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Jospeter M. Mbuba - Comparative Criminal Justice

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Jospeter M. Mbuba (ed.)

Comparative Criminal Justice

2023

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About the Authors S. 351-360

„… , and criminal justice.Diego Sanjurjo holds a PhD in political science from the Autonomous University of …” „… , University of Bedfordshire.Sanaz Alasti is associate professor of criminal justice and director of the Center …” „… teaches criminal justice and legal classes. After her professional expe-rience as a postdoctorate at …”

Part 5: Western Hemisphere S. 275-336

„… control and due pro-cess as well as issues of race and justice.Overview of the U.S. Criminal Justice …” „… The Uruguayan Criminal Justice SystemDiego Sanjurjo and Joaquín ArigónDespite the political stability …” „… Part 5WESTERN HEMISPHERE277CHAPTER 16An Overview of the Criminal Justice System in the United …”

Part 3: Europe and Eurasia S. 121-202

„… Part 3EUROPE AND EURASIA123CHAPTER 7The Criminal Justice System of ItalyGiulia Fabini and Alvise …” „… SbracciaEach criminal justice system (CJS) can be represented as a set of integrated agencies involved in …” „… , bearing witness THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM OF ITALY 125to a dualism of power that incomprehensibly …”

Jospeter M. Mbuba Introduction S. 1-8

„… .org/research/civil - and - criminal - justice/juvenile - age - of - jurisdiction - and - transfer - to - adult …” „… of the vari-ous aspects of the criminal justice system becomes imperative. Globalization lends …” „… credence to the necessity of expanding the knowledge of criminal justice among the citizens of the …”

Part 2: East Asia and the Pacific S. 61-120

„… Part 2EAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC63CHAPTER 4The Australian Criminal Justice SystemFEDERAL AND STATE …” „… Courts.PUBLIC SECURITY AGENCIES AND JUVENILE CRIMINAL JUSTICEIn the juvenile criminal justice procedure, the …” „… , was representative of the initial criminal justice system. The second is that the system has been so …”

Part 4: Middle East and South Asia S. 203-274

„… Part 4MIDDLE EAST AND SOUTH ASIA205CHAPTER 12The Egyptian Criminal Justice SystemSTEPS FORWARD …” „… system.Juvenile JusticeThe age of criminal responsibility was eighteen under the former Penal Code of Iran. The …” „… this chapter explores the primary components of Afghan criminal justice—the police, the judiciary, and …”

Preface

„… Comparative Criminal JusticeComparative Criminal JusticeInternational Trends and PracticesEdited by …” „… - Publication DataNames: Mbuba, Jospeter M., editor. Title: Comparative criminal justice : international trends …” „… : Criminal justice, Administration of—Cross-cultural studies. Classification: LCC HV7419 .C66 2023 (print …”

Part 1: Sub-Saharan Africa S. 9-60

„… inducing the debtor, the family, or friends to pay the debt.25Juvenile JusticeKenya’s criminal justice …” „… - terms - of - civil - jail - defeat - the - whole - idea - of - justice.THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM OF …” „… Nigerian Criminal Justice SystemAN OVERVIEWUche K. Kalu and Anita Kalunta- CrumptonThe Nigerian criminal …”

Index S. 337-350

„… Egypt, 215–16comparative criminal justice, 1–7rationale for, 1conditional nonprosecution system, in …” „… Poland, 156criminal justice, 278criminal justice system, elements of, 1criminal procedure, 2in Brazil …” „… , 229validation request, in Italy, 129values of criminal justice systemin Afghanistan, 245–46in …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538173152

Matthew J. Sheridan, Thomas J. Lalka - Contemporary Criminal Justice Careers

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Matthew J. Sheridan, Thomas J. Lalka

Contemporary Criminal Justice Careers

2022

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Chapter 8 Criminal Justice Ethics S. 121-134

„… examples throughout the history of criminal justice.Managerial responses have often failed to acknowledge …” „… justice.However, the question remains whether the criminal justice professional is always required on the job to …” „… 121Chapter 8Criminal Justice EthicsThere has perhaps been no time in criminal justice history when …”

Chapter 1 Exploring Careers in Criminal Justice S. 1-16

„… 1Chapter 1Exploring Careers in Criminal JusticeA BRIEF REVIEW OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEMThe …” „… criminal justice system is comprised of three components: law enforce-ment, corrections, and the courts …” „… breadth of careers in criminal justice; however, not all careers require that the individual be a …”

Chapter 9 Career Transitions in Criminal Justice S. 135-148

„… 135Chapter 9Career Transitions in Criminal JusticeThis chapter has been constructed in four …” „… careers and for those wishing for a career in criminal justice.Sometimes, we are blinded by our passion …” „… preparation have already been initiated.144 Chapter 9 CONFLICTS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICEThe criminal justice …”

Chapter 10 Privatized Criminal Justice (Careers in the Private Sector) S. 149-156

„… 149Chapter 10Privatized Criminal Justice (Careers in the Private Sector)EMPLOYMENT …” „… Privatized Criminal Justice (Careers in the Private Sector) 151CJ process, ethics, law, corrections, and law …” „… CJ. For example:Southern New Hampshire University offers the following:• AS Criminal Justice• BS …”

Preface

„… - author. | Rainville, Raymond R.,1948-Exploring and understanding careersin criminal justice.Title …” „… Criminal JusticeContemporary Criminal Justice Careers: A Comprehensive Guide was originally considered to …” „… : Southwest Association of Criminal JusticeTC: Therapeutic CommunityTRO: Temporary Restraining OrderTSA …”

Appendix D S. 191-198

„… patrolman with the Middle Village Police Department Education: Bachelor of Arts—Criminal JusticeAnticipated …” „… : To obtain a full-time criminal justice position where I can contrib-ute my knowledge, skills, and …” „… Arts, criminal justice, anticipated graduation: May 2022 Current cumulative GPA: 3.923; Criminal …”

Chapter 6 Internships, Volunteering, Externships, and Part-Time Employment S. 77-98

„… chemistry and computer science) share the landscape of criminal justice—a social fabric serving society and …” „… academic experience as a preparation for a criminal justice career. In addition, there is a focus on the …” „… career in criminal justice is more than a job. Appendix A provides pro-files of successful career …”

Appendix A S. 157-180

„… Administrators in the late 1990s.166 Directory of Profiles in Criminal JusticeIn 2000, I left local government to …” „… Profiles in Criminal JusticeGuadagno began as CEO. Under Guadagno’s tenure, the organization closed the …” „… graduate and internship coordinator for the CJ Department. 170 Directory of Profiles in Criminal JusticeI …”

Chapter 4 The Courts, Its Actors, and Its Functions S. 55-66

„… 2016 publication of Exploring and Understanding Careers in Criminal Justice.ATTORNEYSJuris Doctor …” „… Criminal Justice are no longer available or have only been granted on a very selective basis. Hopefully, as …” „… criminal justice) and then to law school to obtain a JD, or Juris Doctor degree—the degree most common for …”

Notes S. 259-268

„… -prisons -have -covid -19 /.2. https: // www .law .cornell .edu /wex /criminal _justice.INTRODUCTION1 …” „… .americanbar .org /.28. Pollock, Ethical Dilemmas and Decisions in Criminal Justice.CHAPTER 91. https: // www …” „… . Butterfield, F. 1998. A newcomer breaks into the liberal arts: Criminal justice. With a little help from the …”

Chapter 3 Careers in Corrections S. 35-54

„… some states, there are specific degree requirements, such as a crim-inal justice/social science major …” „… , procedures, and other functions. (See chapter 9, “Criminal Justice Ethics.”)THE SHERIFF AND DEPUTY SHERIFFThe …” „… “agents” in some jurisdictions) were a late addi-tion to the criminal justice profession. Parole officers …”

Appendix P S. 255-258

„… liberty, equality and justice.I Will keep my private life unsullied as an example to all; maintain …” „… shall respect and protect the right of the public to be safe-guarded from criminal activity.• Members …” „… justice system and the commu-nity at large in effecting the social adjustment of the offender. Appendix P …”

Bibliography and Suggested Readings S. 275-280

„… . These are the references which guided the develop-ment of Contemporary Criminal Justice Careers: A …” „… Stories. West Conshohocken, PA: Infinity Publishing Company.Inciardi, James. Criminal Justice, sixth ed …” „… Royster, and Giuseppe M. Fazari. Historical Dictionary of American Criminal Justice. Lanham, MD: Rowman …”

Subject Index S. 281-292

„… Academy; Vermont Police Training AcademyAcademy of Criminal Justice Sciences, xxi, 176, 197academy …” „… handbook, 75conflicts in criminal justice, 144consultant, 149, 157, 159, 164–166, 168, 196, 271contract …” „… charges, 115, 129, 269criminal history, 41, 71, 273criminal justice system, x, xiii, xv, xvi, 1–2, 4, 9 …”

Appendix O S. 249-254

„… descriptions below have been taken from each magazine’s website.250 Criminal Justice and Trade …” „… agencies, and the training academies.“The New Jersey Criminal Justice Educator Newsletter,” www …” „… . njacje.org/Since 1968, the New Jersey Association of Criminal Justice Educators (NJACJE) has been reaching out to …”

Chapter 7 Getting the Job, Entering the Field, and Career Advancement S. 99-120

„… tools to prepare a search for and to attain employ-ment and advancement in the criminal justice system …” „… . Hopefully, you have read about the different fields of criminal justice and are not too badly con-fused …” „… , preparation for employment sets the stage for advancement in the criminal justice system. This is true whether …”

Appendix L S. 231-236

„… Criminal Justice Educators (NJACJE): www .njacje .org /Since 1968, the New Jersey Association of Criminal …” „… of Higher Education to develop a Master Plan for Higher Education in Criminal Justice. One of the …” „… organizational goals was to function as liaison between the New Jersey Division of Criminal Justice (the major …”

Chapter 2 Careers in Law Enforcement S. 17-34

„… New Jersey Statutes Annotated (N.J.S.A.) 52:17B-98, which established the Criminal Justice Act of 1970 …” „… . A careful review of the Criminal Justice Act of 1970 for New Jersey, therefore, would be informative …” „… . Other states have promulgated criminal justice legislation to regulate law enforcement.JOB POSTINGS FOR …”

Glossary S. 269-274

„… ) comprise the criminal justice system. They provide law enforcement through apprehension, both prosecu-tion …” „… especially for events such as interviews.Adjudication: The conclusion or process of a juvenile criminal …” „… advised of their constitutional rights and pleads guilty or not guilty to crimi-nal charges.Arrest: The …”

Appendix I S. 219-222

„… Criminal Investigative Service: http: // www .dodig .mil / INV/DCIS/index.html• U.S. Defense Intelligence …” „… /index.htm• U.S. IRS Criminal Investigations Division: http: // www .irs .gov /uac /Criminal-Enforcement-1 …” „… • U.S. Marshal Service: http: // www .usdoj .gov /marshals /• U.S. Naval Criminal Investigative Service …”

Appendix K S. 227-230

„… Criminal Justice Jobs• Architect• Grants writer• Researcher• Counselor• Social worker• Psychologist …” „… Criminal Justice Jobs• Risk AnalystOTHER POSITIONS• Crime Scene Investigator• Substance Abuse Therapist …” „… 227Appendix KCriminal Justice Jobs An exhaustive list of CJ jobs would be too numerous to mention …”

Chapter 5 The Federal Government S. 67-76

„… Corps base in Quantico, Virginia.AGE REQUIREMENTSMany federal criminal justice positions have a maximum …” „… 67Chapter 5The Federal GovernmentThe federal government is comprised of a complex set of criminal …” „… justice agencies. Some agencies are relatively small, while others have been exten-sively developed. Each …”

Appendix B S. 181-184

„… bachelor’s degree from Saint Peter’s University in Criminal Justice. My concentration in that degree program …”

Appendix E S. 199-206

„… Association of Criminal Justice Educators lists fairs in its newsletter and on its website. Here is another …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538168110

Elisa Hoven, Michael Kubiciel - Zukunftsperspektiven des Strafrechts

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Elisa Hoven (ed.), Michael Kubiciel (ed.)

Zukunftsperspektiven des Strafrechts

Series: Beiträge zum Strafrecht - Contributions to Criminal Law

Volume 2 2020

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Elies van Sliedregt International Criminal Justice: A Bubble About to Burst? S. 253-276

„… International Criminal Justice: A Bubble About to Burst? Elies van Sliedregt* Introduction …” „… International Criminal Justice (ICJ) finds itself in turbulent times. One of its main flag-bearers, the …” „… , Director of the Centre of Criminal Justice Studies, School of Law, University of Leeds. Parts of this …”

Jenia I. Turner Fair trial or efficient administration of justice? Trends in modern criminal procedure S. 187-196

„… Fair trial or efficient administration of justice? Trends in modern criminal procedure Jenia I …” „… today in a range of criminal justice systems across the world — from adversarial to inquisitorial to …” „… these values. Efficiency allows a criminal justice system to dispose of cases quickly and at a low cost …”

Michele Caianiello Is There Still Room for Reasonable Doubt? Criminal Proceedings and the Challenges of Scientific and Technological Development S. 197-222

„… that, no matter the theoretical model adopted in a criminal justice system, the essence of fair trial …” „… Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 2017, p. 283 seqq. Michele Caianiello 200 cratic …” „… Biral, 22 European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 2014, p. 331 seqq. 9 …”

Karolina Kremens The New Wave of Penal Populism from a Polish Perspective S. 123-136

„… penal expectations of the public at large and the policies and practices of the criminal justice …” „… the publication of Pratt's book, analysis of the impact of penal populism on the criminal justice …” „… of law. The Polish example shows how populist politics may (and will) influence the criminal justice …”

Verzeichnis der Veröffentlichungen S. 373-402

„… ), S. 761-793. 15. The Bare Bones of Criminal Justice: Limits to the Simplification of the Criminal …” „… Criminal Justice, 1984, S. 233-238. 16. Problems of Victim/Witness Assistance Programs. Victimology 8 (1983 …” „… . 139-152) 49. Negotiated Criminal Justice in Germany (in japanischer Übersetzung). Hogaku Kyokai Zasshi …”

Marc Groenhuijsen International development of crime, particularly with regard to victimization S. 43-60

„… German and the USA systems of dispensing criminal justice. Another memorable time was an international …” „… horizon of the future of criminal justice. Some of these lend themselves for brief elucidation. The first …” „… mind that criminal justice, as well as academic reflection on that area of study, does not constitute …”

Mordechai Kremnitzer Criminal Law and its Challenges S. 83-90

„… criminals. Considerations of justice and limitations, due to reduced guilt, do not play a role. The most …” „… Criminal Law and its Challenges Mordechai Kremnitzer This paper is dedicated to Thomas Weigend to …” „… first possibility. A prognosis of criminal law begs first a prediction concerning a society or specific …”

Florian Jeßberger Über den Zustand und die Zukunft des Völkerstrafrechts S. 323-336

„… verabschiedet, die für Befremden 1 Luban, Journal of International Criminal Justice 11 (2013), 505. 323 sorgten …” „… ); dazu Clark, Journal of International Criminal Justice 11 (2013), 399. 3 IStGH, Beschl. v. 12. April …” „… International Law 26 (2013), 725. 10 Fletcher, Journal of International Criminal Justice 9 (2011), 179. 11 Die …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… Strafrechtsfällen? 175 Hans Kudlich Fair trial or efficient administration of justice? Trends in modern criminal …” „… : Internationalisierung und Strafrecht 243 Tatjana Hörnle International Criminal Justice: A Bubble About to Burst? 253 …” „… . Geburtstag von Thomas Weigend Beiträge zum Strafrecht – Contributions to Criminal Law 2 Beiträge zum …”

Kai Ambos Transitional Justice in Kolumbien: Völker(straf)recht und Amnestie(n) S. 337-366

„… Deen-Racsmány/Blekxtoon, European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 13 (2005), 317 (352 ff.). 79 Hataway …” „… Transitional Justice in Kolumbien: Völker(straf)recht und Amnestie(n) Kai Ambos* Bettina Weißer, …” „… (Transitional Justice, TJ) in Kolumbien mit einem besonderen Fokus auf dem kolumbianischen Amnestiegesetz 1820 …”

Eleni Chaitidou The International Criminal Court: achievements, challenges and future perspectives. A personal account S. 277-322

„… International Jurisdiction, Justice and International Criminal Court”, Assembly/AU/Dec. 482 (XXI) (May 2013 …” „… The International Criminal Court: achievements, challenges and future perspectives. A personal …” „… International Criminal Court (“ICC” or “Court”), celebrated its 20th birthday. Yet, celebrations were clouded by …”

Elisa Hoven, Michael Kubiciel Thomas Weigend und die Zukunftsperspektiven der Strafrechtswissenschaft S. 9-12

„… Strafrechts, 2015, S. 117 ff. 8 Weigend, Journal of International Criminal Justice 6 (2008), 927 ff. 9 Weigend …” „… , Association Internationale de Droit Pénal (Hrsg.), International Criminal Law: Quo Vadis? (Nouvelles Etudes …”

Ralf Kölbel Schwerpunkte der internationalen Kriminalitätsentwicklung S. 13-32

„… ., European Sourcebook of Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics 2014, 2014, S. 34 ff., Ralf Kölbel 20 fache …” „… more about developmental changes in individual criminal behavior than about the behavior of aggregate …” „… 2018, 47. 6 Dazu die Daten für zahlreiche westliche Staaten bei Tonry, Crime and Justice 43 (2014), 1 …”

Carl-Friedrich Stuckenberg Internationalisierung und Strafrecht S. 223-242

„… Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 17 (2009), 191, 213 f., 218; F. Meyer (Fn. 11), S. 693 Fn. 472 …” „… .), Routledge Handbook of Transnational Criminal Law, 2015, S. 11 ff. (dazu Kubiciel, RG 26 (2018), 372); ders …” „… ., An Introduction to Transnational Criminal Law, 2. Aufl. 2018, S. 3 ff., 17 ff.; Kreß, in: Hankel …”

Elisa Hoven Populismus und Strafrecht S. 101-116

„… public consultation, 2009; Gómez, Reason and Emotion in Public Opinion about Punishment and Criminal …” „… Justice (liegt Verf. vor). Populismus und Strafrecht 115 (3) In der kriminalpolitischen Diskussion sollte …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748907978

Sabine Kuhlmann - Politik- und Verwaltungsreform in Kontinentaleuropa

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Sabine Kuhlmann

Politik- und Verwaltungsreform in Kontinentaleuropa

Series: Staatslehre und politische Verwaltung

Volume 14 2008

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Systems and Methods of Criminal Justice S. 15-17

„… Introduction 15In this paper, after highlighting relevant guarantees of criminal justice for the …” „… , comprising England as the prototype of an adversarial method of criminal justice as opposed to France and …” „… an inquisitorially rooted method of criminal justice with more invasive judicial powers — such as …”

England: Party-Led Proceedings Applying an Adversarial Method of Criminal Justice S. 29-30

„… Adversarial Method of Criminal Justice Very similar to the German situation is the lack of initial judicial …” „… White, R. C. A. (2002). "The Structure and Organization of Criminal Justice in England and Wales: An …” „… Overview", in McConville, M. & Wilson, G. (eds.) The Handbook of the Criminal Justice Process. Oxford, OUP …”

Bibliography S. 71-80

„… . (2007). "The Reality of Conducting a War Crimes Trial", 5 Journal of International Criminal Justice, pp …” „… [forthcoming]. Davies, M. & Croall, H. & Tyrer, J. (1998). Criminal Justice: An Introduction to the Criminal …” „… Jus-tice System in England and Wales. London, Longman. – (2005). Criminal Justice: An Introduction to the …”

Posing the Problem and Defining the Subject-Matter S. 13-15

„… alleged weaknesses of an adversarial method of criminal justice. Arguably, judicial evaluation of evidence …” „… phase of criminal proceedings.2 In many systems of criminal justice, such as those in China and Islamic …” „… War Crimes Trial", 5 Journal of Interna-tional Criminal Justice, pp. 348-359; Eser, A. (2007 …”

The Common Distinction between Pre-Trial and Trial Proceedings . S. 17-18

„… Trial Proceedings These primal systems of criminal justice entered into interpenetration over the …” „… adversarial "methods" of criminal justice still today.20 Other systematic elements of criminal justice, like …” „… ubiquitous within the different systems of criminal justice.21 Usually, criminal proceedings do not …”

The Idea of a Universal Model of Procedural Order and the Creation of the ICC as a Supranational Jurisdiction S. 18-19

„… each other. III. Guidelines from a Universal Concept of Criminal Justice — Justifying Interna-tional …” „… Guarantees and Standards of Criminal Justice 1. The Idea of a Universal Model of Procedural Order and the …” „… yearning for a universal concept of criminal justice and — closely linked to that — on the crea-tion of the …”

Direct Guarantees S. 19-23

„… order of the ICC reflects the struggle between different national systems of criminal justice …” „… criminal justice remains exceedingly important.26 Those constitute the only reference points in our …” „… widespread application jus-tifies it as one of the guiding principles of international criminal justice. b …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-8

„… Systems of Criminal Justice . . . . . . . . 15 1. Systems and Methods of Criminal Justice …” „… Universal Concept of Criminal Justice — Justifying International Guarantees and Standards of Criminal …” „… Accountability and Contractual Concepts of Criminal Justice …”

Concluding Remarks: Overall Comparative Cross-Section on Judicial Decisions in the Pre-Trial Phase of Criminal Proceedings S. 64-66

„… methods of criminal justice applied. On this note, the prominent role of the magistrature in France …” „… French criminal justice system. The resulting recommen-dations provide for a nominal abolition of the …” „… http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/12/pdf/rap-enq/r3125.pdf Concluding Remarks 65the adversarial method of criminal justice.4 Even …”

Indirect Guarantees S. 23-24

„… other guiding principles of criminal justice that enable the accused only indirectly to claim a …” „… , Continuum, p. 55. Introduction 24b) Procedural Accountability and Contractual Concepts of Criminal Justice …” „… , the notion of procedural accountability or contractual con-cepts of criminal justice have to be …”

The ICC: Prosecutorial Inquiry and the Authority of the Pre-Trial Chambers to Initiate Actual Investigations in Case of Proprio Motu Action S. 30-33

„… The 35 White, R. C. A. (2002). "The Structure and Organization of Criminal Justice in England and …” „… Wales: An Overview", in McConville, M. & Wilson, G. (eds.) The Handbook of the Criminal Justice Process …” „… In-ternational Criminal Court", 5 (2) Journal of International Criminal Justice, pp. 537-543. 44 Cassese, A …”

First Results and Further Analysis S. 24

„… Introduction 24b) Procedural Accountability and Contractual Concepts of Criminal Justice Other …” „… notion of procedural accountability or contractual con-cepts of criminal justice have to be discussed …” „… , contractual concepts of criminal justice are grounded in the theory of government. At first, they view the …”

Comparative Cross-Section: A Survey and an Analysis of the Powers of the PTC at the ICC S. 57-63

„… to only one method of criminal justice, but it is the parties who may present their evidence relevant …” „… process, nor can they be traced back purely to any national system of criminal justice. They reflect what …” „… adversarial method of criminal justice, the court does not act wrongly. This also is not opposed to the fair …”

Index S. 81-353

„… 33-35, 41-44, 57-63, 64-66 Direct Guarantees of Criminal Jus-tice 19-23 – Customary International Law …” „… Indirect Guarantees of Criminal Justice 23-24 – Contractual Concepts of Criminal Justice 24 – Procedural …” „… – Concluding ~ 45-63 – Initial ~ 25-35 – Intermediate ~ 36-44 Methods of Criminal Justice 15-17 Police …”

The Historical-Systematic Characteristic: Modified Inquisitorial Method and the Investigating, Prosecuting, and Adjudicating Functions of State Authority S. 33-34

„… inquisitorial method of criminal justice make the shown normative or factual exceptions, but these do not change …” „… formative for every judicial role in the French criminal justice system:66 the magistrat is soci-ety …” „… , there are, indeed, judicial decisions in French criminal justice with initiating characteristics. One …”

France: The Examining Magistrate’s Dependence on Other Investigating Bodies in the Initiation of the Criminal Process S. 25-28

„… guarantees of criminal justice do not occur in this early stage, however. I. France: The Examining …” „… Inquisitorial elements of criminal justice in France can be traced back to the times of the Ro-man Empire, and …” „… ). French Criminal Justice. A Comparative Account of the Investigation and Prosecution of Crime in France …”

Germany: Continuing Strong Judicial Powers When Scrutinizing the Indictment in the "Zwischenverfahren" S. 46-50

„… . (1981). "The German Criminal Justice System: The Trial Phase – Appellate and Review Proceedings", in The …” „… Law (eds.), The Criminal Justice System of the Federal Republic of Germany. Toulouse, érès, pp. 65-95 …” „… adversarial method applied in the English criminal jus-tice system, where traditionally legal action even in …”

The Political Characteristic: Political Necessity and Compromise as Mechanisms for a Non-Traditionally Rooted but Powerful Pre-Trial Judiciary S. 34-35

„… this spirit, there are, indeed, judicial decisions in French criminal justice with initiating …” „… consideration a community of different states com-peting for an international order of criminal justice being …” „… International Criminal Justice, pp. 944-948, also for the fol-lowing. 78 de Hert, P. (2003). op. cit. (supra p …”

Tables of Abbreviations and Figures S. 9-12

„… and Disorder Act Cf. Confer CIC Code d'Instruction Criminelle CJA Criminal Justice Act CP(AW)A …” „… 9 Table of Abbreviations Art(t). Article(s) CA Court of Appeal CAR Criminal Appeal Rules CDA Crime …” „… Criminal Procedure (Attendance of Witnesses) Act CPIA Criminal Practice and Investigations Act CPP Code de …”

England: A System of Adversarial Hearings Ensuring Due Process on an Early Stage of the Criminal Process S. 50-54

„… adversarial method applied in the English criminal jus-tice system, where traditionally legal action even in …” „… . 236; Sanders, A. & Young, R. (1994). Criminal Justice. London, Butterworths, p. 271; White, R. C. A …” „… Hearings Ensuring Due Process on an Early Stage of the Criminal Process In contrast and owing to the …”

England: Issuing of Warrants and Granting of Bail by the Justices of the Peace S. 39-40

„… detail, cf. the Bail Act 1976. 32 Davies, M. & Croall, H. & Tyrer, J. (1998). Criminal Justice: An …” „… Introduction to the Criminal Justice System in England and Wales. London, Longman, pp. 107-113; Sharpe, S …” „… Granting of Bail by the Justices of the Peace Judges in England serve the previously mentioned preventive …”

Germany: Issuing of Warrants, Deciding on Appeals, and Securing of Evidence S. 38-39

„… , 1122-1123); Uglow, S. (1995). Criminal Justice. London, Sweet & Maxwell, pp. 145-146. 31 Darbyshire, P …” „… , J. (1998). Criminal Justice: An Introduction to the Criminal Justice System in England and Wales …” „… . England: Issuing of Warrants and Granting of Bail by the Justices of the Peace Judges in England serve the …”

The ICC: Strong Judicial Interference By Virtue of Article 61 (1), (7) ICCSt S. 54-57

„… method of criminal justice, but it is the parties who may present their evidence relevant to the case.89 …” „… traced back purely to any national system of criminal justice. They reflect what is rightly called a …” „… English criminal process;66 in fact, this holds true for any investigative elements due to the parties …”

France: "Judicial" Supervision Performed by Judges and Prosecutors and the Examining Magistrate’s Own Investigations S. 36-38

„… of the respective criminal justice systems. Again, breaches of the aforementioned guarantees of …” „… criminal justice cannot be detected. I. France: "Judicial" Supervision Performed by Judges and Prosecutors …” „… 36 C) Judicial Decisions within the Pre-Trial Phase of Criminal Proceed-ings: The Dependence upon …”

Germany: The Discretion of the Police and Prosecution to Trigger Criminal Proceedings S. 28-29

„… III. England: Party-Led Proceedings Applying an Adversarial Method of Criminal Justice Very similar …” „… criminal process has been started de facto by the judge's initiative. II. Germany: The Discretion of the …” „… Police and Prosecution to Trigger Criminal Proceedings German criminal proceedings in the pre-trial phase …”

Summary S. 67

„… arrangement between a more inquisitorial and a more adversarial method of criminal justice. Actual endeavours …” „… the basic concept of an international idea of criminal procedure able to fulfil the requirements of …”

The ICC: Different Orders and Warrants Reflecting Political Sensitivity S. 40-41

„… ICC, however, judges clearly also practice an inves-tigative authority. The French model of criminal …” „… justice provides for state authorities (police, prosecu-tor, and examining magistrate) to investigate an …” „… ). International Criminal Adjudication and the Collection of Evidence: Obligations of States. Antwerpen et al …”

Comparative Cross-Section: Prosecutorial or Judicial Models of the Collection of Evidence S. 41-44

„… . The French model of criminal justice provides for state authorities (police, prosecu-tor, and …” „… above; cf. Sluiter, G. (2002). International Criminal Adjudication and the Collection of Evidence …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845212555

William R. Kelly - The Crisis in America's Criminal Courts

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William R. Kelly

The Crisis in America's Criminal Courts

2021

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Ch01. The US Criminal Court System S. 31-50

„… dysfunctionality of American criminal justice.NOTES 1. American Bar Association Task Force on Preservation of the …” „… 31The administration of criminal justice is divided into four segments: state legislatures and …” „… the rules for the lawful operation of the criminal justice system (the code of criminal procedure). As …”

References S. 189-212

„… https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/02/08/criminal -justice-police-progressive-prosecutors-battle-over-reform/4660796002/.Demuth …” „… http://www.justicepolicy.org/uploads/justicepolicy/documents/high_price_of_bail_-_final.pdf.Justice Policy Institute. “Finding Direction: Expanding Criminal Justice Options by Considering Policies …” „… 189ACLU. “Inadequately Funded Public Defender Services Threaten Criminal Jus-tice System.” March 29 …”

Ch07. Putting the Pieces Together S. 171-188

„… cycling in and out of the revolving door of American criminal justice.There are two extraordinarily …” „… , criminal defense can and should play a lead role in accomplishing the goals of criminal justice.The …” „… the fundamental reform of American crimi-nal justice—fairness, equality, legitimacy, effectiveness …”

Ch06. Rethinking the Adversarial Approach S. 159-170

„… v. New York, “the very premise of our adversary system of criminal justice is that partisan advocacy …” „… That is the theory of how our criminal justice system goes about the business of litigating criminal …” „… Rethinking the Adversarial Approach 161In theory, American criminal justice depends on a contest of equals …”

Ch04. Promising Prosecutors S. 105-134

„… business of American criminal justice.THE ELECTION OF DISTRICT ATTORNEYSWith the exception of Alaska …” „… American criminal justice system. They can also play a substantial role in fixing it.THE POWER OF THE …” „… reasons, prosecutors occupy a very prominent and unique role in the American criminal justice system …”

Introduction S. 1-30

„… 1The reach of the American criminal justice system is staggering. Today, one-half of the adult …” „… the criminal justice system.1 Two-thirds have had an immediate family member or an extended family …” „… and arguably most punitive criminal justice system in the world. Over the past forty years, the US …”

Ch05. Indigent Defense S. 135-158

„… that, in our adversary system of criminal justice, any person hauled into court, who is too poor to …” „… is governed by the 1964 Criminal Justice Act, which mandated local adoption of defense systems …” „… 40 years later, the misdemeanor criminal justice system is rife with the same problems that existed …”

Ch02. Decision-Making in the Criminal Courts S. 51-70

„… defenders drive the important outcomes of the criminal justice system. Decisions such as charges, pre-trial …” „… as seriousness of the instant offense, prior criminal justice in-volvement, overall dangerousness and …” „… surprise that the US criminal justice system has an extensive history of explicit or conscious bias. This …”

Ch03. The Front End of the Pretrial System S. 71-104

„… has substantial consequences for the individual as well as the criminal justice system, and public …” „… utilize noncriminal or deescalated criminal justice responses in lieu of traditional criminal prosecution …” „… criminal justice involve-ment), flight risk (reflected by ties to the community such as employment, school …”

Index S. 213-222

„… defensecommunity supervision, 2comorbidity, 48; and criminal justice involvement, 15–16comprehensive reform, 6 …” „… criminal intent, 43–45criminality, factors affecting, 12–13criminal justice system: changes in, 2–3; goal …” „… , 114–16, 133Blacks: and bail, 78–79; COVID-19 and, 14; and incarceration rates, 1; justice system and …”

Preface

„… , and public defenders face within a criminal justice system that is ineffective, unfair, and …” „… ) | ISBN 9781538142172 (epub) Subjects: LCSH: Criminal justice, Administration of—United States …” „… in criminal justice reform. I’d like to express my gratitude to Dan Mears for his usual …”

About the Author S. 223-224

„… and conducted research in criminology and crimi-nal justice for more than thirty years and has …” „… American criminal justice system. Criminal Justice at the Crossroads: Transforming Crime and Punish-ment …” „… : Disruptive Innovation of American Criminal Justice was published by Rowman & Littlefield in June of 2017, and …”

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