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William R. Keylor

Charles de Gaulle

2020

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CHAPTER TEN Nixon and de Gaulle, 1969 S. 249-256

„… C H A P T E R T E NNixon and de Gaulle, 1969Realism Triumphant and Mutual AdmirationSoon after the …” „… election in November 1968 that brought Richard Nixon to the White House, de Gaulle dispatched two warm …” „… moments of History.”2 These were the last comments from de Gaulle about a U.S. president with whom he had …”

CHAPTER EIGHT Kennedy and de Gaulle, 1961–1963 S. 175-204

„… de Gaulle/Fouchet initiative would eviscerate the EEC, shut the United States out of Europe, and lead …” „… C H A P T E R E I G H TKennedy and de Gaulle, 1961–1963JFK’s Grand Design DerailedWhen John F …” „… de Gaulle repeatedly protesting about America having been late in coming to France’s assistance in …”

CHAPTER SEVEN Eisenhower and de Gaulle,1958–1961 S. 147-174

„… de Gaulle—in case access to Berlin was closed down: the establishment of a joint American, British …” „… C H A P T E R S E V E NEisenhower and de Gaulle, 1958–1961Two Wartime Buddies in PowerCharles de …” „… Gaulle mounted the rostrum of the National Assembly at the Palais Bourbon on the edge of the Place de la …”

CHAPTER NINE Johnson and de Gaulle, 1963–1968 S. 205-248

„… topic.94McNamara’s Alternative to the MLF and De GaulleDuring the spring Atlantic Council meeting in …” „… C H A P T E R N I N EJohnson and de Gaulle, 1963–1968Distant AntagonistsLyndon B. Johnson had been …” „… American community.2The first time that Lyndon B. Johnson met Charles de Gaulle was at the funeral for the …”

CHAPTER THREE FDR and de Gaulle, 1940–1945 S. 33-94

„… C H A P T E R T H R E EFDR and de Gaulle, 1940–1945A Cold Shoulder from the “Stubborn Dutchman” to …” „… the “Stubborn Frenchman”The name of Charles de Gaulle was known to very few people in the United …” „… sponsorship in London. De Gaulle’s writ-ings on military strategy, in particular his emphasis on the critical …”

CHAPTER ELEVEN De Gaulle and the United States S. 257-262

„… after de Gaulle’s death in 1970, his former collaborator René Pleven told Jean Lacouture that “the …” „… reason that General de Gaulle misunderstood the United States is that he was a man for whom history …” „… . Not that the United States possessed no history. But de Gaulle was not acquainted with it . . . and …”

CHAPTER FIVE Truman and de Gaulle, 1945–1946 S. 115-134

„… C H A P T E R F I V ETruman and de Gaulle, 1945–1946A Brief Encounter with PinpricksHarry S …” „… in postwar Germany, de Gaulle was intent on using French military forces that had participated in the …” „… day. On March 29, de Gaulle ordered the commander of the First French Army, General Jean de Lattre de …”

CHAPTER ONE The Young Charles de Gaulle,1890–1940 S. 5-22

„… C H A P T E R O N EThe Young Charles de Gaulle, 1890–1940Before the Fall of FranceCharles André …” „… Joseph Marie de Gaulle was born in his grandparents’ house in the northeastern industrial city of Lille …” „… middle-class Catholic family. His father, Henri de Gaulle, taught philosophy, mathematics, and literature at a …”

CHAPTER SIX De Gaulle in the Political Wilderness, 1946–1958 S. 135-146

„… before SuccessThe only house Charles de Gaulle ever owned was a country home amid a three-acre wooded …” „… pro-vided him with a grandson, named Charles de Gaulle. His mentally disabled daughter, Anne, to whom he was …” „… village, where her father and mother would later join her. The de Gaulles lived a simple life at Colombey …”

Notes S. 265-328

„… translation] (London: Heine-mann, 1966), 88.29. Fréréric Salat-Baroux, De Gaulle-Pétain: Le destin, la …” „… Notes265N O T E SChapter One1. Jean Lacouture, De Gaulle, The Rebel 1890–1944, trans. Alan Sheridan …” „… (New York: Norton, 1993), 6.2. Charles de Gaulle, The Complete War Memoirs, trans. Jonathan Griffin …”

Bibliography S. 329-348

„… Charles de GaulleDe Gaulle, Admiral Philippe, ed., Charles de Gaulle, Lettres, Notes, et Carnets …” „… , Fréréric. De Gaulle-Pétain: Le destin, la blessure, la leçon. Paris: Robert Laffont, 2010.Sapp, Steven …” „… , 1905–1941. Paris: Lafont, 2010.———, ed. Charles de Gaulle, Lettres, Notes, et Carnets, 1942–1958. Paris …”

CHAPTER FOUR France’s Role in the Postwar International Order S. 95-114

„… permanent seat on the proposed Security Council “in due course.” On October 14, de Gaulle protested …” „… meantime, De Gaulle’s representative in the United States, Henri Hoppenot, had officially requested …” „… reminded Roosevelt that the British had allowed de Gaulle’s repre-sentative Réné Massigli to occupy the …”

Preface

„… Charles de GaulleCharles de GaulleA Thorn in the Side of Six American PresidentsWilliam R …” „… DataNames: Keylor, William R., 1944– author. Title: Charles de Gaulle : a thorn in the side of six American …” „… (cloth) | ISBN 9781442236769 (epub) Subjects: LCSH: Gaulle, Charles de, 1890–1970. | France—Foreign …”

Index S. 349-364

„… of Havana, 30, 54–55Adenauer, Konrad, 164, 168–69, 196, 230, 300n53, 310n82; and de Gaulle, 186, 201 …” „… of, 148; and China, 212; and de Gaulle, 153, 254; and NATO, 158, 221, 228; and nuclear weapons, 172 …” „… , de Gaulle and, 154–55, 170, 195, 257Annam. See Vietnamanti-Semitic laws, Vichy and, 35, 67, 270n7 …”

CHAPTER TWO Fallen France, 1940–1941 S. 23-32

„… heard the appeal to resistance issued by General de Gaulle on the BBC on June 18, 1940, and in later …” „… titled “Fascist France.”2In the early summer of 1940, de Gaulle had little to show for his audacious …” „… in Britain at the time of the fall of France chose to sign up with de Gaulle’s fledgling movement …”

A Note on Sources S. 263-264

„… various aspects of de Gaulle’s life. I have chosen to use English translations of works in French when …” „… translation of Jean Lacouture’s three-volume study Charles de Gaulle (condensed from the French version into …” „… this study. It should be noted, however, that Lacouture’s work, despite its criticism of de Gaulle’s …”

Introduction S. 1-4

„… relationship between Charles de Gaulle and the six American presidents with whom he interacted for one simple …” „… movement during World War II and later during his time in office from 1958 to 1969, Charles de Gaulle and …” „… , Kennedy, and Johnson. The sixth president found much to admire in de Gaulle. During those five …”

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Anna Locher

Crisis? What Crisis?

2010

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De Gaulle’s Announcement S. 261-268

„… alliance business. 2 The Crisis Enacted at Last: The French Withdrawal, Spring 1966 Charles de Gaulle was …” „… February and more detailed letters to NATO heads of state of 7 and 9 March 1966. While de Gaulle’s views …” „… had been undertaken since de Gaulle’s return to power in 1958, this ultimate move was not undertaken …”

Interpreting de Gaulle: “Why He Does It Is A Riddle” S. 129-134

„… US-friendliness could not offset his total lack of access to de Gaulle. The original French fear that Stikker …” „… would be a strong NATO diplomat had not exactly come true.187 On the contrary, de Gaulle’s France …” „… practical NATO business, had not yielded the desired results. Given de Gaulle’s a priori disavowal of the …”

The Fouchet Plans and French-German Cooperation S. 50-53

„… contributed to the confirmation of the de Gaulle-Adenauer line, despite Adenauer’s tepid support of the MLF …” „… January, even though de Gaulle’s press conference had left relations between France and her partners …” „… just beginning to grapple with the consequences of de Gaulle’s announcements, soon experienced another …”

Damage Control à la NATO Council S. 76-82

„… , 358-61, at 360. 240 For the de Gaulle-Rusk talks see MemCon between de Gaulle and Rusk, 8 April 1963 …” „… statements, which he attributed to Washington’s “policy of watchful waiting and of not reacting to de Gaulle …” „… directly.” By positively influencing Europe, the US had helped to limit de Gaulle’s victory and rendered it …”

The Press Conference S. 47-50

„… opposite to de Gaulle’s interests and claims. In fact, he chose to strike out at all levels of …” „… transatlantic interaction. 1.4 The Press Conference De Gaulle’s 14 January 1963 speech was a pivotal moment for …” „… general, de Gaulle’s “press conferences were key moments of his presidency,” dominating the news for …”

Pondering the Consequences of French Dissociation S. 195-201

„… intense and sophisticated as the one in Washington.23 According to British officials, de Gaulle had two …” „… France.24 It was understood that de Gaulle could easily exploit the “crisis of leadership” within the …” „… . According to Palliser, this implied both a “more robust approach” to de Gaulle and the acceptance of the US …”

“Limited Cohesion:” The Alliance One Year After the Clash S. 117-124

„… and de Gaulle, Spring 1964 For reasons originating within the West rather than in East-West relations …” „… with the French moves in January and de Gaulle’s steps in the summer, which simultaneously revealed an …” „… chancellor, faced de Gaulle with fresh self-confidence contributed to the isolation of France within the …”

French Reform Claims and Nuclear Weapons S. 37-41

„… Britain’s membership in the EEC, was also directed at the policies of French President de Gaulle. It was …” „… , but in reality clashed with de Gaulle’s policies. Kennedy’s Philadelphia speech largely substituted …” „… to placate, de Gaulle. A “mystique of purposefulness” veiled the main aim behind the concept of …”

Crisis as Solution? Allied Perceptions of the French Move S. 268-279

„… 268 NATO’s history.”145 However, despite de Gaulle’s blow, the crisis materialized only to a …” „… the French Move De Gaulle’s challenge met with a response that was, generally speaking, surprisingly …” „… determination not to allow Moscow to develop a further case against NATO shortly before de Gaulle’s visit to the …”

Implications for NATO S. 60-67

„… caused by de Gaulle’s press conference, namely the power not only to veto, but also of to actively …” „… undermine Western multilateral institutions. Alerted to the wider transatlantic context of de Gaulle’s …” „… de Gaulle’s press conference of 14 January and the Elysée Treaty of 22 January 1963, and their …”

Shock in Washington and Apprehension in Europe S. 56-60

„… signing of the Elysée Treaty one week after de Gaulle’s press conference of 14 January implied a dangerous …” „… combination of de Gaulle’s double non with the symbolically and politically exclusive Elysée Treaty was of …” „… policy planner Walt Rostow, de Gaulle’s policies showed that “the old Adam of classic power politics is …”

French Fleet Withdrawal and NATO Military Strategy S. 93-101

„… meetings. Also, the visits by Kennedy and de Gaulle to Germany in the summer of 1963 helped create a …” „… de Gaulle announced he would withdraw France’s entire Atlantic Fleet from NATO assignment in June. A …” „… strategy debate in July. These steps produced uneasy questions about de Gaulle’s potential further moves …”

Intra-Alliance Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and the Nassau Summit S. 41-47

„… 41 reluctant US attitude on de Gaulle’s demands to have an equal say increased de Gaulle’s …” „… the one agreed with Britain in a letter to de Gaulle of 21 December 1962, and an explanatory note …” „… informed Chancellor Adenauer of the deal.44 When US Ambassador to France Charles Bohlen met with de Gaulle …”

Doubts and Questions in the Summer and Fall of 1963 S. 107-113

„… of East Berlin to the LTBT was not tantamount to international recognition of the GDR. De Gaulle did …” „… of the 1960s, did not yet show in the NATO debates. Undeniably, the “de Gaulle problem,” as …” „… French Atlantic Fleet from NATO assignment and de Gaulle’s attitude both on the Stikker Exercise and the …”

The Elysée Treaty S. 53-56

„… cabinetinternal protocol and possibly a communiqué, which were to be formally agreed on by Adenauer and de Gaulle …” „… talks with de Gaulle. This ad hoc context largely explains the overhasty and improvised character of the …” „… treaty.96 2.2 The Elysée Treaty De Gaulle’s press conference of 14 January rendered it more difficult …”

Crisis in the EEC and NATO Consultations in Europe S. 228-235

„… overriding nuclear question were being debated, however, de Gaulle intervened with a move in European …” „… became the biggest crisis in the European Economic Community after that of January 1963, when de Gaulle …” „… “supranational” elements into EEC cooperation and to de Gaulle’s attempt at dominance among the Six in the …”

The British Common Market Bid S. 33-37

„… Cuban missile crisis had not yet faded away when French President Charles de Gaulle’s double non …” „… in 1958, de Gaulle had displayed a notable interest in restructuring transatlantic and global …” „… will examine in detail the effect that de Gaulle’s moves in January 1963 had on NATO as the trigger of …”

Shattering of Hopes for a Mutually Agreeable NATO Solution S. 201-206

„… Prime Minister Harold Wilson and Foreign Secretary Michael Stewart paid de Gaulle a visit. While …” „… on major international developments. Rather, Stewart felt that de Gaulle’s hostility toward the US …” „… West, de Gaulle said he saw no disadvantage in such independence. The British delegation summed up the …”

Follow-up on The Hague: Summit Ideas and Study Proposals S. 143-151

„… suggestions for investigating the fundamentals of NATO beyond the verbal refutation of de Gaulle’s policies …” „… arena with what de Gaulle’s NATO allies perceived as a strongly radicalized attitude on NATO. 1.1 …” „… and procedures, de Gaulle’s attitude remained elusive. This made it difficult to devise policies on …”

Confrontation or No Confrontation? Allied Strategies toward France S. 245-254

„… coping with de Gaulle’s threat to leave the alliance in a manner slightly different from the more robust …” „… Canada, and of NATO Secretary-General Brosio. De Gaulle, in the fall of 1965, continued to offer …” „… reading tealeaves from de Gaulle’s public statements. This, as a matter of fact, was a deliberate, tried …”

“We Must Find Out Where We Stand” – Stikker and France S. 124-129

„… measures to contain de Gaulle’s non-cooperation – at the levels of policies as well as discourse. The next …” „… be said in de Gaulle’s annual press conference of 31 January 1964.156 This postponement of decisions …” „… intentions from de Gaulle’s press conference is telling as such and a reflection of Stikker’s lack of other …”

The Transition from Stikker to Brosio as Triggering Effect for Movement in NATO S. 151-157

„… assuming office on 1 August 1964, Brosio had a first and substantial talk with de Gaulle on 3 September – a …” „… idea of eventually denouncing the treaty.” De Gaulle replied that ‘denouncing the treaty’ was “quite a …” „… divergences of views among allies.53 Brosio concluded from the meeting with de Gaulle that France was likely …”

Bibliography S. 295-314

„… (Bruxelles: NATO, 1997). FranceDe Gaulle, Charles, Discours et messages, vol. 4, “Pour l’effort,” août 1962 …” „… Studies, 2006), 165-87. Bange, Oliver, The EEC Crisis of 1963: Kennedy, Macmillan, de Gaulle and Adenauer …” „… Gaulle, Adenauer et la genèse du traité du 22 janvier 1963,” in De Gaulle et son siècle, vol. 5, ed …”

Conclusion S. 281-292

„… 281 [D]e Gaulle’s initiative has provided an opportunity for a reconstruction and streamlining of …” „… runs were potentially more dangerous during that period than they are today. De Gaulle, after all, did …” „… with key governments. Nonetheless, de Gaulle’s announcements of spring 1966 amounted to a major, though …”

Atlantic Tensions Go Public in Foreign Affairs S. 101-107

„… , temporary though it was, the challenges posed by de Gaulle’s January moves were far from resolved in the …” „… summer. The European Community was still striving to cope with de Gaulle’s blow of January, with …” „… Economic Affairs, Alpha-Numeric File 1948-63, Box 5, De Gaulle proposals 1963. 40 Front page article …”

The Renewed MLF Debate S. 67-72

„… 67 3.2 The Renewed MLF Debate De Gaulle’s announcements of January 1963 caused a redirection of …” „… . Since NATO’s vitality depended upon mutual confidence on both sides of the Atlantic, de Gaulle’s …” „… Ambassador in London David Bruce in rather blunt terms: [D]e Gaulle’s thrust for power in Europe […] has …”

Introduction S. 11-32

„… of NATO, the foreign policies of France under President Charles de Gaulle (1958-69) can be described …” „… , following de Gaulle’s press conference of 14 January and the conclusion of the exclusive Elysée Treaty …” „… See Frédéric Bozo, Two Strategies for Europe: De Gaulle, the United States, and the Atlantic Alliance …”

Conclusion S. 89-92

„… concern. A number of NATO insiders increasingly worried about de Gaulle’s plans for NATO and his next …” „… moves. These fears related not so much to de Gaulle’s intentions alone, but more so to the fact that …” „… National Security Council of early April: Even if Europeans in general did not want de Gaulle to speak for …”

Back on Track: The Alliance in December 1965 S. 254-261

„… York Times, Washington was convinced that the best way to bypass de Gaulle’s anticipated challenge to …” „… NATO was to put forward measures for greater integration, even if de Gaulle rejected French …” „… obscured valid points in de Gaulle’s criticism and ceded the initiative in Europe to France, editors urged …”

Small Allies Taking Charge, May 1964 S. 134-141

„… of NATO and its founding treaty. In order to “deter and contain de Gaulle’s destructive actions with …” „… . Under the given circumstances, he was ready to challenge de Gaulle rather than letting him “violate the …” „… most important question.” It was essential to resist de Gaulle; referring to the French announcements …”

May 1963: Ministers Discuss the State of the Alliance S. 82-89

„… de Gaulle’s rejection of an expanded EEC and a functioning NATO as the most pressing Atlantic issues …” „… including all NATO foreign ministers after de Gaulle’s January moves – was therefore to “maintain Alliance …” „… London.249 De Gaulle’s Challenge – The Trigger of the Malaise As NATO’s foreign ministers assembled in …”

Nuclear Sharing or Nuclear Consultation? Acting on the NATO Crisis S. 221-228

„… on the future of the alliance. De Gaulle’s power to affect alliance business clearly also included …” „… France was a necessity for those who cared to retain and revive NATO. That is, de Gaulle’s uncompromising …” „… September both in talks with de Gaulle in Rambouillet in January 1965 and at meetings of the CDU federal …”

Washington’s Focus on Trilateral Measures and Institutional Leadership S. 237-245

„… 237 Thus, for all the pique Charles de Gaulle has caused in Washingtonwith his NATO policies, he …” „… of December 1965, de Gaulle began to demonstrate a willingness to act on the alliance shortly. In a …” „… have to leave French soil within a year. De Gaulle’s moves came at a time when the results of the …”

Canada’s Proposal to Study the Future of the Alliance S. 187-195

„… and Summer 1965 In the first half of 1965, de Gaulle accelerated his time schedule regarding NATO. He …” „… the reasoning over ‘whither de Gaulle’ and the tentative projects of alliance reassurance, and they …” „… fostered allied suspicion that de Gaulle was set on dismantling NATO as well. In this heated atmosphere …”

Institutionalizing the Debate on the State of the Alliance? S. 215-221

„… administration expected de Gaulle to take further measures to reduce French participation in NATO – possibly …” „… German concerns about provoking a confrontation with de Gaulle on the question of the future of the …” „… action that could have the effect of transferring from de Gaulle to Washington “the onus for NATO’s …”

Reflecting the Crisis – Observers’ Views S. 72-76

„… worrisome state also brought into the arena observers and commentators. As de Gaulle’s information minister …” „… Nouvelle République, a party closely linked with de Gaulle, was pleased with Kissinger’s argument that US …” „… : Quand on aura renoncé, d’un côté et de l’autre, à supposer le pire – que le général de Gaulle veut …”

Assuming Leadership – the US at the May 1965 Meeting S. 206-215

„… . Also, the latest French announcements left little to be desired – de Gaulle’s plans for the alliance …” „… planner Walt Rostow had underlined that “in the face of de Gaulle, only US leadership will permit the …” „… remarkable given the recent realization that de Gaulle wanted to “abandon some if not all of the NATO …”

Conclusion S. 279-280

„… was a time of implementation on both sides of the transatlantic divide. Not only was de Gaulle …” „… as to de Gaulle’s moves in NATO, was also evidence of the alliance’s newfound vigor. Importantly, by …” „… the French side, preparations commenced for the move against NATO. De Gaulle at first continued to …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-8

„… Anna LocherCrisis? What Crisis?NATO, de Gaulle, and the Future of the Alliance, 1963-1966Nomos1 …” „… Crisis So Far:” The January 1963 Caesura 331 De Gaulle’s Press Conference of 14 January 1963 341.1 The …” „… over Détente, December 1963 113 2 Perplexity Rather than Solution: NATO and de Gaulle, Spring 1964 117 …”

The MLF Controversy and its Impact on the Vigor of NATO S. 157-164

„… linchpin in the nuclear sharing debate was clearly Germany, Finletter also worried that de Gaulle would …” „… the kind of language that de Gaulle was using – not the kind of language we expected from the United …” „… but lofty statements.100 De Gaulle, in a conversation with Rusk, maintained that if France had not …”

“We Are in an Awkward Transition Period” – Assessing the Challenges S. 164-170

„… very recently, de Gaulle now mounted a “frontal attack” on the MLF which seemed close to agreement. The …” „… , “action which he has been moving toward for some time.” It was expected that de Gaulle would rationalize …” „… such a step by claiming that the MLF had turned NATO into an empty shell. What was worse, de Gaulle was …”

Conclusion S. 235-236

„… 1965 announcements by de Gaulle and other French government representatives, the US and Britain thus …” „… things: As Ball and Home’s interlocutors professed, de Gaulle was not likely to find like-minded parties …” „… bilateral talks. In early May 1965, de Gaulle had made known that any form of military integration would be …”

Conclusion S. 141-142

„… tensions, de Gaulle’s fleet withdrawal and his refusal to engage in the NATO strategy debate soon showed …” „… general sense, de Gaulle’s attitudes and intentions were no secret and had been out in the open for a …” „… information from Paris. Partly, sending mixed signals was certainly a deliberate choice on the part of de …”

Crisis or No Crisis? The Run-Up to the Winter Convention S. 170-177

„… Ambassador in Paris Charles Bohlen that one could not profitably approach de Gaulle and discuss the many …” „… controversial issues, because it was “likely” that de Gaulle preferred a degree of friction.126 Indirectly …” „… mentioned France in his speech, the press made clear de Gaulle was the proper receiver of the message.129 …”

Avoid Confrontation, Study the Future: The December 1964 Meeting S. 177-185

„… would constitute “a serious element of dissociation” for France.165 In side talks with Rusk, de Gaulle …” „… research section concluded that de Gaulle was probably not bluffing.166 Nevertheless, NATO’s internal …” „… Memorandum from Bundy to Johnson, “Report of Secretary Rusk’s talk with General de Gaulle,” 15 December 1964 …”

Conclusion S. 185-186

„… unencumbered vigor, which significantly included access to the French government. Remarkably, de Gaulle chose …” „… within the alliance increasingly gained currency. De Gaulle’s partners grew aware of the need for …”

Abbreviations S. 293-294

„… de Gaulle, Discours et messages EEC European Economic Community EFTA European Free Trade Association …” „… , Massachusetts LBJL Lyndon B. Johnson Library, Austin, Texas LNC Charles de Gaulle, Lettres, notes et carnets …”

NATO Arguments over Détente, December 1963 S. 113-117

„… Solution: NATO and de Gaulle, Spring 1964 For reasons originating within the West rather than in East-West …” „… . Confronted with the French moves in January and de Gaulle’s steps in the summer, which simultaneously …” „… to achieve international détente.102 On the other hand, Couve de Murville clearly dissociated himself …”

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Will Morrisey

Churchill and de Gaulle

2014

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10 How de Gaulle Understood the Geopolitics of the Cold War S. 305-350

„… power—alongwith diplomatic and cultural influence all must be deployed. De Gaulle’spolicies for securing these …” „… , Algeria, proved by far themost difficult to separate from France on terms satisfactory to de Gaulle—that …” „… Gaulle’s strategy. The Marxist tyranny in Guinea rejected de Gaulle’soffer but the republics of Senegal …”

8 How de Gaulle Understood the Geopolitics of the Second World War S. 227-268

„… Hero of Verdun stayed in secret alliance with his oldprotégé, de Gaulle—despite the fact that the Vichy …” „… Nicolson described the collaboration between Prime MinisterChurchill and de Gaulle.All might have been well …” „… Gaulle’spurposes never blinded de Gaulle to Churchill’s excellence:The harsh and painful incidents that often arose …”

6 How de Gaulle Understood the Geopolitics of the First World War S. 149-176

„… Great War otherwise matches de Gaulle’salmost point for point.The German military leaders exhibited …” „… neo-classical garden.105 In the vocabulary of Edmund Burke, it is de Gaulle’sjudgment that the sublime finally …” „… Chapter SixHow de Gaulle Understood theGeopolitics of the First World WarDe Gaulle describes the …”

2 The Grandeur of France S. 35-60

„… becomes for de Gaulle.Churchill centers the political greatness of Great Britain in the institutionof …” „… Philippe Pétain, de Gaulle had broken with his mentor andwith mainstream French military strategists a few …” „… been on the mass fortifications called theMaginot Line. The two proposals meshed; in de Gaulle’s …”

Notes S. 363-414

„… NotesReferences to works by Churchill and de Gaulle are initially deignated bytitle, then by …” „… . cit., xxii.17. Quoted in Don Cook: Charles de Gaulle: A Biography (New York, G. P. Putnam’sSons, 1983 …” „… , as an army officer, de Gaulle’s contemporaries might have beenforgiven for suspecting that he was …”

Bibliography S. 415-420

„… . 1985. La Politique Etrangere de Générale de Gaulle.Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.Bernstein …” „… to the existing English translation.De Gaulle’s War Memoirs is a three-volume work, but in the …” „… Oeuvres followed by the volume andnumber in the English translation.De Gaulle’s speeches are collected in …”

4 The Geopolitics of France S. 99-120

„… so than Brit-ain. De Gaulle thinks of geography as political physiognomy: “As the view-ing of a …” „… for that of armies is becoming almost anaxiom” in democratic modernity, de Gaulle considered the mass …” „… defensiveness. Although de Gaulle endorsed the Magi-not Line in the mid-1920s, arguing that France must “fortify …”

Conclusion S. 351-362

„… ConclusionGeopolitics of LibertyChurchill and de Gaulle both faced the same geopolitical enemies …” „… media the rulerscontrolled. To counter these advantages, Churchill and de Gaulle urgedpeace-loving …” „… moral principles worthdefending.De Gaulle had a different circumstance to consider. There was what …”

Preface

„… Churchill and de GaulleChurchill and de GaulleThe Geopolitics of LibertyWill MorriseyROWMAN …” „… Information AvailableLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataMorrisey, Will.Churchill and de Gaulle …” „… . Great Britain—Foreign relations—20th century. 3. Gaulle, Charles de,1890–1970. 4. France—Foreign …”

7 How Churchill Understood the Geopolitics of the Second World War S. 177-226

„… de-stroyed and his family killed or maimed, man “rises to fury.” And “fury in arighteous cause against …” „… turnedtheir victory against parliamentary government itself, Churchill wrote, “De-mocracy seems inclined to …” „… coveted it. Nowit is given to all, you can hardly get them to go to the poll.” Democracy de …”

9 How Churchill Understood the Geopolitics of the Cold War S. 269-304

„… in-tended to redirect Roosevelt’s mind from his suspicions of de Gaulle-as-Bonapartist with greater …” „… country.121Despite his quarrels with de Gaulle during the war, by fall 1944 Churchillwas planning for the …” „… you will save yourselves.”123 De Gaulle could not agree to theresuscitation of Germany at this time …”

Introduction S. 1-8

„… mostdesperate circumstances.As statesmen, Churchill and de Gaulle faced this question of regimes inthe starkest …” „… world.Churchill, de Gaulle, and the statesmen, politicians, and tyrants they en-countered all moved in a world in …” „… accounts of the geopolitical strategies of Churchill and deGaulle in subsequent chapters. Preliminarily …”

Index S. 421-434

„… , 336, 341, 351–362; on Cold War,Cassivellanus, 70 269–302; de Gaulle’s view of,Castlereagh, Robert …” „… , 275 de Gaulle, Charles: on Churchill, 244–248;Communist Party, French, 259, 260, Churchill’s views of …” „… 205, 206Brutus, 193 Champagne, German offensive in, 170Bucharest, 310 Chanzy, Eugène Alfred de, 54 …”

About the Author S. 435

„… War (Lexington Books, 2004); Reflectionson De Gaulle: Political Founding in Modernity (University …”

3 The Geopolitics of Great Britain S. 61-98

„… supporters overthrew the Dutch oligarchic party led byJohn Dewitt.15 Whereas de Gaulle passes over this …” „… grandson inSpain. This “roused the patriotism with which Frenchmen have always de-fended their soil.” The …” „… navy de-feated at Trafalgar in 1805, Napoleon simply “changed the subject”—turnedto the east, back on …”

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Robert Belot - Deutschland in den Europaprojekten der Résistance

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Robert Belot

Deutschland in den Europaprojekten der Résistance

2023

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22 De Gaulle, „ein französischer Bismarck“? S. 201-214

„… De Gaulle, „ein französischer Bismarck“?Frenay hatte sich dafür eingesetzt, dass eine neue Struktur …” „… . 221.22 De Gaulle, „ein französischer Bismarck“?202Die europäische Föderation stellt sich den Nationen …” „… : Thelos (E. Rossi), L’Europe de demain, Neuchâtel, La Baconnière, 1945, S. 75–78.22 De Gaulle, „ein …”

12 In London wollte Frenay de Gaulle davon überzeugen, sich vom französischen Nationalismus zu emanzipieren S. 115-126

„… In London wollte Frenay de Gaulle davon überzeugen, sich vom französischen Nationalismus zu …” „… emanzipierenDiese Bewusstwerdung der geopolitischen Herausforderungen ist auch bei de Gaulle spürbar, doch bleibt …” „… de Gaulle seine internationale Position. Er schrieb eine „Erklärung“, die von den großen …”

15 Den Frieden gewinnen – mit oder ohne Deutschland? S. 143-148

„… .“ Dies war der Stolperstein zur Politik General de Gaulles.Den Frieden gewinnen – aber wie? Wie das neue …” „… unterschiedliche Visionen der Welt zum Vorschein.Hinsichtlich Russlands waren sich de Gaulle und die innere …” „… politischen Regimes.259 In den Augen de Gaulles sollte es so Deutschland in Schach halten. Frenay sollte lange …”

13 Die Bewegung „Combat“ im Sog des christlichen Humanismus S. 127-134

„… er Frenay wiederfand. Beiden war gemein, keine bedingungslosen Anhänger de Gaulles zu sein. Philip …” „… Silence de la mer (Das Schweigen des Meeres) von Vercors erhalten und widersprach vor de Gaulle Jacques …” „… finira…, a. a. O., S. 88.240 Papiere André Philip, AN 625 AP.241 Laut Jean Lacouture, De Gaulle, Paris …”

Zusammenfassung S. 287-294

„… Résistance als politische Kraft. De Gaulle sah in ihr vielleicht „eine Rivalin“, doch sah er vor allem die …” „… Linie weiter, nachdem de Gaulle die Macht abgegeben hatte. Laut seinem Freund Teitgen, der ihn sehr gut …” „… Combat erklärte: „... wir glauben nicht an den politischen Realismus“, antwortete ihnen de Gaulle, dass …”

9 Ein Patriot gegen die deutsche Besatzung S. 91-98

„… verantwortlich gemacht wurde. Man kann dies in den Untergrund-Zeitungen, den ersten Reden General de Gaulles, den …” „… General de Gaulles nicht zu folgen und nach Frankreich zurückzukehren, da er „die Leiden seiner …” „… republikanischen Bewusstsein war das Exil nicht hoch angesehen. Dies erklärt zum Teil, warum de Gaulle zu Beginn …”

21 „Pflicht zum Hass“ oder Geist der Versöhnung? S. 193-200

„… Thesen.341 Für sie stellte, ebenso wie für General de Gaulle, „die Aufgabe der nationalen Souveränität …” „… Regierung des CFLN. Doch daneben wollte Marrane auch Erklärungen zur Politik General de Gaulles haben. Er …” „… . Archives de la Fondation Charles de Gaulle (Paris).21 „Pflicht zum Hass“ oder Geist der Versöhnung?194Doch …”

Bibliografie S. 295-304

„… in den Anmerkungen.295Belot, Robert, La Résistance sans de Gaulle. Politique et gaullisme de guerre …” „… , Résistance et conscience européenne. Henri Frenay, de Gaulle et les communistes (1941–1947), Lyon: Presse …” „… , Gilbert, L’Affaire suisse. La Résistance a-t-elle trahi de Gaulle?, Paris: Armand Colin, 2009.Belot …”

30 Deutsche Metanoia und anhaltendes Misstrauen S. 275-286

„… General de Gaulle, der damals gerade „die Wüste durchquerte“, erneut die politische Bühne. Erneut kam es …” „… européenne de défense (CED). Réponse au général de Gaulle Die Europäische Verteidigungsgemeinschaft (EVG …” „… ). Eine Antwort an General de Gaulle), ein von der „Union française des fédéralistes“ herausgegebenes Heft …”

16 Entstehung des ersten föderalistischen Kerns der Résistance in der Schweiz S. 149-160

„… . 197.149Amerikaner zu begeben (die de Gaulle nicht unterstützten). Er sollte Frenayheftig angreifen, der …” „… Résistance in der Schweiz151wie es mehrere Telegramme284, auch vom Vertreter de Gaulles in der Schweiz …” „… gleichzeitig mit dem Symbol verbünden mussten, das General de Gaulle verkörperte.285 D’Astier de La Vigerie …”

10 Die Kommunisten für „Frankreich den Franzosen“ S. 99-104

„… diplomatischen Tätigkeit der Sowjetunion gegenüber Hitlerdeutschland verzerrten. De Gaulle sei nur ein „Agent …” „… la guerre. De Gaulle, la Résistance, Staline, Paris, Ramsay, 1979, S. 325.178 Marcel Prenant, „Les …” „… ansahen. Doch zur gleichen Zeit unterstützte General de Gaulle, den Kriegseintritt der UdSSR …”

Einführung S. 7-14

„… der Befreiung Frankreichs war er Minister de Gaulles in 3 Ph. de Villiers, J’ai tiré sur le fil du …” „… (MUR). De Gaulle ernannte ihn nach der Befreiung Frankreichs zum Minister und zum Compagnon de la …” „… de Gaulle“ gewesen. Doch die Berücksichtigung Frenays verlangt einen kompletten Perspektivenwechsel …”

23 Der Held, den die Kommunisten zur Strecke bringen wollten S. 215-222

„… Reihen der einstigen PG rekrutierte und übrigens ein Neffe General de Gaulles war: Michel Cailliau …” „… hierüber am 20. April 1945 bei General de Gaulle und drohte mit seinem Rücktritt. Er war der Meinung, dass …” „… ! Kleidung! Schuhe! Nieder mit dem Schwarzmarkt! Frenay Rücktritt398!“ General de Gaulle griff persönlich ein …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-6

„… Mythos der Kollaborateure von einem „neuen Europa“ bekämpfen11105In London wollte Frenay de Gaulle davon …” „… Souveränität“ überwinden?20 187„Pflicht zum Hass“ oder Geist der Versöhnung?21 193De Gaulle, „ein französischer …” „… http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. ISBN 978-3-7560-0532-1 (Print)ISBN 978-3-7489-3888-0 (ePDF)Die Veröffentlichung dieses …”

19 Albert Camus möchte die deutsche Seele nicht „verstümmeln“ S. 179-186

„… zuvor hatte ihn de Gaulle gebeten, nicht am Kongress des MLN teilzunehmen. Tatsächlich war er, abgesehen …” „… Chrétien (André Mandouze) angehörten331. Doch die von de Gaulle geleitete Regierung war für ein derartiges …” „… deshalb auf tragische Weise versucht, großspurig daherzureden. Dieser Kontrast zwischen der Politik de …”

14 Nicht nur Frankreich, sondern ganz Europa befreien S. 135-142

„… die allgemeinen Argumentationslinien auf, die er bereits gegenüber General de Gaulle vorgebracht …” „… de Gaulles und der Vereinten Nationen schare, um zunächst den Krieg zu gewinnen und „den Faschismus …” „… einem weiteren Aufenthalt in London in Algier ankam, wo sich, unter der Befehlsgewalt General de Gaulles …”

11 Den Mythos der Kollaborateure von einem „neuen Europa“ bekämpfen S. 105-114

„… strukturierten sich. General de Gaulle begann zu verstehen, dass seine Handlungsfähigkeit vom Aufbau einer …” „… Kollaborateure von einem „neuen Europa“ bekämpfen109wiederherzustellen. Der Vertretungsanspruch de Gaulles und …” „… .“ Die extreme Rechte setzte auf europafreundlichen Mystizismus, wie etwa im Dezember 1940 Alphonse de …”

3 Der Beginn eines Engagements: die Aufnahme der „verbannten Hitlers“ in den 1930er-Jahren S. 35-50

„… allgemeinen Neigung der Mitglieder der Résistance, etwa der Anhänger de Gaulles, den Kampf nur in einem …” „… Offizier Charles de Gaulle in den Sinn, der durch seine Einzigartigkeit in einem seinen Ideen feindlich …” „… anderen Mitgliedern der Résistance, allen voran de Gaulle, 74 Pierre und Robert Joly, L’architecte André …”

25 Die Demokratie gegen das „Gift der Lüge“ verteidigen S. 231-236

„… Frenay“, Archives de l’OURS.428 Es handelt sich um das Zitat aus einer Rede General de Gaulles. Die …” „… Zeremonie, die sich am Arc de Triomphe abspielte, wo die Särge am Fuß des Triumphbogens auf einem Katafalk …” „… cérémonies du 11 novembre 1945. Une apothéose commémorative gaulliste“, La France de 1945. Résistances …”

7 „Ich habe Mein Kampf im Original sowie Rosenbergs Der Mythus des 20. Jahrhunderts gelesen“ S. 77-82

„… Professoren René Capitant, der ein Compagnon und Minister General de Gaulles werden sollte, Redsob …” „… unterrichtet worden war. Hier lag auch der Grund für seine Enttäuschung über die an der École supérieure de …” „… und nach der „wir die intellektuelle Überlegenheit haben“. Die École de Guerre sei Zeugin einer …”

20 Wie den „Mythos der nationalen Souveränität“ überwinden? S. 187-192

„… ist noch schwer vorstellbar. General de Gaulle war hierzu noch nicht bereit, nicht mehr als die …” „… dem Conseil national de la Résistance 335 Offener Brief an das CFFE und das MLN des Comité provisoire …” „… Claire Andrieu, Le programme commun de la Résistance. Des idées dans la guerre, Paris, Les Éditions de …”

8 Henri Frenay „kämpft nicht gegen das deutsche Volk, sondern eine dämonische Ideologie“ S. 83-90

„… axiologischen Neutralität. Als engagierte Persönlichkeit war er Präsident des „Comité de vigilance des …” „… „Comité Français de la Libération Nationale“ ernannt, der ersten vom Chef der „“France Combattante …” „… ich so viel verdanke!“ H. Frenay, La nuit finira, a. a. O., S. 209.130 Paul Marie de La Gorce …”

26 Europa darf nicht zu einer „Yankee-Filiale“ werden S. 237-246

„… und Engländer sowie der „beleidigten Haltung“ de Gaulles und Bidaults widersprach, die eine …” „… verstehen.Er konstatierte das Ende der Résistance in einem aufrüttelnden Artikel: „Les Fossoyeurs de la …” „… de liaison des mouvements pour l’unité européenne“ beizutreten, das den Kongress von Den Haag …”

17 Manifest des europäischen Widerstandes (Déclaration des mouvements de Résistance et de libération européens) S. 161-172

„… 308 Siehe René Hostache, Le général de Gaulle, Jean Moulin et la création du CNR, Paris, Ed. La …” „… Manifest des europäischen Widerstandes (Déclaration des mouvements de Résistance et de libération …” „… européens)Ursprung des ersten Entwurfs ist eine gemeinschaftliche Arbeit: „Déclaration des mouvements de Résistance …”

1 Die Anti-Europäer und der Mythos der „großen Lüge“ S. 15-26

„… …, a. a. O.28 R. Belot und Gilbert Karpman, L’Affaire suisse. La Résistance a-t-elle trahi de Gaulle …” „… rechts. 112 J.-P. Chevènement, 1914–2014. L’Europe sortie de l’Histoire?, Paris, Fayard, 2014, S. 34.13 …” „… David Engels, Le Déclin. La crise de l’Union européenne et la chute de la République romaine, Paris, Ed …”

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Eugenie M. Blang

Allies at Odds

2011

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Ch06. De Gaulle’s Response to American Policy in Vietnam, 1961–1966 S. 103-132

„… openly and publicly as France. Why, then, did de Gaulle?As discussed earlier, France had extensive and …” „… 103On August 31, 1966, French President Charles de Gaulle strongly criticized the American war in …” „… the French experience in Indochina, de Gaulle urged Washington against extending its commitment to the …”

Notes S. 197-254

„… patience Johnson had with de Gaulle—quite against Johnson’s character—but it was obvious that he respected …” „… punished any “dissidents,” those French who supported de Gaulle.14. Dommen, The Indochinese Experience …” „… , 57–79. By early 1945, Decoux had switched allegiance to de Gaulle and the Free French. He and his …”

Ch03. West Germany from the 1950s to 1963 S. 47-64

„… sovereignty, and economic recovery. Like Charles de Gaulle, Adenauer was a pragmatic realist. The German …” „… supported President Dwight Eisenhower’s policy in Indochina. The chancellor dismissed de Gaulle’s criticism …” „… critical assessment of American policy in Vietnam, de Gaulle attempted to draw Bonn into his orbit by …”

Ch07. Ludwig Erhard S. 133-158

„… Southeast Asia. By doing so, he alienated Charles de Gaulle and found himself increasingly pressured by …” „… States as Germany’s principal ally. He was skeptical of Adenauer’s advances to de Gaulle and even more …” „… de Gaulle. The Vietnam conflict complicated German-Amer-ican understanding, resulting in American …”

Bibliography S. 255-266

„… , Charles de. “Statement on Vietnam by President Charles de Gaulle on August 29, 1963.” In Major Addresses …” „… , Statements, and Press Conferences of General Charles de Gaulle, May 19, 1958—January 31, 1964. New York …” „… Personal Account of the Kennedy Years. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1969.Gaulle, Charles de. Memoirs of Hope …”

Introduction S. 1-8

„… IntroductionUnited States in the conflict against Vietnamese insurgents led by Ho Chi Minh. Charles de Gaulle, who …” „… had initially advocated the retention of Indo-china, changed his views after 1954.When de Gaulle …” „… , de Gaulle used the increasing difficulties of the United States in Southeast Asia as an opportunity …”

Ch09. Lessening of Tensions, 1968–1969 S. 183-188

„… restoration of peace in Southeast Asia.French President Charles de Gaulle was also elated that Johnson had …” „… advising that negotiations were the only solution for Vietnam, de Gaulle, like his British counterparts …” „… direction of peace” and commended Johnson for this act of reason and courage.8 De Gaulle and his foreign …”

Ch02. France and Indochina S. 27-46

„… gov-ernment of Marshal Henri Petain or the Free French under General Charles de Gaulle.1 For France, her …” „… subject to the armistice stipulations. However, de Gaulle, the emerging leader of the Free French …” „… hence colonial policy was tightly controlled by the Germans.11 Yet, de Gaulle’s position inherently …”

Index S. 267-274

„… Débès, Pierre-Louis, 207n47Debré, Michel, 43Declaration on Indochina, 32–33Decoux, Jean, 30, 32de Gaulle …” „… ; Britain and, 169; de Gaulle and, 105; Erhard and, 145–52; Wilson and, 163, 165–67Etherington-Smith, Gordon …” „… Cold War, 100; de Gaulle on, 5, 107, 226n10India, 15, 66, 71, 108, 218n25Indochinese Communist Party …”

Ch08. Harold Wilson and the Elusive Search for a Diplomatic Settlement S. 159-182

„… with Charles de Gaulle, and defended American airstrikes. The culprit was not Washington but Ha-noi.32 …” „… mutual understanding was preferable to an open split with the United States. As with de Gaulle’s …” „… called ‘a decent respect for the opinions of mankind.’”45De Gaulle used the same argument in his Phnom …”

Ch01. The United States and the Vietnam Conundrum S. 9-26

„… South Vietnam.How important was Vietnam to Washington? French President Charles de Gaulle called it a …” „… finish them.”11 Book 1.indb 11 2/8/11 6:13 AMWhatever farsighted advice de Gaulle and Macmillan had …” „… ), French President de Gaulle (center), and Jacqueline Kennedy (right) in 1961. De Gaulle privately warned …”

Ch05. Lyndon B. Johnson and Military Escalation in Vietnam, 1964–1968 S. 83-102

„… with Charles de Gaulle’s assessment, with whom he discussed Vietnam during a visit in June 1964 in an …” „… Thompson and of French President de Gaulle. According to Ball, the administration had to realize that …” „… decide to call it quits. Limited military reaction would simply not succeed. De Gaulle made the same …”

Conclusion S. 189-192

„… was twice rejected by French President Charles de Gaulle’s veto. De Gaulle worked toward French …”

Preface

„… Lyndon B. Johnson and Military Escalation in Vietnam, 1964–1968 836 De Gaulle’s Response to American …”

Ch04. Britain and Indochina S. 65-82

„… Anglo-French Protocol of Mutual Aid with Charles de Gaulle’s Free French government guaranteeing cooperation in …” „… France’s President de Gaulle in 1963. Britain hence had to find a policy that accommodated its national …” „… on Vietnam and to discuss with President de Gaulle the French proposal calling for the neutralization …”

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