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Lowell E. Baier - The Codex of the Endangered Species Act

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Lowell E. Baier

The Codex of the Endangered Species Act

2023

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Part I. THE EVOLUTION OF THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT S. 1-290

„… Part ITHE EVOLUTION OF THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT3Fish and wildlife have played an important role …” „… also a modern phenomenon, dating back only to the Lacey Act of 1900. The 50-year-old Endangered Species …” „… health.15913. The Endangered Species Act of 1973.14. The National Forest Management Act of 1976 required …”

Part II. CONTEMPORARY ISSUES OF THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT S. 291-642

„… Part IICONTEMPORARY ISSUES OF THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT293Among the most challenging issues in …” „… implementation of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA) are the relationships between the U.S. Fish and …” „… of State-Federal Tension Under the Endangered Species Act294 Chapter 9THE EVOLUTION OF FEDERALISM …”

Appendix B. The Endangered Species Act of 1973, As Enacted S. 649-670

„… States.Determination of Endangered Species and Threatened SpeciesSec. 4. (a) General.—(1) The Secretary shall by …” „… whether each is an endangered species or a threatened species.(c) Lists.—(1) The Secretary of the Interior …” „… purpose of conserving any endangered species or threatened species.(b) management agreements.—The …”

Appendix C. The Endangered Species Act of 1973, As Amended Today S. 671-718

„… context, includes all States.Determination of Endangered Species and Threatened SpeciesSec. 4. (a …” „… preventing extinction and taking of endangered species and threatened species.(b) Basis For determinations …” „… ; or(iii) be changed in status from a threatened species to an endangered species.Each determination under …”

Preface

„… species.After the last significant amendment to the Endangered Species Act in 1988, further improvements by …” „… absolute top-down directive and mandate by Congress to protect and preserve endangered species.Dr. Talbot …” „… PRAISE FOR THE CODEX OF THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT“Lowell E. Baier’s account of the Endangered …”

Bibliography S. 719-798

„… 719BibliographyBOOKSAhner, Mark D. Can the United States Army Adjust to the Endangered Species Act …” „… Litigation and the Crippling Battle over America’s Lands, Endangered Species, and Critical Habitats. Foreword …” „… : The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd., 2011.Beatley, Timothy “Cities and Biodiversity,” in The Endangered Species …”

Index S. 799-816

„… , 128, 222, 254, 269n132, 316–17, 341, 429; California Endangered Species Act, 199n35; California …” „… Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 33, 48, 53, 56–57, 60, 67, 70, 74–75, 79 …” „… Waldo, 7–8Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, 323Endangered Species Act of 1973: 5–year …”

Acknowledgments S. 643-646

„… comprehensive history of the Endangered Species Act in anticipation of its 50th anniversary in 2023. Lee …” „… on his work with endangered species having done his PhD dissertation on that subject at the …” „… University of California-Berkeley. He then explained how the 1973 Endangered Species Act came into being in …”

Appendix A. Federal Environmental and Consumer Protection Statutes and Agencies Established during the 1960s and 1970s Green Revolution S. 647-648

„… • Fur Seal Act• Clean Water Restoration Act• Endangered Species Act (amended 1969, 1973)• Motor Vehicle …” „… 1973 • Endangered Species Act (amended 1978, 1982, 1988)1974 • National Reserves Management Act• The …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538112083

Lowell E. Baier, Lowell Baier - Federalism, Preemption, and the Nationalization of American Wildlife Management

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Lowell E. Baier, Lowell Baier

Federalism, Preemption, and the Nationalization of American Wildlife Management

2022

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18 Funding Endangered Species Conservation: The Achilles Heel S. 232-240

„… 23218Funding Endangered Species Conservation: The Achilles HeelChapter 18Funding Endangered-Species …” „… is the most significant impediment to realizing the full potential of the Endangered Species Act …” „… administrators for improving both federalism and perfor-mance under the Endangered Species Act.1 Congress …”

16 State and Federal Cooperation and Coordination under the Endangered Species Act: Past and Present S. 212-220

„… 21216State and Federal Cooperation and Coordination under the Endangered Species Act: Past and …” „… regulation between state and federal authorities. Section 6 of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 and its …” „… Endangered Species Act is the congres-sional mandate that the federal government coordinate and cooperate …”

12 The Burger Court: State Ownership of Wildlife Declared a Legal Fiction and Anachronism, 1969–1986 S. 133-161

„… fully fund the costs of its absolute mandate to protect and conserve all endangered species.The obvious …” „… the preservation of endangered spe-cies enacted by any nation.”1 The Endangered Species Act’s core …” „… protected interest is at stake in fact-finding.22THE BURGER COURT AND THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACTOn December …”

15 The Future of Federal Preemption of State Authority over Wildlife and the Presumption Against Preemption Doctrine in Wildlife Cases S. 199-211

„… likely continue to predominantly regulate the domain over endangered species—as it has been authorized to …” „… . . . . Moreover, ESA is “truly national” in scope. . . . ESA’s protection of endangered species is economic in …” „… [endangered species] and wildlife generally, Congress could find that conservation of endan-gered species and …”

Preface

„… , especially the Endangered Species Act. Although the ESA contemplates a federal partnership with the states …” „… to manage endangered species and their habi-tat. Baier correctly prescribes a return to shared …” „… Crippling Battle over America’s Lands, Endangered Species, and Critical Habitats (2016)Saving Species on …”

13 The Rehnquist Court: A Continued Swing toward Conservative Federalism and Preemption, 1986–2005 S. 162-187

„… intersection. The Court determined that the “take” of a single endangered species—the Delhi Sands flower-loving …” „… AND THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACTProtection of endangered species was at issue in three real …” „… take provision in Section 9 of the Endangered Species Act is “economic in nature . . . the …”

17 The Three Biggest Threats Undermining Federalism and State Wildlife-Management Authority S. 221-231

„… third threat, lack of funding—the major challenge underlying the future of endangered species—will be …” „… enforce-ment of the Endangered Species Act and its operative provisions—the most concerning of the three …” „… Congress considered and enacted the Endangered Species Act in 1972 and 1973, their intent was that Section …”

Bibliography S. 257-282

„… Crippling Battle over America’s Lands, Endangered Species, and Critical Habitats. Lanham, MD: Rowman …” „… Reuters, 2019.Goble, Dale D., J. Michael Scott, and Frank W. Davis, eds. The Endangered Species Act at …” „… Oklahoma Press, 1964.Petersen, Shannon. Acting for Endangered Species. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press …”

Conclusion S. 241-244

„… together, bound by our commonalities.Three prominent threats continue to undermine the Endangered Species …” „… attached, and (3) a lack of federal funding to support administration of the Endangered Species Act—the …” „… our endangered species and their habitats, regardless of cost!The conflicts are controllable if we …”

Index S. 283-300

„… Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) (1973)cities. See urbanization citizen lawsuits, 142, 224 …” „… , 190, 192, 201, 209, 217. See also Endangered Species Act of 1973, congressional intentconservation …” „… Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) (1973), 103, 138, 206Cooperative Wildlife Research Units …”

9 The Competing Ideologies that Characterized the Progressive Movement and Beyond, 1890–1940 S. 96-114

„… 1973 wildlife policy was reflected later that same year when the En-dangered Species Act was enacted by …” „… International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), adopted by a world wildlife …” „… money, thus creating pressures that undermine enforcement of the P-R Act and the Endangered Species Act …”

11 The End of the State Wildlife Ownership Doctrine following World War II, 1946–1969 S. 120-132

„… Act, and the Endangered Species Act, this latter the first legislation exclusively designed to protect …” „… endangered species.26The broad rubric of ecology27 popularized in the wildlife sciences in the 1930s by Aldo …” „… as explained herein. See Petersen, Acting for Endan-gered Species, 21. Moreover, for the underlying …”

14 The Roberts Court and the Development of Area-Specific Jurisprudence, 2005–2022 S. 188-198

„… FWS after the FWS had designated the Canada lynx as an endangered species. The Ninth Circuit ordered …” „… , making it abundantly clear that the balance has been struck in favor of affording endangered species the …” „… endangered spe-cies threatened incalculable harm: accordingly, it decided that the balance of hardships and …”

About the Author S. 301-304

„… the Endangered Species Act, Volume I: The First 50 Years, memorializing the detailed history of the …” „… Endangered Species Act to celebrate its fiftieth anniversary in 2023. The sequel, The Codex of the Endangered …” „… Species Act, Volume II: The Next 50 Years, will be released in 2023, which will be coed-ited with Dr. John …”

Acknowledgments S. 245-248

„… anniversary of the Endangered Species Act—The Codex of the Endangered Species Act, Volume I: The Last 50 Years …” „… appropriately as the Endangered Species Act was implemented. Dr. Organ knows as much about the legal history of …”

Appendix 1 S. 249-252

„… and Advertising ActEndangered Species Act (amended 1969, 1973)Child Protection Act of 1966Fair …” „… Sanctuaries Act of 1972 (Ocean Dumping Act)1973 Endangered Species Act (amended 1978, 1982, 1988)1974 National …”

4 The Civil War, Reconstruction, the Advent of the Second Industrial Revolution, the Enduring Public Trust Doctrine, and State Ownership of Wildlife, 1861–1896 S. 33-43

„… Charismatic Megafauna: A Legislative History of the Endan-gered Species Act,” Environmental Law 29, no. 2 …” „… (1999): 467–69; Shannon Petersen, “The Modern Ark: A History of the Endangered Species Act,” PhD diss …” „… ., University of Wisconsin–Madison, 2000, pp. 13–24; and Shannon Petersen, Acting for Endan-gered Species …”

6 The Ethos of the Industrial Revolution Drives the Progressive Movement into America’s Social Fabric and Laws, 1910–1919 S. 57-74

„… were seen seventy-five years later in endangered spe-cies cases. Both debates—antitrust then and …” „… endangered species later—were over constitutional authority under the Interstate Commerce Clause and state …” „… foreshadow the debate to come over endangered species later in the century.53 These included debates over the …”

5 America’s Changing Culture: Market Hunting, the Lacey Act, the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, and the Beginning of the Progressive Era, 1896–1910 S. 44-56

„… Federal Endan-gered Species Act (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1982), 37–38.20. According to George Cameron …” „… species, with American egret plumes (called aigrettes) and roseate spoonbill skins most favored.There are …” „… and Preservation (New York: New York Zoological Society, 1913).species and began raising public …”

1 From the Mayflower Compact to the US Constitution, 1620–1789 S. 1-13

„… endangered species, two-thirds of which occur on private lands, as do hundreds more at risk of being listed …” „… fauna to total federal control of endangered species on private lands, within the context of the …”

2 Defining the New Government and the Separation of Powers, 1789–1835 S. 14-20

„… Migratory Bird Treaty Act and the 1973 Endangered Species Act. The legitimacy of both acts was initially …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538164914

Lowell E. Baier - Saving Species on Private Lands

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Lowell E. Baier

Saving Species on Private Lands

2020

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V. ACHIEVING REGULATORY CERTAINTY UNDER THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT FOR MANAGEMENT OF SPECIES THAT ARE LISTED OR MAY BECOME LISTED S. 209-248

„… Endangered SpeciesThe majority of this book has focused on “at-risk” species, meaning species listed under …” „… 209ACHIEVING REGULATORY CERTAINTY UNDER THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT FOR MANAGEMENT OF SPECIES THAT …” „… Liability Under the Endangered Species Act12This chapter explains the relationship of the Endangered Species …”

Preface

„… endangered species.Thomas PricePresident, Price Cattle CompanyChairman, InterWest Ranch and Farm Management …” „… on at-risk, threatened, or endangered species.This book documents these emerging new programs, their …” „… the Endangered Species Act. This practical, well organized book is a valuable resource for landowners …”

I. INTRODUCTION TO PROACTIVE WILDLIFE CONSERVATION ON PRIVATE LAND S. 1-38

„… SpeciesUnder the ESA, species are listed as either “endangered,” meaning “in danger of extinction throughout …” „… community as such.”–ALDO LEOPOLD, A SAND COUNTY ALMANAC3Private Land and the Endangered Species …” „… influence on conservation.Courtesy of Aldo Leopold Foundation.PRIVATE LAND AND THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT …”

Index S. 325-340

„… Endangered Species Act of 1973, candidate speciescaptive breeding, 4, 9, 152–53, 227, 238carbon sequestration …” „… speciesEndangered Species Act of 1973, 5, 7, 9, 15–16, 31, 45, 52, 57–58, 65, 198n1, 211–19, 221–42; action agency …” „… and Endangered Species program, 147–48Bureau of Reclamation, 13n7businesses, 20, 36, 52, 90, 116, 118 …”

IV. NON–FARM BILL INCENTIVES FOR PRIVATE LAND CONSERVATION S. 127-208

„… , including threatened and endangered species.”20 Grants are made to state agencies and other organi-zations …” „… under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA), and more than two hundred of these installations host …” „… federal-owned property. Federal trust species are “migratory birds, threatened species, endangered species …”

III. INCENTIVES FOR PRIVATE LAND CONSERVATION: THE FARM BILL S. 73-126

„… upland wildlife, wetland wildlife, threatened and endangered species, fish, and other types of wildlife …” „… threat-ened and endangered species.8 The 2014 Farm Bill consolidated WHIP into EQIP,9 and the 2018 Farm Bill …” „… ” of spe-cies listed under the Endangered Species Act, and to increase the well-being of candidate …”

Bibliography S. 293-324

„… Endangered Species Act, edited by C. Josh Donlan. Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 2015.Gustanski …” „… Endangered Species. Center for Growth and Opportunity, Utah State University, November 2018.Hornaday, William …” „… Endangered Species.” In Proactive Strategies for Protecting Species: Pre-Listing Conservation and the …”

II. CONSERVATION TOOLS AND YOUR BUSINESS S. 39-72

„… , or in exchange for high-priority conservation work, such as actions to conserve Endangered Species …” „… Act–listed threatened or endangered species. Although cost-shares are helpful to landowners, cost-shares …” „… Endangered Species Act. The first conservation easements were created over a century ago, in the 1880s to …”

Acknowledgments S. 287-292

„… Nature: The Codex of the Endangered Species Act. This book will be an omnibus treatment of the history …” „… , application, and challenges of the 1973 Endangered Species Act (ESA) reflecting its fifty-year history come …” „… importance to private landowners who shared with us their frustration when encountering endangered species …”

Appendix A. Contacts for Landowners S. 251-276

„… the national Threatened and Endangered Spe-cies program office helpful …” „… Programshttps://www.fws.gov/endangered/landowners/index.htmlU.S. Forest ServiceMost U.S. Forest Service services for private landowners are delivered through …” „… : https://www.blm.gov/programs/fish-and-wild life/threatened-and-endangeredConservation DistrictsThe National Association of Conservation …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538139394

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NK Neue Kriminalpolitik

Browse Volumes: NK Neue Kriminalpolitik

NK Volume 36 (2024) Issue 1 ISSN Online: 2942-1624

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Rob White Ecocentrism, Harm and Morality in Environmental Crime Proceedings S. 4-21

„… environmental laws – such as laws oriented to protection of endangered species. Dealing with non-human …” „… . This is reflected in legislation pertaining to endangered species (e.g., animals such as tigers) and to …” „… Number and type of environments and species that are damaged, destroyed, and degraded endangered species …”

doi.org/10.5771/0934-9200-2024-1

Detlef Czybulka - Marine Nature Conservation and Management at the borders of the European Union

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Detlef Czybulka (ed.)

Marine Nature Conservation and Management at the borders of the European Union

Series: Beiträge zum Landwirtschaftsrecht und zur Biodiversität

Volume 7 2012

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LARS KRAMM Introduction to the Black Sea region S. 71-76

„… and resting places for many rare and endangered European bird species. There are four species of …” „… upper layer has formed a relatively species-rich and unique ecosystem. Decaying organic material and …” „… are spawning grounds for various fish species and, together with the coastal wetlands, are breeding …”

CLAUDIA WEICHEL-PASTEWSKI Specifics of existing approaches to marine resource management in Indonesia and the link to regional sustainable development S. 159-168

„… , including hundreds of species of bird, the endangered dugong and the Indo-Pacific crocodile.18 Depending …” „… Diversity can be mentioned as well as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild …” „… marine biodiversity centres worldwide. Notably, economically important species like tuna have led to an …”

BORYS ALEKSANDROV Black Sea marine protected areas and an approach to the creation of ecocorridors S. 121-136

„… attempt to save endangered plant and animal species. Today, with increasing anthropogenic pressure upon …” „… endangered species and the Black Sea MPAs and an approach to the creation of ecocorridors 123 sustainable …” „… to protect species and habitats. The provisions of the EU Birds and Habitats Directives call for the …”

JUDITH FOEST The Cartagena Convention: The legal framework for environmental protection in the Caribbean Sea with regard to an ecosystem approach to fisheries S. 137-150

„… only regional initiative to list endangered species. It has prompted some progress and served to …” „… (Article 10) for the protection of ecosystems and species. Above all, the convention anticipates further …” „… already protect (Article 4 and Article 8), and to protecting key species (Articles 10 and 11). A …”

DETLEF CZYBULKA Legal reflections on pressing marine nature conservation issues and sustainable management at the borders of the European Union S. 13-22

„… fragile ecosystems as well as the habitat of depleted, threatened or endangered species and other forms …” „… biodiversity loss because this conservation attitude is merely half way between a ‘single species approach …” „… ’ and an ecosystem approach. Unspectacular species, microbes and a multitude of ecosystem components …”

LAURA ALEXANDROV, SIMION NICOLAEV, RAZVAN MATEESCU, ALEXANDRU BOLOGA, MIRCEA STARAS, ALINA SPANU, VALERIA ABAZA, TANIA ZAHARIA, MARIANA GOLUMBEANU Integrated approaches to risk mitigation targeting conservation and sustainable development along the Romanian Black Sea coast S. 103-120

„… commercial value and some endangered and rare species; promoted species mobility; facilitated the spread of …” „… activities on the Romanian coast. These factors have affected biodiversity, including species of high …” „… alien species and increased pressure on resources. The progressive degradation of the ecosystem has …”

CLAIRE DUPONT, LARS KRAMM The legal framework for the protection of the marine environment of the Black Sea region and its implementation S. 77-90

„… co-operation between states, monitor and control endangered and vulnerable species and assist with the …” „… Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), also known as CLAIRE DUPONT AND …” „… aegis of UNEP is to preserve terrestrial, marine and avian migratory species throughout their ranges …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845237060

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