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Gaby Umbach - Intent and Reality of the European Employment Strategy

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Gaby Umbach

Intent and Reality of the European Employment Strategy

Series: Studies on the European Union

Volume 1 2009

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Europeanisation of Employment Policies: Policy Transfer and Diffusion Leading to ?-Convergence? S. 165-168

„… Theoretico-Empirical Frame of Reference 1652.3.2 Europeanisation of Employment Policies: Policy …” „… dimension of supranational employment policy co-ordination. It focuses on the overall development of …” „… employment policies in the UK and Germany alongside the EES. It assumes that, by means of policy learning …”

Europeanisation of Domestic Employment Policy Co-ordination Structures: Adaptation and Change Leading to Institutional Isomorphism? S. 158-165

„… reform domestic employment policies, the EES is expected to have differential impact on the UK and …” „… encounter fewer problems adapting to the employment policy characteristics of the EES. In contrast to that …” „… Frame of Reference 1602.3.1 Europeanisation of Domestic Employment Policy Co-ordination Structures …”

In How Far?: European Employment Policy Co-ordination and the Constraints of Supra- and International Economic Integration S. 218-228

„… The Why, When, How, What, and In How Far of European Employment Policy Co-ordination 218the single …” „… , 2005d:3). It, moreover, established one single economic-employment co-ordination cycle, fusing the …” „… differently, attributing the EES “the leading role in the implementation of the employment objectives of the …”

Interim Assessment: The EES’s Impact on British Employment Policy Priorities – Policy Transfer and Diffusion leading to ?-Convergence? S. 348-356

„… focus of the EES and concentrated to a lesser degree on new employment policy reforms than its …” „… Plus’, as pillars of the 2003 national employment policy strategy. Rather than re-designing the …” „… British Employment Policy Priorities – Policy Transfer and Diffusion leading to ?-Convergence? British …”

What?: A New ‘Policy ID’ to Europeanise National Employment Policies – The Activation Paradigm’s Potential to Attain ?-Convergence S. 235-239

„… EES “was both a supplement and subordinated to EMU … [given that] more ambitious, employment-creating …” „… The Why, When, How, What, and In How Far of European Employment Policy Co-ordination 235political …” „… ?: A New ‘Policy ID’ to Europeanise National Employment Policies – The Activation Paradigm’s Potential …”

Interim Assessment: The EES’s Impact on German Employment Policy Priorities – Policy Transfer and Diffusion leading to ?-Convergence? S. 405-412

„… as in the case of the 2005 UK NRP. 5.2.3 Interim Assessment: The EES’s Impact on German Employment …” „… Policy Priorities – Policy Transfer and Diffusion leading to ?-Convergence? German employment policies …” „… the UK in 1997/98. In terms of ?-convergence, German employment policy reforms were, hence, placed at …”

British and German Employment Policies under the EES: Proximity and Rapprochement to its ‘Policy ID’ – Converging Trends, Remaining Differences S. 429-438

„… Final Conclusions 4296.1.2 British and German Employment Policies under the EES: Proximity and …” „… adaptation of British and German socio-economic and employment policies highlighting converging trends and …” „… employment policies in the UK and Germany. As part of supranational socio-economic governance, it primarily …”

Domestic Public Policy and Timing of the EES: British and German Welfare State and Employment Policy Traditions – Fringes of a Gamut? S. 136-158

„… policyPolicy area / instrumentMain responsible Main targetMonetarystabilityHigh level of employmentHigh level …” „… of employmentConstantgrowthSound publicfinancesStructuraladaptationInterrelations Source …” „… Domestic Public Policy and Timing of the EES: British and German Welfare State and Employment Policy …”

British Employment Policy Co-ordination: Integrated Leadership, Centralised Polity, ‘Trimmed Pluralism’, Few Veto Points, and the EES – ‘Strangers in the Night’? S. 270-286

„… British Employment Policy Co-ordination: Integrated Leadership, Centralised Polity, ‘Trimmed Pluralism …” „… responsibility for employment relations legislation; • HM Treasury, responsible for the general orientation and …” „… employment policy and the focus on equal opportunities. Structural-Procedural Aspects of the EES in …”

German Employment Policy Co-ordination: Fragmented Leadership, De-Centralised Polity, ‘Corporatist Style’ Pluralism, Several Veto Points, and the EES – ‘Brothers in Mind’? S. 286-304

„… particular area of the EES and the structural-procedural isolation from national employment policy-making …” „… and to the implementation of employment policies. 4.2.2 German Employment Policy Co-ordination …” „… not odd to suppose that EMLG employment policy co-ordination under the EES–including strong social …”

From Essen to Lisbon and beyond: Path-Dependent Formal Emancipation Arriving at the Luxembourg Process, the EES and the Lisbon Strategy S. 178-189

„… socioeconomic policy mix to achieve a high level of employment–are interrelated and, thus, perceived to be …” „… The Why, When, How, What, and In How Far of European Employment Policy Co-ordination 1783.1.2 From …” „… constitutionalisation resulted in the integration of employment policy and the Essen Strategy in a distinct Employment …”

Sources S. 449-458

„… , Brussels, December 2002. EU-2 and EU-3: European Commission, DG Employment and Social Affairs, Brussels …” „… on Employment in the European Communities, 70/532/EEC, Official Journal L 273, pp. 25-26. Council of …” „… ): Joint Employment Report 2004/2005, 7010/05, SOC 102, ECOFIN 77, Brussels. Council of the EU (2005d …”

From Rome to Essen: The Long Way from Supplementing the Single Market towards the Headstone of the Luxembourg Process S. 171-178

„… first institution in the policy field, it dealt with employment-related issues at supranational level …” „… 1975 and 1980, adopted ten directives on social policies, focusing on employment-related topics (cf …” „… 1713. The Why, When, How, What, and In How Far of European Employment Policy Co-ordination: Genesis …”

The ‘Legal Constitution’ of the Luxembourg Process: Structural-Procedural Aspects of the Written Proto-Type OMC S. 189-195

„… The Why, When, How, What, and In How Far of European Employment Policy Co-ordination 1893.2 How …” „… and What?: Structural-Procedural Aspects and Policy Paradigm of European Employment Policy …” „… 2002:38; cf. chapter 4.1.2). Within this new EES-PCN, the EU level formulates broad employment policies …”

Adaptation to the ‘Practice’: The Official Interim Assessment and the Streamlining of the EES – A Re-Interpretation of the ‘Legal Constitution’ S. 199-218

„… EmploymentImproving quality and productivity at workStrengthening social cohesion and inclusion EESEG 1 EG 2 EG 3 EG 4 …” „… .); • relevance of ‘flexicurity’ between employment-friendly work organisation and employee-friendly individual …” „… The Why, When, How, What, and In How Far of European Employment Policy Co-ordination 1993.2.3 …”

Annex S. 444-448

„… 4447. Annex Table 51: European Employment/Integrated Guidelines 1998 to 2005 Year Pillar Employment …” „… long-term unemployment’ 2 ‘A more employment-friendly approach: benefits, taxes and training systems’ 3 …” „… employment-friendly approach: benefits, taxes and training systems’ 3 ‘Development of a active ageing policy’ 4 …”

‘Speeding up the Construction Process’: Post Reform Boost Trends under the Streamlined EES (2003-2005) – Europeanisation Impact Intensified or Blurred? S. 392-405

„… reforms, the year 2002 can be regarded as the start of a real change of paradigm in German employment …” „… previous years again increased in 2002 and was rather symmetrical. This approximation of German employment …” „… e:24). The employment rate of older people was criticised to still stay even below the 1997 German …”

How?: New Ways of Europeanisation – Networking, Mutual Exchange and Learning as the Key to Domestic Change S. 230-235

„… The Why, When, How, What, and In How Far of European Employment Policy Co-ordination 230first …” „… supranational arena for this broadening of the employment policy-related epistemic community. Subsequent …” „… Lisbon Strategy–further advanced European employment and economic policy co-ordination towards a new …”

Research Focus: Key Aspects, Core Questions, and Most Distant Cases as Spine of Analysis S. 27-31

„… Employment Strategy (EES), at first sight, must have seemed slightly ‘absurd’ a policy instrument to cure the …” „… idea to better be roughly right by co-ordinating member states’ employment policies to combat …” „… ] attempts to promote reform of employment and welfare policies” (Wallace, W. 2005:502). Accompanied by this …”

List of Graphs and Tables S. 15-18

„… 51: European Employment/Integrated Guidelines 1998 to 2005 444 …” „… 106 Graph 5: System of Political Responsibilities for a High Level of Employment …” „… 156 Graph 6: The Three Pillars of European Employment Pact 185 Graph 7: The EES’s Annual …”

The ‘Stand-Alone’ EES (1997/98-2002): Autonomous Europeanisation Power and Embeddedness of its ‘Policy ID’ into German Traditions? S. 356-392

„… new jobs by means of an employment-friendly taxation policy, more competition and privatisation …” „… . Bundesregierung 1994), such as the • wide-ranging tax reform focused on employment-friendly taxation, the …” „… economic framework that allowed for economic activities to expand as “efficiently, employment-oriented, and …”

Why and When?: The Slow Path of Bottom-up Europeanisation – Economic Mal-Performance Accelerating Up-Loading Processes S. 228-230

„… The Why, When, How, What, and In How Far of European Employment Policy Co-ordination 228and …” „… employment policy surveillance increasingly became in line with each other over the years. Not only do all …” „… to labour market and employment policies they, moreover, increasingly focus on parallel …”

Literature S. 458-487

„… Programme, London. United Kingdom (2004): UK National Action Plan for Employment, London. United Kingdom …” „… (2003): Employment Action Plan, London. United Kingdom (2002a): Towards Full Employment in the European …” „… Union, July, London. United Kingdom (2002b): Employment Action Plan, London. United Kingdom (2001 …”

The ‘Stand-Alone’ EES (1997/98-2002): Autonomous Europeanisation Power and Embeddedness of the EES’s ‘Policy ID’ into British Traditions? S. 305-339

„… employment-friendly economic environment, including tax system reforms as incentives for job creation. The 1997/98 …” „… an Europeanisation impact on the domestic employment policies and instruments of the UK and Germany …” „… development of common understandings, perceptions, and ideas on employment policy-making. If the assumptions …”

Europeanisation of British and German Policy Co-ordination Structures and the Supranational EES-PCN: Interactions Becoming an Integrated Approach? S. 413-429

„… for Employment/Social AffairsEconomic and Finance MinistriesEuropeanCouncilCommitteeof the …” „… MinistriesEPCSocialPartnersSPCSocialPartnersEuropean EmploymentTaskForceEPSCOCouncilEMCO Source: Adapted version of Wessels/Linsenmann …” „… employment policy co-ordination structures in the two EU member states as well as on the interactions within …”

‘Extending the Driveway’: Expanding Existing Policy Approaches under the Streamlined EES (2003-2005) – Europeanisation Impact Intensified or Blurred? S. 339-348

„… Questionnaire’ operational since 2002 within the ‘Employment Act’, public funding of trade unions’ equal pay …” „… country’s economic stability and growth; • continuation of activities to secure a high level of employment …” „… NAP–dedicated to the broader outline of the future British employment policy strategy–presented four elements as …”

Research Design: Variables, Theses, and Methodology S. 31-35

„… states’ domestic policy co-ordination structures and employment policies. The study combines both the …” „… variable, therefore, also comprises the examination of the emergence and development of European employment …” „… and domestic employment policy traditions of the UK and Germany. Moreover, relevant elements of inter …”

The Underlying ‘Policy ID’: Spotlight at the Initial What of the EES S. 195-199

„… The Why, When, How, What, and In How Far of European Employment Policy Co-ordination 195(cf …” „… remain largely unlinked to those under the EES as “neither the Employment Title nor the provisions …” „… Why, When, How, What, and In How Far of European Employment Policy Co-ordination 196supply-side focus …”

The Social Partners: The EES-related Supranational Social Dialogue – Real Integration or Just Friendly Lip Service? S. 256-263

„… pillar. It mainly targeted at the creation of ‘employment-friendly policies’ and critically assessed the …” „… employment and labour market policies between the three parties. Since 1997/98, it also provided for the …” „… concertation committee for growth and employment which would be the forum for concertation between the social …”

The European Commission: The ‘Primary Administrator’ of the EES – Analysing, Preparing, Evaluating, Negotiating, and Drafting S. 241-250

„… ); • Standing Committee on Employment/Tripartite Social Summit (cf. graph 11); The analysis of the …” „… the first guiding thesis on the Europeanisation of employment policy co-ordination structures at …” „… employment policy co-ordination and whether or not the new EES-PCN differs from ‘traditional’ EMLG policy …”

In How Far?: A New Mode of Governance Constrained by the Supranational Macro-Economic Integration Paradigm S. 239-240

„… , employment-creating initiatives were circumscribed by the importance attached to sound money and the credibility of …” „… The Why, When, How, What, and In How Far of European Employment Policy Co-ordination 2393.4.4 In …” „… maintaining price stability. Therefore, employment policy [for a long period] was residual in character …”

The Council of the EU: Multilevel Switchboard of the New ‘Third Wayism’ Co-ordination Structure – The EES-PCN Going ‘A Little’ Public S. 250-255

„… as negotiation on employment policy co-ordination within the Luxembourg process. Since 2000, the main …” „… ‘Social Policy and Employment’ division. The division comprises seven officials. One of them plus the head …” „… ‘Social Policy and Employment’ division is also liaised to the ‘Regional Policy’ division and, therefore …”

Foreword and Acknowledgement S. 5-14

„… research project ‘Employment policies in Germany and the United Kingdom–The impact of Europeanisation’ that …” „… Domestic Public Policy and Timing of the EES: British and German Welfare State and Employment Policy …” „… Conceptual Vineyard 158 2.3.1 Europeanisation of Domestic Employment Policy …”

List of Abbreviations S. 19-26

„… , European Commission DG EMPL Directorate General Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities …” „… European Employment Strategy EES-PCN European Employment Strategy–Policy Co-ordination Network EFC …” „… Economic and Financial Committee EG Employment Guideline ELMC Employment and Labour Market Committee …”

Structure and Division: The Road Map for the Train of Thought S. 35-37

„… Co-ordination. A Way to modernize National Employment and Social Policies’ (2005-2007; University of …” „… coordination of employment policy as set out by the Treaty of Amsterdam and the Stability and Growth Pact …” „… field of employment policy, and to its impact on EU member states. NMoG approaches especially add to the …”

The EES, the OMC, and Europeanisation: Impact without Analytical Grounds or a Case of ‘Phantom’ Adaptation Pressure? S. 438-441

„… the EES seems to probably be the most realistic way to slightly converge national employment policy …” „… offers a flexible framework for employment policy coordination, which can be adapted to national …” „… deciding to co-ordinate EU member states’ employment policies in order to create common problem perceptions …”

Applicability of the Europeanisation Approach: Misfit and Adaptation Pressure – Omnipotent Concepts To Explain Change Instigated by the OMC? S. 168-170

„… analysis reveals a high degree of national employment policy stability. This stability would indicate at …” „… structures, such as national employment policy concepts, approaches and understandings. Moreover, these …” „… reality. The falsification of the second guiding thesis on the Europeanisation of domestic employment …”

Interim Assessment: The Supranational Part of the EES-PCN – A New Integrated PCN Interlinking Socio-Economic Policy Co-ordination Processes? S. 263-270

„… the EES-PCN is not laid on employment policies alone. It takes into consideration a broader range of …” „… aspects deriving from the interweavement of employment policy coordination with other supranational policy …” „… as between the two institutions. This link–at least theoretically–brings together employment policy …”

Explanative Benefits and the Need to Broaden the Analytical View in order to Explain Domestic Change and Persistence S. 441-443

„… , exchange of best practices and expert deliberation on national employment policies. It proved to have led …” „… and in Germany, both regarding employment policy co-ordination structures and employment policies as …” „… to impact of the EES. Due to changes in this particular domain, domestic structures and employment …”

Domestic and Cognitive/Normative Structures: National Institutional Capacity and Veto Points – Central Characteristics of the UK and Germany S. 111-136

„… and welfare state traditions; o National employment policy characteristics; o National cleavages and …” „… interest representation related to employment policy. • Timing of reforms: o National political and …” „… structures related to employment policy, identifying potential norm entrepreneurs in the policy field. The …”

The ‘Others’: The European Council, EP, ECOSOC, and CoR – The Eagle of Processes and the Mere ‘Also-Rans’? S. 255-256

„… earlier within the development of the supranational field of employment policy, the European Council paved …” „… views and approaches on employment policies of the two supranational institutions, the Commission was …” „… consulted each other. It held an advisory status and promoted the co-ordination of employment and labour …”

European Multilevel Governance: Rapprochement to the Systemic Background of Europeanisation S. 38-79

„… GovernancePOLITYPOLITYPOLITICSPOLITICSPOLICYPOLICYEuropeanMultilevelPolicyNetworksEuropeanisationImpact on instruments, structures, procedures and policiesOpen MethodofCo-ordinationEuropeanEmployment …” „… employment policy co-ordination through policy learning given that not only national institutional traditions …” „… with the analysis of the Europeanisation impact of the EES on domestic employment policy co-ordination …”

The Concept of Europeanisation: Why ‘Brussels’ Matters, Why ‘Back Home’ Matters and Why It Is a Matter of Perspective S. 79-111

„… impact of the EES on domestic employment policy co-ordination structures and policies in the UK and …” „… ), which also holds true for socio-economic policy-making and the specific case of employment policy …” „… employment policy co-ordination and policies in the UK and Germany focuses on the • (cultural) diffusion of …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-4

„… Political ScienceUniversity of CologneVolume 1Europeanisation of National Employment Policies and …” „… Policy-Making? Intent and Reality of the European Employment Strategy NomosGaby Umbach1. Edition 2009 …”

Interviews S. 449

„… , Brussels, December 2002. EU-2 and EU-3: European Commission, DG Employment and Social Affairs, Brussels …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845212470

Kathrin Monen - Das Verbot der Diskriminierung

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Kathrin Monen

Das Verbot der Diskriminierung

Series: Nomos Universitätsschriften - Recht

Volume 554 2008

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Employment Manuals S. 253

„… . Employment Manuals Schließlich verfügen zahlreiche Arbeitgeber über eigene detaillierte Arbeitsrichtlinien …” „… (employment manuals), die die Arbeitsverhältnisse der Beschäftigten näher bestimmen. Beinhalten solche …” „… pregnancy) und Religion (religion), während der Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 19671161 (ADEA …”

Der Employment at Will Grundsatz S. 251

„… 251 4. EEOC Der Ausdruck EEOC bezeichnet die Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, die durch …” „… Antidiskriminierungsrechts anschaulich widerzuspiegeln. I. Der Employment at Will Grundsatz Historisch betrachtet konnten …” „… bei einer Wrongful Discharge Eine Ausnahme vom employment at will Grundsatz bildet die unrechtmäßige …”

Wichtige Termini des Employment Discrimination Law S. 249-251

„… – ausschließlich auf die Vorschriften der Bundesgesetzgebung beziehen. II. Wichtige Termini des Employment …” „… Prozessrechts einen gefestigteren Rechtsschutz bieten können. 1139 Player, Federal Law of Employment …” „… Unterscheidungen, die gegen den Gleichheitssatz verstoßen.1143 Im Sinne des employment discrimination law liegt …”

Vertraglich geregelte Ausnahmen vom Employment at Will Grundsatz S. 252-253

„… employment at will Prinzip ausschließen.1151 Zudem setzt eine Klage auf wrongful discharge einen …” „… . III. Vertraglich geregelte Ausnahmen vom Employment at Will Grundsatz Konnten Arbeitnehmer zunächst …” „… die Vermutung des employment at will Grundsatzes zu widerlegen. Ein Arbeitnehmer, der aus einer …”

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 S. 253-255

„… . Employment Manuals Schließlich verfügen zahlreiche Arbeitgeber über eigene detaillierte Arbeitsrichtlinien …” „… (employment manuals), die die Arbeitsverhältnisse der Beschäftigten näher bestimmen. Beinhalten solche …” „… pregnancy) und Religion (religion), während der Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 19671161 (ADEA …”

Public Policy Ausnahme bei einer Wrongful Discharge S. 251-252

„… 251 4. EEOC Der Ausdruck EEOC bezeichnet die Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, die durch …” „… Antidiskriminierungsrechts anschaulich widerzuspiegeln. I. Der Employment at Will Grundsatz Historisch betrachtet konnten …” „… bei einer Wrongful Discharge Eine Ausnahme vom employment at will Grundsatz bildet die unrechtmäßige …”

Employer Discrimination S. 259-263

„… , conditions and privileges of employment). Darüber hinaus darf ein Arbeitgeber weder Bewerber noch …” „… Antidiskriminierungsvorschriften überprüft werden. 2. The Employment Relationship Da die arbeitsrechtlichen …” „… (employment relationship) stehen, setzen die Bestimmungen überdies voraus, dass sich das Verhalten eines …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-22

„… . Employment Discrimination Law 248 I. Federal und State Law 248 II. Wichtige Termini des Employment …” „… Common Law 251 I. Der Employment at Will Grundsatz 251 II. Public Policy Ausnahme bei einer Wrongful …” „… Discharge 251 III. Vertraglich geregelte Ausnahmen vom Employment at Will Grundsatz 252 IV …”

The Protected Classes S. 263-268

„… illegal acts). 4. Employment Agencies Arbeitsagenturen (employment agencies)1198 dürfen überdies zu …” „… of the Civil Rights Act of 18661199 untersagt. 1198 Unter einer employment agency versteht man …” „… . Pegues v. Mississippi State Employment Service, 699 F.2d 760 (5th Cir. 1983). Damit allerdings die …”

Retaliation S. 336-340

„… eine nachteilige arbeitsrechtliche Entscheidung (adverse employment action) nachweisen. Drittens muss …” „… während des Ermittlungsverfahrens gegeben sein; vgl. McDonald/Ravitch/Sumners, Employment Discrimination …” „… System Services, Inc. , 221 F.3d 1171 (11th Cir. 2000). 1538 vgl. McDonald/Ravitch/Sumners, Employment …”

Die Kommission S. 256-257

„… Sozialgesetzgebung einen Anspruch auf unbezahlten Urlaub gewährt.1175 E. Die Equal Employment Opportunity Commission …” „… Die Equal Employment Opportunity Commission – im Folgenden EEOC – hatte zunächst nach Erlass des Title …” „… Voraussetzungen geltend gemacht werden können. 1175 Player, Federal Law of Employment Discrimination, S. 22 f …”

Federal und State Law S. 248-249

„… Diskriminierungsverbote und ihre Begrifflichkeiten Gegenstand der weiteren Ausführungen der Arbeit sein. B. Employment …” „… , unvermeidbar sind, legt das Employment Discrimination Law fest, unter welchen Voraussetzungen eine …” „… – ausschließlich auf die Vorschriften der Bundesgesetzgebung beziehen. II. Wichtige Termini des Employment …”

Weitere bundesgesetzliche Antidiskriminierungsvorschriften S. 255-256

„… gewährt.1175 E. Die Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Die Equal Employment Opportunity Commission …” „… , Federal Law of Employment Discrimination, S. 22 f. 1176 Clark, Introduction to the Law of the United …” „… Jahre berufen. 1178 Player, Federal Law of Employment Discrimination, S. 25. …”

Kritische Betrachtung der Zielsetzungen der U.S.-amerikanischen Diskriminierungsverbote S. 369-372

„… nehmen, wird colorblindness als einfache Lösung für eine 1701 vgl. McDonald/Ravitch/Sumners, Employment …” „… McDonald/Ravitch/Sumners, Employment Discrimination Law, S. 9. 1706 Flagg, 91 Mich. L. Rev. 953 (1993). 371 Die Idee, dass …” „… , Employment Discrimination Law, S. 17. 372 für sie mit extremen Kosten oder Strafen verbunden ist. Damit sind …”

Abkürzungsverzeichnis S. 23-24

„… Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 BFOQ Bona Fide Occupational Qualification Cir. Circuit …” „… EEOC Equal Employment Opportunity Commission EPA Equal Pay Act of 1986 F. Federal Reporter F.Supp …”

Privatrechtlicher Diskriminierungsschutz durch Bundes- oder einzelstaatliches Recht S. 248

„… Diskriminierungsverbote und ihre Begrifflichkeiten Gegenstand der weiteren Ausführungen der Arbeit sein. B. Employment …” „… , unvermeidbar sind, legt das Employment Discrimination Law fest, unter welchen Voraussetzungen eine …”

Geschichtlicher Überblick über die Entstehung der U.S.-amerikanischen Antidiskriminierungsgesetzgebung S. 368-369

„… Arbeitgeber ausdrücklich darauf hingewiesen, insbesondere 1700 vgl. McDonald/Ravitch/Sumners, Employment …” „… . McDonald/Ravitch/Sumners, Employment Discrimination Law, S. 278, 289. 1702 Brest, 90 Harv. L. Rev. 1 (1976). …”

Advertisements and Inquiries S. 308-310

„… Anwaltskosten.1421 C. Terms and Conditions of Employment Die Bedingungen und Konditionen eines …” „… Arbeitsverhältnisses (terms and conditions of employment) werden ebenfalls durch antidiskriminierungsrechtliche …”

Facial Classifications S. 268-275

„… Diskriminierungsschutz um das Merkmal der sexuellen Ausrichtung zu erweitern; vgl. McDonald/Ravitch/Sumners, Employment …” „… notwendig ist ( it shall not be an unlawful employment practice … to hire and employ … on the basis of …” „… betroffenen Arbeitnehmer prozentual mit der für diesen Beruf 1252 McDonald/Ravitch/Sumners, Employment …”

Verfassungsrechtlicher Diskriminierungsschutz durch die Equal Protection Clause S. 245-248

„… sein. B. Employment Discrimination Law Da insbesondere im Bereich des Arbeitsrechts Entscheidungen, die …” „… eine Person diskriminieren, unvermeidbar sind, legt das Employment Discrimination Law fest, unter …”

Disparate Treatment S. 275-287

„… Bezug auf die Konditionen und Bedingungen eines Arbeitsverhältnisses (terms and conditions of employment …” „… 858 (5th Cir. 1993). 1281 McDonald/Ravitch/Sumners, Employment Discrimination Law, S. 31. 1282 …” „… ); Manning v. Chevron Chemical Co., LLC, 332 F.3d 874 (5th Cir. 2003); Hill v. Mississippi State Employment …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 383-418

„… , Employment Discrimination Law, Problems, Cases and Critical Perspectives, 1. Auflage, Upper Saddle River, NJ …” „… , 2005 (McDonald/Ravitch/Sumners, Employment Discrimination Law) Medicus, Dieter, Allgemeiner Teil des …” „… (Heft 11), S. 540 Player, Mack A., Federal Law of Employment Discrimination, St. Paul, MN, 2004 (Player …”

Compensation S. 310-320

„… , Schadensersatz und Erstattung der Anwaltskosten.1421 C. Terms and Conditions of Employment Die Bedingungen und …” „… Konditionen eines Arbeitsverhältnisses (terms and conditions of employment) werden ebenfalls durch …”

Working Environment und Harassment S. 326-336

„… . Zweitens muss er eine nachteilige arbeitsrechtliche Entscheidung (adverse employment action) nachweisen …” „… während des Ermittlungsverfahrens gegeben sein; vgl. McDonald/Ravitch/Sumners, Employment Discrimination …”

Disparate Impact – Liability in the Absence of Motive S. 291-308

„… modifizieren (it shall be an unlawful employment practice for respondent … to adjust the scores of, use …” „… different cutoff scores for, or otherwise alter the results of employment related tests, on the basis of …”

Pension, Leave, and Benefit Programs S. 320-326

„… employment related purposes, including receipt of benefits under fringe benefits programs, as other persons …”

Aktuelle Maßnahmen im Rahmen des EG-Vertrags S. 33-54

„… Employment and Social Solidarity – vor,116 dass in fünf Abschnitte unterteilt wird und die bisherigen …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845206530

Bernhard Maier, Holger Berens, Andreas Schweitzer - Pre-Employment-Screening

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Bernhard Maier, Holger Berens, Andreas Schweitzer

Pre-Employment-Screening

2017

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Literaturverzeichnis S. 95-96

„… : Behind the Screen, Security Management, April 2016Colaprete: Pre-Employment Background Investigations for …” „… , Betroffenenrechte, Rechtsschutz 2010Kania/Sansone: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen des Pre-Employment-Screenings, NZA 2012 …” „… und Compliance, München 2015 (zit. n. Verf.)Williams: Oportunity Makes a Thief – Employment Advice for …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 3-8

„… MAIER · BERENS · SCHWEITZERPre-Employment-ScreeningEin risikobasierter Praxisleitfaden zur …” „… Bewerberüberprüfung im PersonalauswahlverfahrenPre-Employment-ScreeningEin risikobasierter Praxisleitfaden zur …”

II. Das PES-Modell – Funktionsweise S. 11-52

„… US-amerikanische Behörde EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission) ist in den vergangenen Jahren mehrfach …” „… – Employment Advice for European Retailers, 2014, S. 19–21).2. Die Prozessschritte13PES2. Die …” „… veröffentlicht).PES: Abkürzung für Pre-Employment-Screening. Inhaltliche Erklärung sie-he …”

I. Einleitung S. 9-10

„… Literaturverzeichnis9I. EinleitungPre-Employment-Screening (PES), also die Sicherheitsüberprüfung …”

III. Das PES-Modell im deutschen Recht S. 53-68

„… . Kania/Sansone (Möglichkeiten und Grenzen des Pre-Employment-Screenings) NZA 2012, 360, 363.48 Vgl. Thüsing in …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783415060418

Cheryl Lawhorne-Scott, Don Philpott, Jeff Scott - Raising Children in the Military

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Cheryl Lawhorne-Scott, Don Philpott, Jeff Scott

Raising Children in the Military

2014

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13 Employment S. 143-160

„… how to getin touch with the employment-assistance office, which will have infor-mation about job …” „… both lower workforceparticipation by military wives and lower earnings for employment. Inhouseholds …” „… spouses from maintaining a career or employment on a normalprogression path regardless of relocation. The …”

Resources S. 321-328

„… Center: http://www.military.com/spouseMilitary Spouse Resource Center (assistance with employment …” „… : http://www.soldiersangels.comSwords to Plowshares (employment, training, health, and legal):http://www.swords-to-plowshares.orgTragedy …”

15 Health Care and Insurance S. 183-204

„… lending lockers• Information and referrals for special needs• Employment workshops• Volunteer coordination …” „… • Deployment connections• Employment and transitioningMilitary OneSourceMilitary OneSource …”

Index S. 329-334

„… Enrollment Eligibility Reporting 255, 281System (DEERS), 42, 183 employment, 22, 75, 81, 131, 143–144 …”

Preface

„… , Taxes, and Financial Difficulties 13113 Employment 14314 Coping with Loss and Death 16115 Health Care …”

8 Special Needs S. 77-84

„… , employment and vocational experiences, and more.Exceptional Family Member Program (EFMP) managers, medical …”

7 Education and Disruptions in Schooling S. 65-76

„… conservation, will partner with DoDto identify military youth for employment opportunities. These …”

12 Finances, Taxes, and Financial Difficulties S. 131-142

„… disruptionsin employment, PCS moves also negatively impact the earning power ofmilitary spouses. For these …”

18 Domestic Violence S. 233-244

„… employment. Battered women often lose familyand friends as a result of the battering. First, the batterer …”

17 Substance Abuse S. 213-232

„… , fi-nances, employment, spirituality, and sense of self-worth.At the same time, the vast majority of people …”

2 Housing S. 9-26

„… employment.Depending on your lender, you may be asked for other information.How Do I Know Which Type of Mortgage Is …”

19 Coping with Emergencies S. 245-320

„… conditions require that you seekprotection in your home, place of employment, or other location whereyou are …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781442227491

David Krivanek - The Weapons Provisions in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and in the German Code of Crimes Against International Law

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David Krivanek

The Weapons Provisions in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and in the German Code of Crimes Against International Law

2010

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Employment S. 39-40

„… employment.As a starting point of the elaboration on Article 8 (2) (b) (xvii) of the Rome Statute,the different …” „… gaseous.120Weapon that releases a substance as a result of its employmentA weapon is defined as any type …” „… terms of its Element of crime 1 will be analy?ed.EmploymentFirst of all, the perpetrator must have …”

Employment S. 89

„… of crime 1: The perpetrator employed a gas or other analogoussubstance or device.EmploymentAs in the …”

Weapon that releases a substance as a result of its employment S. 40

„… can be solid, liquid or gaseous.120Weapon that releases a substance as a result of its employmentA …”

Mental Element: The perpetrator was aware that the nature of the bullets was such that their employment would uselessly aggravate suffering or the wounding effect. S. 138-140

„… bullets.Mental Element: The perpetrator was aware that the nature of the bullets wassuch that their employment …” „… refers to the St. Petersburg Declaration of 1868.This Declaration speaks of 'the employment of arms which …” „… that the nature of the bullets was such that their employment woulduselessly aggravate suffering or the …”

Weapons encompassed by Article 8 (2) (b) (xvii) of the Rome Statute S. 46-67

„… whether their employment has an effect as requiredby Element of crime 2, rendering their use criminal …” „… the ordinary course of events.Mode of employment of riot control agentsThe inclusion of riot control …” „… Article 8 (2) (b) (xvii) ofthe Rome Statute a perpetrator incurs criminal liability for the employment of …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-18

„… as a result of its employment.B.39EmploymentI. 39SubstanceII. 40Weapon that releases a substance as a …” „… result of its employmentIII. 40Element of crime 2: The substance was such that it causes death orserious …” „… crime 1: The perpetrator employed a gas or other analogoussubstance or device.B.89EmploymentI. 89Gas or …”

Scope of application S. 118-123

„… code meant when they penali?ed the 'employment of biological and chemical weapons'. The question to be …” „… bypenali?ing the employment of biological weapons as a war crime.Whether the drafters meant to extend the …” „… Whereas the employment of biological weapons is neither prohibited norcriminali?ed in the BWC, the …”

General Comment S. 38-39

„… employment.As a starting point of the elaboration on Article 8 (2) (b) (xvii) of the Rome Statute,the different …” „… of the LieberCode.108Nowadays, more general prohibitions of the employment of poison, extendingthe …” „… terms of its Element of crime 1 will be analy?ed.EmploymentFirst of all, the perpetrator must have …”

Elements of Crimes of the new provisions S. 196-198

„… ) (xv) of theStatute, the provision criminali?ing the employment of bullets which expand orflatten …” „… or the wounding effect upon the target of suchbullets".1028 The mental element for the employment of …” „… bullets wassuch that their employment would uselessly aggravate suffering or the woundingeffect."1029 …”

Aggravating circumstances S. 145-146

„… employment of bullets, this seemsto be in order.The question is whether this standard is sufficient with …” „… nature of the bullets was such that their employment would uselesslyaggravate suffering or the wounding …” „… , there does not yet appear to exist arule of customary international law prohibiting the employment of …”

Overview of new provisions in the Rome Statute S. 25-27

„… arms-limitation treaties, armed conflicts still witnessthe employment of means of warfare the legality of which is …” „… disputed.19As this examination deals with the employment of means of warfare, i.e., asubject traditionally …” „… concerning the criminality of the employment of certain meansof warfare were largely unknown to the …”

Mental element S. 125-126

„… distinctly from the use of other materials.581For these reasons, the employment of nuclear weapons is not …” „… application of Sec. 12 (1) No. 2 of the CCAILSec. 12 (1) No. 2 of the CCAIL criminali?es the employment of …” „… provision. Although neither of them criminali?esthe employment of nuclear weapons or riot control agents …”

Bullets that expand or flatten easily in the human body S. 128-135

„… critici?es the incorrect wording in the French version.593 For a definition of the term 'employment' see …” „… criminali?ation of the employment of further bullets as long as their effects are comparable to the …” „… by the employment of arms which uselessly aggravatethe sufferings of disabled men, or render their …”

Scope of application S. 70-73

„… use of riotcontrol agents. Nor does it apply to the employment of nuclear weapons or weaponscontaining …” „… , any substance may in the concrete circumstances of its employment be considered harmful to health …” „… the other hand, criminali?es the mere employment of poison or poisoned weapons. Thus, this provision …”

Aggravating circumstances S. 126

„… application of Sec. 12 (1) No. 2 of the CCAILSec. 12 (1) No. 2 of the CCAIL criminali?es the employment of …” „… provision. Although neither of them criminali?esthe employment of nuclear weapons or riot control agents …” „… , Germany has decidedto criminali?e the employment of biological and chemical weapons.As a consequence, the …”

Conclusion regarding the scope of application of Sec. 12 (1) No. 2 of the CCAIL S. 126

„… application of Sec. 12 (1) No. 2 of the CCAILSec. 12 (1) No. 2 of the CCAIL criminali?es the employment of …” „… provision. Although neither of them criminali?esthe employment of nuclear weapons or riot control agents …” „… , Germany has decidedto criminali?e the employment of biological and chemical weapons.As a consequence, the …”

Comparing Article 8 (2) (b) (xviii) of the Rome Statute and Sec. 12 (1) No. 2 of the CCAIL S. 126

„… application of Sec. 12 (1) No. 2 of the CCAILSec. 12 (1) No. 2 of the CCAIL criminali?es the employment of …” „… provision. Although neither of them criminali?esthe employment of nuclear weapons or riot control agents …” „… , Germany has decidedto criminali?e the employment of biological and chemical weapons.As a consequence, the …”

Mental element S. 145

„… employment of bullets, this seemsto be in order.The question is whether this standard is sufficient with …” „… nature of the bullets was such that their employment would uselesslyaggravate suffering or the wounding …” „… , there does not yet appear to exist arule of customary international law prohibiting the employment of …”

Weapons encompassed by Article 8 (2) (b) (xviii) of the Rome Statute S. 93-117

„… Finally, a number of delegations in Rome were convinced thatthe Geneva Protocol prohibits the employment …” „… an event similar to the Moscowhostage crisis of 2002 resulting in 130 casualties after the employment …” „… regarding the applicability to riot control agentsThe employment of riot control agents is not criminal …”

Mental Element S. 67-70

„… abasis for attempting to criminali?e the use of such weaponry.277Therefore, the employment of weapons …” „… Statute, intent with regard to theconduct, i.e., the employment of poison or poisoned weapons, is …” „… the employment.292 Further, it suffices that the perpetrator was awarethat he or she used poison or …”

Of a nature to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate S. 149-165

„… exceeded by the employment of arms which uselessly aggravatethe sufferings of disabled men, or render their …” „… the employment of certain means of warfare: Specific disease, specific abnormal physiological state …” „… whenever weighing the military value of the employment of acertain weapon against the possibility that it …”

Other weapons encompassed by Sec. 12 (1) No. 2 of the CCAIL S. 123-125

„… criminali?es the use of chemical weapons as a war crime.Sec. 12 (1) No. 2 of the CCAIL penali?es the employment …” „… againstInternational Law criminali?es the employment of nuclear weapons.1.2.573 Supra, at 73 et seq.574 Henckaerts …” „… reasons, the employment of nuclear weapons is not criminal underSec. 12 (1) No. 2 of the Code of Crimes …”

Relationship to Article 8 (2) (b) (xviii) of the Rome Statute S. 44-46

„… . Theperpetrator ought to be able to envisage whether his or her actions qualify as employment of poison or of …” „… poisonous gas.On the other hand, one may argue that the employment of either is criminalaccording to the …” „… with the aim of establishing whether their employment has an effect as requiredby Element of crime 2 …”

Other bullets S. 142-145

„… when it comes to the mere employment of bullets, this seemsto be in order.The question is whether this …” „… beaware that the nature of the bullets was such that their employment would uselesslyaggravate suffering …” „… prohibiting the employment of anti-personnel mines;see also Zimmermann, in Neuner (ed.), National Legislation …”

Future Review Conferences S. 190-193

„… approached the implementation of the Statute: The employment of prohibited means of warfare has …” „… inclusion of provisions criminali?ing the employment ofprohibited means of warfare in Article 8 (2) (e) of …” „… International Law: This is not exactlywhat could be called an extensive criminali?ation of the employment of …”

Weapons encompassed by Sec. 12 (1) No. 1 of the CCAIL S. 73-81

„… this,existing national provisions dealing with the employment of riot control agents willbe evaluated.The …” „… particular the terms of No. 2are very clear in penali?ing the employment of chemical and biologicalweapons …” „… . 12 (1) No. 1 of the CCAILdoes not criminali?e the employment of nuclear weapons.Applicability to …”

Comparing the contextual elements of the Rome Statute and of the CCAIL S. 181-185

„… regard to rules regulating the employment of certain means of warfare the case seems quite clear. Whereas …” „… prior to the Rome Conference the ICRC had pointed out that the employment of weapons, projectiles …” „… weapons by Iraq in the 1980samply demonstrates a prohibition – and criminality – of the employment of …”

Findings S. 187-188

„… of criminali?ing the employment of prohibited means of warfare. Although Article 8 (2) (b)(xvii …” „… employment of prohibited means of warfareit is thus more the CCAIL that could be called a major development …”

Conclusion regarding the scope of application of Article 8 (2) (b) (xix) of the Rome Statute S. 140-141

„… Statute criminali?es the employment of so-calleddum-dum bullets. Moreover, it encompasses bullets that are …” „… that the nature of the bullets was suchthat their employment would uselessly aggravate suffering or the …”

Conclusion S. 198-200

„… correspond regarding the contextual element of the employment of prohibited means of warfare. In fact, the …” „… character and will bewilling to criminali?e their employment;1035 or the inclusion of a number of …”

Effects of the gas, substance or device S. 91-92

„… Protocol proscribes, first and foremost, the employment of asphyxiating and poisonous gases.427 For this …” „… employment of bacteriological means of warfare.430III.425 This part of Element of crime 2 of Article 8 (2) (b …”

Scope of application S. 92-93

„… employment of asphyxiating and poisonous gases.427 For this reason, itis usually interpreted very broadly as …” „… to its paragraph 5, the prohibition extends to the employment of bacteriological means of warfare.430 …”

History of restricting the use of certain means of warfare S. 24-25

„… existing arms-limitation treaties, armed conflicts still witnessthe employment of means of warfare the …” „… legality of which is disputed.19As this examination deals with the employment of means of warfare, i.e …”

Toxic properties S. 40-42

„… can be solid, liquid or gaseous.120Weapon that releases a substance as a result of its employmentA …” „… simply referred to the employment of "poison or poisonedweapons"; an U.S. proposal merely required an …”

General Comment S. 87-89

„… arguably be regarded as falling into thiscategory.402 Probably the best known instance is the employment of …” „… analogoussubstance or device.EmploymentAs in the provision penali?ing poison and poisoned weapons,413 the …”

Aggravating circumstances S. 83-85

„… the case of aggravating circumstances.366 Generally, the employment of the means of warfare listed in …” „… criminali?ing the employment of poison or poisoned weapons.372 Theydo not require an actual result, i.e., that …”

Drafting history of the weapons provisions in the Rome Statute S. 27-31

„… explicitly criminalizes the employment of these means.35Drafting history of the weapons provisions in the …” „… not yetcontained any provisions relating to the employment of certain means of warfare,the Preparatory …”

Conclusion regarding the scope of application of Sec. 12 (1) No. 3 of the CCAIL S. 146

„… to bullets which are generally termeddum-dum bullets. It does not include the employment of shotgun …”

Comparing Article 8 (2) (b) (xix) of the Rome Statute and Sec. 12 (1) No. 3 of the CCAIL S. 146

„… to bullets which are generally termeddum-dum bullets. It does not include the employment of shotgun …”

Subject of a comprehensive prohibition S. 165-172

„… employment that cannot be contained in space or limitedto a particular group of people, i.e., combatants …” „… prohibit the employment of biological weapons878 is owed to the fact that the draftersbelieved the …”

Conclusion regarding the scope of application of Article 8 (2) (b) (xvii) of the Rome Statute S. 70

„… use of riotcontrol agents. Nor does it apply to the employment of nuclear weapons or weaponscontaining …”

Introduction S. 70

„… use of riotcontrol agents. Nor does it apply to the employment of nuclear weapons or weaponscontaining …”

In violation of the international law of armed conflict S. 165

„… employment that cannot be contained in space or limitedto a particular group of people, i.e., combatants …”

Element of Crime 1: The perpetrator employed certain bullets. S. 128

„… critici?es the incorrect wording in the French version.593 For a definition of the term 'employment' see …”

Substance S. 40

„… can be solid, liquid or gaseous.120Weapon that releases a substance as a result of its employmentA …”

Employing weapons, projectiles and material and methods of warfare S. 148-149

„… employed weapons, projectiles and materialand methods of warfare.'Employment' has been defined above as the …”

Comparing Article 8 (2) (b) (xvii) of the Rome Statute and Sec. 12 (1) No. 1 of the CCAIL S. 85-86

„… provisions in the CCAIL,Sec. 11 (1) Nos. 1, 2.85provisions encompasses the employment of riot control agents …”

Gas or other analogous substance or device S. 89-90

„… of crime 1: The perpetrator employed a gas or other analogoussubstance or device.EmploymentAs in the …”

General Comment S. 127-128

„… wording in the French version.593 For a definition of the term 'employment' see already supra, at 39.594 …”

General Comment S. 147-148

„… employed weapons, projectiles and materialand methods of warfare.'Employment' has been defined above as the …”

Decision taken at the Review Conference S. 195-196

„… prohibition of such weapons may seem doubtful. Also the criminalityof the employment of anti-personnel mines …”

In violation of the international law of armed conflict S. 135-136

„… when dealing with a case in which the question of employment of potentially prohibited bullets is …”

Introduction S. 194-195

„… employment of anti-personnel mines cannot yet be established unequivocally.1014Indeed, the proposal does not …”

Overview of the Rome Statute's weapons provisions S. 21-23

„… potential employment of which is not only generally highly contentious, butproved so in particular at the …”

Effects of the substance S. 42-44

„… employment.137In the ordinary course of eventsThe notion that the substance is such that it will cause death …”

Mental element S. 81-83

„… circumstances.366 Generally, the employment of the means of warfare listed in this sectionis criminal regardless …”

A decision by the International Criminal Court S. 188-190

„… employment of prohibited means of warfareit is thus more the CCAIL that could be called a major development …”

Possible applicability to other weapons S. 136-138

„… bullets.Mental Element: The perpetrator was aware that the nature of the bullets wassuch that their employment …”

Bibliography S. 201-232

„… Solferino.Duncan, James C., "A Primer on the Employment of Non-Lethal Weapons", 45 Naval Law Review2003, pp. 1 – 56 …”

Introduction S. 141-142

„… means that their employmentdoes not require a specific result, e.g., injury or death, for the user of …” „… , as has been outlined above, created to prohibit the employmentof dum-dum bullets,691 a prohibition …”

Scope of application S. 142

„… means that their employmentdoes not require a specific result, e.g., injury or death, for the user of …” „… , as has been outlined above, created to prohibit the employmentof dum-dum bullets,691 a prohibition …”

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