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Shira Becker-Alon - The Communitarian Dimension of the European Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy

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Shira Becker-Alon

The Communitarian Dimension of the European Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy

Series: Schriften des Europa-Instituts der Universität des Saarlandes - Rechtswissenschaft

Volume 83 2011

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The Common Security and Defence Policy S. 270-272

„… ). V. The Common Security and Defence Policy The CSDP is set out as an integral part of the CFSP …” „… questions relating to the Union’s security, including the progressive framing of a common defence policy …” „… progressive framing of common defence policy “might” lead to a common defence, according to Article 42(2 …”

Emergence of the ESDP S. 147-150

„… 147 Chapter VII: Inter-pillar aspects of the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) I …” „… . Security, defence and the European Community (EC) Although the idea to coordinate areas of foreign policy …” „… a Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), “including the eventual framing of a common defence …”

The ESDP as a component of the CFSP S. 150-151

„… 150 III. The ESDP as a component of the CFSP The inclusion of defence policy in the CFSP629 was a …” „… action (the “defence” component) with other policy instruments that are not necessarily within the Second …” „… Pillar’s sphere of activity.632 In contrast to the traditional diplomatic CFSP, the defence policy is …”

The European Council S. 152-153

„… of Justice (ECJ) in security and defence policy, unless it interacts in the activities of the EC.644 …” „… decide so – the progressive framing of a common defence policy included in the CFSP might lead to a …” „… common defence. The meaning of “common defence policy” is the political formation and decision-making …”

Community law aspects of armament and defence cooperation S. 167-174

„… . 209–216. 726 “European Defence-Industrial and Market Issues- Towards an EU Equipment Policy” (COM(2003 …” „… 167 2. Community law aspects of armament and defence cooperation a. The Community legal framework …” „… with regard to armament and defence industries The sensitive nature of military goods and services made …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-15

„… of the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) 147I. Security, defence and the European …” „… Security and Defence Policy 270VI. Financing of the CFSP and the CSDP 272VII. The conclusion of …” „… PolicyNomos1. Auflage 2011© Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden 2011. Printed in Germany. Alle Rechte, auch …”

The General Affairs and External Relations Council and the Defence Ministers’ Council S. 153-154

„… progressive framing of a common defence policy included in the CFSP might lead to a common defence. The …” „… meaning of “common defence policy” is the political formation and decision-making process in the defence …” „… general guidelines for the CFSP, including for matters with defence implications (Article 13(1) TEU), is …”

List of abbreviations S. 16-18

„… Cooperation in Europe CSDP CSODGCommon Security and Defence Policy Civil Society Organisation …” „… Europäische Rechtsakademie ESDP European Security and Defence Policy ESS European Security Strategy EU …” „… Community Assistance for Reconstruction Development and Stabilisation CCP Common Commercial Policy CFI Court …”

Legal instruments and voting procedures under the CFSP S. 268-270

„… ), amended TEU). V. The Common Security and Defence Policy The CSDP is set out as an integral part of the …” „… defence policy that might lead to a common defence, shall fall within the scope of the Union’s competence …” „… ) amended TEU the progressive framing of common defence policy “might” lead to a common defence, according …”

Security, defence and the European Community (EC) S. 147

„… 147 Chapter VII: Inter-pillar aspects of the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) I …” „… . Security, defence and the European Community (EC) Although the idea to coordinate areas of foreign policy …” „… a Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), “including the eventual framing of a common defence …”

Legal nature of the ESDP S. 151-152

„… security policy with no defence policy references shall not fall under Article 17 of the TEU and shall be …” „… subject to the general provisions of Title V.637 Further, decisions with regard to common defence policy …” „… and common defence shall be made without prejudice to Member States’ security and defence policy and …”

Summary and conclusions S. 283-298

„… ability to influence policy formation. In terms of European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP), the role …” „… activities related to Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) tasks. This could be seen as a measure aiming …” „… external relations, with a new intergovernmental framework, designated to enable foreign policy …”

Involvement of the EC in the ESDP S. 156-167

„… by the EP to sensitive information of the Council in the field of security and defence policy and the …” „… to sensitive information of the Council in the field of security and defence policy (OJ C 298/1, 30 …” „… 17(2) of the TEU, the questions of security and defence policy shall also include humanitarian and …”

Bibliography S. 299-312

„… Defence Policy?, In: Trybus M, White ND. European Security Law.Oxford University Press, pp. 198–224 …” „… . Jünemann A (2004). Repercussions of the Emerging European Security and Defence Policy on the Civil …” „… , 2, pp. 167–189. Koutrakos P (2001). Trade, Foreign Policy and Defence under the Law of the EU. Hart …”

The scope of the ESDP S. 151

„… security policy with no defence policy references shall not fall under Article 17 of the TEU and shall be …” „… subject to the general provisions of Title V.637 Further, decisions with regard to common defence policy …” „… and common defence shall be made without prejudice to Member States’ security and defence policy and …”

Introduction S. 19-24

„… would succeed in launching Union action within the CFSP and the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP …” „… Defence Policy (ESDP), are even more limited than those under the general framework of the CFSP. Yet, even …” „… to third countries. Its trading policy and various other policies providing the basis for its …”

The Treaty of Lisbon: the integration of the pillar structure? S. 246-251

„… European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) (now renamed the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP …” „… and defence policy (Article 2(4) TFEU), which implies that the CFSP is not to be seen as falling …” „… 246 Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) (in comparison to other external policies of the …”

Financing of the CFSP and the CSDP S. 272-274

„… Board, with its decision-making body composed of the Defence Ministers of the 26 participating Member …” „… in the field of defence capabilities development, research, acquisition and armaments (Article 42(3 …” „… implemented by the Member States and management of specific cooperation programmes; (d) support defence …”

The European Council S. 107-108

„… Security and Defence Policy (ESDP), foreign trade, development cooperation and 423 Kaufmann-Bühler …” „… institutional setup and tasks, as well as exerting a great influence on the development of Community policy …” „… the principles of and general guidelines for the CFSP, including for matters with defence implications …”

Financing European operations having military or defence implications (OMDIs) under the ESDP S. 174-178

„… 174 3. Financing European operations having military or defence implications (OMDIs) under the ESDP …” „… defence to the core of national sovereignty.758a. Legal framework for financing ESDP operations i. Article …” „… defence components may be charged to the Community budget – as in the case of the operation of the EU …”

From the Constitution for Europe to the Treaty of Lisbon S. 244-246

„… Lisbon does not prejudice the security and defence policy of Member States, including Ireland’s …” „… European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) (now renamed the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP …” „… policy and external relations? I. From the Constitution for Europe to the Treaty of Lisbon The …”

Scope of EPC S. 54-55

„… handle in EPC as the Member States disagreed over the means and ends of defence policy. Moreover, the …” „… Cooperation in the sphere of foreign policy shall be governed”. However, a specific and coherent set of …” „… provisions. The “European foreign policy” the Contracting Parties should endeavour to formulate and implement …”

Instruments S. 55-56

„… States disagreed over the means and ends of defence policy. Moreover, the Ministers of Defence did not …” „… among the Signatory States in the sphere of foreign policy and to invest this union with the necessary …” „… of foreign policy was thought to be achieved, included consultation on foreign policy matters …”

The 1999 IIA between the EP, the Council and the Commission on Budgetary Discipline and Improvement of the Budgetary Procedure S. 139-140

„… rapid realization of the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP), had brought about new tensions …” „… flexibility and cooperation on the part of the EP, all essential for prompt foreign policy actions, which come …” „… the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP)”. The 1999 IIA renounced the reference to CFSP …”

Introduction S. 48-49

„… policy and a common defence policy were later among the subjects dealt with by the two French Fouchet …” „… Security Policy (CFSP) I. Introduction The ability to conduct independent foreign policy is one of the …” „… Communities with a political aspect when the Treaties on European Defence Community and European Political …”

Title V of the TEU: the CFSP S. 77-79

„… , including – for the first time – security and defence policy within the framework of the external policy.269 …” „… this is exactly what was hoped to be achieved in creating a more effective European foreign policy …” „… the extent that it would replace the way in which they conduct their foreign affairs (national policy …”

The Council S. 108-115

„… the whole Union’s external action; namely, the CFSP, European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP …” „… principles of the CFSP (including matters with defence implications) has an influence within the EU, that is …” „… that has the same council dealing with foreign policy as well as with EC issues could have not been …”

The aftermath of the 1997 and 1999 IIAs S. 140-141

„… Security and Defence Policy (ESDP), had brought about new tensions during the budgetary procedures of the …” „… through national contribution.588 In the Council Joint Action establishing the European Defence Agency it …” „… security policy in accordance with the Interinstitutional Agreement of 6 May 1999, published in the minutes …”

The extension of QMV in CFSP and constructive abstention S. 81-83

„… QMV shall not apply to decisions on measures having military or defence implications (Article 23(2 …” „… important and stated reasons of national policy – it intends to oppose the adoption of a decision to be …” „… the Union’s external and security policy under Article 11(2) of the TEU.301 In addition, a …”

The European Council and its President S. 251-254

„… policy-making and coordinating functions as set out in the Treaties (Article 9c(1), amended TEU). The Council …” „… security and defence (compare Article 20 of the amended TEU and Article 27b of the TEU); the option for the …” „… guidelines for the CFSP, including for matters with defence implications. It is further assigned with the …”

EPC prior to the SEA S. 49-54

„… ratified.121 The formation of a common foreign policy and a common defence policy were later among the …” „… Defence Community and European Political Community were presented. However, these Treaties were never …” „… foreign policy.127Despite the correlations underlined between membership of the European Communities and …”

The institutional practice resulting from the inter-pillar financing arrangement S. 129-132

„… supplemented to the TEU in Nice after the establishment of the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) that …” „… and political control over the CFSP by challenging policy through its budgetary powers and control …” „… military or defence implications (OMDIs) and cases in which the Council, acting unanimously, decides …”

Legal basis for CFSP financing S. 132-134

„… supplemented to the TEU in Nice after the establishment of the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) that …” „… military or defence implications (OMDIs) and cases in which the Council, acting unanimously, decides …”

The Treaty on the European Union (TEU) S. 76-77

„… , including – for the first time – security and defence policy within the framework of the external policy.269 …” „… policy-making of the European Union (EU)I. Emergence 1. The Treaty on the European Union (TEU) The fall of …” „… 76Chapter III: The Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) – intergovernmental foreign …”

Scope of the European Courts’ jurisdiction under the Treaties establishing the European Communities S. 95-96

„… objectives; Article 17(1) sets out that CFSP shall include the progressive framing of a common defence policy …” „… represents a qualitative leap towards a European foreign policy by possessing the possibility to go beyond a …” „… mere formulation of policy and to take common action through Common Strategies, Joint Actions and …”

The justiciability of the ESDP S. 178

„… . Nevertheless, social rights and armament policy are both areas of EC law that might touch upon the defence …”

Implementing measures and voting procedure S. 182-183

„… EU’s long-standing policy towards the Mediterranean (Part I, Article 4, CS-Mediterranean). The …” „… Union’s goals in its policy towards the Mediterranean region, alongside the objective of making efforts to …” „… strengthen cooperating security in the region using the evolving Common European Policy on Security and …”

Scope of CFSP S. 79-81

„… , although the contribution of Treaty of Amsterdam to a more coherent and effective European foreign policy …” „… was considered to be minimal, it did break “the taboo” over the EU discussion of defence issues280 …” „… to define and implement a CFSP “covering all areas of foreign and security policy” (Article 11 TEU …”

Enhanced cooperation S. 83-84

„… 83the more general duty of loyalty to the Union’s external and security policy under Article 11(2 …” „… reasons of national policy – that the authorization to establish enhanced cooperation will be subject to …” „… operations having military or defence implications (Cremer, In: Calliess/ Ruffert (eds.), EUV/EGV (3.edition …”

The cross-pillar scope of the Common Strategies S. 180-182

„… European Policy on Security and Defence (Articles 7 and 8, CS-Mediterranean). 3. Implementing measures and …” „… to the growing demands of the internal policy-making and the cross-pillar policymaking.786The …” „… 180 The concept chosen for this foreign policy instrument, first introduced in the Treaty of …”

Secretary-General of the Council and the High Representative for the CFSP (SG/HR) S. 115-118

„… in light of the Unit’s participation in the policy-shaping of the CFSP.485 Yet, the participation of …” „… was to be bestowed with a more permanent and professional quality in the foreign policy field, thereby …” „… policy decisions” or when acting on behalf of the Council (when requested by the Presidency) to conduct a …”

Union institutions or Community institutions? S. 105-107

„… Community policy. According to Article 4 of the TEU, the European Council is entrusted with the role of …” „… defining the principles of and general guidelines for the CFSP, including for matters with defence …” „… Council into the central instance in important questions of foreign policy (Kaufmann-Bühler …”

Adoption of restrictive measures by the EU against third countries S. 276-279

„… required considering the EU’s foreign policy’s interests and concerns (Article 28, amended TEU). Thus …” „… bridging function between the CFSP and other policy areas.1180While under the equivalent TCT provisions …” „… the individual Member States. 1188 Concerning measures taken by a Member State security and defence …”

The position of the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy S. 256-260

„… Security Policy1109The creation of the position of a UMFA – building on and replacing the position of the …” „… UMFA, renaming it instead “High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy …” „… role this function is to play in the EU foreign and security policy, a role 1109 In December 2009 …”

The European Commission S. 260-263

„… primarily regarded as that of a central figure in the foreign and security policy, rather than as a member …” „… . With the exception of the common foreign and security policy, and other cases provided for in the …” „… Foreign and Security Policy do not give new powers to the Commission to initiate decisions nor do they …”

The European Parliament (EP) S. 263-265

„… policy-motivated” measures, the EP is merely to be informed as to the restrictive measures taken by the Union …” „… involvement is limited to cooperation with the HRFASP and the European Defence Agency (EDA), in practical …”

Scope of ECJ jurisdiction under the TEU S. 96-103

„… include the progressive framing of a common defence policy and Article 19(1) TEU instructs the Member …” „… policy by possessing the possibility to go beyond a mere formulation of policy and to take common action …” „… policy”. Accordingly, Article 11 TEU envisages the objectives of CFSP; Articles 13, 14, 15 and 24 TEU …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845231198

Christopher Reynolds - Understanding the Emergence of the European Security and Defence Policy

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Christopher Reynolds

Understanding the Emergence of the European Security and Defence Policy

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Continuity in British Defence Policy S. 148-150

„… more possible than at any time previously. 5. British Defence Policy 1945-1998: The Blair "Revolution …” „… "? 5.1 Continuity in British Defence Policy The newly elected Labour government's support for the …” „… creation of a security and defence policy within the single institutional framework of the European Union …”

References and Bibliography S. 251-270

„… , Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Aykan, M.B. (2005) "Turkey and European Security and Defence Identity/ Policy …” „… , A.J.K. (2008), "The EU and a 'Better World': What Role for the European Security and Defence Policy …” „… Politics, 1960-1966, Leyden: A.W. Sijtoff. Bono, G. (2002), "European Security and Defence Policy …”

The Puzzle of St Malo S. 15-19

„… capabilities through the creation of the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) within the Union's single …” „… days. In establishing what has since become known as the "European Security and Defence Policy" (ESDP …” „… repeatedly broken down, but in security and defence policy, so long the laggard of European integration …”

The Early Years and Contemporary Parallels S. 111-117

„… security and defence policy possible. While certainly not inevitable – and it might go too far to suggest …” „… post-war European efforts at establishing a security and defence policy beyond the nation state can be …” „… a European Security and Defence Policy, 1940-1970 Decade Efforts Supranational …”

Explaining the Blair Policy Change: 1997-1998 S. 150-154

„… not why Britain supported the idea of a European rather than transatlantic security and defence policy …” „… Western European Union under the control of the European Union, and ensure that defence policy remains a …” „… policy. While a number of initiatives relating to European defence were on the table at Amsterdam, Blair …”

1991-1997: The Common Foreign and Security Policy and Adapting the WEU S. 138-141

„… European defence policy was removed. So it was that for the first time in an EU document, the Maastricht …” „… Union, including the eventual framing of a common defence policy, which might in time lead to a common …” „… defence." While the ESDP might not be a wholly common policy, subsequent developments in ESDP could be …”

Theoretical Considerations: The ESDP as Integration or Cooperation? S. 55-59

„… security and defence policy in Europe. As we will see in more detail in subsequent chapters, proposals for …” „… , the idea of establishing a European defence policy stretches even further back and similar ideas can …” „… defence policy was either a "missed opportunity" or an "eternal fantasy," pointing out that the adaptation …”

ESDP as Integration S. 59-67

„… security and defence policy be understood as regulation? In their differentiation between sectoral and …” „… would not extend to the field of security and defence policy (Ojanen 2006). Thus from both perspectives …” „… coming" or predicted. And for a long time the assertion that security and defence policy was 61 somehow …”

Prevailing Themes S. 32-35

„… defence policy would take when it eventually occurred. From a Historical Institutionalist point of view …” „… maintaining the intergovernmental approach in security and defence policy, and that of moving towards the …” „… catalyst, actors re-evaluate costs and benefits. In the realm of security and defence policy cooperation …”

What is the ESDP? S. 39-43

„… principal academic debates which have surrounded the European Security and Defence Policy since its …” „… own security and defence policy. However, this was not just a problem for European integration theory …” „… common understandings about a European security and defence policy, is only slowly beginning to form an …”

Challenges to European Integration Theory S. 19-22

„… states cooperating in the highly sensitive fields of foreign, security and defence policy (Hoffman 1966 …” „… consensus" (Ojanen 2006, 5) that a European-level security and defence policy could not and would not emerge …” „… EU-level security and defence policy, it is all the more surprising that much mainstream discourse often …”

The End of the Cold War: Geopolitical Change and Institutional Competition S. 136-138

„… security and defence policy. Understanding and explaining the timing of the ESDP's emergence is therefore …” „… European defence policy was removed. So it was that for the first time in an EU document, the Maastricht …” „… Union, including the eventual framing of a common defence policy, which might in time lead to a common …”

Broader Changes S. 154-156

„… terms its security and defence policy, there was less resistance and political and institutional …” „… policy fields singled out for 155 particular attention was defence, with officials already hinting that …” „… long, there was not the same path dependency in terms of policy than would have been the case under a …”

The Western European Union S. 134-135

„… it broach the long problematic issue of a common European defence policy within the EU. But clearly …” „… institutionalization of a security and defence policy in the European Union, which is to say the existence since 1970 …” „… continuum, and an integrated common EU security and defence policy at the other, then the history of EPC …”

The Amsterdam Treaty S. 145-148

„… ), clearly the intention was to allow further moves towards a common defence policy without challenging the …” „… action and in so doing forestall any further moves towards a common defence policy. But more broadly …” „… policy structures over time, including the definition of a long-term aspiration to a defence role. This …”

Institutional and Functional Expansion S. 128-134

„… foreign and security policy consultation which later, of course, gave way to security and defence policy …” „… would be limited to foreign policy and, with one eye clearly on NATO, would avoid security and defence …” „… foreign policy only. With the Cold War still at its height, security and particularly defence issues were …”

Understanding the EU-NATO relationship S. 31-32

„… , more recently, security and defence policy. Indeed, the imperative of NATO's existence during the …” „… institutionalised security and defence cooperation through an EU security and defence policy would take when it …” „… exchange and transfer of personnel between different institutions within the same institutional or policy …”

Why not the Western European Union (WEU)? S. 170-172

„… and defence policy through an intergovernmental international organisation. The extent to which this …” „… policy field that was already highly institutionalised, we can expect that there was a high degree of …” „… existing structure in question. It is also important to consider another structure within the same policy …”

The European Defence Community (1950-54) S. 117-120

„… subsequent attempts at achieving institutionalised cooperation in this policy field. 1.2 The European Defence …” „… supranational security and defence policy has long been considered as difficult or undesirable, this could not …” „… Council of Europe also in 1949, this was expressly unrelated to the questions of security and defence …”

Research Methodology S. 35-37

„… re-evaluate costs and benefits. In the realm of security and defence policy cooperation, such an event is most …” „… less true for progress in the realm of EU foreign, security and defence policy. As we will see, the …” „… difficulty in studying a sensitive field of high politics such as security and defence policy, however, is …”

Lessons to be Learned S. 135-136

„… institutionalization of a security and defence policy in the European Union, which is to say the existence since 1970 …” „… continuum, and an integrated common EU security and defence policy at the other, then the history of EPC …” „… security policy-making. The point therefore is that if we see foreign policy cooperation at one end of a …”

The Fouchet Plans: 1960s S. 120-126

„… development of a common foreign and defence policy, cooperation in the field of science and culture, and the …” „… in the field of foreign and security policy-making (see de Schoutheete 2006). The European Political …” „… cooled the imperative of a supranational solution, the far-reaching implications of a defence union (and …”

Increasing Overlap S. 211-213

„… political aspects of security," or why a common security and defence policy for so long remained only an …” „… prevent it from developing a security and defence policy of its own. 2.1 Increasing Overlap Until the late …” „… defence - policy. NATO, by contrast, was a purely security and defence organisation and saw its very …”

The Policy Shift S. 156-158

„… the time Policy Director in the Ministry of Defence and, together with Emyr Jones Parry, one of the …” „… 156 5.4 The Policy Shift The first public indications of a British policy shift came that autumn …” „… and to ensure that it is able to speak coherently on foreign and security policy. We should be …”

Understanding the ESDP’s emergence S. 241-243

„… with the military (and civilian) tools of an operational security and defence policy. By historical …” „… that the emergence and institutional form of this EU-level security and defence policy represents an …” „… management operations on a global scale and finally link the structural tools of economic and trade policy …”

Understanding Institutional Design S. 169-170

„… and defence policy with their design dictated purely by the functional requirements of …” „… institutionalising an EU-level security and defence policy capable of undertaking operational action? If this were …” „… requirements of executing a security and defence policy through an intergovernmental international organisation …”

The North Atlantic Council (NAC) S. 175-177

„… , notably the right of the Council to discuss and decide matters of principle and policy." This clarified …” „… inefficiency at the time of Europe's "ridiculous" (interview #10, 16.11.06) security policy decision-making …” „… time makes a similar suggestion, stating that the EU was seeking to build "a defence capacity which is …”

Two Explanatory Streams S. 104-108

„… of a European security and defence policy was not the first option. If socialization was so strong …” „… with the tools of an operational European security and defence policy. External Stream The second …” „… Member States on foreign and defence issues. These norms and understanding were responsible for the …”

Challenges to IR Theory S. 22-23

„… defence – policy was rejected. Yet arguably the exact opposite of the neo-realist perspective has occurred …” „… member states in foreign and more recently security and defence policy has only intensified, even in the …” „… least since its provisions do not contain, as yet, any mutual defence guarantee or binding commitments …”

Committee Structure and "Hierarchy of Concepts" S. 194-200

„… as economic sanctions or trade privileges, with those of an operational security and defence policy …” „… of civilian policy instruments with the more robust support of an operational security and defence …” „… the UK's Ministry of Defence. This might also therefore be seen as a form of "uploading." 197 schedule …”

Europeanisation: Impacts "up" and "down" S. 50-52

„… point for approaching the study of the ESDP. Since, in essence, an EU-level security and defence policy …” „… participation in EU-level security and defence cooperation on national politics, polity and policy, largely with …” „… to define both its very nature and the realm of its policy outcomes. From this perspective …”

The First Debates S. 43-47

„… and civilian crisis management operations has occurred in the absence of policy initiative of the …” „… hegemon and increasing downward pressures on defence budgets, particularly in the wake of the Maastricht …” „… debate about institu-45 tions, i.e. how policy aspirations are to be turned into specific outcomes …”

NATO and the Common Joint Task Force Initiative S. 141-145

„… (particularly ex-communist) non-member states, helping them to increase transparency in their defence planning …” „… the field of military and security policy is one fundamental reason why some scholars suggest that …” „… referred to as the "European Security and Defence Identity" or ESDI. Put simply, the intention through the …”

List of Figures and Abbreviations S. 11-12

„… Security and Defence Policy, 1940-1970 113 Figure 2. EU and NATO Security Classifications 179 …” „… Security and Defence Identity ESDP European Security and Defence Policy ESS European Security Strategy …” „… CFSP Common Foreign and Security Policy CJTF Common Joint Task Force CSCE Conference on Security …”

Understanding Institutional Structures S. 30-31

„… , more recently, security and defence policy. Indeed, the imperative of NATO's existence during the …” „… . While as indicated there have been clear, empirical efforts at explaining the Blair policy shift, few if …” „… indicated, the intergovernmental nature of institutionalised cooperation in this policy field plays against …”

Book Structure S. 37-38

„… security and defence policy predates that of the EU itself, as well as the reasons that prevented it from …” „… 37 UK Ministry of Defence, and the Finnish Permanent Representation in Brussels. The average …” „… . Officials currently dealing with security and defence issues were also targeted, however, particularly in …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… Christopher ReynoldsUnderstanding the Emergence of the European Security and Defence PolicyAn …” „… Importance of Historical Analysis 145 4.1 The Amsterdam Treaty 145 5. British Defence Policy 1945-1998: The …” „… Blair "Revolution"? 148 5.1 Continuity in British Defence Policy 148 5.2 Explaining the Blair Policy …”

List of Interviews S. 271-272

„… Security and Defence Policy, German Foreign Ministry. Personal interview with author, Berlin. Interview …” „… . Personal interview with author, Helsinki. Interview #4, 18 February 2005 Official, Ministry of Defence of …” „… , Brussels. Interview #6, 26 July 2005 Senior official, Directorate for policy on international organisations …”

On the Ground S. 54-55

„… ESDP was not the first attempt at establishing a common security and defence policy in Europe. As we …” „… defence policy stretches even further back and similar ideas can be found in the writings of Saint-Pierre …” „… the question of whether a European security and defence policy was either a "missed opportunity" or an …”

Normative Isomorphism S. 182-184

„… institutionalised policy space, and with the defence ministry officials involved in the ESDP having also had a …” „… EU wanted to be taken seriously as a security and defence actor and had ambitions to this effect …” „… in the institutional negotiations surrounding the ESDP were largely drawn from Defence Ministries. As …”

The ESDP as International Security Cooperation S. 67-74

„… would cooperate in the field of security and defence policy in the first place, particularly in the …” „… " aspects of security and defence policy that other European powers sought to control Germany, but instead …” „… of a consensual and legitimate security and defence policy to which 27 heterogeneous states must be …”

Berlin Plus S. 223-229

„… and Wallace 2004). However, it is certainly the case that both the foreign policy traditions of …” „… policy "toolbox" at the EU's disposal, mean that the Union is far less likely to engage in war-fighting …” „… relationship within the same policy space. The answer to this question is admittedly complicated. Firstly, it …”

The Political and Security Committee (PSC/COPS) S. 164-167

„… created European Security and Defence Policy were outlined in detail in an annex attached to the …” „… , understood as "a gradual transfer, in the name of consistency, of foreign policy-making authority away from …” „… framework." Unsurprisingly, the Committee has quickly become "a vital mechanism in the policy-making process …”

The NATO Military Committee S. 177-178

„… , the committee's members are national chiefs of defence, who are usually represented by their …” „… of Defence formation (which occurs at least three times a year), however, the NATO MC does not meet …” „… of Defence and four-star general or equivalent, and is appointed by the chiefs of defence, again for …”

Conclusions S. 200-202

„… formulating new ones, particularly when a policy space is dominated by a "focal" institution such as NATO …” „… . This was reinforced by the fact that defence ministries, which generally have a pro-NATO bias based on …” „… serving to minimise resistance to its creation. The high degree of familiarity of national defence …”

Committee of Contributors S. 168-169

„… member states' policy ambitions in the field of security and defence policy with their design dictated …” „… purely by the functional requirements of institutionalising an EU-level security and defence policy …” „… Britain placed on the fact that the policy would "operate within the institutional framework of the …”

The European Union Military Committee (EUMC) S. 167-168

„… 167 policy, understood as "a gradual transfer, in the name of consistency, of foreign policy-making …” „… the policy-making process" and such advice and recommendations are only offered unanimously (Howorth …” „… Committee (EUMC) The EUMC is formally composed of national Chiefs of Defence but is normally attended by …”

The European Security Strategy S. 52-54

„… seek to show how member states may "upload" or "project" their domestic policy agendas onto the …” „… onto the EU level, with the UK's Strategic Defence Review (SDR) and its emphasis on rapid force …” „… entirely different purpose in mind than those seeking to structure security and defence cooperation at the …”

Overlapping Competence S. 215-218

„… significant that despite the efforts of the "great powers" in European security and defence policy, not least …” „… terms of its wider shift from being a collective defence to a collective security organisation …” „… has also developed a "Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence" in Estonia and has sought to …”

The Problems with Berlin Plus S. 229-234

„… defence policy should such a policy be developed through the EU, where its stronger institutional position …” „… provision is also made for meetings between "subsidiary groups" such as NATO's Policy Coordination Group …” „… the US in terms of security and defence and establishing a counterweight to American dominance. A …”

Institutional Design S. 243-245

„… 1998-99, with Tony Blair overturning the country’s 50 year veto on European defence outside the …” „… design, even in a field of high politics such as security and defence, does not take place in a vacuum …” „… institutionalised cooperation. This may be especially true in those cases where the policy space in question is …”

The End of Civilian Power Europe? S. 47-50

„… United States in the field of security and defence. This was also an inherently institutional debate …” „… impact on the EU as a foreign policy actor, a further strand of literature has sought to explore the …” „… , more particularly, Germany whose distinct foreign policy role concept and particular perception of the …”

Institutional Design S. 23-24

„… any economic actors with a clear self-interest in EU-level defence cooperation, nor ones which have …” „… rationalising European defence budgets through joint procurement as well as investing in common research and …” „… Defence Agency established in 2004. However, the sovereignty concerns of member states remain predominant …”

Taking Time Seriously S. 246-249

„… Council Presidency on a state’s foreign, security and defence policy? What factors are at work here, and …” „… policy field, therefore requires gaining a clear understanding of events in time. The rules for changing …” „… hand. Rather they should be aware that, in the field of security and defence perhaps more than in most …”

The "Normal" Approach to the Study of International Institutions S. 203-208

„… engaged in a "mutual shaping process" (Ojanen 2004, 19) whereby the security and defence actions and …” „… in an empty space and different – sometimes multiple – institutions will exist within the same policy …” „… how overlaps between different institutions in the same policy 204 space are fundamental to …”

Key Points of Historical Institutionalism S. 27-28

„… defence policy, and in so far as it mentioned security and defence at all stated simply that "our security …” „… gains and select rationally between competing policy choices. However, it does suggest that the …” „… ESDP we are seeking to account for the policy shift (or preference change) of the Blair government …”

Mimetic Isomorphism S. 181-182

„… and defence actor and had ambitions to this effect. Against the backdrop of European failures in the …” „… the ESDP were largely drawn from Defence Ministries. As Mérand (2006, 2008) has shown, such officials …” „… to reduce the complexity of institutional design. In a densely institutionalised policy space, and …”

Attempts at Reconciliation S. 218-219

„… and defence policy, not least the US and Britain, attempts at effectively reconciling ESDP and NATO …” „… for the pursuit of robust crisis management operations and, ultimately, mutual defence through Article …” „… 2000, for example, Tony Blair clearly stated before the UK Parliament that "European defence would …”

Why EPC succeeded S. 126-128

„… were to be limited to "all important questions of foreign policy," thus security and defence issues …” „… foreign and security policy consultation which later, of course, gave way to security and defence policy. …” „… some degree that foreign policy cooperation between the Six was inherently desirable. From a …”

Understanding the ESDP's emergence S. 28-30

„… of the same year made no mention of an EU security and defence policy, and in so far as it mentioned …” „… policy shift (or preference change) of the Blair government during the course of 1998. This cannot be …” „… security and defence at all stated simply that "our security will continue to be based on NATO …”

Conclusions S. 158-160

„… , was the policy means through which it was believed that this could best be achieved. In this context …” „… outlined above can help us to explain the reasons for the policy change as well as its timing, it must be …” „… and defence autonomy, what factors led the new ESDP institutions to emerge in the form that they did …”

Three Hypotheses on Institutional Design S. 161-164

„… examined the forces underpinning the idea of establishing a European Security and Defence Policy within the …” „… newly created European Security and Defence Policy were outlined in detail in an annex attached to the …” „… govern cooperation in this new policy field. Specific attention will be focussed on the Political and …”

The Puzzle of EU-NATO Relations S. 24-26

„… the Brussels Treaty" as well as "the specific character of the security and defence policy of certain …” „… in policymaking and thereby influence actors' abilities to achieve their preferred policy preferences …” „… strongest cognitive model of cooperation and indeed policy competence has slowly migrated towards it (Börzel …”

Division of Labour S. 221-223

„… 221 rity and defence, not least given the quite unprecedented degree of military intelligence …” „… : firstly, as a division of labour relating to territorial defence, with perhaps the US assuming …” „… of backing up the EU's foreign policy interests with operational military capabilities would be …”

NATO First Refusal? S. 219-221

„… defence would operate only when NATO chooses not to be engaged" (quoted in Oakes 2001). When questioned …” „… , has led some to interpret it as a NATO first policy. And yet for others, references in EU documents …” „… the pre-eminent security and defence organisation in Europe. Based on the discussion above, we might …”

Relationship with Coreper S. 192-194

„… wider range of discussions and has many more policy instruments (including non-military) at its disposal …” „… and conduct of ESDP missions to themes of foreign and security policy more generally and, frequently …” „… , because it puts together both defence and foreign affairs and I don't know of any other organization or …”

Overlapping Membership S. 214-215

„… terms of its wider shift from being a collective defence to a collective security organisation …” „… has also developed a "Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence" in Estonia and has sought to …” „… this broadening of the NATO's scope has led the Alliance's policy agenda to become a "dumping-ground …”

Understanding Institutions: Three New Institutionalisms S. 85-102

„… and Defence Policy – albeit in different forms – was an "idea" that had been around since the early …” „… policy networks "that has exposed the interconnectedness between formal state organisations and …” „… communities and networks of actors with an expertise and interest in a given policy area" (Bulmer 1998). 2.2 …”

Conclusions S. 108-110

„… how the "tyranny of the status quo" was overcome. The efficiency of European security and defence …” „… policy had long been trumped by the question of national sovereignty. While it might be more efficient to …” „… link the formulation of a foreign and security policy more closely with actual capabilities, this was …”

Explanatory Limits S. 158

„… , was the policy means through which it was believed that this could best be achieved. In this context …” „… outlined above can help us to explain the reasons for the policy change as well as its timing, it must be …” „… and defence autonomy, what factors led the new ESDP institutions to emerge in the form that they did …”

The NATO International Military Staff (IMS) S. 178

„… committees such as the Alliance's Defence Planning Committee, and is both the committee's "spokesman and …” „… for planning, assessing and recommending policy on military matters for consideration by the Military …”

Finding a Term S. 208-209

„… 208 institution takes place within a vacuum, we should [now] regularly probe whether policy within …” „… governance. Given the density of international agreements and regimes within this policy field this is …” „… 2006), emissions trading (Green 2008) and now also security and defence (Hofmann 2007, 2009). As the …”

The Relationship with NATO S. 245-246

„… policy space. As such, future research would do well to consider systematically the impact of existing …” „… a pre-existing policy field, therefore requires gaining a clear understanding of events in time. The …” „… operate with a free hand. Rather they should be aware that, in the field of security and defence perhaps …”

Committee Seniority S. 190-192

„… of member state control in this policy field were against the idea of a Permanent Chair along the …” „… ), which remains the formal decision-making body in this policy field. This means that the PSC's position …” „… discussions and has many more policy instruments (including non-military) at its disposal. Items on the PSC …”

Process-Tracing S. 102-104

„… present study, if national defence ministries were closely involved with "designing" the ESDP, it should …” „… . Mahoney and Rueschemeyer 2003). Examples include Immergut's (1992) analysis of variations in health policy …” „… in France, Sweden and Switzerland, or Steinmo's (1993) account of variations in tax policy in the US …”

An Interdependent Polity in an Interdependent World S. 80-83

„… understand moves not just towards EU foreign policy, but equally a security and defence one. Other studies by …” „… series of networks, differing in structure and membership in different policy sectors, with each bound …” „… interdependence clearly varies across policy fields, for this present study it is the institutional …”

Coercive Isomorphism S. 184-186

„… , 144). Other joint meetings between the NATO and EU military committees ("MC/EUMC") and NATO's Policy …” „… defence ministries, particularly those in Central and Eastern Europe, had only recently completed the …”

Other Elements of Isomorphism S. 178-181

„… committees such as the Alliance's Defence Planning Committee, and is both the committee's "spokesman and …” „… for planning, assessing and recommending policy on military matters for consideration by the Military …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845225333

Sören Sommer - Franco-German Armaments Collaboration

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Sören Sommer

Franco-German Armaments Collaboration

Series: Völkerrecht und Außenpolitik

Volume 95 2024

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4. Conclusion and Outlook – The Future of Franco-German Armaments Collaboration in the context of the European Defence Policy S. 287-298

„… the EuropeanDefence PolicyRussia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine marks the preliminary low point in …” „… collaboration in the context of the European Defence Policy.It has analysed whether reliable rules are …” „… subjective national sovereignty concernsvis-à-vis losing control over defence(-industrial) policy. Defence …”

2. The Context: Franco-German Armaments Collaboration and European Armaments Cooperation S. 43-120

„… the EU’s27 Sebastian Graf von Kielmansegg, ‘The Historical Development of EU Defence Policy:Lessons …” „… characterise Fran‐co-German armaments cooperation in the context of the European DefencePolicy (EDP) today …” „… IntegrationThoughts on how to develop a European Security and Defence Policy haveexisted for a long time.27 The …”

3. Franco-German Armaments Collaboration – unreliable legal frameworks S. 121-286

„… areas of foreign policy,European policy, education and youth, and also regarding defence policy(section …” „… focus of the following parts. Inpractice, Germany’s armaments export policy has been (and still is) –for …” „… consequences forEuropean defence capability development.347 Firstly, these large-scale arma‐ments projects …”

Bibliography S. 301-324

„… Commission, European Defence–Industrial and Market Issues: Towards anEU Defence Equipment Policy, COM …” „… Blockmans S and Faleg G, ‘More Union in European Defence’ [2015] Centre for Euro‐pean Policy Studies 1 …” „… defence cooperation’[2019] Policy Brief Flemish Peace Institute 1DeVore M and Weiss M, ‘Who’s in the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-20

„… European Defence PolicyVölkerrecht und Außenpolitik 95Völkerrecht und AußenpolitikEdited byProf. Dr. Oliver …” „… CollaborationLegal Aspects and Options in the context of the European Defence PolicyOnlineversionNomos eLibraryThis …” „… the European Defence Policy,analysing whether reliable rules are established which ensure that …”

1. Introduction S. 21-42

„… Franco-German armaments collab‐oration in the context of the European Defence Policy?This thesis will reach the …” „… context of the European Defence Policy.Two primary limitations to this research should be noted. Firstly …” „… intended to boost the EU’s Common Security and DefencePolicy (CSDP) and strengthen European defence …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748944881

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Ina Wiesner (ed.)

German Defence Politics

Series: Schriften der Akademie der Bundeswehr für Information und Kommunikation

Volume 30 2013

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Stephan Böckenförde The foundations of German defence German security policy S. 23-48

„… . The European dimension of defence policy rested on the idea that gradual integration and a …” „… can be found in the 1992 Defence Policy Guidelines, which, in turn, were based on recommendations by …” „… Defence Policy Guidelines, ‘as a future main task, crisis management will replace the previous …”

Sven Bernhard Gareis The making of Germany’s security and defence policy – actors, responsibilities, procedures, and requirements S. 49-78

„… 49 The making of Germany’s security and defence policy – actors, responsibilities, procedures …” „… security and defence policy. They are characterised by three main trends: Firstly, the scenario of an open …” „… security and defence policy is also only conceivable if the country collaborates with its partners in the …”

Hans-Werner Wiermann German defence and military policy in the UN, NATO and the EU from the point of view of the Military Policy Division, Armed Forces Staff S. 79-102

„… 79 German defence and military policy in the UN, NATO and the EU from the point of view of the …” „… Military Policy Division, Armed Forces Staff Hans-Werner Wiermann Introduction: military and defence …” „… associated with security are defence policy and military policy. As a result of the lessons learned during …”

Tom Dyson Conclusion German defence politics – a view from abroad S. 373-394

„… defence and security policy and recognise the imperative of burden-sharing: ‘making a reliable and …” „… , it sheds new light on the dynamics of German defence policy and politics. The majority of …” „… scholarship on post-Cold War German defence policy and politics emphasises the impact of Germany’s …”

Ina Wiesner German defence politics – an introduction S. 13-22

„… relatively recent publications on Germany’s foreign, security and defence policy (Böckenförde/Gareis, 2009 …” „… the fact that a number of outstanding analyses of German security and defence policy have been …” „… policy, it is dedicated to German defence politics. Defence policy and defence politics Like any other …”

Christoph Reifferscheid, Ulf Bednarz Inside German defence The Federal Ministry of Defence S. 103-126

„… The Directorate-General for Political Affairs frames and coordinates security and defence policy in …” „… ensuring the coherent shaping of this policy. Security and defence policy comprises military and armament …” „… all matters concerning security and defence policy. He deputises for the Ministry at departmental …”

About the authors S. 395-399

„… British, French and German security and defence policy in The British Journal of Politics and IR …” „… , Contemporary British History, Contemporary Security Policy, Defence Studies, European Security and German …” „… Ministry of Defence, including in the FMOD Policy Planning Staff, as a branch chief in the Military Policy …”

Christian Mölling Pooling and Sharing in the EU and NATO S. 359-372

„… lack of money. The rationale behind this is a new paradigm in Europe’s defence policy: the …” „… (2012): Smart but too Cautious: How NATO Can Improve Its Fight Against Defence Austerity. In: Policy …” „… mission in Libya revealed serious flaws in European defence.1 Not only is Europe's defence capability …”

Stefan Bayer The political economy of German defence Theoretical determinants and practical design of the federal budget as exemplified by Departmental Budget 14 S. 227-250

„… defence policy, which falls under the responsibility of Departmental Budget 14. Medium-term financial …” „… rather than on defence policy as a whole. 241 mental Budget 14. This de facto also includes pensions …” „… expenditures included in Departmental Budget 14 do not or do not only serve the aims of defence policy, and …”

Jörg Jacobs Current debates in German defence Public opinion, the Bundeswehr and public affairs S. 295-306

„… German armed forces and includes processing and analysing all aspects of security and defence policy and …” „… promote trust in Germany’s security and defence policy. The activities aim to stress to the public that …” „… security and defence policy to the public, but are also intended to have an effect on the Bundeswehr …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-8

„… Ina Wiesner 13 Part I The foundations of German defence German security policy Stephan …” „… Böckenförde 23 The making of Germany’s security and defence policy – actors, responsibilities, procedures …” „… , and requirements Sven Bernhard Gareis 49 German defence and military policy in the UN, NATO and …”

Dietmar Klos, Heiner Möllers, Dieter Stockfisch The military services S. 127-162

„… the tasks of the Bundeswehr as part of the country’s security and defence policy. They have the …” „… institutional structure of the policy area of defence in Germany, see the diagram in Ina Wiesner’s introductory …” „… contributions and accept cuts in connection with changes in defence policy. The build-up phase of the new …”

Sabine Collmer Suspending the conscript system S. 333-344

„… Federal Minister of Finance announced a strict austerity policy and defence expenditure cuts. This was …” „… Bundeswehr). In accordance with the Verteidigungspolitische Richtlinien (VPR, Defence Policy Guidelines) of …” „… perceived as part of German defence culture. Here, we see a link to more general security-policy …”

Stéphane Beemelmans Foreword S. 9-10

„… security and defence policy over the past two decades. The Bundeswehr, as one of Germany’s main …” „… on the complex subject of German defence policy. This volume eloquently places Germany’s security …” „… understanding of its tasks and of the circumstances that shape Germany’s defence policy. I would like to …”

Helmuth Heumann The armament acquisition process – nature, development, challenges S. 251-280

„… have on Germany’s armament policy (Geyer, 1984). Many years later, Federal Minister of Defence Peter …” „… on how to reorganise the (German) Federal Defence Administration and hence the armament organisation …” „… agencies (Blasius, 2006:10). In the Bundestag, Theodor Blank, the new minister of defence, made the …”

Manfred Engelhardt Jointness in the Bundeswehr S. 163-180

„… security role (10 Jahre SKB, 2010: 32). The Defence Policy Guidelines of 2003 stipulate ‘the multinational …” „… for the defence of the zones required services that could operate as self-sufficiently as possible …” „… oriented towards ‘forward defence’, i.e. the need to cover relatively limited operational distances …”

Axel Hecht Preface S. 11-12

„… easy for someone who would like to study Germany’s security and defence policy in more detail to gain …” „… broad spectrum of issues in connection with German defence policy. We are pleased that, with this …” „… that for more than two decades, security and defence have not been high-profile topics in …”

Dieter Heuer The Federal Defence Administration S. 193-226

„… implemented. Together with the Defence Policy Guidelines of 27 May 2011, the security policy fundamentals …” „… 193 The Federal Defence Administration Dieter Heuer The materiel requirements of the armed …” „… forces have always been high. Most people may think of defence goods, but a soldier’s basic needs such …”

Gregor Richter Modernisation in the Bundeswehr – privatisation and public-private partnerships (PPP) S. 281-294

„… projects at the Federal Ministry of Defence (FMoD), put it this way as early as 2003: “When we talk about …” „… military policy are usually also considered in addition to mere economic and cost-effectiveness factors …” „… place so far in the defence department and is unlikely to in the future, since due to provisions …”

Armin Müller The Bundeswehr reserve S. 181-192

„… operations. As a consequence, the Defence Policy Guidelines issued in 2003 state the following: ‘At present …” „… were killed – as members of the field defence administration. To this day, reservists support the …” „… follow-on training for reservists were established to maintain the defence capability of the country. During …”

Gerhard Kümmel Between rejection of war and intervention fatigue – the armed forces, the state and society in Germany S. 307-332

„… everyday life in Western democracies, including in Germany. With its foreign, security and defence policy …” „… recognise that, in times like these, the defence and security policy of a country like Germany requires a …” „… suggestion put forward by the current Federal Minister of Defence, Thomas de Maizière, to establish a …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845250120

Alexandra Jonas - Das Governance-System der GSVP

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Alexandra Jonas

Das Governance-System der GSVP

Series: Europäische Schriften

Volume 96 2015

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7. Literatur- und Quellenverzeichnis S. 285-312

„… the Common Security and Defence Policy, in: European Foreign Affairs Review 16, Nr. 1, S. 41– 58 …” „… Co-operation beyond the Nation-State: The EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy, in: Journal of Common Market …” „… , Xymena/Breuer, Fabian (Hrsg.): Explaining the EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy. Theory in Action …”

6. Abkürzungsverzeichnis S. 281-284

„… Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability CSDP Common Security and Defence Policy DOLPHIN Development of …” „… Security and Defence Policy ESVP Europäische Sicherheits- und Verteidigungspolitik EUISS EU-Institut für …” „… for European Security CDP Capability Development Plan CFSP Common Foreign and Security Policy CIVCOM …”

3. Die GSVP-Agenturen als Forschungsobjekt S. 133-177

„… solution to the credible commitment problem faced by policy-makers in regulatory policy-making. […]. One …” „… administrative agencies. Their creation has been seen as a result of policy-makers’ acknowledgement of a credible …” „… , it is clear that their activities have important implications for policy-making. Agencies influence …”

2. Analysemodell S. 28-132

„… (2006: 23), der feststellt: „The very fact that EU policy-making is a collective exercise involving …” „… policy-urgency transformed them into quasi-supranational organisms whose overwhelming objective was the quest for …” „… purposefully directed towards particular policy outcomes“ (Kirchner 2006: 948, angelehnt an Webber et al. 2004 …”

4. Die Rolle von EUSC und EDA im Governance-System der GSVP S. 178-270

„… explaining an important project or a theme like Cyber defence or helicopter training exercises …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845258270

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