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Romain Lachat

A Heterogeneous Electorate

Series: Studien zur Wahl- und Einstellungsforschung

Volume 7 2007

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The evolution of volatility in the German electorate S. 110-116

„… found that “electorates display a consistent pattern of delaying their choice until later stages of the …” „… volatility in the German electorate The literature on the evolution of electoral volatility in Germany …” „… remaining voters, who represent about one-fifth of the electorate, have become more unstable. They change …”

Cognitive mobilization S. 38-41

„… electorate that differs sharply from what was then accepted knowledge. As they state in their introduction …” „… comparison with the 1950s, the American electorate of the 1970s had changed its feelings regarding many …” „… aspects related to politics. They reassessed the traditional picture of an electorate thought to be only …”

The weakening of old cleavages and the rise of new issues S. 32-38

„… proposed their hypothesis of a “freezing” of party systems, the voting behavior of European electorates …” „… ’ electorates was reduced. This led several authors to argue that Lipset and Rokkan’s hypothesis no longer …” „… oppositions underscores the tensions among certain segments of the electorate. Members of the working class …”

The transformation of the class structure S. 72-76

„… social classes in the German electorate, 1969–2002 Unskilled workers Skilled workers Routine nonmanual …” „… figures show that the proportion of workers in the electorate has dropped from about 36 percent in 1953 to …” „… percent of the electorate in 1953, compared with 10 percent in 1998 (Weßels 2000: 146). Another group has …”

References S. 223-234

„… Iyengar. 1995. Going negative: How political advertisements shrink and polarize the electorate. New York …” „… : The stabilization of European electorates, 1885–1985. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Beckmann …” „… France. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House Publishers. Dalton, Russell J. 1992. Two German electorates? In …”

The Michigan model S. 29-32

„… identifications are widespread in the electorate. In the different surveys analyzed by Campbell et al., which were …” „… electorates seemed, in large part, to confirm the expectations of the authors. Other analyses have also …” „… parties’ electorates was reduced. This led several authors to argue that Lipset and Rokkan’s hypothesis no …”

The social-structural model of voting choice S. 25-29

„… were formulated between the 1940s and the early 1960s, were based on an image of a stable electorate …” „… . First, we describe the impact of modernization on the social structure of contemporary electorates. We …” „… the electorate. The three individual-level characteristics found to have the strongest impact on …”

Tables S. 13-16

„… 13 Tables 1. Distribution of social classes in the German electorate, 1969–2002 73 2. Distribution …” „… of social classes in the Swiss electorate, 1971–2003 75 3. Frequency and intensity of party …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-11

„… the voting decision process A Heterogeneous Electorate NomosRomain Lachat1. Auflage 2007© Nomos …” „… electorate 1125.2.2. Electoral volatility in Switzerland 1165.3. Split-ticket voting 1175.4. Explaining …”

The modernization of electoral campaigns S. 42-44

„… more independent from their party organizations. They can now appeal more directly to their electorate …” „… campaign, and if a larger proportion of the electorate supports different parties for different offices, it …”

The consequences of dealignment S. 44-46

„… campaign, and if a larger proportion of the electorate supports different parties for different offices, it …” „… the voting decision process. Both are crucial in understanding the heterogeneity within the electorate …”

Plan of the book S. 17-24

„… stable electorate, structured along well-established lines of social divisions and tied to specific …” „… electoral choices. Our argument rests on the fundamental premise that electorates are characterized by two …” „… of acquiring political information have decreased, a larger 21 proportion of the electorate should …”

Model specification S. 168-171

„… with electoral dealignment should mean that a larger proportion of the electorate will make their …” „… ” voters’ predispositions, we should see that an increasing proportion of the electorate is “converted” by …”

Germany S. 187-195

„… the one observed in table 38 for the entire electorate. Only in 1990 does the R2 vary strongly from …” „… 1976, for example, a reinforcement effect can be noticed among both subsets of the electorate. But this …” „… 1987 (from 0.48 to 0.40 and from 0.38 to 0.46, respectively). In the other part of the electorate …”

Conclusion S. 166-167

„… partisan heuristics. Both sources of heterogeneity in the electorate are systematically related to several …”

Partisan decline S. 41-42

„… parties and specific segments of the electorate have weakened, which makes it more difficult for parties …”

Electoral volatility in Switzerland S. 116-117

„… three cantons only, and is not representative of the entire Swiss electorate. Turning to campaign …”

Conclusion S. 182-184

„… constitutes a minority of the electorate. Most voters experience their predispositions either reinforced or …”

Social change and political cleavages S. 67-69

„… , due to social and economic transformations in the electorate (Kitschelt 1994, 1995) and as a result of …”

The religious cleavage S. 82-86

„… to any church has increased, especially since the 1990s. Looking at the composition of the electorate …”

Split-ticket voting S. 117-120

„… marginal part of the electorate, but the increase is clear. But it is not a gradual one. We observe two …”

Defining and measuring social classes S. 69-72

„… has emerged since then, due to social and economic transformations in the electorate (Kitschelt 1994 …”

Sophistication, heuristics, and motivation S. 61-64

„… subset of the electorate. Our hypothesis, however, is that the use of some heuristics allows voters to …”

Timing of the voting decision S. 107-110

„… in a large number of countries. They found that “electorates display a consistent pattern of delaying …”

The voting behavior of social classes S. 76-82

„… to any church has increased, especially since the 1990s. Looking at the composition of the electorate …”

A multivariate analysis of attitude stability S. 162-166

„… partisan heuristics. Both sources of heterogeneity in the electorate are systematically related to several …”

Sophistication and the structure of belief systems S. 51-56

„… only a minority of the electorate had stable, crystallized attitudes. Yet, he still considered that …”

Activation and conversion effects S. 175-182

„… still constitute only a minority of the electorate, the number of converted voters is important in …”

The impact of expertise and predisposition strength on attitude stability S. 154-162

„… proportion of the electorate as the most pressing problem in Switzerland (Kriesi and Sciarini 2003: 330 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845204895

Karl-Heinz Nassmacher - The Funding of Party Competition

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Karl-Heinz Nassmacher

The Funding of Party Competition

2009

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External influences (electorate and inflation) S. 155-162

„… services.a) Growth of electorateThe ? rst intervening factor identi? ed by Pollock, the expanding electorate …” „… the size of the electorate due to population growth. A growth in the adult population (and thus the …” „… electorate) as well as declining purchasing power due to in? ation of all currencies, and more comprehen sive …”

Size of the electorate (economies of scale) S. 124-128

„… electorate (economies of scale)The least sophisticated hypothesis that tries to explain different levels of …” „… , parties appealing to a small electorate of 2 million voters can be expected to need (relatively) more …” „… , the same coef? cient for IPS and logged size of the electorate equals –0.045 (p=0.86). Both coef …”

Membership dues S. 199-215

„… electorate, which gives a good impression of the diversity (see Table 6-1 below).If the member-to-voter ratio …” „… electorate (member-to-elector -M/E- ratio), is seen as an important benchmark.36 Around 1990 M/E-ratios were …” „… parties comprised about four percent of the electorate (Table 6-1). More than any other factor, the …”

Interaction of causal factors S. 149-154

„… (size of electorate).150sion dramatically. All variables discussed in this chapter are potentially …” „… of the electorate. The big exception among the group is Sweden, which due to its spending level we …” „… the electorate.99A factor analysis can include metric and non-metric variables in order to evaluate …”

Stages of political and economic development S. 121-124

„… electorate, political routines or stage of development. Among these, political scientists identify the most …” „… of scale are a decisive factor.2. Size of the electorate (economies of scale)The least sophisticated …” „… in a chain of fast-food restaurants. Thus, parties appealing to a small electorate of 2 million …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-14

„… development 121a) Economic development 122b) Democratic tradition 1232. Size of the electorate (economies of …” „… A) Background variables for the spending spree 1551. External in? uences (electorate and in? ation …” „… ) 156a) Growth of electorate 157b) Impact of in? ation 1582. More comprehensive data 1623. Intensi? ed …”

Paid TV advertising S. 167-172

„… non-political factors (which have been discussed above, i.e. size of electorate and in? ation) changes the …” „… amounts, but not the rank order. Obviously the greater increase of electorates in Canada and the U.S. is …” „… 1959 the proportion of the electorate with a television set in their homes rose from under 40% to over …”

Party spending S. 37-40

„… to the peculiar characteristics of individual polities, among them size of electorate, political …” „… campaigns. Other scholars argue that the impacts of extended electorates, in? ationary trends and economic …”

Revenue/ income S. 393-397

„… political spending, which also decreases as the size of the electorate increases, although the intensity of …” „… . More and better data may have caused increased spending totals as time went by. Growth of electorates …”

Areas of interest: issues in political finance S. 19-26

„… below in chapter V, A 1 (electorates and in? ation).10 Heard 1960, p. 6; Penniman 1984, p. 51.11 See …” „… , have stressed that governments “can encourage equal access to the electorate by subsidising and …”

Changes of grass-roots linkage via membership dues and small donations S. 363-370

„… to face is their changing relationship with their supporters in the electorate at large. This is a …” „… membervoter ratio had declined to less than 2 percent of the electorate.18 Local support for all British …”

Small donations S. 215-222

„… electorate. Survey research provides less reliable data but supports the general im pression: Between 1952 …” „… participation de clined to 1 percent of the electorate. The importance of individual donations has increased …”

Impacts of funding S. 43-46

„… relationship with the electorate at large, which can be due to changes in communication technology, funding …”

Parliamentary party groups (caucuses) S. 58-60

„… electorate, they have relied on goods and services provided by both volunteers and markets. The combination …”

Approaching members and supporters by direct mailings S. 370-372

„… turnout means an agitated electorate, which is not desirable in itself. More 41 see „Good intentions meet …”

Measurement of and incentives for grass-roots linkage S. 372-374

„… agitated electorate, which is not desirable in itself. More 41 see „Good intentions meet the bottom line …”

Sources of revenue S. 40-43

„… electorates, in? ationary trends and economic growth in modern democracies during the 20th century have to be …”

State intervention in the economy S. 146-149

„… See above in this chapter, sub-section A2 (size of electorate). …”

Demarcation of the subject of this study: party funding S. 34-37

„… electorate,100 would make the whole subject inaccessible to scholarly scrutiny. For such reasons this ap …”

Abuse of public resources S. 276-279

„… of expensive bills that gave certain bene? ts to target ed sections of the electorate.”226 There is …”

Paid labour S. 60-64

„… rare.Ever since political parties began to compete for a mass electorate, they have relied on goods and …”

Room for changing weight of individual parties: Freezing of the party system? S. 352-356

„… measure the fragmentation (fractionalisation) of party systems (in parliaments or in the electorate).86 …”

Catch-all parties S. 398-402

„… of ideological baggage, a loose connection with the electorate, the mobilisation of voters on policy …”

Moral hazard of democracy? S. 239-244

„… electorate. The hope of win ning the next election helps the opposition to accept the powerless situation …”

New technology S. 172-177

„… ) indicates that only 1980 and 1988 (controlled for in? ation and growth of electorate) demonstrate high rates …”

Graft from business sources S. 279-284

„… of expensive bills that gave certain bene? ts to target ed sections of the electorate.”226 There is …”

Donations by wealthy individuals (contributions from personal wealth) S. 254-260

„… contacts with the electorate.121In Canada campaign contributions by the candidate are reported as “other …”

Cost push or demand pull? S. 183-192

„… spending to the size of the electorate, which leaves some 28-fold long-term increase to be discussed by one …”

Different levels of the party organisation (headquarters, branches and chapters) S. 378-387

„… electorate.71When comparing the ? nancial situation of parties in Canada with those in the U.S., it be comes …”

Index S. 451-467

„… , 204 see also issue advocacy, NGOssize of country (electorate) 111, 124-7, 156-9, 168, 184Slovakia …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845216515

Reinhard Heinisch, Aneta Cekikj, Klaudia Koxha - Perspectives on Populism

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Reinhard Heinisch (ed.), Aneta Cekikj (ed.), Klaudia Koxha (ed.)

Perspectives on Populism

Series: International Studies on Populism

Volume 9 2024

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Nemanja Stankov Chapter 8: Populist Electorate without Populist Parties: The Curious Case of Montenegro S. 197-220

„… electoral advantage for these parties among the populist electorate.These mechanisms are tested by using the …” „… Chapter 8: Populist Electorate without Populist Parties: TheCurious Case of MontenegroNemanja …” „… neutralizing the populist sentiment in the electorate. If, how‐ever, the occasional populist rhetoric of …”

Ashot Aleksanyan, Nane Aleksanyan Chapter 3: Mapping Populism in the European Post-Transition Periphery S. 71-94

„… developments have been accompanied by the departureof many party members and electorates.Meanwhile, the …” „… 78the electorate by choosing a left-wing and conservative political course.Second, populist politics …” „… the already establishedtraditions and values of the electorate. Third, a politician and leader …”

Daniel Smilov, Ruzha Smilova Chapter 2: Centrist and Radical Populism in Central and Eastern Europe S. 45-70

„… elec‐torate. Strong majorities in all liberal democracies, especially in Centraland Eastern Europe, do not …” „… suchparties distinctive from the rest of the electorate. Economic factors seem tobetter explain the success of …” „… not appear to be either more socially conservativeor more autocratic than the rest of the electorate …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-26

„… ofVetëvendosje in KosovoChapter 7:175Avdi SmajljajPopulist Electorate without Populist Parties: TheCurious Case …”

David Matsaberidze Chapter 6: The Rotating Populist Discourses of Post-Soviet Georgia: The Nation, the State and the People (1991-2018) S. 139-174

„… to be accountable more to personalities, i.e., to their leaders, ratherthan to their electorate, i.e …” „… , asthe nation is the primary entity around which the population/ electorateis effectively mobilized. Thus …”

Reinhard Heinisch, Aneta Cekikj, Klaudia Koxha Chapter 1: Introduction: Populism and ‘Periphery’ S. 27-44

„… ,’ individuals who make a credible promiseto the electorate to bring about significant change (Heinisch and …”

Ruben Elamiryan Chapter 5: The Specificities of Populism in Countries of Democratic Transition: Challenges for Armenia S. 117-138

„… itself from the nationalist partof the electorate, while appealing to those who were exclusively more …”

Aneta Cekikj Chapter 11: Populists in Government: The Case of IMRO-DPMNU’s Rule in North Macedonia 2006-2016 S. 271-298

„… coalition partnersaccording to ethnicity. Members of the electorate rarely vote across ethniclines. As such …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748917281

Jörg-Detlef Kühne, Peter Neumann, Christopher Schmidt - Direkte Demokratie unter Berücksichtigung der Kommunen der Weimarer Republik, überarbeiteter Nachdruck von Lee Seifert Greene: "Direct Legislation in Germany, Austria and Danzig"

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Jörg-Detlef Kühne (ed.), Peter Neumann (ed.), Christopher Schmidt (ed.)

Direkte Demokratie unter Berücksichtigung der Kommunen der Weimarer Republik, überarbeiteter Nachdruck von Lee Seifert Greene: "Direct Legislation in Germany, Austria and Danzig"

Series: Studien zur Sachunmittelbaren Demokratie

Volume 10 2012

Results in this title

The Juridical Nature of Direct Legislation S. 158-163

„… ) and the electorate (Die Wählerschaft) as a portion of the Volk. Greater clarity is attained in the …” „… the electorate, as being active in this capacity. Still greater precision is reached by the …” „… of the electorate, and the latter is placed on the same level with the other organs of the state …”

Defects of the German System of Direct Democracy S. 164-183

„… of Germany was not fond of calling upon the electorate to take the problems of political life from …” „… opposing purpose of the Reichstag, perhaps its right to call on the electorate would have developed a …” „… which the majority of the electorate would lose sympathy with a Reichstag that had overstayed its time …”

The Law Relating to Direct Legislation S. 42-58

„… be understood the submission of a statute or bill to the decision of the electorate, regardless of …” „… electorate, but not, as is sometimes taken to be the meaning, the submission of such proposal to the …” „… electorate. The initiative is, as the word itself properly implies, the introduction of a proposed piece of …”

Direct Legislation in State Law S. 59-79

„… Landtag, ministry, and electorate as the three elements of the provisional constitutions. 7 Piloty (1920 …” „… peculiar sense.26 As in Lippe, the system of petition for a referendum by a portion of the electorate was …” „… overruled; failure to win the support of the electorate resulted in the resignation of the ministry (Art. 23 …”

Direct Legislation in the Local Units S. 80-89

„… . According to statutory provisions, a portion of the electorate, as in the national government, had the power …” „… local legislation to be acted upon by the local legislative body, or by the electorate in a referendum …” „… state law, for the proposal brought in by the electorate to contain a thoroughly developed bill. The …”

Direct Legislation and the Failure of the Weimar System S. 184-190

„… of no significance that the electorate was moved by passion rather than reason, if such, indeed, was …” „… the case. Electorates do not always act in the cold light of rationality, but the validity of popular …” „… exists for expecting calls for referenda from organs of government other than the electorate. If popular …”

Direct Legislation in Use in State and Local Units S. 133-157

„… results were: Electorate 4,260,000 In favor of dissolution 1,212,465 In favor of the next legislature …” „… is in the form of a preliminary vote. This vote, held on July 13th, resulted as follows:52 Electorate …” „… obtained: Electorate 404,168 Number of signatures necessary 67,361 Number attained 30,167 This futile …”

Revolution and Reconstruction S. 21-41

„… the voters were to be permitted to initiate a referendum. A tenth of the electorate were to be allowed …” „… budget, taxes and salary schedules to the electorate.73 The proposals submitted by Ablass and associates …” „… electorate as introducing too much complication into the machinery of legislation. He saw the initiative as …”

Appendix S. 191-206

„… upon petition of one-fourth of the electorate or of the political or communal representatives of …” „… national ministry calls the plebiscite. It must call such when one-fourth of the electorate or the …” „… referendum, when one twentieth of the electorate so demands. A referendum s also to be conducted when one …”

Direct Legislation in Practice in National Governments S. 98-132

„… question, unaccompanied by an alternative, was now presented to the electorate. The results were as follows …” „… October 3rd to 16th, 1928, resulted in only 1.212.986 signers out of a total qualified electorate of …” „… signers in relation to the total qualified electorate occurred in: Berlin 16.12 Potsdam II 7.89 Potsdam I …”

The Territorial Plebiscite S. 90-97

„… portion of the electorate, but without the necessity of a federal enabling act. Colshorn’s view was …” „… statutes. Three-fifths of the electorate constituted the majority necessary for changes through plebiscite …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845244778

Frank Decker, Bernd Henningsen, Marcel Lewandowsky, Philipp Adorf - Aufstand der Außenseiter

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Frank Decker (ed.), Bernd Henningsen (ed.), Marcel Lewandowsky (ed.), Philipp Adorf (ed.)

Aufstand der Außenseiter

Series: International Studies on Populism

Volume 6 2022

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Simona Guerra The M5S: From the Stars to Government S. 331-350

„… / Pirro 2015). M5S voters tended to identify more closely with the centre-left electorate only in the …” „… attracting a rather diverse electorate with different profiles (Natale 2013). The party’s co-founder and …” „… 3 survey (2013) that compares the voters of the M5S with the electorate of the 2009 European …”

Oscar Mazzoleni An anti-establishment mainstream party: The Swiss People’s Party since the 1990s S. 169-186

„… -1990s, the SVP was still a relatively small party representing about 11 percent of the electorate. Then …” „… the last decades certain elements of the electorate have persistently been over-represented among SVP …” „… has been able to obtain the support of a more socially heterogeneous electorate in the country as a …”

Stijn van Kessel The enduring strength of right-wing populism in contemporary Dutch politics S. 187-200

„… electorate and the traditional parties (Andeweg / Irwin 2009). It nonetheless still prevailed until the end …” „… multicultural society. By doing so, he voiced the opinion of a substantial share of the electorate which had …” „… was highly salient to the electorate”. That no other right-wing populist parties had managed to enter …”

Bartek Pytlas From mainstream to power: The Law and Justice party in Poland S. 401-414

„… those with lower formal education continued to be the most overrepresented segments of its electorate …”

Philipp Adorf Der Rechtspopulismus erreicht Iberien: Vox und Chega S. 351-368

„… ? Comparing the Populist Radical Right Electorate in Portugal and Spain, IPSA Paper. Lisi, Marco (2020), All …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845297996

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