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Patrick Jochem - A CO2 Emission Trading Scheme for German Road Transport

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Patrick Jochem

A CO2 Emission Trading Scheme for German Road Transport

Series: Karlsruher Beiträge zur wirtschaftspolitischen Forschung - Karlsruhe Papers in Economic Policy Research

Volume 29 2009

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Classical economic models S. 70-72

„… experiment (Axelrod, 2005). 4.2 Classical economic models Economic models are roughly divided into micro- and …” „… individual economic units and their behaviour, whereas macroeconomic models only consider their aggregates …” „… play out (see Peters, 1986, and Liedtke, 2006). Figure 15: Overview of economic models Macroeconomic …”

Appendix S. 186-194

„… – Meso-economic model – description of classes 193 187 APPENDIX I – REPAST: Packages and classes applied in the …” „… V – Meso-economic model – description of classes Co2Model.java The Co2Model.java class is the …” „… 186 Appendix APPENDIX I – REPAST: Packages and classes applied in the model 187 APPENDIX II …”

The idea behind microeconomic transport models S. 84-87

„… 84 sponding REPAST packages. Each package contains some JAVA classes. Thus if a specific feature of …” „… classes within the Engine Module, and the Analysis package particularly concerns classes of the …” „… interactive-run as well as the logging modules. The applied classes are displayed in the appendix. Another …”

Results of the meso economic model S. 137-144

„… classes for households to choose between. The 120 probabilities of choosing a vehicle of a certain …” „… passenger car class were estimated for every household by a multinomial logit model. The results show the …” „… vehicle class. Roorda et al. (2009) introduced an integrated activity-based microeconomic model of vehicle …”

Passenger car purchase of households S. 131-137

„… equation includes economic and sociographic aspects and implicitly also includes other unobservable …” „… these studies focused on the economic demand curve for passenger cars in a certain region or country …” „… 1,000 inhabitants. In the meso economic model, the vehicle transaction options by Mohammadian and …”

Reaction behaviour of households S. 119-131

„… therefore appropriate to be used in the developed meso economic model. The model has the following …” „… developed meso economic model (see equation (25)). As both dependent and explanatory variables are …” „… income class variable,87 which was introduced into the GMP in 2001 and a time variable which considers …”

Software for programming multi-agent models S. 82-84

„… JAVA classes. Thus if a specific feature of REPAST is required within the developed model, using these …” „… . the Engine package (obviously) concerns classes within the Engine Module, and the Analysis package …” „… particularly concerns classes of the interactive-run as well as the logging modules. The applied classes are …”

Objectives S. 17-20

„… the base year of 1990. The economic impacts are supposed to be positive (Schade et al., 2008). Even …” „… ) Modifying the motor vehicle tax based on CO2 emissions. (3) Improved labelling of energy classes. (4 …” „… countries on the few oil producing countries. From the viewpoint of economic theory, CO2 emissions …”

Model schedule S. 95-100

„… about lowering other charges. This is realised in the meso economic model as the initial fuel price …” „… showing the information exchanges within agent classes is depicted in Figure 22. Initially, for road …” „… consequently reactive. These reaction functions have a unique structure within agent classes, but as the agents …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-11

„… multi-agent features 68 4.1 Simulation within the social sciences 68 4.2 Classical economic models 70 4.3 …” „… Karlsruher Beiträge zur wirtschaftspolitischen ForschungKarlsruhe Papers in Economic Policy …” „… Transportassessing the impacts using a meso economic model with multi-agent attributesNomos1. Edition 2009© Nomos …”

Relevant data sources in German passenger transport S. 22-27

„… . Before this time, distances could only be covered by foot by the middle and lower classes. Not until the …” „… universal decision rule. Nor is economic optimization considered during the modal choice. Thus, e.g. every …” „… tenth car journey is less than one kilometre (see Figure 2) – which is not the most economic option for …”

Simulation within the social sciences S. 68-70

„… provides an outline of classical economic models and their advantages and disadvantages. Then the history …” „… Classical economic models Economic models are roughly divided into micro- and macroeconomic models (see …” „… 68 4 Economic models and their enrichment through multi-agent features Models within the social …”

Discussion: classical microeconomic vs. multi-agent models S. 78-82

„… some of these features in order to improve the meso economic model developed for road transport. 4.3.3 …” „… mentioned neoclassical assumption of homo oeconomicus has become a main element of economic theory. It is …” „… very helpful for understanding economic interrelations as well as the outcomes of many economic issues …”

Summary S. 159-162

„… overcome some of the disadvantages of classical economic models, but generate their own shortcomings at the …” „… might also be true for other sectors113 where multi-agent models are able to enrich classical economic …” „… economic model to analyse the impacts of an upstream CO2 certificate trading scheme on road transport. The …”

The system dynamics model ASTRA S. 147-150

„… under the fourth Framework Programme (FP) of the European Commission by the Institute for Economic …” „… are influenced. A main difference is the macro economic focus and the consideration of trends and …” „… the long-term economic and environmental impacts of European transport policy. The ASTRA model was …”

Properties of a behavioural multi-agent model in road transport S. 75-78

„… amount of agents (many), the model subject (an economic market) and the market characteristics (complex …” „… system). One often cited definition within economic multi-agent simulation is that of Wooldridge (2002 …” „… transport, the following characteristics of agents are needed to supplement conventional economic models …”

The business-as-usual scenario S. 150-153

„… basic time period for most modules, e.g. MAC, FOT, VFT, is one year. Forecasting the economic impacts …” „… the ASTRA model, the fuel prices determined in the meso economic model in the previous chapter are …” „… ). -20%-10%0%10%20%30%40%50%20122016202020242028203220362040GDPInvestmentEmploymentDisposable IncomeGovernment Revenues Figure 33: Development of economic …”

Evolution and epistemology of multi-agent models S. 72-75

„… emerge from the biological sciences? The economic neo-classical theory, which dominated economic science …” „… report “The Limits to Growth” (Meadows et al., 1972) which forecast the limits to economic growth. This …” „… approach is taken in microeconomic models by analysing the economic impacts of individual’s behaviour. 4.3 …”

Overview of current policy instruments to reduce CO2 emissions from German road transport S. 32-39

„… from road transport The transport sector is the only economic sector of the European Union (EU27) in …” „… transport sector made a contribution to this overall reduction. In economic theory, a tendency can only be …” „… industry and the corresponding support by politics. The most attractive action for economic policy research …”

Studies on CO2 emissions trading schemes in German transport S. 51-58

„… and economic utility of flexible instruments to efficiently reduce greenhouse gases within the …” „… . Regarding system conformance33, specific emission target approaches perform better within social, economic …” „… certificate trading scheme restricted to only one economic sector (closed trading scheme) will probably run …”

Conclusions and outlook S. 162-163

„… might also be true for other sectors113 where multi-agent models are able to enrich classical economic …” „… micro-based, meso economic model. The impacts on the Gross Domestic Product, employment, disposable income …” „… % between 2023 and 2040, an impact on the economic values of between -0.25 to +0.1 % can be observed in 2040 …”

Conclusions III S. 89-90

„… 89 economic attributes, weekly activity patterns and individual behaviour with reference to the use …” „… weaknesses of conventional economic models, but provoke new problems at the same time. Multi-agent models …” „… peculiarities of individuals. In economic science, they have more in common with microeconomic models and differ …”

CO2 certificate trading scheme in transport and the European Emission Trading Scheme (EU-ETS) S. 39-51

„… at the latest due to new alternative fuels (BMVBW, 2000: 45). Besides economic instruments, such as …” „… effective measures to reduce CO2 emissions in road transport. Economic instruments include certificate …” „… volume solution sets the volumes. Unlike economic instruments, voluntary instruments mainly concern …”

Previous multi-agent models in road transport S. 88-89

„… economic attributes, weekly activity patterns and individual behaviour with reference to the use of traffic …” „… weaknesses of conventional economic models, but provoke new problems at the same time. Multi-agent models …” „… inaccurately represented by the classical models up to now, multi-agent models still remain widely neglected …”

Conclusions V S. 157-158

„… results of the meso economic model in Chapter 5. The ASTRA model also shows impacts on the Gross Domestic …” „… significant amount of methane emissions which are classified as VOC emissions. 158 All the results of the …”

The idea of macroeconomic transport models S. 87-88

„… applications. This is why they are not only one of the most frequently applied standard models in economic …” „… transport (among others Bröcker, 2004). In transport they are particularly applied if classical cost-benefit …” „… inaccurately represented by the classical models up to now, multi-agent models still remain widely neglected …”

Alternative driving technologies S. 58-65

„… potentials of alternative fuels as well as their economic incentives are far from being exhausted …” „… classified based on their average costs per ton of CO2 abated, a marginal abatement cost curve results. This …” „… classical fossil energy sources in road transport. This is done either by (1) using renewable fuel …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845219462

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VRÜ Verfassung und Recht in Übersee

Browse Volumes: VRÜ Verfassung und Recht in Übersee

VRÜ | WCL Volume 16 (1983) Issue 2 ISSN Online: 2941-9603

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William D. Graf Nigerian Elite Consolidation and African Elite Theories S. 119-138

„… social classes whose fortunes are so interwoven with this economic structure have been aptly called an …” „… subsequent class-formation, this meant the superimposition of a >high er< or >na- For a critique of all these …” „… utilisation of human and natural resources, massive ur ban-rural and upper class-lower class income …”

Bernard Schaffer, Geoff Lamb Can Equity Be Organized? Equity, Development Analysis and Planning S. 187-190

„… political-economic interrelations« (p. 2) . De I'avis de Lamb et Schaffer, la notion d'equite et la promotion de la …” „… de la division du travail et, par conse quent, des inegalites collectives (de classe) . Se referant …” „… and class differences by institution al distribution i s fundamental to understanding Hungarian so …”

Johannes Schregle Negotiating Development. Labour Relations in Southern Asia S. 200-202

„… conditions and requirements of the region, economic and cultural, warrant an >Asian< approach to labour …” „… have all ntaken part in the ongoing class struggles in FranceH and went to China as nmilitant lawyersH …”

Heinrich Scholler Vom vorkolonialen zum modernen afrikanischen Staat S. 103-117

„… by the fact of their economic and moral dependence on the people and through associations and …” „… Faures mit dem Recour a la constitution stehen . . . . In the third world, only superior socio-economic …” „… traditionnelle de la societe, du mariage, de »l ' individu« , de la respon sabi lite classique, ete. Chaque …”

doi.org/10.5771/0506-7286-1983-2

Smail Rapic - Wege aus dem Kapitalismus?

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Smail Rapic (ed.)

Wege aus dem Kapitalismus?

2023

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Regina Kreide Inequality and the Loss of Democracy S. 96-100

„… are related.Economic cleavageThis shrinking of the middle class is already having an impact on social …” „… the contrary, their risk of experiencing social decline is high.5 Therefore, the lower middle class’s …” „… « and the so-called developing countries has shrunk. The real incomes of a majority of the middle class …”

Wolfgang Streeck Democracy, Postdemocracy, and the Nation-state S. 262-273

„… capital is likely to be as unequally distributed in a class society as economic capital.5Democracy …” „… old working class and a new, libertarian middle class perceiving globalization as economic opportunity …” „… neoliberalism abolished the institutionalization of class conflict and withdrew economic protection from …”

Smail Rapic Nancy Fraser’s Critical Re-Reading of Marx’s Capital and Historical Materialism S. 57-63

„… , the economic sphere is penetrated by the conflict of interests and classes due to the division of …” „… crucial task of controlling class conflicts resulting from economic antagonisms, the state had to present …” „… socio-economic interests and class oppositions.In his book The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the …”

Regina Kreide Democratic Socialism or Why the Danish Model of Social Democracy is not Enough S. 301-310

„… between ecological problems (Crouch rightly calls them externalities), exploited classes, and …” „… hegemonicdomination. The effects of global warming hit the poor classes worldwide whereas the people in the Global …” „… global economic élite still tries to condemn their research results. But poverty, we have known this for …”

Nancy Fraser System Pressures, Normative Hopes, and Capitalist Crisis S. 108-120

„… – social, economic, ecological, and political – all intertwined and mutually exacerbating, yet rooted in …” „… struggle. On this view, capitalism is no mere economic system, but something larger: an institutionalized …” „… societal order that also includes the economy’s underpinnings. The theory identifies four extra-economic …”

Nancy Fraser Why Two Karls are Better than One: Integrating Polanyi and Marx in a Critical Theory of the Current Crisis S. 49-56

„… , class-centric concept of capitalist conflict, without lapsing into empty, ungrounded notions of »multiplicity …” „… present crisis is multi-dimensional, encompassing not only economic impasses but also others – social …” „… conceiving capitalism narrowly, as an economic system, such a theory must conceptualize it broadly, as an …”

Wolgang Streeck Movement and Countermovement: Nancy Fraser and the Difficult Relationship between Enslavement and Liberation S. 101-107

„… particular labor shortages, increasingly turned into a bottleneck for economic growth, also because of a …” „… . Mobilizing female labor power for the labor market required ending the 1 John Maynard Keynes: »Economic …” „… Crouch/Alessandro Pizzorno (eds): The Resurgence of Class Conflict in Western Europe since 1968. Two Volumes. London …”

Smail Rapic Does Socialism Have a Future? S. 312-326

„… state organization was not a system of common ownership because economic decisions were taken by a class …” „… Economic Policy« which had contained some elements of a market economy. However, the Soviet economic and …” „… socialism. According to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels’s Communist Manifesto, in socialism class oppositions …”

Georg Lohmann A Critical of Marx Revision of Nancy Fraser’s »Expropriation and Exploitation in Racialized Capitalism« S. 74-85

„… , according to which the law, as a phenomenon of the superstructure, »springs« from economic relationships as …” „… the basis, the economic relationships themselves are nothing other than property relationships, that …” „… contracts are really (that is, when one considers the relationships between the social classes) not an …”

Colin Crouch Introductory Statement S. 257-261

„… industrial working class, the main carrier of the class’s ideology and organizations, began to decline in …” „… curious that neoliberalism continues to be dominant as an economic and even political orthodoxy. It never …” „… , and one is the notion that there has to be a carrier, a class that carries the future. Marx believed …”

William Outhwaite ›The Corruption of Markets, Knowledge, Politics etc.‹ S. 292-297

„… economic issues of inequality.14 This has of course been a long story, with the weakening of class …” „… politics.1 This makes him an invaluable guide at a time when the imbrication of political and economic …” „… distrusted by both traditionalist lovers of order and decorum, and by academics who want economic affairs to …”

Colin Crouch Response to William Outhwaite S. 298-300

„… its cause.Conservatism by itself is merely a set of beliefs and preferences, partly economic, partly …” „… continued prosperity, reduced levels of inequality and a declining industrial working class, dominant …” „… would be women, given that recent decades of difficult economic circumstances have also seen the entry …”

Anne Reichold Structures of Normativity in Nancy Fraser’s Critical Theory of Crisis S. 64-73

„… crisis in the different areas mentioned above. Social struggle, in her account, is class struggle plus …” „… normative character; historically, the struggles of class and boundary take on new forms within …” „… »reservoirs of ›non-economic‹ normativity«.18 At the same time, the necessary preconditions of capitalism …”

Colin Crouch Response to Wolfgang Streeck S. 274-276

„… of democracy by removing the most important economic decisions beyond the reach of democracy at the …” „… . The loyalties of class and religion that had sustained the main parties of European countries until …” „… only recently when they discovered the possibility of attracting working-class votes. Others, including …”

Darrow Schecter The Post-Democracy Thesis and Statehood in the twenty-first Century S. 277-288

„… crisis of economic, political, legal, educational, economic, and other social systems on a global scale …” „… coordinated market systems functioning according to a purely economic logic with centrally planned systems …” „… profit and accumulation, with the economic system, and to assign criteria of equality and justice to the …”

Jo Moran-Ellis The Limits of a Market? Social Reproduction, Care and Capitalism S. 86-95

„… comments on this paper.2 Karl Polanyi: The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of our …” „… intimate life15 – a step further than commercialisation in that the political and economic processes which …” „… . This could be explained as a form of economic logic: in the ›chain‹ of paid care work provision there …”

Sachregister S. 601-610

„… , 328class 262–265, 268, 269, 273, 312, 313, 324class conflicts 60, 262, 266, 268class struggle 65, 78 …” „… , 302, 305, 307, 308, 310economic growth 283, 287, 304, 306, 308economism 49, 52economy 49–63, 65, 101 …” „… , 215, 348, 358, 381, 391, 405, 489, 524, 562working class 258–260, 264, 275, 298, 306, 311Zentralbank …”

Claus Offe Dank und Erwiderungen S. 474-496

„… institutionellen Struk1 Amartya Sen: »Rational Fools: A Critique of the Behavioral Foundations of Economic Theory …” „… geht nicht um den Profit, sondern um die Macht staatlicher Eliten, einer »new ruling class«. Das alles …” „… Dangerous Class. New York 2011.26 Michael J. Sandel: The Tyranny of Merit. What has Become of the Common …”

Colin Crouch Response to Smail Rapic S. 327-328

„… first democracy had to be established, then economic reform could follow. The Chinese retorted that it …” „… capitalism feature a state that retains considerable power of all kinds while allowing markets and economic …” „… being that the latter are now economic oligarchs able to earn vast incomes. Chinese state capitalism …”

Colin Crouch Response to Darrow Schecter S. 289-291

„… finance capital. Perhaps worst of all, the dominance of economic demands is threatening the functional …” „… represents overweening power, as it has done throughout human history. Classical economists thought they had …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783495995716

Jasmin Haider - Das Prinzipal-Agenten-Problem im kollektiven Rechtsschutz

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Jasmin Haider

Das Prinzipal-Agenten-Problem im kollektiven Rechtsschutz

Series: Streitbeilegung und Streitvermeidung im Zivilrecht - Schriftenreihe des Munich Center for Dispute Resolution

Volume 6 2020

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Literaturverzeichnis S. 397-412

„… Plaintiff's Attorney: The Implications of Economic Theory for Private Enforcement of Law through Class and …” „… .: The Plaintiffs’ Attorney’s Role in Class Action and Derivative Litigation: Economic Analysis and …” „… . Kornhauser, Lewis A.: Control of Conflicts of Interest in Class-Action Suits, Public Choice, 1983, 145 ff …”

Einführung und Gang der Untersuchung S. 25-29

„… Rechtsanwalt als Agent stellt nun die treibende Kraft des Ver- 1 Sappington, Journal of Economic Perspectives …” „… Economic Perspectives 1991, 45. 3 Coffee, Columbia Law Review 2000, 370 (379); Fisch, Law and Contemporary …” „… Nachhaltigkeitsstrategie, 2016, 65; Sappington, Journal of Economic Perspectives 1991, 45 (46). 4 Siehe zur folgenden …”

Dritter Teil Lösungsansätze S. 211-392

„… , Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 1985, 132 ff. 927 Schäfer, in: Basedow/Hopt/Kötz/Baetge (Hrsg …” „… der sog. Cy-près Methode, wie es insbesondere auch bei der class action in den USA anzutreffen ist.942 …” „… einen zügigen Verfahrensablauf sichert.978 Im Rahmen der US-amerikanischen class action entspricht die …”

Erster Teil Die Ausgangslage: Das Prinzipal-Agenten-Problem im Individualrechtsschutz S. 30-60

„… Murphy/Shah/Farningham, Class/collective actions in the UK (England and Wales): overview, 2017, abrufbar unter …” „… Murphy/Shah/Farningham, Class/collective actions in the UK (England and Wales): overview, 2017 (Erster Teil Fn. 72 …” „… (Costs) Rn. 72 ff.; Murphy/Shah/Farningham, Class/collective actions in the UK (England and Wales …”

Zweiter Teil Verschärfung des Problems im kollektiven Rechtsschutz S. 61-210

„… ff.; Murphy/Shah/Farningham, Class/collective actions in the UK (England and Wales): overview, 2017 …” „… (Erster Teil Fn. 72), Frage 6. 316 Murphy/Shah/Farningham, Class/collective actions in the UK (England and …” „… präzisiert, dass Zweiter Teil A. I. 151 Statt vieler Eichholtz, Die US-amerikanische Class Action und ihre …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748921790

Artur Bogner, Reinhart Kößler, Rüdiger Korff, Henning Melber - Die Welt aus der Perspektive der Entwicklungssoziologie

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Artur Bogner (ed.), Reinhart Kößler (ed.), Rüdiger Korff (ed.), Henning Melber (ed.)

Die Welt aus der Perspektive der Entwicklungssoziologie

Series: Bayreuther Studien zu Politik und Gesellschaft in Afrika | Bayreuth Studies in African Politics and Societies

Volume 5 2020

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Rachel Spronk Rerouting knowledge formation, following Dieter Neubert S. 215-218

„… (Africa’s) middle class as a uniform, socio-culturally homogeneous group. People in the same socio-economic …” „… position. This is a very important observation as there are sometimes remarkable socio-economic or class …” „… have advanced their professional careers and may be classified as higher middle class in 2018. In …”

Erdmute Alber, Antje Daniel Mannheim, provinzialisiert: Eine Gegenthese zur Behauptung des Generationenkonflikts als Motor gesellschaftlichen Wandels auf der Basis von Fallbeispielen aus Benin und Österreich S. 73-106

„… ökologisch gerechte Zukunft ermöglicht.9 Auf dem Davoser World Economic Forum im Januar 2019 betonte Thunberg …” „… West African Middle Classes, Anthropology & Aging 39/1:. 66-81. Alber, Erdmute (2020 …” „… . Wiesbaden: Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. Lentz, Carola (2020): Doing being middle-class in the global …”

Florian Stoll Auf dem Weg zu einer Soziologie des Globalen Südens? Überlegungen zur Analyse von Gesellschaften nach dem Ende von Erster, Zweiter und Dritter Welt S. 123-150

„… ): The Narrative of ‘the African Middle Class’ and its Conceptual Limitations. In: Lena Kroeker, David …” „… O'Kane, and Tabea Scharrer (Hg.), Middle Classes in Africa. Changing Lives and Conceptual Challenges. New …” „… : Duncker & Humblot. O´Neill, Jim (2001): Building Better Global Economic BRICs. In: Goldman Sachs Global …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748906681

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