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Shira Becker-Alon - The Communitarian Dimension of the European Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy

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Shira Becker-Alon

The Communitarian Dimension of the European Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy

Series: Schriften des Europa-Instituts der Universität des Saarlandes - Rechtswissenschaft

Volume 83 2011

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Economic sanctions in international law S. 204-206

„… . Economic sanctions in international law Most of the sanctions imposed by the EU Member States are sanctions …” „… that the EC must respect international law in the exercising of its powers.898II. Economic sanctions in …” „… 204 Chapter IX: Inter-pillar aspects of European Union (EU) economic sanctionsEconomic sanctions …”

Economic sanctions in the EU legal framework S. 206-208

„… that the EC must respect international law in the exercising of its powers.898II. Economic sanctions in …” „… the EU legal framework As discussed in Chapter II, the imposition of economic sanctions by the EEC …” „… question of whether economic sanctions fall within the scope of the CFSP as determined under Article 11 of …”

The inter-pillar procedure S. 208-211

„… measures concerning economic relations with third states and include all economic sanctions, whether or not …” „… Community actions imposing economic sanctions under Articles 60 TEC and 301 TEC and the objectives of the …” „… ” (paragraph 177). Unlike the situation with economic sanctions, in the declaration on military sanctions or …”

The legal implications of Article 301 of the TEC for the Commission S. 213-216

„… Community measures for economic and financial sanctions even going beyond those expressly provided for by …” „… performance.946In practice, the question of the binding effect that a CFSP Decision on economic sanctions …” „… Economic Community and Haiti, OJ L155/2, 26 June 1993). 945 While most of the sanctions imposed by the EU …”

Justiciability of the imposition of sanctions by the EU and the procedure under Article 301 of the TEC S. 216-218

„… by the Council Regulations and the balance between the economic sanctions they impose and basic …” „… Community sanctions’ practice with international law (C-162/96 Racke v. Hauptzollamt Mainz [1998] ECR I …” „… implemented the economic sanctions (Articles 226 and 227 TEC), may also be subject to the Court’s scrutiny, as …”

The double function of the Council and its legal implications S. 211-213

„… actual categorical obligation under international law.When it comes to CFSP Decisions on sanctions …” „… the Council bound, then, by its prior Decision at the CFSP level to impose economic sanctions? Or …” „… against the imposition of economic sanctions, as opposed to an obligation of the Member States to ensure …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-15

„… 204I. Economic sanctions in international law 204II. Economic sanctions in the EU legal framework 206 …” „… Article 24 of the TEU 203Chapter IX: Inter-pillar aspects of European Union (EU) economic sanctions …” „… in data banks. Under § 54 of the German Copyright Law where copies are made for other than private …”

The 1960s sanctions against Rhodesia – the origin of the “Rhodesia doctrine” S. 66-68

„… implementation of economic sanctions on third countries by the members of the EEC was conducted individually …” „… 1960s sanctions against Rhodesia232 – the origin of the “Rhodesia doctrine”Until the 1980s the …” „… under national law on the basis of Article 297 of the TEC (Ex Article 224 EEC Treaty), which allows …”

Enhanced cooperation S. 83-84

„… , which may include the capacity to enter into international agreements; to impose economic sanctions; to …” „… context relates to adopting sanctions, as a Member State abstaining from a unanimous decision on a Common …” „… Position imposing sanctions might still eventually find itself bound by the subsequent Community …”

Introduction S. 19-24

„… of economic sanctions adopted under Article 301 TEC (and Article 60 TEC in the case of financial …” „… primary form as the European Economic Community (EEC) – which, with the extension of its role in the …” „… world trading bloc2 and a major provider of economic, financial, technical and humanitarian assistance …”

Summary and conclusions S. 283-298

„… , or principally, relating to CFSP. 9. When imposing economic sanctions on a certain country, trade and …” „… financial sanctions) represents an express exception to the rule that Union law has no binding effect on the …” „… called upon to protect Community powers. The adoption of economic and financial sanctions against third …”

Article 301 of the TEC as a possible legal basis for export controls of dual-use goods S. 230-231

„… under the requirement of being “urgent measures”.1016 Moreover, whereas economic sanctions are imposed …” „… less stable world, export control may come close to economic sanctions. 1019 Regulation (EEC) No …” „… several occasions Community law provides Member States with the possibility to deviate from the …”

Article 60 of the TEC S. 218-219

„… imposition of economic sanctions by the EU, other provisions of the TEC should also be considered in this …” „… the CFSP.959Further, judging from its case law on export control of dual-use goods, the Court is …” „… respect as they may provide a legal basis for Community Decisions on sanctions together with, or even …”

The 1980 sanction against Iran and the question of using EEC instruments as legal basis for European political cooperation S. 68-70

„… 68The first imposition of sanctions by the Member States since the establishment of the Community …” „… sanctions on their trade with Rhodesia until the 1968 Resolution requested a complete trade embargo. As …” „… Community competence.2352. The 1980 sanction against Iran and the question of using EEC instruments as legal …”

Provisions in Community law, authorizing Member States’ unilateral actions regarding export control of dual-use goods S. 231-233

„… necessarily fall under the requirement of being “urgent measures”.1016 Moreover, whereas economic sanctions …” „… less stable world, export control may come close to economic sanctions. 1019 Regulation (EEC) No …” „… CFSP, it can be argued that Article 301 of the TEC is applicable.10183. Provisions in Community law …”

The 1982 sanctions against the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR): action within the Community after disagreement within the EPC. S. 70-71

„… States’ compliance with EPC economic measures,240 or whether it was merely due to the “pressure of events …” „… (political) objectives. 3. The 1982 sanctions against the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR): action …” „… within the Community after disagreement within the EPC. In reaction to the imposition of martial law in …”

Article 133 of the TEC as a legal basis for export control of dual-use goods: the European Court of Justice (ECJ)’s approach S. 228-230

„… TEC, subject to which economic sanctions are imposed, as export controls may be considered as …” „… regulate a large part of the trade and economic relations of the Community, along with Article 301 of the …” „… sanctions ex ante.1003 See www.wassenaar.org. 1004 See http://www.australiagroup.net/index_en.htm. 1005 …”

Evaluation of the integrated system S. 236-239

„… of economic sanctions, there was no hierarchy between Council Decision 94/942/CFSP and Council …” „… , sanctions are adopted after a CFSP Decision expressing the Member States’ political will and objectives is …” „… Regulation (EC) 3381/94 and protect their national export interests, which are essentially of an economic …”

Bibliography S. 299-312

„… on Economic Sanctions, In: Smit H et al. (eds). Smit & Herzog on the Law of the European Union …” „… . European Institute for Public Administration, pp. 31–36.Lukaschek A (2002). Economic Sanctions and the …” „… Defence Policy?, In: Trybus M, White ND. European Security Law.Oxford University Press, pp. 198–224 …”

Binding effect of Common Positions on the Community and its institutions S. 197-198

„… regard are Common Positions imposing economic sanctions or financial sanctions under the procedure of …” „… case of a breach of Community law by a Common Position or in case of an encroachment on Community …”

The question of the EU’s legal personality S. 84-85

„… international agreements; to impose economic sanctions; to engage in international relations; and to become a …” „… should be addressed. Not qualifying as a State, the natural subject of international law, the ability of …” „… is that they have to be recognized under international law in order for them to have the capacity to …”

Responsibility for ensuring consistency S. 90-91

„… requirement of consistency should be understood as an unwritten norm of Community law.334 A different view is …” „… of consistency, which is an EU law requirement that commits the Community institutions, if, and only …” „… case, the requirement of consistency does not modify Community law. Rather, it comes into play at the …”

The Community’s express external competences S. 28-33

„… (Article 133(3) TEC).As discussed later in this work, in Chapters IX and X on economic sanctions and export …” „… competences. This case law is partially reviewed later in this chapter. IV. The existence of Community …” „… discussion later in this chapter. 28 Environmental policy (Article 174(4) TEC), the area of economic …”

The addressees of the requirement of consistency S. 89-90

„… an unwritten norm of Community law.334 A different view is suggested by Cremer, according to whom …” „… Article 47 of the TEU represents a specification of the requirement of consistency, which is an EU law …” „… not modify Community law. Rather, it comes into play at the point at which the requirements under …”

The conclusion of Interinstitutional Agreements (IIAs) in the TFEU and their influence on the role of the EP within the CFSP. S. 275-276

„… relevant institutions and it cannot stand in opposition to the EU law in force.1178It is left for the EP …” „… for the interruption or reduction, in part or completely, of economic and financial relations1179 with …” „… the two-stage procedure of Article 301 of the TEC, whereby Decisions on the imposition of economic …”

Legal basis for CFSP financing S. 132-134

„… effects on EC law from decisions made under EU law.559By financing both CFSP administrative and operative …” „… referred to by Monar (1997, p. 59). 559 As in Article 301 TEC on the adoption of sanctions by the EU …” „… European Economic Community (EEC),563 Article 28 of the TEU cannot affect the TEC. It seems that 561 …”

Adoption of restrictive measures by the EU against third countries S. 276-279

„… TEC, whereby Decisions on the imposition of economic sanctions within the CFSP were followed by …” „… opposition to the EU law in force.1178It is left for the EP and the Commission to argue in return that, as …” „… or completely, of economic and financial relations1179 with one or more third countries – the Council …”

Article 296 of the TEC S. 221-222

„… basis for economic sanctions imposed individually by the Member States under their national laws …” „… , following a UN Security Council Resolution.980The later practice, under which economic sanctions were …” „… 221 uncertainty that characterized the practice of sanctions on the basis of Article 133 prior to …”

Article 297 of the TEC S. 222-223

„… economic sanctions imposed individually by the Member States under their national laws, following a UN …” „… Security Council Resolution.980The later practice, under which economic sanctions were imposed on the basis …” „… the imposition of sanctions mainly to the responsibility of the Community – did not render the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845231198

Laurent Hoff - Transaktionen in US-Dollar und sekundäre Sanktionen

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Laurent Hoff

Transaktionen in US-Dollar und sekundäre Sanktionen

Series: Schriften zur Europäischen Integration und Internationalen Wirtschaftsordnung

Volume 49 2019

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Literaturverzeichnis S. 177-188

„… Forest Law Review 43 (2008), 643ff. Doraev, mergen, The Memory Effect of economic Sanctions against …” „… , Extraterritorial Economic Sanctions and their Foundation in International Law, Arizona Journal of International and …” „… Society of International Law Proceedings 92 (1998), 332ff. –, Economic Sanctions Reconsidered, 3. Aufl …”

Kapitel II – Sanktionen S. 21-98

„… , S. 142; Mohamad, in: Marossi/Bassett (Hrsg.), Economic Sanctions under International Law, 2015, S …” „… Wirtschaftsrecht, § 9 Rn. 85; Mohamad, in: Marossi/Bassett (Hrsg.), Economic Sanctions under International Law …” „… Hufbauer, Economic Sanctions Reconsidered, 32007, S. 47; Fitzgerald, Penn State International Law Review 26 …”

Kapitel III – Extraterritorialität und ihre Grenzen S. 99-125

„… : Marossi/Bassett (Hrsg.), Economic Sanctions under International Law, 2015, S. 78. 483 Adler, Die Anwendung und …” „… Wirtschaftssanktionen beim Zielstaat findet sich bei Hufbauer, Economic Sanctions Reconsidered, 32007, S. 101 ff. 503 …” „… impose 5 or more of the sanctions described in section 6(a) of the Iran Sanctions Act of 1996 (Public Law …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-16

„… with the Enemy Actaa) 39 International Emergency Economic Powers-Actbb) 41 USA PATRIOT Actcc) 44 …” „… Control Regulationsdd) 52 Iranb) 53 Iran Sanctions Actaa) 55 Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability …” „… Through Sanctions Act CACRs Cuban Assets Control Regulations CDA Cuban Democracy Act ch. Chapter CHIPS …”

Kapitel IV – Völkerrechtliche Zulässigkeit extraterritorial wirkender Wirtschaftssanktionen S. 126-170

„… Sanctions under International Law, 2015, S. 79. Kapitel IV Völkerrechtl. Zulässigkeit extraterritorial …” „… . Hobe/Kimminich, Einführung in das Völkerrecht, 102014, S. 99; Herdegen, Principles of international economic law …” „… Economic Law 2004, 1 (4); Vgl. zum Schutzprinzip im Strafrecht auch Meng, Extraterritoriale Jurisdiktion im …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748900214

Alexander Pyka - Wirtschaftssanktionen der Vereinten Nationen und der Europäischen Union

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Alexander Pyka

Wirtschaftssanktionen der Vereinten Nationen und der Europäischen Union

Series: Nomos Universitätsschriften - Recht

Volume 861 2015

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Literaturverzeichnis S. 244-250

„… : Sanctions, Countermeasures, and the Iranian Nuclear Issue, in: Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 2009 …” „… . 889 – 916. Carter, Barry E.: Economic Sanctions, in: Rüdiger Wolfrum (Hrsg.), The Max Planck …” „… (Hrsg.), Smart Sanctions – Targeting Economic Statecraft, Oxford 2002 (zitiert: Cortright/Lopez/Rogers …”

Untersuchungsgegenstand und Rechtsgrundlagen S. 19-76

„… Public International Law“ zu Gunsten des Ausdrucks „Economic Sanctions“, Carter, MPEPIL, Bd. 3, S. 323 …” „… Begriff der »(economic) sanctions« kontinuierlich in ihren Publikationen und öffentlichen Äußerungen29. Im …” „… sanctions/Programs/Pages/Programs.aspx> am 09.02.2013. 88 Fischer, „Did economic sanctions play a role in Burma’s reform?“, BBC News vom …”

Grenzen von Wirtschaftssanktionen S. 77-134

„… .; Bockslaff, 1987, S. 169 ff.; Fukatsu, Theory of Sanctions, S. 1187 (1194 f.). 249 Ress, 2000, S. 18 m.w.N …” „… , Theory of Sanctions, S. 1187 (1194 ff.); Petersmann, ZVglRWiss 80 (1981), S. 1 (9 f.). A. Allgemeines …” „… sog. »Smart Sanctions« und der stärkeren Berücksichtigung humanitärer Belange widergespiegelt …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845261683

Sascha Werthes - Die Sanktionspolitik der Vereinten Nationen

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Sascha Werthes

Die Sanktionspolitik der Vereinten Nationen

Series: Nomos Universitätsschriften - Politik

Volume 187 2013

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Monografien, Sammelbände, Zeitschriften und sonstige Dokumente S. 303-338

„… Press.A.303Baldwin, David A.; Pape, Robert A., 1998. Evaluating Economic Sanctions. In: International …” „… : Leske-Budrich: 98–121.Barber, James, 1979. Economic Sanctions as a Policy Instrument. In: International Affairs …” „… .), Smart Sanctions. Targeting Economic Statecraft. Lanham: Rowman& Littlefield: 109–124.Bondi, Loretta …”

Determinanten und Dynamiken des Politics-Stroms S. 229-238

„… economic or political crisis in akey country could threaten the ability of the United States to protect and …” „… pursue itsinterest in a certain part of the world. But in the 1990s and beyond, the effects of economic …” „… Macht übernehmen« (Meyns 2000:67).231links between political and economic upheaval and the broadening …”

Die UN-Sanktionsepisoden: Eine empirische Bestandsaufnahme S. 79-154

„… the overall sanctions implementation as well as the evasion strategies« (Staibano2005: 36; siehe auch …” „… both that sanctions are effectively implemented and that their humanitarianconsequences upon the Iraqi …” „… sogenannte Sanctions Assistance Missions (SAMs) initiierten, welche die Implementierung, Überwachung und …”

Zusammenfassung: Charakteristische Elemente und Trends in der Evolution der UN-Sanktionspolitik S. 154-199

„… Smart Sanctions179. Einschlägig beschreiben Cortright und Lopezeine derartige Politik:»[A] smart …” „… sanctions policy is one that imposes coercive pressure on specific individualsand entities and that …” „… restricts selective products or activities, while minimizing unintended economic and social consequences for …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845246833

Peter-Christian Müller-Graff - Kernelemente der europäischen Integration

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Peter-Christian Müller-Graff (ed.)

Kernelemente der europäischen Integration

Series: Schriftenreihe des Arbeitskreises Europäische Integration e.V.

Volume 100 2020

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Friedrich Heinemann Rule-of-Law Conditionality in EU Spending: Reflections from a Public Finance Perspective S. 447-456

„… and men prevail.” 3 See G. Halmai: The Possibility and Desirability of Economic Sanction: Rule of Law …” „… , there are various considerations that argue for and against the notion that rule-of-law sanctions would …” „… levels of economic development it provides an even more substantial sanction potential for rich countries …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748905776

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