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Kathrin Monen - Das Verbot der Diskriminierung

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Kathrin Monen

Das Verbot der Diskriminierung

Series: Nomos Universitätsschriften - Recht

Volume 554 2008

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Employer Discrimination S. 259-263

„… Discrimination Die bundesgesetzlichen Bestimmungen zum arbeitsrechtlichen Diskriminierungsschutz beziehen sich …” „… primär auf Benachteiligungen seitens des Arbeitgebers (employer discrimination) und umfassen im …”

Wichtige Termini des Employment Discrimination Law S. 249-251

„… Discrimination Law Im Folgenden werden die wesentlichen Begriffe des U.S.-amerikanischen Rechts, die im …” „… Zusammenhang mit dieser Arbeit relevant sein werden, kurz eingeführt und erläutert werden. 1. Discrimination …” „… Der Terminus discrimination hat im englischen Sprachgebrauch einen Bedeutungswandel erfahren …”

Federal und State Law S. 248-249

„… Discrimination Law Da insbesondere im Bereich des Arbeitsrechts Entscheidungen, die eine Person diskriminieren …” „… , unvermeidbar sind, legt das Employment Discrimination Law fest, unter welchen Voraussetzungen eine …” „… Discrimination Law Im Folgenden werden die wesentlichen Begriffe des U.S.-amerikanischen Rechts, die im …”

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 S. 253-255

„… pregnancy) und Religion (religion), während der Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 19671161 (ADEA …” „… keine Rechte herleiten. 1159 Player, Federal Law of Employment Discrimination, S. 13 ff. 1160 Title …” „… VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , 42 U.S.C.A. §§ 2000e – 2000e-17. 1161 Age Discrimination in …”

The Protected Classes S. 263-268

„… Discrimination, S. 207. 1201 McDonald v. Santa Fe Trail Transp. Co., 427 U.S. 273, 96 S.Ct. 2574, 49 L.Ed.2d 493 …” „… ). 1206 Player, Federal Law of Employment Discrimination, S. 214. 1207 DeSantis v. Pacific Tel. & Tel …” „… Discrimination Act ergänzt wurden und die Bestimmungen nunmehr auch die Kriterien Schwangerschaft, Geburt sowie …”

Employment Manuals S. 253

„… pregnancy) und Religion (religion), während der Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 19671161 (ADEA …” „… keine Rechte herleiten. 1159 Player, Federal Law of Employment Discrimination, S. 13 ff. 1160 Title …” „… VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , 42 U.S.C.A. §§ 2000e – 2000e-17. 1161 Age Discrimination in …”

Facial Classifications S. 268-275

„… zum Schutz der Betroffenen.1222 B. Discrimination Because Of – Basic Models of Proof Im Folgenden …” „… sie aufgrund eines geschützten Merkmals erfolgen (discrimination because of). I. Facial …” „… Discrimination Law, S. 94. 1222 vgl. beispielsweise die von Präsident Clinton erlassene Executive Order 13087 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-22

„… . Employment Discrimination Law 248 I. Federal und State Law 248 II. Wichtige Termini des Employment …” „… Discrimination Law 249 1. Discrimination 249 2. Harassment 250 3. Title VII 250 4. EEOC 251 C. Die Bedeutung des …” „… . Employer Discrimination 259 1. The Employer 260 a) Person Affecting Commerce 260 b) Number of Employees 260 …”

Vertraglich geregelte Ausnahmen vom Employment at Will Grundsatz S. 252-253

„… einschließlich Schwangerschaft (sex including pregnancy) und Religion (religion), während der Age Discrimination …” „… Law of Employment Discrimination, S. 13 ff. 1160 Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , 42 …” „… U.S.C.A. §§ 2000e – 2000e-17. 1161 Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 , 29 U.S.C. §§ 621 – 634 …”

Kritische Betrachtung der Zielsetzungen der U.S.-amerikanischen Diskriminierungsverbote S. 369-372

„… Discrimination Law, S. 278, 289. 1702 Brest, 90 Harv. L. Rev. 1 (1976). 370 moralische Gerechtigkeit gewählt …” „… McDonald/Ravitch/Sumners, Employment Discrimination Law, S. 9. 1706 Flagg, 91 Mich. L. Rev. 953 (1993). 371 Die Idee, dass …” „… , Employment Discrimination Law, S. 17. 372 für sie mit extremen Kosten oder Strafen verbunden ist. Damit sind …”

Privatrechtlicher Diskriminierungsschutz durch Bundes- oder einzelstaatliches Recht S. 248

„… Discrimination Law Da insbesondere im Bereich des Arbeitsrechts Entscheidungen, die eine Person diskriminieren …” „… , unvermeidbar sind, legt das Employment Discrimination Law fest, unter welchen Voraussetzungen eine …”

Die Kommission S. 256-257

„… Voraussetzungen geltend gemacht werden können. 1175 Player, Federal Law of Employment Discrimination, S. 22 f …” „… Employment Discrimination, S. 25. 257 II. Die Aufgaben der EEOC Der Aufgabenkreis der EEOC wurde seit ihrer …”

Geschichtlicher Überblick über die Entstehung der U.S.-amerikanischen Antidiskriminierungsgesetzgebung S. 368-369

„… Discrimination Law, S. 2 ff. 369 keine arabisch-muslimischen Arbeitnehmer vom Arbeitsmarkt auszuschließen, …” „… . McDonald/Ravitch/Sumners, Employment Discrimination Law, S. 278, 289. 1702 Brest, 90 Harv. L. Rev. 1 (1976). …”

Weitere bundesgesetzliche Antidiskriminierungsvorschriften S. 255-256

„… , Federal Law of Employment Discrimination, S. 22 f. 1176 Clark, Introduction to the Law of the United …” „… Jahre berufen. 1178 Player, Federal Law of Employment Discrimination, S. 25. …”

Verfassungsrechtlicher Diskriminierungsschutz durch die Equal Protection Clause S. 245-248

„… sein. B. Employment Discrimination Law Da insbesondere im Bereich des Arbeitsrechts Entscheidungen, die …” „… eine Person diskriminieren, unvermeidbar sind, legt das Employment Discrimination Law fest, unter …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 383-418

„… , Employment Discrimination Law, Problems, Cases and Critical Perspectives, 1. Auflage, Upper Saddle River, NJ …” „… , 2005 (McDonald/Ravitch/Sumners, Employment Discrimination Law) Medicus, Dieter, Allgemeiner Teil des …” „… (Heft 11), S. 540 Player, Mack A., Federal Law of Employment Discrimination, St. Paul, MN, 2004 (Player …”

Retaliation S. 336-340

„… während des Ermittlungsverfahrens gegeben sein; vgl. McDonald/Ravitch/Sumners, Employment Discrimination …” „… Discrimination Law, S. 172. 1539 Fine v. Ryan Intern. Airlines , 305 F.3d 746 (7th Cir. 2002). 338 Einschränkung …”

Abkürzungsverzeichnis S. 23-24

„… Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 BFOQ Bona Fide Occupational Qualification Cir. Circuit …”

Working Environment und Harassment S. 326-336

„… während des Ermittlungsverfahrens gegeben sein; vgl. McDonald/Ravitch/Sumners, Employment Discrimination …”

Disparate Treatment S. 275-287

„… 858 (5th Cir. 1993). 1281 McDonald/Ravitch/Sumners, Employment Discrimination Law, S. 31. 1282 …”

Aktuelle Maßnahmen im Rahmen des EG-Vertrags S. 33-54

„… . Unter dem Motto „For Diversity. Against Discrimination.“115 will die Europäische Kommission von 2003 bis …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845206530

Marcus Peter - Multilateral Rules on Cross-Border Investment and the World Trade Organisation

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Marcus Peter

Multilateral Rules on Cross-Border Investment and the World Trade Organisation

Series: Saarbrücker Studien zum Internationalen Recht

Volume 42 2009

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Non-Discrimination S. 55-59

„… investment and the identification of the appropriate forum negotiating the Agreement.I. Non-Discrimination …” „… The principle of non-discrimination is a core standard of protection for investors and their investments in …” „… «) and the national treatment principle.286 Both varieties of non-discrimination aim to ensure that all …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-8

„… . Scope of Investment Rules 55I. Non-Discrimination 561. Most Favourite Nation (MFN) Principle 562 …” „… . National Treatment Principle 573. Problematic Issues of Non-Discrimination Principles 57II. Performance …”

No Direct Obligations on Entities S. 144-145

„… principle and non-discrimination or national treatment.It is understandable that the application of the …” „… most-favoured nation principle and non-discrimination principle to multilateral investment rules may be more …”

Trade-Type Approach S. 145-146

„… principle and non-discrimination or national treatment.It is understandable that the application of the …” „… most-favoured nation principle and non-discrimination principle to multilateral investment rules may be more …”

Performance Requirements S. 59-60

„… , these problems will arise in relation to the sector of non-discrimination of investments and investors …” „… . They have been debated in precedent negotiations and non-discrimination investment rules were even …”

Government Procurement S. 105-106

„… territories.671 In particular, this prohibited discrimination against foreign products, foreign suppliers and …”

GATT S. 106-107

„… their territories.671 In particular, this prohibited discrimination against foreign products, foreign …”

Dispute Settlement S. 69-71

„… be the problem of positive discrimination423 in favour of investors because they would be granted …”

TRIMS S. 109-111

„… mechanisms of non-discrimination already known from the GATT relating to intellectual property rights …”

TRIPS S. 111-113

„… mechanisms of non-discrimination already known from the GATT relating to intellectual property rights …”

United Nations S. 146-148

„… further reaching rules, such as transparency or non-discrimination. The WTO has more experience and …”

Investment Incentives S. 60-63

„… useful or not to apply the non-discrimination principle (national treatment and MFN) to regulate …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845218830

Anca Daniela Chirita - The German and Romanian Abuse of Market Dominance in the Light of Article 102 TFEU

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Anca Daniela Chirita

The German and Romanian Abuse of Market Dominance in the Light of Article 102 TFEU

Series: Schriften des Europa-Instituts der Universität des Saarlandes - Rechtswissenschaft

Volume 82 2011

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(Price) Discrimination S. 284-286

„… 284 III. Discrimination and Hindrance Abuses 1. (Price) Discrimination Articles 6 (c) and 102 …” „… prohibit any price discrimination by dominant undertakings under the following conditions: the existence of …” „… should be assessed objectively. In practice, discrimination is dependent upon different anti-competitive …”

Discrimination as a Structural Abuse S. 143-145

„… . Discrimination as a Structural Abuse As a form of structural abuse, German competition law has a distinctive …” „… feature of abuse of dominance as it covers two major types of discrimination as a distinct …” „… unjustified treatment cover in substance the discrimination of Article 102(2) (c) TFEU. Broad discrimination …”

The Historical Background of the EU Unfair Competition Rules S. 349-356

„… 1407envisaged rules applying to undertakings concerning discrimination and monopolies. According to …” „… gained a new element, namely, within the framework of price discrimination, price increases or …” „… should be judged not within the context of discrimination, but of unfair competition rules. The note …”

An Empirical Classification of Abusive Practices and Future Challenges S. 230-235

„… market structure abuse has discrimination as an independent type of abusive conduct, whilst under EU and …” „… anti-competitive conduct was not accompanied by discrimination; D. Gerard, Price Discrimination under Article 82 EC …” „… , exclusionary conduct, and discrimination, including refusals.923However, the latter are not as extensively …”

Hindrance Abuse S. 286-290

„… discrimination against wholesale suppliers to the advantage of retailers. Previously, the Commission had found a …” „… loop access and discriminatory practices through its structural discrimination as a result of Wanadoo’s …” „… price discrimination. Lufthansa was prohibited from charging prices for passenger flights on the …”

Exploitative Abuse S. 142-143

„… detailed evaluation of all relevant interests of the parties concerned.5593. Discrimination as a Structural …” „… dominance as it covers two major types of discrimination as a distinct anti-competitive practice. The third …” „… substance the discrimination of Article 102(2) (c) TFEU. Broad discrimination, therefore, consists of …”

Long-term Exclusive Agreements S. 279-284

„… Düsseldorf, Case VI-U (Kart) 24/99, SW Krefeld/Europower 2003. 284 III. Discrimination and Hindrance Abuses …” „… 1. (Price) Discrimination Articles 6 (c) and 102 prohibit any price discrimination by dominant …” „… , discrimination is dependent upon different anti-competitive practices, such as rebates or discounts. A company …”

The Abuse of Economic Dependence S. 145-146

„… dependence as a concept is related to both discrimination and hindrance abuse, especially to refusal to …” „… supply cases. Thus, Section 20(2) offers a normative approach to both discrimination and refusal to …” „… supply. Accordingly, the prohibition of discrimination as unfair hindrance and unjustified differential …”

Exclusionary Abuses S. 133-142

„… dealt with in Section 19(4) 4th sentence;510 and the prohibition of discrimination and unfair hindrance …” „… practices to be prohibited, such as any type of discrimination in the form of unfair pricing or contractual …” „… compete, discrimination abuse as unjustified discriminatory practices, by demanding unreasonable payment …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… . Exploitative Abuse 1423. Discrimination as a Structural Abuse 1434. The Abuse of Economic Dependence 14575 …” „… Pricing 26810. Discounts and Rebates 27011. Long-term Exclusive Agreements 279III. Discrimination and …” „… Hindrance Abuses 2841. (Price) Discrimination 2842. Hindrance Abuse 286IV. Tying and Bundling 2901 …”

The Scope of Application of the Market Dominance Laws S. 79-82

„… discrimination, but it can overlap with Section 19, whereas a particular practice of a dominant undertaking that …” „… concept of economic dependency. Section 20(3) also addresses the prohibition of passive discrimination by …” „… price discrimination apply to all suppliers. Section 20(1)-(5) prohibits unfair hindrance and …”

Abuse of Intellectual Property Rights: A New Exploitative Abuse of Property Rights? S. 307-314

„… FCJ’s interpretation is that discrimination against third parties is a «subjective» element of the right …” „… . To sum up, under the prohibition of unjustified discrimination if the IPR holder has already granted …” „… discrimination.1290Rambus, which had allegedly abused a dominant position in the market for DRAM (Dynamic Random …”

Export Sales below Cost and Dumping Pricing S. 268-270

„… ruled by fair and open international trade and without discrimination on the origin of goods or services …” „… advanced possible methods to determine that price, both of which may lead to price discrimination between …”

Ambiguities: Where is a Clear Policy Standard? S. 162-165

„… do not enjoy, as would be the case under Section 20(2)’s hindrance abuse and discrimination, but also …” „… «unjustified unequal treatment» or discrimination and would place the undertaking at «an unfair competitive …”

Leading Products or Producers Dependence S. 321

„… acceptance of significant disadvantages. The prohibition of unfair hindrance or discrimination protects …”

Discounts and Rebates S. 270-279

„… determine that price, both of which may lead to price discrimination between domestic and foreign customers …” „… outsiders, if Intel granted rebates to its own customers without discrimination of third parties its conduct …”

Product Line-induced Dependence S. 320-321

„… . The prohibition of unfair hindrance or discrimination protects, therefore, not only undertakings that …”

Business or Demand-induced Dependence S. 321-322

„… acceptance of significant disadvantages. The prohibition of unfair hindrance or discrimination protects …”

Bibliography S. 383-395

„… , Simon: Price Discrimination under Article 86: Political Economy in the European Court, 44(1981) Modern …” „… . 387 Gerard, Damien: Price Discrimination under Article 82 EC: Clearing up the Ambiguities, 7(2005 …”

Brief Overview of Sharp Practices of the German Act against Unfair Competition S. 156-158

„… , which is also included in Section 20 ARC, the exploitative use of trademarks, discrimination, and the …”

Refusal to Supply S. 300-302

„… customer who has unlawfully copied his design. Such refusal amounts to discrimination and contravenes the …”

Technical Bundling and the Unfair Interoperability Advantage S. 336-338

„… discrimination. Thus, the sole ownership of exclusive licensing does not lead to the creation of an independent …”

The Legal Background of the Abuse of a Dominant Position S. 19-22

„… discrimination and unfair hindrance. In addition to the above common competition rules, Section 20 covers both …”

Economically Viable or Surviving in the Market S. 338-342

„… prohibition of discrimination. Thus, the sole ownership of exclusive licensing does not lead to the creation …”

Joint Dominance and Oligopolies S. 127-133

„… dealt with in Section 19(4) 4th sentence;510 and the prohibition of discrimination and unfair hindrance …”

Brief Overview of Remedies, Penalties, and Judicial Review S. 222-229

„… because Article 102 may be relied upon to counteract, broadly speaking, any discrimination or unjustified …”

The Dominant Position and the Concept of Abuse S. 82-104

„… discrimination and unfair hindrance and for mergers in Section 36(1).269 In comparison to the EU concept of …” „… hindrance abuse, as a particular form of discrimination with regard to the pricing or non-pricing variables …”

Margin Squeeze in the Telecommunications Sector S. 260-268

„… minor competitors») or their discrimination. Thus, the authors do not exclude the possibility that a …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845230306

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Udo Reifner

Using Money

Series: Schriften des Instituts für Finanzdienstleistungen e.V.

Volume 13 2007

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Against Social Discrimination S. 45-46

„… , which is reserved to the banks and subject to particular vigilance. Against Social Discrimination New …” „… and promotes protection against social discrimination through support for alternative micro-credit …”

Discrimination of Asocial Conduct creates Social Behaviour S. 70-71

„… finance" workshop of the future in which we would like to participate. Discrimination of Asocial Conduct …” „… law as agency for imposing liability. Discrimination against asocial conduct creates social content …”

The Euro will Catalyse S. 104-105

„… introduction of the Euro has something to do with regional discrimination: The Euro will make it easier for …” „… invested to cope with structural discrimination. But social researchers tell us that they in spite of these …” „… efforts the pace of decline and the span of discrimination is increasing. In fact, the simingly huge sums …”

Securing the Fruits of Sustainable Banking S. 80-82

„… societies are reproached of systematic discrimination and social Darwinism towards the third world as well …” „… which we call discrimination. Discrimination is omnipresent and permanent in our economy. With the …”

Encapsulated Bank Business S. 109-111

„… use methods and products which will create regional discrimination or whether they will openly …” „… discrimination and to compensate where the basic conditions for human developments are threatened. We do not want …” „… manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a …”

Financial exclusion in Modern Societies S. 82-90

„… ”? Especially the advanced industrialised societies are reproached of systematic discrimination and social …” „… result of a steady and accepted procedure which we call discrimination. Discrimination is omnipresent and …” „… and quality discrimination is a form of internal exclusion. People remain excluded even if admitted to …”

The Customer’s faith S. 92-93

„… Reinvestment Act, anti-discrimination and equal opportunities legislation to cope with the problems modern …” „… education and training and dealing with the public debt and especially fighting discrimination and poverty. …”

The public aspect in private economy S. 108-109

„… use methods and products which will create regional discrimination or whether they will openly …” „… discrimination and to compensate where the basic conditions for human developments are threatened. We do not want …”

How far can the State correct Deficiencies of the Market? S. 105-106

„… discrimination. But social researchers tell us that they in spite of these efforts the pace of decline and the …” „… span of discrimination is increasing. In fact, the simingly huge sums spent to cope with poverty are …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… Against Social Discrimination 45 Berlemont: The 26th state of the EU? 46 Usury: Thresholds and Prohibition …” „… Social Finance 70 Discrimination of Asocial Conduct creates Social Behaviour 70 European Cooperation 71 …”

More Power to the Banks S. 93-95

„… American Community Reinvestment Act, anti-discrimination and equal opportunities legislation to cope with …” „… education and training and dealing with the public debt and especially fighting discrimination and poverty …”

Profit is the Power Engine of the Economy S. 102-104

„… would call the carrion-vultures of discrimination develop financial products with usurious prices, harsh …” „… something to do with regional discrimination: The Euro will make it easier for banks and insurance companies …”

European Cooperation S. 71

„… 71 form of subsidies and of the law as agency for imposing liability. Discrimination against …”

Social Finance S. 70

„… finance" workshop of the future in which we would like to participate. Discrimination of Asocial Conduct …”

Jurisprudence and Morals S. 44-45

„… , which is reserved to the banks and subject to particular vigilance. Against Social Discrimination New …”

The Social policy of the Financial Sector S. 69-70

„… would like to participate. Discrimination of Asocial Conduct creates Social Behaviour However, products …”

The Market as Focus S. 71-72

„… 71 form of subsidies and of the law as agency for imposing liability. Discrimination against …”

Competition and Responsibility S. 39-40

„… , child labour, arms dealing, discrimination, usury, and Third World exploitation just amount to a …”

Market and Justice S. 40-41

„… , discrimination, usury, and Third World exploitation just amount to a cacophony of clichés? Are these efforts …”

The Political Agenda S. 106-107

„… donations do not break with the logics of discrimination because they try to compensate. Only if we manage …”

Second Best S. 107-108

„… logics of discrimination because they try to compensate. Only if we manage to integrate social values …”

Money as a Security S. 49-59

„… social security through usury and discrimination and elevating the short-term to a general principle. a …” „… , discrimination and deception is an expression of the protection of competition, it will at least become more …”

Berlemont: The 26<sup>th</sup> state of the EU? S. 46-47

„… discovered the alternative sector and promotes protection against social discrimination through support for …”

Facilitating Self-determined and Effective Consumption S. 59-61

„… bodies understand that protection against usury, cheating, discrimination and deception is an expression …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845204529

Friedrich Schütter - Gemeinschaftsrechtliche Staatshaftung wegen judikativen Unrechts in Deutschland und im Vereinigten Königreich

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Friedrich Schütter

Gemeinschaftsrechtliche Staatshaftung wegen judikativen Unrechts in Deutschland und im Vereinigten Königreich

Series: Deutsches, Europäisches und Vergleichendes Wirtschaftsrecht

Volume 73 2012

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Definition: Inländerdiskriminierung / Reverse discrimination S. 327-328

„… / Reverse discrimination Der Begriff Inländerdiskriminierung oder reverse discrimination bezeichnet das …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 349-375

„… - Zulässigkeit und Grenzen der discrimination à rebours nach europäischem Gemeinschaftsrecht und nationalem …” „… Legal Order, CMLRev 42 (2005) 9-34 Kon, Stephen D.: Aspects of Reverse Discrimination in Community Law …” „… 3541-3550 Ritter, Cyril: Purely Internal Situations, Reverse Discrimination, Guimot, Dzodi and Article 234 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-24

„… : Inländerdiskriminierung / Reverse discrimination 327 § 2: Art. 18 Abs. 1 AEUV (Art. 12 Abs. 1 EGV a.F.) 328 24 § 3 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845240688

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