 108-118

„… location quotients (Table 5.18). Comparison with the federal and the European election level shows that the …” „… the South but the differences are not as distinct as for elections at the federal level. North …” „… 5. The Dynamics and Structure of Turnout 885.2.4 Landtag Elections After focusing on Bundestag and …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Individual Data S. 61-66

„… Bundeswahlgesetz (BWG, Federal Election Law), the population of a constituency should not deviate from the mean …” „… of the federal and the Länder level for almost every European, Bundestag, and Landtag election and …” „… , because the composition of the constitutencies normally changes from one election to the next. It is …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Dependence of Electoral Participation on Political Culture S. 37-40

„… governments: the Empire, the Weimar Republic, the “Third Reich”, the West German Federal Republic, the East …” „… German Democratic Republic and the reunited German Federal Republic. Almond and Verba were the first …” „… politics during the early years of the Federal Republic. Electoral participation was mainly seen as a duty …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Representative Electoral Statistics S. 66-68

„… election in Rhineland-Palatinate by fgw 198791 ZA 2317 Landtag election in Rhineland-Palatinate by fgw …” „… 197992 ZA 3381 Landtag election in Baden-Wuerttemberg by fgw 200193 ZA 2913 Landtag election in …” „… Baden-Wuerttemberg by fgw 199694 ZA 2301 Landtag election in Baden-Wuerttemberg by fgw 199295 ZA 1656 Landtag …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Bundestag Elections S. 99-108

„… for turnout change between two elections to be able to differentiate between influences of the federal …” „… 5. The Dynamics and Structure of Turnout 79Table 5.8: European elections – analysis of variance of …” „… percentage points. 5.2.3 Bundestag Elections Changing our focus to Bundestag elections, we now apply the same …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Appendix S. 337-346

„… in European, Bundestag, and Landtag elections at the federal level 1946-2004 Year EPE BTE LTE Year …” „… the mean turnout rates of all Landtag elections of one year. Appendix 318Table B1.2: Electoral rules …” „… in Germany, European Parliament elections Electoral system and calculating procedure? Personalized …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Kreise-Types of Turnout S. 130-135

„… rates as well as relatively stable turnout rates in elections at the federal and Landlevel. Another …” „… relatively low turnout and a relatively strong stability of turnout in European elections. The second cluster …” „… the third cluster have very stable turnout in Bundestag and Landtag elections and relatively stable …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Electoral Participation as a Form of Political Participation S. 35-37

„… during the election campaign, contact to party officials or members of parliament from their own …” „… good example for institutionalized participation is the direct election of the legislative, whereas …” „… elections that have been mentioned above, it is apparent that few other types of participation can provide …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher The Impact of Issue and Party Differentials on Turnout S. 282-293

„… evaluate this hypothesis for the federal elections of 1998 and 2002 with the available data (Table 8.50 …” „… .22cFederal Constitutional Court.20c .17c .12c .11a .29c .15bFederal Government .09b.21c .05 .04 .19c …” „… abstention in the Bundestag elections of 1998 and 2002. We use three issues for this purpose. The first is …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher References S. 347-362

„… Participation in the 1993 and 1997 Federal Elections. In: The Journal of Politics 64, 610-631. Faas …” „… , 246-278. Aldrich, John H./Simon, Dennis M. (1986): Turnout in American National Elections. In: Research in …” „… election. London: Gemini. Boher, Sylvia (1996): Parteienverdrossenheit. Ursachen und Lösungsstrategien …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Aggregate Data S. 57-61

„… elections, regulations are as follows: According to paragraph 3 of the Bundeswahlgesetz (BWG, Federal …” „… elections in Germany (e.g., Molt 1960; Faul 1965; Lavies 1973; Troitzsch 1976; Wernicke 1976; Marciniak 1978 …” „… actually took part in an election are counted as voters. Thus, validity of aggregate data is very high. A …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher European Parliament Elections S. 90-99

„… 5. The Dynamics and Structure of Turnout 70Bundestag elections between 1994 and 2002. The bad fit …” „… of the linear model to the situation in Saxony-Anhalt is due to the 1998 Landtag election with the …” „… declined most in European elections and least in Bundestag elections. In East Germany the linear model is …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Landtag Elections S. 201-202

„… between .41 and .84, so that parallel elections to the federal parliament are really a turnout booster for …” „… -.32. To sum up our findings, parallel elections at other electoral levels seem to have a negative …” „… effect on turnout in Bundestag elections in East Germany. Thus, simultaneous elections do not raise the …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Short Description of Germany’s Social Structure S. 155-157

„… offered by the statistics offices of the federal level and the Länder. In official statistics, the concept …” „… social structural data, mainly from 1996 and partly from 1987, as correlates for all elections. It is not …” „… possible to correlate the turnout of a particular election with the respective social structure of that …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher European Parliament Elections S. 198-199

„… . Turnout in the last federal election is clearly the dominating factor in all Bundestag elections with the …” „… 7. Turnout and its Correlates at All Levels 1787.3 The Importance of Simultaneous Elections on …” „… Other Electoral Levels Previous sections have shown that simultaneous elections at other electoral …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Correlations Between Social Structural Factors and Turnout S. 178-190

„… important for turnout in elections at the federal level than at the European level. In the East we find …” „… similarity to federal elections: Baden-Wuerttemberg shows a linear development with rising Rsquares from the …” „… the recent election(s). Good examples for this development are North Rhine-Westphalia and Hesse, where …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Factors of Turnout S. 127-130

„… relatively stable turnout rates in elections at the federal and Landlevel. Another characteristic is the high …” „… last Bundestag electionRelative turnout in percent R2 = .405.4 Factors and Types of Turnout Up to this …” „… that the position of a SOE in the electoral cycle between two Bundestag elections has an effect on …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Does the Decline Matter? S. 325-336

„… in the introduction. Aside from the normal ups and downs of turnout in Landtag elections, there has …” „… the levels exist regarding the extent of this development: While Bundestag election turnout remained …” „… some Länder even below 60 percent. Turnout in European elections was hit even more strongly by the …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher European Parliament Elections S. 202-206

„… 7. Turnout and its Correlates at All Levels 182Table 7.28: Landtag elections – regression analysis …” „… Bundestagelection - .48 - - - - -Mayoral election - -.01 - - .06 - -Last LTE .95 .58 .82 .65 .64 .62 .43R2 corr. .92 …” „… , SSF 5: Intermediate age. Table 7.29: Landtag elections – regression analysis for turnout in East …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Development of Turnout in Landtag Elections S. 81-86

„… Rhine-Westphalia (56.7 percent) and Bavaria (57.1 percent). Compared to federal elections, turnout in Landtag …” „… 5. The Dynamics and Structure of Turnout 615.1.3 Development of Turnout in Landtag Elections …” „… Finally, we will have a look at the sub-national level: Landtag elections. Compared to the two tables for …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Long-Term Predispositions S. 230-275

„… ? 231 8.2.1.3.2 Wahlnorm and Participation in Bundestag ElectionsAside from the distribution of the …” „… . The analysis will only be 8. Why Do People Abstain? 211 conducted for Bundestag elections. We resort …” „… the comparison with data from the Representative Electoral Statistics for the Bundestag elections …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Comparisons of Different Electoral Levels S. 312-324

„… are derived: frequency of voting in federal, European and local elections. In contrast to the …” „… participation in European, Bundestag, and Landtag electionsGroup of variables Bundestag elections European …” „… multivariate models for Bundestag and European elections show that the explanatory potential of the different …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher Societal Developments Affecting Turnout S. 223-230

„… for the last decades for many Western democracies (Dalton 2000). The Federal Republic of Germany was …” „… parties and their concentration on the next election are seen as triggers of disenchantment with politics …” „… of the Federal Republic of Germany as well as with its actors and the policy outcomes (Arzheimer 2002 …”

Sandra Huber, Hans Rattinger, Markus Steinbrecher The Relevance of the Relationship Between Social Structure and Turnout S. 157-159

„… Kreiselevel of the Federal Republic of Germany (see chapter 5 for turnout differences at the three levels) it …” „… relationship between social structure and turnout in elections. In addition, we expect that it is possible to …”

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