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Christina Forsbach - Externe Demokratieförderung in Tunesien

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Christina Forsbach

Externe Demokratieförderung in Tunesien

Series: Demokratiestudien. Demokratie und Demokratisierung in Theorie und Empirie

Volume 10 2022

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2. „Unscrambling“ democracy promotion S. 41-142

„… „Unscrambling“ democracy promotion„Concerning the first problem of complexity, one simple answer is …” „… Field of Democracy Promotion, 2012, S. 1. Burnell (Democracy Assistance: The State of the Discourse …” „… , Diffusion and the International Context of Democratization, 2006.2. „Unscrambling“ democracy promotion42 …”

9. Quellen- und Literaturverzeichnis S. 455-550

„… Africa? Assessing the Effectiveness of EU Democracy Promotion in Tunisia. Brügge/Natolin: College of …” „… Vierteljahresschrift, 54(4), 641–661.Beetz, Simone. (2017). External Democracy Promotion and Diversity Among …” „… Macmillan.Beichelt, Timm. (2012). The Research Field of Democracy Promotion. Living Reviews in Democracy, 3/2012 …”

1. Einleitung S. 17-40

„… US-amerikanischen Praxis hat sich hinsichtlich der Zielbereiche die Unterscheidung in „democracy promotion …” „… , Democracy Promotion, 2014, S. 33. Dass USA und EU über die ersten beiden Dekaden des 21. Jahrhunderts hinweg …” „… der empirisch-analytischen Forschungsstränge zur US-amerikanischen „Democracy Promotion“ und – mit …”

8. Conclusio S. 431-454

„… Paradise and Power, 2003, S. 3.2 Kopstein, The Transatlantic Divide over Democracy Promotion, 2006.3 Zu …” „… Demokratieförderung (democracy promotion) und Demokratiehilfe (democracy aid) hinzuweisen, von denen letztere – wie …” „… Gesamtkooperation darstellt.35 Vgl. Carothers, Rejuvenating Democracy Promotion, 2020, S. 117.36 Siehe Interview mit …”

3. Externe Akteure USA und EU: historische Pfadabhängigkeiten und institutionelle Vorbedingungen S. 143-215

„… Bemühen um eine neue Friedensordnung nach 1918 samt eines multilate68 Vgl. Huber, Democracy Promotion and …” „… , S. 12–13; Ders., Democracy Promotion from Wilson to Obama, 2013, S. 14.71 Zitiert in: Brands, a.a.O …” „… ; Patterson, Obama and Sustainable Democracy Promotion, 2012, S. 28.96 Vgl. Huber, a.a.O., 2015, S. 55–56, S …”

7. Vergleich zwischen den Fällen S. 397-430

„… Democracy Promotion?, 2009) sprechen ebenso vom vorrangigen Motiv der Aufrechterhaltung des Status quo in …” „… , wie jene von Kopstein zu reproduzieren (The Transatlantic Divide Over Democracy Promotion, 2006), der …” „… Transatlantic Divide over Democracy Promotion, 2020, S. 75–77, S. 84). Weitere Autoren, die für die US- und …”

5. US-Demokratieförderung S. 257-316

„… . Democracy Promotion During and After Bush, 2007, S. 3), der auch das Jahr 2007 als Wegmarke sieht.5.1 …” „… auch Smith, America’s Mission, 2012, S. 373–374; Carothers, Democracy Promotion Under Obama, 2009, S. 2 …” „… ; Heydemann, America’s Response to the Arab Uprisings, 2014, S. 306–307; Poppe, US Democracy Promotion after …”

6. EU-Demokratieförderung S. 317-396

„… Interview mit Manfredo Fanti.2 Vgl. Huber, Democracy Promotion and Foreign Policy, 2015, S. 140; siehe auch …” „… Tunisia?, 2010, S. 550; Durac/Cavatorta, Strengthening Authoritarian Rule through Democracy Promotion …” „… der Arabische Frühling, 2012, S. 108; Huber, Democracy Promotion and Foreign Policy, 2015, S. 125–126 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-14

„… 25Methodisches Vorgehen und Materialzugang1.3 36Aufbau1.4 39„Unscrambling“ democracy promotion2. 41 …” „… USAID)DRL Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and LaborEAD Europäischer Auswärtiger DienstEED European …” „… Endowment for DemocracyEG Europäische GemeinschaftEIDHR European Instrument for Democracy and Human …”

Vorwort S. 15-16

„… „Project on Middle East Democracy“.Stets auf diesem Weg mit größter Selbstverständlichkeit unterstützt und …” „… Wochen in Brüssel verbringen konnte, ist auch der großzügigen Förderung durch ein Promotionsstipendium …” „… semantisch-inhaltlich und sprachlich vom Austausch im Promotionskolleg unter Leitung von Prof. Dr. Eckhard Jesse, Prof …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748935209

Daniel Göler, Eckart D. Stratenschulte - Norm- und Regeltransfer in der europäischen Außenpolitik

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Daniel Göler (ed.), Eckart D. Stratenschulte (ed.)

Norm- und Regeltransfer in der europäischen Außenpolitik

Series: Schriftenreihe des Arbeitskreises Europäische Integration e.V.

Volume 99 2018

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Boris Litwin EU Democracy Promotion and Russia's Response S. 197-232

„… D) Norm- und Regeltransfer im östlichen Nachbarschaftsraum? EU Democracy Promotion and Russia …” „… short-term outlook on the Ukraine case. The European Union's Promotion of Democracy in the Eastern European …” „… define the very essence of the European Union."5 3 Smith, Karen (2001): The Promotion of Democracy, In …”

Ingrid Heidlmayr-Chegdaly Politische Liberalisierung in Marokko: Gestaltung der nationalen Reformagenda durch democratic governance und Demokratieförderung S. 169-196

„… . 1 Lavenex, Sandra/ Schimmelfennig, Frank (2011): EU democracy promotion in the neighbourhood. From …” „… ): Democracy promotion as external governance?, in: Journal of European Public Policy Nr. 16, S. 895–915. S …” „… ): Democracy promotion as external governance?, S. 896. Ingrid Heidlmayr-Chegdaly 170 zwischen Marokko und der …”

Katsiaryna Yakouchyk Governance Transfer by Non-Democratic Regional Organizations: The Case of the CSTO S. 233-256

„… promotion initiatives and pro-democracy movements. After the first wave of color revolutions in 2005-2006 …” „… Yakouchyk* Introduction Research on governance transfer has so far mostly focused on the promotion of …” „… was concentrated on the promotion of “good governance“ provisions both in the member states of an …”

Katharina Sophia Burlafinger Neue Wege in die Nachbarschaft – was die Anna-Lindh-Stiftung zur Europäischen Nachbarschaftspolitik beitragen kann S. 137-168

„… . eeas.europa.eu/euromed/docs/com08_319_en.pdf (letzter Zugriff: 7.6.2016). 25 Vgl.: Youngs, Richard (2012): Democracy promotion as …” „… , http://eeas.europa.eu/enp/pdf/pdf/country/enpi_csp_nip_tunisia_summary_ de.pdf (letzter Zugriff: 6.6.2016). 38 Youngs, Richard (2012): Democracy promotion as external …” „… ): Democracy promotion as external governance?, in: Lavenex, S./Schimmelfennig, F. (Hrsg.) (2012): EU External …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-6

„… Nachbarschaftsraum?D) EU Democracy Promotion and Russia's Response 199 Boris Litwin Governance Transfer by …”

Bernd Hüttemann Ein und dasselbe Chamäleon? Zivilgesellschaft und Lobbyismus im europäischen Mehrebenensystem S. 37-90

„… , Frank/Worschech, Susann (Hrsg.) (2014): Civil society and democracy promotion. (Challenges to Democracy in the 21 …” „… . 103–130. 12 Lijphart, Arend (2008): Thinking about democracy. Power sharing and majority rule in theory …” „… vital part of any healthy deliberative democracy”126 sei, dann wird der Versuch erkennbar …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845280417

Zoé Nautré - U.S. Idealism Meets Reality

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Zoé Nautré

U.S. Idealism Meets Reality

Series: DGAP-Schriften zur Internationalen Politik

Volume 2010

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Supporting evidence for democracy promotion S. 84-87

„… for democracy promotionOther?factors?such?as?the?Arab?Human?Development?report,?the?prospect?of …” „… ,?democracy?promotion?was?depicted?as?essential?to?U.?S.?long-term?national?security.?Undersecretary?of ?State?for?Global?Affairs?Paula?Dobriansky?affirmed?in?a?speech?at?the?Heritage?Foundation:“The …” „… ?For?those?who?were?arguing?for?more?aggressive?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East,?the?timing?of ?the?publication?was?excellent.?Proponents?of …”

The Middle East and democracy promotion S. 63-64

„… democracy promotionIn?contrast? to? the?rise?of ?other?Great?Powers?and?traditional?security?challenges …” „… ,? little?was? said? on? the? issue? of ? democracy? or? democracy? promotion? prior? to? the …” „… ?secondary?importance,?such?as?nation-building?or?democracy?promotion.?Thus,?democracy?promotion?as?such?did?not?become?a?topical?theme?in?the?run-up?to?the?presidential?elections?in?2000.18?It?was?only?addressed?by?Paul?Wolfowitz,?who?articulated?his?vision?of …”

Democracy promotion as a means to fight the root causes of terrorism S. 36-41

„… ?the?analytical?framework?will?deal?with?competing?imperatives?affecting?practical?policy?implementation.?At?the?same?time,?it?will?discuss?U.?S.?attitudes?towards?democracy?promotion?in?general,?a?concept,?which?is?embedded?in?U.?S.?foreign?policy?traditions?and?narratives.?The?most? important? issue?to?examine?here …” „… ? instance?democracy?promotion?was?certainly?presented?as?being?in?the?U.?S.?national?interest.?But?U.?S.?security?interests?in?the?Middle?East?had?previously?been?cited?as?having?inhibited?prior?U.?S.?administrations? from?more?actively?promoting?democracy? in? the …” „… ?the?government?regarded?democracy?promotion?as?an?effective?means?by?which?to?‘drain?the?swamp’?in?regards?to?terrorist?activities?in?the?region.?U.?S.?policy?incentives?as?well?as?structural?challenges?to?policy?implementation?will?be?analyzed?in?the?next?section?with?these?factors? in?mind.?Outlining?the?different …”

Democracy promotion as a means to fight the root causes of terrorism S. 150-152

„… ? in?pursuing?democracy?promotion?because? it?would? jeopardize …” „… ?the?administration,?as?well?as?the?perception?that?MEPI?operated?as?a?rogue? entity? together? damaged? the? enthusiasm? for? democracy? promotion? and …” „… ?the?time?overrode?all?other?imperatives.?Added?to?this,?USAID?did?not?want?to?be?politicized.?The?practical?implementation?of ?democracy?promotion …”

Democracy promotion as a means to fight the root causes of terrorism S. 143-145

„… ).?During?the?early?period,?there?existed?certain?optimism?about?what? external? democracy?promotion? assistance? could …” „… ?democracy?promotion?in?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East.Competing interests: Middle EastThe?Bush?administration’s?change?of …” „… ? for?U.?S.?policy),?and?differing?opinions?as?to?whether?democracy?promotion?as?a?way?to?combat?terrorism?was?an?appropriate?working?assumption?for? the?region?hampered? the? imple-13? This? fluctuation? in?attention?also?mirrors?U.?S.? funding …”

Policy implementation and practical obstacles S. 145-149

„… ? target?group?and?engage?with?youth?whenever?possible?and?fund?projects?that?engage?youth?in?sports?and?social?activities.?Publicly,?democracy?promotion?continued?to?openly?be?heralded?as?an?antidote?to?terrorism.?The?tone?changed?in?2006?with?the?election?of ?Hamas?in?the?Palestinian?territories?and?the?success?of …” „… came?very?apparent?once?the?administration?attempted?to?translate?the?new?rationale?into?policy.The?Iraq?war?was?not?primarily?about?democracy?promotion,?but?in?the?context?of ?the?policy?of ? ‘democracy?promotion’,? the? Iraq?war? is? impossible? to …” „… ? in? democracy? promotion.17? Furthermore,? from?2005 …”

When idealism and realism merge S. 137-141

„… the success of freedom”.4The? Bush? administration’s? intentions? with? democracy? promotion? in? the …” „… ? increase.?Indeed,?even?before?Bush,?President?Clinton?had?raised?the?issue?of ?democracy?promotion?to?new?heights?and?stating?in?1994 …” „… ? ‘democracy?promotion …”

Obstacles to poicy implementation S. 185-188

„… ?and?the?war?on?terror,?which?complicated?and?discredited?democracy?promotion …” „… .?The?Bush?administration?also?faced?resistance?to?U.?S.?policies?in?the?Middle?East,?and?the?ability?of ?Arab?regimes?to?adapt?to?U.?S.?pressure?for?reform.?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?programs?were?also?at?fault:?they?often?lacked?impact?due?to?unfamiliarity?with?the?local?reform?context.?The?tools?at?hand?to?implement?democracy?promotion? activities? often? mirrored? the? uncertainty? of ? U.?S.? policy? makers? as? well …” „… ? as?their?assumptions?about?different?development?theories?that?might?not?apply?in?a?Middle?Eastern?context.?Despite?these?obstacles,?U.?S.?policies?towards?the?Middle?East?changed?in?a?fundamental?way.The? strategy? of ? democracy? promotion,? elaborated? amidst? the? war? on? terror,? was …”

Increase in funding at the State Department and USAID S. 91-94

„… ? increase? of ? democracy? promotion?activities?did?take?place?during?the?1990 …” „… ? international?norms?was?possible,?and?that?stability?at?any?price?did?not?guarantee?security?in?the?long-term.?Democracy?promotion?in?previously?unthinkable?places?had?not?only?become?possible,?but?had?become?a?viable?strategy?so?as?to?guarantee?stability?and?security?in?the?long-term.?As?Azpuru? et? al,?who? have? examined? funding? figures? for …” „… ?forced?them?to?reconsider?their?attitude?with?regards?to?‘soft’?issues,?such?as?democracy?promotion.?As?4? Remarks?by?Secretary?of ? State?Condoleezza?Rice? at? the?American?University? in?Cairo,?Egypt …”

When idealism and realism converge S. 34-36

„… ?democracy?promotion?did?not?translate?to?the?Middle?East.?Under?Clinton,?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?did?not?play?a?large?role?in?the?administration’s?priorities.?Indeed,?President?George?W.?Bush?continued?Clinton’s?stability-oriented?policy?towards?the?Middle?East?in?the?first?months?of ?his?presidency.?Up?to?9/11,?the?support?of …” „… ?energy?politics?and?regional?stability.?In?addition,?the?Bush?administration?did?not?want?to?become?entangle?in?the?Middle?East?peace?process.?Democracy?promotion …” „… ?political?and?human?rights?now?seemed?to?constitute?a?high?risk?from?a?security?perspective.?Thus,?the?idea?developed?that?the?U.?S.?should?pursue?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?because? it?was? in? the?U.?S.?national? interest.?The? idea?of ?questioning?U.?S.?support?of …”

U. S. exceptionalism S. 23-34

„… ?this?subject.?An? examination?of ?U.?S.? democracy?promotion? from?different? angles? is …” „… ?U.?S.?foreign?policy?during?this?time-period.?Other?studies?that?examine?U.?S.?engagement?in?the?Middle?East?during?the?George?W.?Bush?administration?tend?to?focus?mainly?on?the?reasoning?behind?the?Iraq?war,?which?actually?had? little? to?do?with?democracy?promotion.1? In? those?studies,?particular? attention?was?paid? to …” „… ?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?during?George?W.?Bush?has?received?particular?attention?from?research?and?policy?advising?institutes?in?the?U.?S.?The?works?of ?several?research?programs?as?well?as …”

A fundamental change? S. 13-16

„… prevailSome?argue?that?the?U.?S.?was?never?serious?about?democracy?promotion,?but?was?instead,?at?all?times?guided?by?classic?realist?interest.?Post?9/11 …” „… .?For?the?critics,?the?U.?S.?response?to?this?electoral?outcome?demonstrates?that?the?U.?S.?was?only?serious?about?democracy?promotion?as?long?as?the?outcomes?suited?their?interests.Critics?further?highlight?the?lack?of ?cases,?as?in?Egypt?in?2003 …” „… ? counterterrorism?measures,?or?previous?democracy?promotion?activities?in?other?regions,?such?as?Eastern?Europe?after? the?fall?of ?communism.?Inadequate?funding?thus? illustrates?a?lack?of …”

Increase in funding at the State Department and USAID S. 101-103

„… ,?leading?experts?pleaded?not?to?give?up?on?democracy?promotion.35Towards? the? middle? of ? the? second? Bush? administration,? calls? for? reform …” „… ?U.?S.?priorities?and?interests.?Admittedly,?funding?is?a?problematic?indicator?to?use?when?judging?whether?or?not?democracy?promotion? is? relevant.?Programs?have?been? relabeled? to? include?more?democracy? related?activities? and …” „… ? for?how?much?money?was?actually?spent.?As?noted?earlier,?it?is?impossible?to?trace?all?of ?the?funding?for?democracy?promotion?activities?since?2001 …”

A fundamental change? S. 183-185

„… 183ConclusionThis? study?has?demonstrated? that?U.?S.?democracy?promotion? in? the?Middle?East? is …” „… ?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?in?a?Middle?Eastern?context.?Analyzing?U.?S.?policies?in?Morocco?has?also?exemplified?the?various?challenges?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?faces?in?Arab?countries.All?in?all,?this?study?has?attempted?to?answer?the?following?key?research?questions:?Was?there?a?fundamental?change?in?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East?after?9/11 …” „… ,?idealism?in?U.?S.?foreign?policy,?the?rise?of ?democracy?promotion …”

NGOs and structural challenges S. 45-47

„… ? agendas,?intra-agency?competition?and?inter-agency?competition.The?policy?of ?democracy?promotion?as?a?means?to?fight?the?root?causes?of ?terrorism?inherently? demands …” „… ?incentives?for?greater?coordination?reveal?the?complexities?involved?when?implementing?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?policy?in?the?Middle?East.NGOs and structural challengesAdding?to?the?complexity?of …” „… ?government?policy,?such?as?subcontracted?and?NGO?driven?democracy?promotion?work.?Various?differences? exist? in? the? goals? of ? government?programs? (USAID,?DRL,?64? “Government?agencies?view?any …”

Outlook S. 188-192

„… ? intensified?and?that?democracy?promotion?at?the?U.?S.?embassy?in?Rabat?received?more?attention?than?prior?to?9/11 …” „… .?U.?S.?policy?makers?in?Rabat?also?addressed?previously?untouched?subjects,?initiated?a?Human?Rights? Dialogue? in? 2007? and? supported? democracy? promotion? activities? by? local …” „… ? has?changed.?The?Bush?administration?has?‘normalized’?U.?S.?relations?with?the?Middle?East,?while?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?efforts?have?also?been?extended?to?this?region.?More?importantly,?9/11?and?the?policies?that?followed?seem?to?have?put?a?permanent …”

Bibliography S. 199-216

„… ?assistance.?In:?Cox,?Michael,?G.?John?Ikenberry?and? Takashi? Inoguchi? (Eds.),? American? democracy? promotion.? Oxford,? UK:? Oxford? University?Press …” „… )?Critical?mission:?Essays?on?democracy?promotion.?Washington,?D.C.:?Carnegie?Endowment?for?International?Peace.Carothers,?Thomas?(2007a)?How?Democracies?Emerge:?The?‘Sequencing’?Fallacy,?in:?Journal?of ?Democracy,?18,?1 …” „… )?Identity?and?Democracy?promotion.?In:?Cox,?Michael,?G.?John?Ikenberry?and?Takashi?Inoguchi?(Eds.),?American?democracy?promotion.?Oxford,?UK:?Oxford?University?Press,?127-51.2010_Diss_Nautre_Buch.indb 207 06.09.2010 15:38:30 UhrU.?S. Idealism Meets Reality208 …”

Pre-requisites for democracy? S. 160-172

„… ? supporting?democracy?promotion …” „… ? and?overall?possibly?lead?to?a?result?that?would?guarantee?stability,?which?is?in?the?U.?S.?interest.?Consequently,?the?argument?that?pre-requisites?were?necessary?for?democracy?promotion?to?take?place?actually?served?those?who?were?reluctant?to?push?for?real?democracy.?Those?who?wanted? to?push? for?more?democracy? in? the? region?were? thwarted?by …” „… ?there?seems?to?have?been?an?over-focus?on?elections?in?the?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?agenda?towards?the?Middle?East.?In?2005,?elections? in?Iraq,?Palestinian?territories?and?Saudi?Arabia?were?heralded?as?examples?of …”

Democracy as a means to an end S. 82-84

„… for democracy promotionOther?factors?such?as?the?Arab?Human?Development?report,?the?prospect?of …” „… ?democracy?promotion …” „… ,?general?consensus?on?the?democratic?peace?theory,?as?well?as?President?Bush’s?special?interest?in?democracy?promotion?seem?to?further?explain?why?post?9/11?policy?debates?led?to?consensus?on?the?need?for?U …”

U. S. exceptionalism S. 141-142

„… ? to?how?to?react?to?these?attacks.?Idealists?were?content?because?the?‘Arab?exceptionalism’?argument?that?had?guided?prior?U.?S.?policy?in?the?Middle?East?was?no?longer?valid,?and?the?issue?of ?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?received?more?attention?than?ever?before.?Further,? the …” „… ? rationale?of ?democracy?promotion?was? to? some?extent?put? into?practice.?Issues …” „… ?and?how?to?promote?democracy.?These?debates?indicate?that?considerable?thought?and?energy?was?poured?into?the?issue?of ?democracy?promotion.?Democracy?promotion? in? Morocco? thus? received? significantly? more …”

Policy implementation and practical obstacles S. 152-154

„… increasingly frustrated, alienated and angry mass public”.35In? this? context,?democracy?promotion …” „… ?promoters?in?Morocco?thus?argued? that?democracy?promotion?might?have?a?positive? impact?because? it?potentially?tackles?the?root?causes?of ?terrorism.37On?the?other?hand,?the …” „… ? to?neighboring?Spain?and?France.?Whether?democracy?promotion …”

When idealism and realism merge S. 142-143

„… ?attacks?further?elevated?democracy?promotion …” „… ?to?the?forefront?of ?U.?S.?political?agenda?in?Morocco.?At?the?U.?S.?embassy?in?Rabat,?a?working?group?was?established?on?democracy?promotion …” „… ?that?obliged?different?branches? to?actively?cooperate.?Coordination?intensified?and?different?actors?from?the?NGO?sector?were?included?in?this?process.?Together,?the?group?talked?about?more?comprehensive?strategies?of ?democracy?promotion …”

Support for NGOs S. 106-108

„… ?the?complications?democracy?promotion …” „… ? reform?movements.The?administration?was?further?criticized?because?it?linked?the?war?on?terror?to?democracy?promotion.?It?thus?undermined?U.?S.? ideals?that?had?been?for?a?long?time?part?of ?U.?S.?foreign?policy,?even?before?9/11 …” „… ?underlying?assumptions?and?the?negative?association?with?American?democracy?promotion?efforts,?it?was?very?difficult?for?NGOs?to?reach?out?to?civil?society?and?to?actors?with?any?potentially?meaningful?impact.ConclusionOverall,? the? Bush? administration? attempted? to? redirect? U.?S.? longstanding? support …”

Re-orientation of foreign policy S. 87-88

„… Middle?East?from?democracy?promotion?efforts?due?to?security?reasons,?the?Bush?administration?now?embraced?the?idea?that?there?was?actually?nothing?exceptional?about?the?Middle?East?and?that?democratic?principles?should?be?applied?to?the?region.?The?Bush?administration’s? rhetoric? then? suggested? that? democracy? promotion? would? from …” „… ? now?onwards?override?prior?security?rationales?in?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East.Thus,?overall,?post?9/11?democracy?promotion …” „… ?repressive?Arab?regimes?and?second,?push?for?democracy?promotion?in?these?countries.?As?discussed?earlier,?ordinary?Americans?are? inclined?to?support?democracy?promotion …”

Diplomatic pressure S. 89-91

„… ? towards?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?established?post?9/11 …” „… ? to?democracy?promotion?significantly?changed?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East.?As?highlighted?in?the?conceptual?framework?(in?the?section?on?competing?interests?and?contested?development?theories),?practical? implementation?of ?the?new?post?9/11 …” „… ?U.?S.?ideals?and?interests?had?merged.?Rhetorically?at?least,?in?the?early?2000s?it?seemed?that?democracy?promotion …”

NGOs and structural challenges S. 149-150

„… ?the?new?policy?rationale.?Further,?structural?challenges?influenced?the?incentives?for?carrying?out?democracy?promotion?activities?and?thus?also?the?success?of ?implementing?the?new?security?rationale.NGOs and structural …” „… ? Also:?Zoé?Nautré,?“US?Interests?in?the?Arab?World:?Democracy?Promotion?by?American?NGOs,”?Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung,?Washington?D.C.,?May?2008.30? For?an?excellent?overview?and?a?better?understanding?of ?the?complexities?of …” „… ?bureaucracy–The?infrastructure?of ?American?democracy?promotion,”?Discussion?Paper,?Princeton?Project?on?National?Security,?Working?Group?on?Global?Institutions?and?Foreign?Policy?Infrastructure,?Woodrow?Wilson?School?of ?Public?and?International?Affairs,?(Princeton,?NY:?2005 …”

Bureaucrats, incentives and structures S. 154-156

„… ’? engaged? in? democracy? promotion? offered? competing? assessments?of …” „… ? in?Morocco.?Some?U.?S.?democracy?assistance?programs?and?embassy?officials?made?a?major?effort?to?reach?out?to?Islamist?parties?and?include?them?in?their?democracy?promotion?activities.?This?was?important?given?attempts?by?radical?groups?to?portray?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?efforts?as? ‘Western? imperialism’?versus? Islam.?So,? the?U.?S.? tentatively …” „… ?opinions?towards?democracy?promotion?that?were?discussed?at?the?U.?S.?embassy?in?Rabat?and?the?different?U.?S.?government?agencies?in?Washington?D.C.Divisions?between?those?who?believed?democracy?would?be?beneficial?in?the?long-term?and?those?who?favored?stability?in?the?short-term?were?also?often?apparent.?Given?the?sheer?amount?of …”

Conclusion S. 108-110

„… ?underlying?assumptions?and?the?negative?association?with?American?democracy?promotion?efforts,?it?was?very?difficult?for?NGOs?to?reach?out?to?civil?society?and?to?actors?with?any?potentially?meaningful?impact.ConclusionOverall,? the? Bush? administration? attempted? to? redirect? U.?S.? longstanding? support …” „… ? for?authoritarian?regimes?in?the?Arab?world?by?placing?greater?emphasis?on?democracy?promotion …” „… .?It?did?so?mainly?by?openly?addressing?the?need?for?reform,?stressing?explicitly?its?change?in?policy?and?exerting?limited?diplomatic?pressure.?It?lent?unprecedented?support?for?NGOs?working?in?democracy?promotion,?raised?their?funding?significantly?and?launched?several?new?initiatives,?among?these?the?MEPI,?MEFTA,?BMENA,?MCC,?each?reflecting?new?policy?priorities.The?Bush?administration?did?not?openly?address?the?conflict?between?competing?shortterm?versus? long-term?U.?S.? interests …”

Policy implementation and practical obstacles S. 41-43

„… ? implementation?of ?U.?S.?democracy?promotion …” „… ?in?the?Middle?East,?namely,?the?Pentagon,?the?U.?S.?Department?of ?State?and?USAID?will?help?to?highlight?contradictory?elements?in?policy.The?Pentagon?traditionally?has?concerns?other?than?democracy?promotion,?and?following?9/11,?traditional?military?concerns?dominated?its?agenda.?Operational?goals?such?as?access?to?ai …” „… r?bases?and?wider?cooperation?for?the?war?on?terror?remained?a?priority,?above?democracy?promotion …”

Diplomatic pressure S. 100-101

„… ?democracy?promotion …” „… The?new?U.?S.?rationale?meant?that?from?now?on?democracy?promotion?would?not?only?be?conducted?for?benevolent?reasons,?but?also?for?U.?S.?national?security.?NGOs?working?in?the?Near?and?Middle?East?suddenly?played?a?much?larger?role?than?before.?Post?9/11 …” „… pressureCritics?stress?that?Bush’s?sweeping?rhetoric?with?regards?to?democracy?promotion?was?not?met?by?enough?action.?Those?who?took?the?administration?by?its?words?were?disappointed? that?words?did?not? translate? into?deeds.?With? the?exception?of ? the?described?measures …”

Bureaucrats, incentives and structures S. 43-45

„… Chapter 1: Conceptual framework43USAID represents another key U. S. actor in democracy promotion …” „… political. The fact that democracy promotion was explicitly carried out for U. S. national security …” „… Department between those who embraced the new democracy promotion agenda and those who were more skeptical …”

Focus on Great Powers and traditional security issues S. 61-63

„… and democracy promotionIn?contrast? to? the?rise?of …” „… ?oil?security?or?with?regards?to?the?Middle?East?peace?process.?Democracy?promotion …” „… ?other?Great?Powers?and?traditional?security?challenges,? little?was? said? on? the? issue? of ? democracy? or? democracy? promotion? prior? to? the …”

Structure S. 20-22

„… ? thus?limited?to?three?agencies?most?affected?by?democracy?promotion …” „… ? issues?related?to?democracy?promotion.?Third,?personal?interest?in?subjects?such?as?democracy?promotion …” „… ?democracy?promotion?and?other?so?called?‘themes?of ?secondary?nature’,?such?as?nation-building?and?humanitarian? interventions,?associated?with …”

Methodology S. 17-19

„… ?democracy?promotion.?Government?and?non-government?democracy …” „… ?has?been?more?difficult?than?one?would?expect.?An?increase?in?funding?for?democracy?promotion?activities?could?count?as?a?clear?indication?of ?whether?or?not?democracy?promotion? is?higher?on …” „… ? the?agenda?depending?on?how?much?the?administration?is?willing?to?spend?on?it.?The?first?problem?the?researcher?faces?is?determining?what?exactly?counts?as?democracy?promotion?work.?Some?observers?have?for?example?noted?that?as?a?result?of ?the?stronger?focus?on?democracy?promotion?post?9/11,? some? government? programs? were …”

Pre-requisites for democracy? S. 51-57

„… Chapter 1: Conceptual framework51In sum, most Americans tend to think that democracy promotion is …” „… context of democracy promotion in the Middle East, it involves otherwise seemingly outdated debates about …” „… that affect the implementation of U. S. democracy promotion activities. These also include two other …”

Expectations of the role of outsiders S. 49-51

„… ? result,?democracy?promotion …” „… ?the?Cold?War?on?democracy?promotion?in?the?former?Soviet?states?than?spending?in?the?first?five?years?following?9/11?on?the?Middle?East.74 …” „… In?sum,?most?Americans?tend?to?think?that?democracy?promotion?is?an?inherently?good?thing?to?do.?But?policy?makers?and?implementers?are?divided?on?many?of ?their?assumptions?about?how?democracy …”

Support for authoritarian states reconsidered S. 81-82

„… ? administration’s?outlook?in?their?dealings?with?the?Middle?East,?in?particular?with?regards?to?democracy?promotion.Since?the?1980s,?democracy?promotion?was?used?as?an?active?tool?of ?U.?S.?foreign?policy.?U.?S …” „… s,?but?due?to?wider?security?objectives?democracy?promotion?was?not?very?high?on?the?U.?S.?agenda?towards?the?region.39Yet,?post?9/11,? several?prior?assumptions?were? reassessed.?U.?S.?policy?makers?directed?their …” „… ? Michele?Dunne,?“Integrating?democracy?promotion?into?U.?S.?Middle?East?policy,”?Carnegie?Endowment?for?International?Peace,?2004,?4.38? Martin?Indyk,?“Back?to?the?Bazaar,”?Foreign Affairs,?Vol.?81,?No.?1,?January/February …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… Mißfelder2010_DGAP_Gesellschaftsseite 2012 2 13.8.2010 10:42:30 UhrZoé NautréU.S. Idealism Meets RealityDemocracy Promotion in the …” „… The Middle East and democracy promotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 …” „… Supporting evidence for democracy promotion …”

Research Question S. 11-12

„… ?U.?S.?foreign?policy?in?the?Middle?East.?The?key?question?that?this?study?addresses?is?‘whether?or?not?there?was?a?shift?in?U.?S.?policy?in?the?Middle?East’,?shifting?from?previous?support?of ?authoritarian?regimes?prior?to?9/11?towards?active?democracy?promotion?post?9/11 …” „… ationale?developed?that?democracy?promotion …” „… ,? U.?S.?trade?relations?and?interests.?It?is?also?important?to?note?that?many?studies?that?target?U.?S.?democracy?promotion …”

Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI) S. 94-96

„… ?democracy?promotion …” „… ?the?Bush?administration.?What?exact?changes?flowed?from?this?realignment?is?difficult?to?assess.?However,?democracy?promotion? was? raised? on? the? agenda? and? funding? increased,? testament? to …” „… ?good?relations?with?the?region’s?autocratic?leaders.?MEPI?inherently?challenged?past?thinking?and?thus?raised?the?issue?of ?democracy?promotion …”

Contested development theories S. 113-114

„… ? questions?with? regards? to? democracy? promotion? in? Morocco,? notably:? What? is? primarily? in …” „… ?this?new?found?political?will?potentially?harm?U.?S.?security?interests??Is?democracy?promotion …” „… ?seem?to?suggest?that?although?security?concerns?continued?to?play?a?large?role,?many?U.?S.?policy?makers? were? ready? to? put? democracy? promotion? higher? on? the? political? agenda.? The?question?of …”

Self-reflection-why do they hate us? S. 79-81

„… ? addressed.?Democracy?promotion?became?thus?increasingly?topical?in?this?area?as?well.In?conclusion,?neoconservative? ideas?were?not?only?popular?because?some?of ?their?assumptions?about?the?rest?of …” „… ? administration’s?outlook?in?their?dealings?with?the?Middle?East,?in?particular?with?regards?to?democracy?promotion.Since?the?1980s,?democracy?promotion?was?used?as?an?active?tool?of ?U.?S.?foreign?policy.?U.?S …” „… s,?but?due?to?wider?security?objectives?democracy?promotion?was?not?very?high?on?the?U.?S.?agenda?towards?the?region.39Yet,?post?9/11,? several?prior?assumptions?were? reassessed.?U.?S.?policy?makers?directed?their …”

U. S. exceptionalism S. 135-137

„… ?U.?S.?policies?in?the?Middle?East.?Some?U.?S.?policy?makers?reportedly?thought?that?now?that?the?U.?S.?had?set?the?course?for?promoting?democracy?in?the?Arab?world?U.?S.?policies?would?be?greeted?with?enthusiasm?in?the?Middle?East.President?Bush’s?sudden?personal?interest?in?democracy?promotion,?the?popular?appeal?of ? the? democratic? peace? theory …” „… ? idea?of ?democracy?promotion,? such?as?Elizabeth?Cheney,?Deputy?Assistant?Secretary?of …” „… ? them?with?the?most?freedoms.?Subsequently,?in?the?democracy?promotion?programs?that?were?developed,?democracy?promoters?and?government?officials?potentially?focused?on?those?liberal?democrats?they?wanted?to?see,?ignoring?that?these?candidates?might?not?actually?represent?popular?choice.3 …”

Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI) S. 103-104

„… freedom?to?those?applying?for?U.?S.?funds.?Allegedly,?diplomatic?pressure?was,?also?due?to?competing?imperatives,?not?applied?sufficiently.?One?can?perhaps?conclude?that?the?Bush?administration,?through?its?new?focus?of ?integrating?democracy?promotion …” „… ?institutional?resistance.Over?time,?MEPI?however?seems?to?have?been?increasingly?integrated?into?overall?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?activities.? It? allegedly? succeeded? in?building?a?network?of …” „… .?It?was?also?successful?in?placing?democracy?promotion?higher?on? the?government?agenda?and? influencing?discourse?at? the?State?Department?on? the?need …”

Support for NGOs S. 99-100

„… NGOsBesides?the?increased?financial?support?discussed?above,?NGOs?working?on?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?noted?that?following?9/11,?they?received?more?moral?and?financial? support? than? ever? before.? Many? NGOs? had …” „… ?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?on?the?agenda?of ? the? international?community.32?Unprecedented? large?amounts?of …” „… ?democracy?promotion …”

NGOs and structural challenges S. 156-158

„… ?political?will?to?push?harder?for?democracy?promotion?were?felt?on?many?occasions.?The?NGO?International?Republican?Institute?(IRI),?for?example,?was?one?of ?the?organizations?to?witness?the?boundaries?of ?this? new-found? enthusiasm …” „… ? for?democracy?promotion?most? strongly.?Based?on? secret?polls?since? late?2005 …” „… ?being?disqualified?from?future?funding.With?regards?to?linking?democracy?promotion?to?the?war?on?terrorism,?some?U.?S.?government?officials?noted?that?the?intense?focus?on?the?war?on?terrorism?had?a?negative?impact? on? U.?S.? operational? working? mechanisms.? Some? government? officials? at …”

U. S. Idealism and competing interests S. 112-113

„… ? questions?with? regards? to? democracy? promotion? in? Morocco,? notably:? What? is? primarily? in …” „… ?this?new?found?political?will?potentially?harm?U.?S.?security?interests??Is?democracy?promotion …” „… ?seem?to?suggest?that?although?security?concerns?continued?to?play?a?large?role,?many?U.?S.?policy?makers? were? ready? to? put? democracy? promotion? higher? on? the? political? agenda.? The?question?of …”

Conclusion S. 133-134

„… ?the?Moroccan?political?landscape?presented?in?this?chapter?suggests?that?U.?S.?democracy?promotion …” „… ?efforts?were?conducted?in?a?challenging?environment.?It?seems?that?only?a?sound?understanding?of ?the?Moroccan?political?context?can?help?to?identify?possible?entry?points?for?democracy?promotion?activities.?Morocco’s?domestic?reform?context?also?indicates?that?reforms?are?under?way,?but?only?according?to?the?monarchy’s?pace.?Democracy?promotion?activities?are?further?limited?by?the?lack?of ? real?desirability? for?democratic? results.?According …” „… ?Given?this,?why?should?U.?S.?policies?jeopardize?a?functioning?relationship?that?apparently?seems?to?move?in?the?‘right’?direction?U.?S.?activities?in?Morocco?intensified?after?9/11.?At?the?U.?S.?embassy?in?Rabat,?democracy?promotion …”

Lack of definition S. 47-49

„… ?promoters? in?executing?their?policies.?It?will?help?to?set?the?framework?to?later?on?analyze?the?intentions?and?assumptions?of ?U.?S.?programs?targeted?at?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East.Lack of …” „… ?what?democracy?should?look?like?in?practice?makes?it?difficult?to?identify?what?U.?S.?policies?are?aiming?to?achieve.?Overall,?it?seems?impossible?to?clearly?define?democracy?promotion,?and?the?many?associated?theories?and?assumptions.71?This?clearly?has?its?downsides?in?terms?of …” „… ? result,?democracy?promotion …”

Expectation of the role of outsiders S. 172-173

„… outsidersGiven?the?various?activities?and?debates,?one?can?go?beyond?the?conflicting?goals?and?limited?support?for?democracy?promotion?in?Morocco?to?still?conclude?that?some?kind?of ?change?took?place?on?the?ground?in?that?country.?Interviews?suggest?that?because?of …” „… ?U.?S.?policy?makers?working?on?Morocco?can?be?drawn.To?begin?with,?Morocco?is?in?comparison?to?its?neighbors?and?from?a?practical?perspective? an? easy? country? to? carry? out? democracy? promotion? programs.? Domestic …” „… ?familiarity?with?local?structures?and?finally?practical?issues,?such?as?the?ability?of ?the?U.?S.?embassy?in?Rabat?to?absorb?the?funding?available?for?democracy?promotion …”

Marginalization S. 131-133

„… ?the?Moroccan?political?landscape?presented?in?this?chapter?suggests?that?U.?S.?democracy?promotion …” „… ?efforts?were?conducted?in?a?challenging?environment.?It?seems?that?only?a?sound?understanding?of ?the?Moroccan?political?context?can?help?to?identify?possible?entry?points?for?democracy?promotion?activities.?Morocco’s?domestic?reform?context?also?indicates?that?reforms?are?under?way,?but?only?according?to?the?monarchy’s?pace.?Democracy?promotion?activities?are?further?limited?by?the?lack?of ? real?desirability? for?democratic? results.?According …” „… ?Given?this,?why?should?U.?S.?policies?jeopardize?a?functioning?relationship?that?apparently?seems?to?move?in?the?‘right’?direction?U.?S.?activities?in?Morocco?intensified?after?9/11.?At?the?U.?S.?embassy?in?Rabat,?democracy?promotion …”

Pre-requisites for democracy? S. 173-181

„… ?familiarity?with?local?structures?and?finally?practical?issues,?such?as?the?ability?of ?the?U.?S.?embassy?in?Rabat?to?absorb?the?funding?available?for?democracy?promotion …” „… ?This?suggests?that?most?U.?S.?government?sponsored?NGOs?whether?unwillingly?or?not?support?the?Moroccan?regime?and?that?there?are?clear?red?lines?almost?impossible?to?cross.This?reality?in?Morocco?also?represents?a?serious?challenge?to?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?activities?given?the?negative?image?of ?the?U.?S …” „… ?the?new?U.?S.?focus?on?democracy?promotion.?U.?S.?measures?and?praise?from?abroad?also?gave?the?impression?that?“Morocco?reached?a?near?celebrity?status?as?a?modern?North?African?reformer”.129?Hochmann?continues?to?note?that:“Too much western public support might actually impede …”

Repercussions of U. S. policies S. 57-58

„… ?democracy?promotion?(those?U.?S.?government?officials?who?suggest?that?democracy …” „… ConclusionThe?three?concepts?examined?here?demonstrate?that?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?during?the?George?W.?Bush?administration?is?not?an?easy?story?to?tell.?Different?concepts?and?mindsets?have?to?be?taken?into?account?so?as?to?better?understand?the?rationale,?motivations?and?obstacles?in?the?implementation?of …” „… ?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?policy?in?the?Middle?East?and?in?particular?in?Morocco?between?2002?and?2008.2010_Diss_Nautre_Buch.indb 58 06.09.2010 15:31:51 Uhr …”

Providing an intellectual framework S. 77-79

„… ? going?in?their?preferred?direction?on?foreign?policy.?Why?then?were?principles?laid?out?by?so?called?neoconservatives,?especially?those?focusing?on?democracy?promotion,?so?successful?following?9/11?Adhering?to?U.?S.?ideals?is?not?a?unique?character?trait?of …” „… ? (Eds.),?Uncharted journey: Democracy promotion in the Middle …” „… ? Thomas?Carothers,?“U.?S.?Democracy?Promotion?During?and?After?Bush,”?Carnegie?Endowment?for?International?Peace,?Report,?September?2007,?5.2010_Diss_Nautre_Buch.indb 78 06.09.2010 15:32:47 UhrChapter 3: The development of the …”

Conclusion S. 88

„… ?authoritarian?states?to?a?focus?on?democracy?promotion …” „… .?This?shift?can?be?explained?by?a?variety?of ?structural?and?situational?reasons.?Among?these?reasons,?this?chapter?has?highlighted?President?Bush’s?personal?interest?in?democracy?promotion,?popular?appeal?of ?the?democratic?peace?theory,?the?publication?of ? the? Arab? Human? Development? Report? and? an …” „… ?certain?background?conditions?in?U.?S.?culture,?society?and?history,?discussed?in?depth?in?the?conceptual?framework?(idealism?and?assumptions?in?U.?S.?foreign?policy).?These?include?an?expectation?by?the?American?public?about?the?role?of ?the?U.?S.?in?the?world?and?historical?support? for?democracy?promotion …”

Implementation of new rationale S. 114-115

„… ?more?attention?was?paid?to?the?issue?of ?democracy?promotion?in?Morocco.In?the?context?of ?a?discussion?in?April?2002 …” „… ?a?change?in?policy?from?past?unquestioned?tolerance?for?authoritarian?Arab?regimes?to?democracy?promotion,?was?not?directly?geared?towards?Morocco.?The?administration’s?speeches?after?9/11?did?not? suggest? that?Morocco?was? its?primary? target.?Nevertheless …” „… ?press?freedom.?However,?since?the?shift?in?U.?S.?policy?on?democracy?promotion,?diplomats?reportedly?placed?greater?emphasis?on?issues?that?had?previously?been?neglected?or?deemed? less? important.?The?U.?S.? embassy? in?Rabat?for? instance? supported? the? highly …”

Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA) S. 96-97

„… ?million?were?spent,?through?MEPI?only,?on?democracy?promotion.In?the?beginning,?MEPI,?due?to?its?influential?leading?figure?Liz?Cheney,?was?perceived?by?many?as?a?rogue?entity?that?seemed?to?operate?above?the?‘normal’?bureaucratic?hierarchy.?One?of …” „… ?its?roles?was?to?make?diplomats,?accustomed?to?maintaining?good?relations?rather?than?dealing?with?uncomfortable?issues?(like?talking?to?the?opposition?and?encouraging?free?media)?think?about?democracy?promotion?as?part?of ?their?daily?business.?Ultimately,?MEPI’s? objective? was? to? change? attitudes? towards? the …” „… ? supporting?the?status?quo?to?actively?elevating?democracy?promotion?much?higher?on?the?political?agenda.?MEPI’s?establishment?and?its?leading?figure?thus?symbolized?a?radical?departure?from?the?past.Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA)The?establishment?of ? the?Middle?East?Free?Trade?Area …”

Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) S. 98-99

„… ?and?Arab?policy?on?democracy?promotion.?The?initiative?provided?a?novel?and?until?then?unparalleled?setting?for?Arab?governments?to?potentially?listen?to?their?civil?societies.?In?addition,?the?Foundation?for?the?Future?was?established?in?November?2005?at?the?BMENA?Forum?in?Bahrain.?As?of ?late?2008 …” „… NGOsBesides?the?increased?financial?support?discussed?above,?NGOs?working?on?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?noted?that?following?9/11,?they?received?more?moral?and?financial? support? than? ever? before.? Many? NGOs? had …” „… ?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?on?the?agenda?of ? the? international?community.32?Unprecedented? large?amounts?of …”

Conclusion S. 181-182

„… .?It?has?been?demonstrated?that?U.?S.?idealism?and?exceptionalism?guided?the?U.?S.?democracy?promotion …” „… ?process.?As?a?consequence,?expectations?were?very?high?and?U.?S.?policy?makers?anticipated?that?their?efforts?would?be?positively?received?in?the?region.?Competing?interests?however?limited?the?scope?and?practicability?of ?the?U.?S.?security?rationale.?Applying?democracy?promotion …” „… ?and?facets?that?are?needed?to?analyze?U.?S.?democracy?in?the?Middle?East?and?in?particular?U.?S.?policy?towards?Morocco?from?2002?to?2008 …”

Conclusion S. 69-70

„… ? its?predecessor’s?policies.?Even?though?Clinton?had?advocated?democracy?promotion?in?a?post?Cold?War?world?where?allegedly?ideals?and?interests?had?fused,?the?Middle?East?had?been? almost? completely? left? out? from? this? vision.? Instead,? the?Clinton …” „… ? democracy?promotion?for?instance?was?of ?little?relevance?from?November?2000?to?September?10,?2001 …” „… ? Thomas?Carothers,?“The?Clinton?Record?on?Democracy?Promotion,”?Carnegie?Endowment,?Carnegie Papers?16?(September?2008),?8.42? Ray?Takeyh,?“The?rogue?who?came?in?from?the?cold,”?Foreign …”

Policies towards the Middle East S. 68-69

„… ? its?predecessor’s?policies.?Even?though?Clinton?had?advocated?democracy?promotion?in?a?post?Cold?War?world?where?allegedly?ideals?and?interests?had?fused,?the?Middle?East?had?been? almost? completely? left? out? from? this? vision.? Instead,? the?Clinton …” „… ? democracy?promotion?for?instance?was?of ?little?relevance?from?November?2000?to?September?10,?2001 …” „… ? Thomas?Carothers,?“The?Clinton?Record?on?Democracy?Promotion,”?Carnegie?Endowment,?Carnegie Papers?16?(September?2008),?8.42? Ray?Takeyh,?“The?rogue?who?came?in?from?the?cold,”?Foreign …”

Introduction S. 11

„… ?U.?S.?foreign?policy?in?the?Middle?East.?The?key?question?that?this?study?addresses?is?‘whether?or?not?there?was?a?shift?in?U.?S.?policy?in?the?Middle?East’,?shifting?from?previous?support?of ?authoritarian?regimes?prior?to?9/11?towards?active?democracy?promotion?post?9/11 …” „… ationale?developed?that?democracy?promotion …” „… ? into?practice?through?a?bureaucracy?driven?by?competing?interests.?The?study?also?explores?the?challenges?of ?U.?S.?democracy?assistance,? in?a?Middle?Eastern?context.?To?reconstruct …”

Diplomatic pressure S. 115

„… ?a?change?in?policy?from?past?unquestioned?tolerance?for?authoritarian?Arab?regimes?to?democracy?promotion,?was?not?directly?geared?towards?Morocco.?The?administration’s?speeches?after?9/11?did?not? suggest? that?Morocco?was? its?primary? target.?Nevertheless …” „… ?press?freedom.?However,?since?the?shift?in?U.?S.?policy?on?democracy?promotion,?diplomats?reportedly?placed?greater?emphasis?on?issues?that?had?previously?been?neglected?or?deemed? less? important.?The?U.?S.? embassy? in?Rabat?for? instance? supported? the? highly …” „… ? other?regions?are?deemed?more?important;?or?perhaps?a?member?of ?Congress?is?more?or?less?10? Ibid.11? “Morocco,?Advancing?Freedom?and?Democracy?Reports–2008 …”

Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA) S. 104-105

„… ,?it?will?continue?to?play?an?important?role.?Overall,?MEPI?was?established?to?put?democracy?promotion …” „… ?the?Barcelona?process,?many?European?nations?were?reluctant?to?throw?their?weight?behind?a?new?initiative.?Europeans?to?this?day?continue?to?favor?their?own?framework?for?the?region?rather? than? an? association? with? American? democracy? promotion? efforts …” „… At?the?same?time,?MEPI?works?on?the?premise?that?“democracy?emerges?gradually?out?of ?a?social?and?economic?context? that?should?be?prepared”45.? It? focused? in …”

Increase in funding at the State Department and USAID S. 115-118

„… ?a?change?in?policy?from?past?unquestioned?tolerance?for?authoritarian?Arab?regimes?to?democracy?promotion,?was?not?directly?geared?towards?Morocco.?The?administration’s?speeches?after?9/11?did?not? suggest? that?Morocco?was? its?primary? target.?Nevertheless …” „… ?press?freedom.?However,?since?the?shift?in?U.?S.?policy?on?democracy?promotion,?diplomats?reportedly?placed?greater?emphasis?on?issues?that?had?previously?been?neglected?or?deemed? less? important.?The?U.?S.? embassy? in?Rabat?for? instance? supported? the? highly …” „… ? other?regions?are?deemed?more?important;?or?perhaps?a?member?of ?Congress?is?more?or?less?10? Ibid.11? “Morocco,?Advancing?Freedom?and?Democracy?Reports–2008 …”

Conclusion S. 58

„… ConclusionThe?three?concepts?examined?here?demonstrate?that?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?during?the?George?W.?Bush?administration?is?not?an?easy?story?to?tell.?Different?concepts?and?mindsets?have?to?be?taken?into?account?so?as?to?better?understand?the?rationale,?motivations?and?obstacles?in?the?implementation?of …” „… ?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?policy?in?the?Middle?East?and?in?particular?in?Morocco?between?2002?and?2008.2010_Diss_Nautre_Buch.indb 58 06.09.2010 15:31:51 Uhr …”

Expectations of the role of outsiders S. 158-160

„… ? supporting?democracy?promotion …” „… ?U.?S.?democracy?promoters.?The?goal?here?is?to?illustrate?that?some?premises?on?which?U.?S.?policy?makers?operate?have?serious?limitations?in?a?Middle?Eastern?context.?Not?because?there?is?something?so?specific?to?the?Middle?East,?but?because?there?is?a?systematic?misconception?of …” „… ? and?impose?any?particular?system.?Instead?Arabs?had?to?find?their?own?form?of ?democracy.57?Democracy?was?one?of ?the?primary?goals?of …”

Asserting U. S. power S. 71-72

„… ?terrorism,?previous?U.?S.?policies?that?had?supported?authoritarian?regimes?in?the?Middle?East?were?re-considered.?These?discussions?led?to?the?seemingly?widely?accepted?opinion?that?U.?S.?policy?should?focus?on?democracy?promotion …” „… ?American?nationalism,?exceptionalism,?religious?motivations?and?democracy?promotion?in?U.?S.?foreign?policy.?The?chapter?will?first?focus?on?the?immediate?reaction?to?the?attacks?and?then?examine?the?debates?that?led?to?a?reconsideration?of ?prior?U.?S.?policies?in?the?Middle?East.Existential war and determination to actAsserting U. S …”

Additional measures & bilateral relations S. 121-123

„… ? as?well).?It?will?focus?particular?attention?to?current?structures?illustrating?reform?processes?in?Morocco.?The?endeavor?is?here?to?highlight?possible?areas?where?the?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?activities?listed?earlier?would?encounter?problems.Morocco’s political structureIn? order? to? place? the? reforms? in? their? political? context? one? has? to …” „… the?few?places?in?North?Africa?where?democracy …” „… ?Alwazir?Assistant?Program?Officer,?Middle?East?&?North?Africa,?National?Endowment?for?Democracy,?November,?7,?2007?and?“Annual?report–Description?of …”

Legitimacy of the King S. 123-125

„… ? as?well).?It?will?focus?particular?attention?to?current?structures?illustrating?reform?processes?in?Morocco.?The?endeavor?is?here?to?highlight?possible?areas?where?the?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?activities?listed?earlier?would?encounter?problems.Morocco’s political structureIn? order? to? place? the? reforms? in? their? political? context? one? has? to …” „… ? the?Cold?War?and?successful?experiments?with?democracy?elsewhere?led?to?a?generally?conducive?environment?for?democracy.? At? the? same? time,? following? Islamists’? victory? in? neighboring? Algeria,? it …”

Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative (BMENA) S. 97-98

„… ?and?Arab?policy?on?democracy?promotion.?The?initiative?provided?a?novel?and?until?then?unparalleled?setting?for?Arab?governments?to?potentially?listen?to?their?civil?societies.?In?addition,?the?Foundation?for?the?Future?was?established?in?November?2005?at?the?BMENA?Forum?in?Bahrain.?As?of ?late?2008 …” „… ?BMENA,?the?Democracy?Assistance?Dialogue? (DAD)?was? launched,?designed?to?foster?dialogue?between?a?wide?variety?of …”

Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative (BMENA) S. 105-106

„… ?the?Barcelona?process,?many?European?nations?were?reluctant?to?throw?their?weight?behind?a?new?initiative.?Europeans?to?this?day?continue?to?favor?their?own?framework?for?the?region?rather? than? an? association? with? American? democracy? promotion? efforts …” „… ,? democracy?promoters?had?the?feeling?of ?unparalleled?support?and?interest?in?their?subject.?51 …”

Issues of concern S. 59-61

„… ?oil?security?or?with?regards?to?the?Middle?East?peace?process.?Democracy?promotion …” „… ?the?Bush?presidency,?the?new?administration?was?struggling?to?define?its?foreign?policy.?The?need?to?use?U.?S.?power?to?promote?democracy?and?individual?liberty?was?discussed,?but?mainly?judged?to?be?of ?secondary?importance?to?other?issues?such?as?China,?Russia?or?the?reform?of ?the?military.Foreign …”

The way foreign policy was conducted S. 76-77

„… ? going?in?their?preferred?direction?on?foreign?policy.?Why?then?were?principles?laid?out?by?so?called?neoconservatives,?especially?those?focusing?on?democracy?promotion,?so?successful?following?9/11?Adhering?to?U.?S.?ideals?is?not?a?unique?character?trait?of …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845227160

Michèle Knodt, Sigita Urdze, Ghia Nodia, Vladimir Paramonov - EU's Policy of Democracy Promotion

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Michèle Knodt, Sigita Urdze, Ghia Nodia, Vladimir Paramonov

EU's Policy of Democracy Promotion

Series: Demokratiestudien. Demokratie und Demokratisierung in Theorie und Empirie

Volume 7 2018

Results in this title

Sigita Urdze, Michèle Knodt 2 Muddling Through: The European Union’s external democracy promotion in the Southern Caucasus and Central Asia S. 27-88

„… Muddling Through: The European Union’s external democracy promotion in the Southern Caucasus and …” „… external democracy promotion, the first question pertains to the classification of these instruments. In …” „… on EU’s democracy promotion in the South Caucasus and Central Asia, which required an alternative …”

Ghia Nodia 3 The EU’s effectiveness as a democracy promotion actor: Three divergent cases in the South Caucasus S. 89-204

„… The EU’s effectiveness as a democracy promotion actor: Three divergent cases in the South Caucasus …” „… Ghia Nodia This paper compares the outcomes of EU democracy-promotion policies in the three states of …” „… democracy promotion policies in light of the opinions of local actors. The South Caucasus as a “failing …”

Michèle Knodt, Sigita Urdze 1 Introduction S. 9-26

„… democracy promotion in non-EU states. Democracy promotion is a cross-sectional issue that touches upon all …” „… instruments for external democracy promotion (see below) (Knodt/Urdze 2011). In the aftermath of the breakdown …” „… democracy promotion became one of the goals of the European Union’s external governance in the region …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… Nomos Kn od t | U rd ze N od ia | Pa ra m on ov EU’s Policy of Democracy Promotion EU ’s Po …” „… Democracy Promotion Nomos Michèle Knodt | Sigita Urdze Ghia Nodia | Vladimir Paramonov BUT_Knodt_2960-9 …” „… , Ghia / Paramonov, Vladimir EU’s Policy of Democracy Promotion Strategies and Impact in Central Asia and …”

Vladimir Paramonov 4 European Union activities and the impact of its policy of democratization in Central Asia S. 205-319

„… promotion of democracy, in which the success of the European Union is hardly visible, as will be shown below …” „… the promotion of democracy in Kazakhstan. European business is not generally beneficial for the …” „… ) and objectively cannot actively enhance democracy promotion in Kazakhstan. Moreover, in this framework …”

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Annette Jünemann, Michèle Knodt - Externe Demokratieförderung durch die Europäische Union European External Democracy Promotion

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Annette Jünemann (ed.), Michèle Knodt (ed.)

Externe Demokratieförderung durch die Europäische Union European External Democracy Promotion

Series: Schriftenreihe des Arbeitskreises Europäische Integration e.V.

Volume 58 2007

Results in this title

Susan Stewart EU Democracy Promotion in the Western Balkans S. 231-247

„… 231 EU Democracy Promotion in the Western Balkans Susan Stewart 1. Introduction1 The primary …” „… of this chapter is to analyse the degree of priority given to democracy promotion among these myriad …” „… countries. Democracy promotion as a whole has received reduced attention as a result of the post-conflict …”

Michèle Knodt, Annette Junemann Introduction: Conceptionalizing the EU`s Promotion of Democracy S. 9-30

„… 9Introduction: Theorizing EU external democracy promotion Michèle Knodt/Annette Jünemann 1 …” „… . Introduction The topic of external democracy promotion is currently a top priority on both the political and …” „… a reference during the 1990s by the EU. At that time, democracy promotion was handled as a …”

Gordon Crawford Assessing EU Democracy Promotion in Africa: The case of Ghana S. 71-92

„… 71 Assessing EU Democracy Promotion in Africa: The case of Ghana Gordon Crawford 1. Introduction …” „… , including the democracy promotion policies within that framework and the policy instruments at the EU’s …” „… highly favourable to external assistance. Third, implementation of the EU’s democracy promotion policies …”

Sabine Fischer The EU and Russia: Democracy promotion in a “strategic partnership”? S. 247-269

„… 247 The EU and Russia: Democracy promotion in a “strategic partnership”? Sabine Fischer 1 …” „… instruments for its relations with Russia and the other post-Soviet republics. Democracy promotion and the …” „… Russia. It then turns to a number of factors which obstruct democracy promotion in EU-Russia relations …”

Annette Junemann, Michèle Knodt Explaining EU-Instruments and Strategies of EU Democracy Promotion. Concluding Remarks S. 351-370

„… VI. Conclusion 353 Explaining EU-Instruments and Strategies of EU Democracy Promotion …” „… in its policy of external democracy promotion. Thus, the contributions in this volume aimed to …” „… promotion. A high profile of democracy promotion means the implementation of all instruments at hand – both …”

Franco Algieri Unequal Treatment: Democracy Promotion of the EU in Myanmar/Burma and China S. 169-185

„… 169 Unequal Treatment: Democracy Promotion of the EU in Myanmar/ Burma and China Franco Algieri 1 …” „… influence the behaviour of the EU when it comes to democracy promotion. As illustrated in the case of EU …” „… foreign policy interests the EU is using a policy of double standards when it comes to democracy promotion …”

Susanne Gratius Democracy Promotion in Latin America: the EU policy towards Colombia, Cuba and Venezuela S. 119-144

„… 119 Democracy Promotion in Latin America: the EU policy towards Colombia, Cuba and Venezuela …” „… pattern in the EU’s policy of democracy promotion. Programmes and initiatives with third countries, most …” „… promotion of democracy has always been subordinated or closely related to human rights concerns which have …”

Authors / Abstracts S. 371-376

„… Market. Democracy promotion plays a role, but is integrated into the broader paradigm of creating spaces …” „… Crawford Through a case-study of Ghana, this chapter assesses EU democracy promotion policy in sub-Saharan …” „… power than extending popular control. Sabine Fischer Democracy promotion is an important aspect in the …”

Kirsten Westphal External Democratization: The EU, Latin America and the biregional pattern S. 93-119

„… . This of course has implications for EU-Latin American relations and external democracy promotion of …” „… second half of the 1980’s was characterized by aid for development, the promotion of peace and democracy …” „… promotion in Latin America within the framework of interregional cooperation. 4. Democracy Promotion in …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-8

„… Introduction: Conceptionalizing the EU`s Promotion of Democracy Michèle Knodt/Annette Jünemann 9 I …” „… Europäischen Union Stefan Brüne 53 Assessing EU Democracy Promotion in Africa: The case of Ghana …” „… America and the biregional pattern Kirsten Westphal 95 Democracy Promotion in Latin America …”

Elena Baracani Pre-accession and Neighbourhood: The European Union’s Democratic Conditionality in Turkey and Morocco S. 335-350

„… newly launched European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP), the European Union sees the promotion of democracy …” „… the promotion of democracy through conditionality should be a means to attain stability and security …” „… European Union: A ‘Risky’ Form of Democracy Promotion, p. 421; Kubicek, The European Union and …”

Stefan Brüne Testfall Äthiopien: Die neue Afrikastrategie der Europäischen Union S. 53-71

„… and the Promotion of Democracy in Post Cold War Africa: How Serious is Europe and for What Reason?, S …” „… Vgl. Crawford, The European Union and Democracy Promotion in Africa: The Case of Ghana, S. 571-600 …” „… “Promotion of Democracy: Current Problems and Policies”, Berlin, 10.12.2003. Carothers, Thomas, Aiding …”

Pamela Jawad The European Union as an External Democracy Promoter in the South Caucasus Region? S. 269-292

„… degree of difficulty for external democracy promotion and to the structure of resonance in each country …” „… collision of the democracy promotion agenda, which has been strengthened with the introduction of the …” „… Kaukasus in neuem Licht, p. 22. 15 See Youngs, Survey of European Democracy Promotion Policies 2000-2006 …”

Sigmar Schmidt The EU Democracy Assistance in Africa: The Cases of South Africa and the Democratic Republic of Congo S. 31-53

„… Republic of Congo (DRC) Sigmar Schmidt 1. Introduction The promotion of democracy and human rights in …” „… policy towards the DRC in general, nor the question/issue of democracy promotion, has been subject of …” „… regarded as generous in the field of aid including democracy promotion, the trade policy was much more …”

Ana Echagüe, Richard Youngs Democracy Dilemmas in the Middle East The Cases of Iran, Saudi Arabia and Yemen S. 317-335

„… diluting and revitalising democracy promotion efforts. In line with the book’s stated aim to assess how …” „… not elaborate an effective democracy promotion strategy. In the context of pervasive poverty …” „… trends suggest that the EU’s focus on democracy promotion in Yemen has intensified since 2001/2, as …”

Annette Junemann Realpolitisches Nutzenkalkül oder konstruktivistischer Rollenkonflikt? Erklärungsansätze für die Inkohärenz europäischer Demokratieförderung im südlichen Mittelmeerraum S. 293-317

„… ; Gillespie/Youngs, The EU and the Promotion of Democracy: The Case of North Africa. 5 Diese These vertreten u.a …” „… Promotion of Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law, Prepared for the Workshop on Democracy Promotion …” „… the Promotion of Democracy and Human Rights in Morocco, in: Jünemann, Annette (Hrsg …”

Alexander Warkotsch Die Demokratisierungspolitik der EU in Zentralasien S. 185-204

„… , S. 20. 9 Vgl. Youngs, The European Union and the Promotion of Democracy, S. 2. 10 Vgl. European …” „… Union Democracy Promotion Policies, S. 359-360. 13 Der Großteil der über 100 PKA Artikel befasst sich …” „… Union and the Promotion of Democracy, S. 22. 193 4. Strategiewahl der EU-Demokratisierungspolitik in …”

Florian P. Kühn Das Engagement der Europäischen Union zur Demokratisierung Afghanistans S. 145-169

„… . 169 Unequal Treatment: Democracy Promotion of the EU in Myanmar/ Burma and China Franco Algieri 1 …” „… influence the behaviour of the EU when it comes to democracy promotion. As illustrated in the case of EU …” „… foreign policy interests the EU is using a policy of double standards when it comes to democracy promotion …”

Timm Beichelt Externe Demokratisierungsstrategien der Europäischen Union: Die Fälle Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine S. 205-231

„… gegenüber dem „nahen Ausland“, Münster 1996. 231 EU Democracy Promotion in the Western Balkans Susan …” „… to democracy promotion among these myriad instruments and to explore the reasons behind this …” „… , Autocracy and Democracy in the European CIS; Merkel, Embedded and Defective Democracies. 37 Vgl. u.a …”

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