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Gianluigi Passarelli - Contract Law in Contemporary International Commerce

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Gianluigi Passarelli

Contract Law in Contemporary International Commerce

2019

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3. The rules of p.i.l. of contractual obligations nowadays S. 77-188

„… The rules of p.i.l. of contractual obligations nowadays Introduction It is clear that, from a …” „… Brussels: Remarks on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations Absent a Choice by Parties (Art. 4 of …” „… p.i.l. of contractual obligations nowadays 78 English notion of the proper law of the contract,268 which …”

1. Introduction and context S. 13-28

„… is a strong juncture between p.i.l. of contractual obligations and contract law, at national and …” „… international business transaction, the EU p.i.l. of contractual obligations and contract law, should be …” „… p.i.l. of contractual obligations. This is the approach that I adopt in this book: contract law and …”

4. Implementation and Conclusion S. 189-207

„… of contractual obligations in all its ramifications. This book attempts to contribute to this debate …” „… that, as seen, the rigid approach of rules of contractual obligations (in all its ramifications …” „… choices, as seen, have totally changed the EU p.i.l. system of contractual obligations with the adoption …”

2. International Business Transactions S. 29-76

„… . McParland, The Rome I Regulation on the law applicable to contractual obligations, (O.U.P., Oxford, 2015 …” „… matters of contractual obligations”.114 109 See E.A. Posner, “Economic Analysis of contract law after …” „… 80/934/ECC on the law applicable to contractual obligations. It should be pointed out that the starting …”

List of abbreviations S. 11-12

„… Council of 17 June, 2008 on the law applicable to contractual obligations (Rome I) [2008] OJ L177/6 Rome …” „… applicable to non-contractual obligations (Rome II) [2007]OJ L199/40 Rome Convention Convention on the law …” „… applicable to contractual obligations opened for signature in Rome on June 19, 1980 [1980] OJ L266/1 Report …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-10

„… changed the private international law rules of contractual obligations with hard-and-fast rules in order …” „… role of p.i.l. of contractual obligations in the new era of globalisation 1.II 18 Contracts: between …” „… supporting international transactions 2.V 60 Tentative conclusion2.VI 69 The rules of p.i.l. of contractual …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748901587

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Pilar Perales Viscasillas, Reiner Schulze

The Formation of Contract

Series: Europäisches Privatrecht

Volume 46 2016

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Dirk Looschelders Pre-Contractual Obligations and the Concept of Culpa in Contrahendo in German Law S. 29-40

„… 29 Pre-Contractual Obligations and the Concept of Culpa in Contrahendo …” „… had breached a contractual obligation. 2. The Specific Need for Culpa in Contrahendo under German …” „… culpa in contrahendo. It envisages three situations giving rise to pre-contractual obligations …”

Fryderyk Zoll Culpa in Contrahendo in European Private Law – A Useful Concept? S. 41-58

„… obligation. The rise of the pre-contractual duties has changed the perception on legal relationships, which …” „… culpa in contrahendo as not resulting from the contractual obligation,18 but then referring to the Rome …” „… ) No 864/2007 of 11 July 2007 on the law applicable to non-contractual obligations (Rome II) [2007] OJ …”

Reiner Schulze The Formation of Contract: New Features and Developments in Contracting S. 9-24

„… modernization of the law of obligations in 2002 an express provision on pre-contractual liability was adopted …” „… offer is a promise binding the offeror and becomes a contractual obligation through acceptance.43 It is …” „… obligation that can be enforced by the state. It this therefore not surprising that in an age of so-called …”

Fredy Andrei Herrera Osorio New Approach to the Process of Formation of Contracts S. 147-190

„… Navegante 2002) 193. 102 Florence Caterini, Pre-Contractual Obligations in France and the United States …” „… obligation to form a future contract.104 Pre-contractual contracts can be classified as follows: Table 2 …” „… obligation to perform their duties as a way to avoid the payment of damages. Instead of developing a new …”

Luis María Miranda Serrano, Javier Pagador López Misleading and Aggressive Commercial Practices and the Defects of Transactional Consent S. 89-96

„… that arose was resolved exclusively through the law of obligations and contracts, regardless of any …” „… criteria – that is simultaneously contractual, such a confirmation does not currently produce any effects …” „… in the contractual domain, indicating that there exists an almost complete lack of communication …”

Carsten Herresthal Offer and Acceptance – Other forms of Manifestation of Consent Under the German Civil Code S. 105-134

„… contractual obligation. The rule intends to facilitate and to fasten the conclusion of a contract.16 German …” „… the contractual agreement. The gist of the contractual obligation is that the parties are bound by …” „… ' contractual obligation. The parties therefore may agree upon the right of one party or a third person (§§ 315 …”

Thomas Pfeiffer Formation of Contracts and Offer and Acceptance in European Private Law S. 135-146

„… contractual obligations (Rome I) [2008] OJ L177/6. 2 Directive 2000/31/EC of the European Parliament and of …” „… obligation to perform a delivery to a buyer in another Member State. Without contract law, a seller could …” „… afterwards. Another example can be found in Art 3(1) Rome I. Under this provision, a contractual choice of …”

Reiner Schulze Pre-contractual Duties: A Brief Introduction S. 25-28

„… Looschelders, ‘Pre-Contractual Obligations and the Concept of Culpa in Contrahendo in German Law’; Fryderyk …” „… Part I: Pre-Contractual Duties 27 Pre-Contractual Duties: A Brief Introduction Reiner …” „… Schulze The role of pre-contractual duties in the process of the formation of contract has already been …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… Introduction 27 Dirk Looschelders Pre-Contractual Obligations and the Concept of …” „… Spanish and German perspectives with particular focus on pre-contractual duties, formation by offer and …” „… in Contracting 9 Part I: Pre-Contractual Duties Reiner Schulze Pre-contractual Duties: A Brief …”

Sebastian Lohsse Information Duties and Defects in Consent S. 73-88

„… ) 1, 3–11; Reinhard Zimmermann, The Law of Obligations (Juta 1990) 58,7–5,92. 2 On such exceptions …” „… view to traditional importance for the formation of contract, information duties or ‘pre-contractual …” „… 847–849; Christian Twigg-Flesner, ‘Pre-Contractual Duties – From the Acquis to the Common Frame of …”

Stefan Kroll The Formation of Contract – International Arbitration S. 191-212

„… emphasizes the contractual or consensual nature of arbitration in one way or another. In his comprehensive …” „… legal relationship, whether contractual or not. An arbitration agreement may be in the form of an …” „… . Arbitration clauses differ, however, from other contractual clauses by their content. They deal primarily …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845272030

Edoardo Ales, Mark Bell, Olaf Deinert, Sophie Robin-Olivier - International and European Labour Law

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Edoardo Ales (ed.), Mark Bell (ed.), Olaf Deinert (ed.), Sophie Robin-Olivier (ed.)

International and European Labour Law

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2018

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Etienne Pataut Regulation (EC) No 864/2007 on the law applicable to non-contractual obligations (Rome II) S. 674-677

„… remain rare. Regulation (EC) No 864/2007 on the law applicable to non-contractual obligations (Rome II …” „… provisions other than those of the State of the forum or of the State where the obligations arising out of …” „… ) Article 9 Industrial action Without prejudice to Article 4(2), the law applicable to a non-contractual …”

Etienne Pataut Regulation (EC) No 593/2008 on the law applicable to contractual obligations (Rome I) – Articles 8 and 9 S. 664-674

„… . Regulation (EC) No 593/2008 on the law applicable to contractual obligations (Rome I) – Articles 8 and 9 …” „… June 2008 on the law applicable to contractual obligations (Rome I), OJ L 177, 4 July 2008, p. 6. 2 …” „… Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations, OJ L 266, 9 oct.1980, p. 1. 3 M Giuliano and P …”

Sylvaine Laulom Directive 2001/23/EC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the safeguarding of employees’ rights S. 996-1012

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 a) Nature of the contractual relations given rise to a transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 b …” „… contractual relations given rise to a transfer According to Article 1(1) (a) of the Directive, the transfer of …” „… Directive applicable to all situations where a change of employer occurs within the ‘context of contractual …”

Orsola Razzolini Directive 2010/41/EU on the application of the principle of equal treatment between men and women S. 586-602

„… against the termination of the contractual relationship . . . . . . . . 56 VIII. List of cases …” „… requires an assessment as to whether the obligation of personal service is the dominant purpose of the …” „… an impersonal obligation of service in the capacity 2. 31 CJEU, Allonby. 32 CJEU, 4 December 2014 …”

Jeff Kenner Article 151 TFEU S. 143-150

„… market measures. Schnorr described Article 117 EEC as a ‘contractual obligation’ on all Member States to …” „… co-operate in the Community’s purpose of social progress.8 This notion of a ‘contractual obligation’ served …” „… account of the diverse forms of national practices, in particular in the field of contractual relations …”

Alexandre Defossez Directive 2014/67/EU on the enforcement of Directive 96/71/EC concerning the posting of workers in the framework of the provision of services S. 677-692

„… , bearing in mind that, in the field of contractual obligation, the place of establishment of the employer …” „… States – like the failure to respect their European obligation of mutual assistance – but others were …” „… that he would perform his job in several EU countries. Favouring reality over the contractual …”

Antonio Lo Faro Article 155 TFEU S. 165-176

„… interpreted to the effect that the Member States are under an obligation to ensure that the principle of …” „… them at Union level may lead to contractual relations, including agreements. 2. Agreements concluded at …” „… contractual relations might be viewed as a ‘Rule of recognition’ in the Hartian sense, which by reinforcing …”

Marie-Ange Moreau ILO Convention 29 Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29) S. 1049-1073

„… than a subjection which always exists in the labour contract and in legal contractual obligations, see …” „… . Convention n°29 article 2-2 b – Other normal civic obligation . . . . . . . . . . . 75 4. Convention n° 29 …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 VI. Obligations of the States …”

Henner Gött Article 6 RESC The right to bargain collectively S. 286-297

„… the right to collective action can also be limited to contractual obligations agreed on in collective …” „… interest, including the right to strike, subject to obligations that might arise out of collective …” „… nine so-called core obligations, of which the parties have to accept at least six upon ratification of …”

Jean-Philippe Lhernould Directive 97/81/EC concerning the Framework Agreement on part-time work S. 872-882

„… contractual relations. The cross-industry organizations concluded, on 6 June 1997, a Framework Agreement on …” „… concept of “pay”, the contractual or conventional grounds of the benefit. The Court of Justice also …” „… penalties, the obligation to notify the authorities of part-time contracts risks particularly affecting …”

Daniel Ulber ILO Convention 94 Labour Clauses (Public Contracts) Convention, 1949 (No. 94) S. 840-848

„… of this ‘fair wages policy’. If an employer does not fulfil his contractual duties, he will be …” „… between worker and employer. Rather, it places an obligation on the employer only when executing public …” „… conditions. Therefore, the regulation is merely a low-level intervention in contractual freedom and is …”

Alexandre Defossez Directive 96/71/EC concerning the posting of workers in the framework of the provision of services S. 643-664

„… could recover those claims. Regulation (EC) No 593/2008 on the law applicable to contractual obligations …” „… obligations are not to be imposed to undertakings established outside the EU? The answer to this question …” „… is to be construed as a prohibition to impose more (social) obligations to undertakings established …”

Marta Otto Regulation (EU) 2016/679 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data (General Data Protection Regulation – GDPR) S. 958-981

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2. Compliance with a legal obligation …” „… applicability to processors is new and as such constitutes an explicit basis for independent obligations …” „… caused by processing only where it has not complied with obligations of the GDPR specifically directed to …”

Antonio Lo Faro Article 154 TFEU S. 165

„… interpreted to the effect that the Member States are under an obligation to ensure that the principle of …” „… them at Union level may lead to contractual relations, including agreements. 2. Agreements concluded at …”

Iacopo Senatori Directive 2009/38/EC on the establishment of a European Works Council S. 1601-1636

„… measures in the event of failure to comply with the obligations laid down in this Directive. (36) In …” „… , should be applicable in cases of infringement of the obligations arising from this Directive. EN L 122/30 …” „… work organisation or contractual relations are envisaged, the process must be conducted at both …”

Fabienne Jault-Seseke Regulation (EC) No 1215/2012 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters (Brussels I Recast) S. 1643-1650

„… particular the contractual relationships, including work contracts. Each enlargement of the European …” „… the employee principally discharges his obligations towards his employer. The adverb ‘principally’ has …” „… State and ensures the most satisfactory protection of the weaker party in the contractual relationship …”

Daniel Ulber Article 28 CFREU Right of collective bargaining and action S. 1457-1492

„… employee are not equal parties and thus contractual freedom, being the core principle of private autonomy …” „… compensates for this asymmetrical relation in order to restore the equality essential to contractual freedom …” „… compensate deficiencies in the contractual relations between employees and employers. Without the right to …”

Sylvaine Laulom Directive 98/59/EC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to collective redundancies S. 981-996

„… Directive provides that employees maintain their rights and obligations when ownership is transferred …” „… dissolution and winding up had been ordered, ceased to exist, the employer’s obligation to consult the …” „… employees had to be met. The employer’s obligation had to be implemented by the given firm’s management …”

Massimo Pallini Article 62 TFEU S. 77-94

„… , entails an obligation on public administrations and national courts to directly refrain from applying …” „… marketed in the other States, unless the different and/or additional obligations imposed by the regulations …” „… remains the problem of determining what legal and contractual rules to apply with regard to all the other …”

Adalberto Perulli The Declaration of Philadelphia (DoP) S. 361-375

„… Member States of the ILO, even if they did not ratify the Conventions involved, have an obligation …” „… contract of employment, like other contracts, confers legally enforceable rights and obligations. It seems …” „… sub-definitions (the presence of a menace or a penalty, the role of an external constraint or indirect obligation …”

Laura Tebano Article 109 TFEU S. 126-133

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 III. The relation between obligation to ensure compliance with Article 108(3) TFEU and principle …” „… rule is that any plans for new aid must be notified. It must be stated that the obligation of prior …” „… aid or to alter existing aid.5 As already observed by Advocate General Jacobs: the obligation to …”

Edoardo Ales Article 153 TFEU S. 155-165

„… fact that fixing the level of wages falls within the contractual freedom of the social partners at a …” „… obligation to ensure that fixed-term workers are also guaranteed the application of the principle of …” „… under an obligation to ensure that the principle of non-discrimination is applied to part-time workers …”

Ségolène Barbou des Places Regulation (EU) 492/2011 on freedom of movement for workers within the Union S. 785-800

„… obligation, either statutory or contractual. It is undoubtedly the second paragraph of Article 7 that is the …” „… June 1995 judgment,11 Greece has failed to fulfil its obligation because the recruitment of foreign …” „… cruisers was reserved to persons of French nationality), France has failed to fulfill its obligations …”

Laura Calafà ILO Convention 140 Paid Educational Leave Convention, 1974 (No 140) S. 1136-1142

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Definition, educational purposes and nature of obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3 …” „… , which was incorporated into the Convention two years later, stipulating as a “solemn obligation of the …” „… obligations There is no doubt that the definition of paid educational leave as “leave granted to a worker for …”

Frank Bayreuther Article 6 ECHR Right to a fair trial (extract) S. 1637-1643

„… the determination of his civil rights and obligations or of any criminal charge against him, everyone …” „… criminal charges, is limited to disputes relating to “civil rights and obligations”, Article 47 (2) CFR is …” „… rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him.” 2 See for example: Grabenwarter, ‘Art. 6 …”

Maurizio Del Conte, Elena Gramano ILO Convention 88 Employment Service Convention, 1948 (No. 88) S. 375-383

„… and outgoing regulation. Lawmakers mainly focus their attention on the identification of contractual …” „… Economic, Social and Cultural Rights affirmed “the obligation to take appropriate measures for the …” „… International Labour Organization in 1944, recognizes the solemn obligation of the ILO to achieve “full …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Directive 96/71/EC 643 on the law applicable to contractual obligations (Rome I) – Articles 8 and 9 …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Regulation (EC) No 593/2008 664 on the law applicable to non-contractual obligations (Rome II) . .Regulation …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 30 CFREU 942 on an employer’s obligation to inform employees of the conditions applicable to the …”

Laura Tebano Article 107 TFEU S. 117-125

„… exemption of a pension fund from the obligation to pay a contribution to a pension protection fund in …” „… favour of shipping companies the framework within which contractual relations are formed between those …” „… budgets of enterprises, irrespective of whether or not those costs stem from legal obligations or …”

Jean-Philippe Lhernould Directive 2008/104/EC on temporary agency work S. 894-906

„… States the obligation to review their national legal framework, in order to ensure that prohibitions or …” „… the obligation to inform the Commission of the results of that review, Article 4(1), read in …” „… Member States. Such obligations cannot be performed by the national courts” (§ 28). It follows that “when …”

Pascale Lorber Directive 2002/14/EC establishing a general framework for informing and consulting employees in the European Community S. 1551-1567

„… rights and obligations as the members representing the shareholders, including the right to vote …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 X. Link with other information and consultation obligations …” „… to complement the transnational obligation to inform and consult with a national level infrastructure …”

Claire La Hovary ILO Convention 95 The Protection of Wages Convention, 1949 (No. 95) S. 1093-1106

„… constitutes a danger to prosperity everywhere” (Part I(c)) and recognises “the solemn obligation of the [ILO …” „… elements distinguishing Convention No. 131 from earlier instruments on the subject are (1) the obligation …” „… obligation to take appropriate measures to ensure effective compliance with minimum wages.3 In the meantime …”

Jule Mulder Directive 2006/54/EC on the implementation of the principle of equal opportunities and equal treatment of men and women in matters of employment and occupation (recast) S. 547-586

Claire La Hovary ILO Convention 138 Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138) S. 1124-1136

„… abolition of child labour and the obligation to progressively raise the age for admission to employment or …” „… work, Convention No. 138 establishes, in Article 1, an overall obligation to undertake an effective …” „… not impose an obligation to take any specific measures beyond those described in the subsequent …”

Edoardo Ales ILO Convention 155 Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981 (No. 155) S. 1392-1413

„… their contractual obligations; either the workers and their representatives, aware of the crucial role …” „… recognizes the solemn obligation of the International Labour Organization to further among the nations of the …” „… undertaking, thus describing the contents of the safety obligation as well as duties and rights for employers …”

Martina Benecke Directive 94/33/EC on the protection of young people at work S. 1268-1285

„… prior to the contractual obligation of the child in each individual case. Para 2 rules the particulars …” „… social development, or their education. Art. 6 puts the obligations of the employer in more concrete …” „… Martina Benecke 23 24 25 26 Article 6 Article 6 General obligations on employers 1. Without prejudice to …”

Annick Masselot, Bridgette McLellan Directive 86/378/EEC on equal treatment in occupational social security and pension schemes S. 481-495

„… contractual nature of the scheme, the fact that the scheme was directly governed by an agreement between the …” „… in accordance with the employer’s obligations, employees and their dependents may directly rely upon …” „… no obligation which would justify retroactive reduction of the advantages which had been enjoyed by …”

Siska Dubbert, Franz Christian Ebert ILO Convention 129 The Labour Inspection Convention (Agriculture), 1969 (No. 129) S. 1106-1120

„… obligations to set up a “separate inspection system” for the agricultural sector. Other governments indicated …” „… and contractual situations in the agricultural sector.12 Article 5 1. Any Member ratifying this …” „… the Convention because they falsely assume that provision implies obligations to set up a “separate …”

Alexia Gardin Directive 1999/70/EC concerning the Framework Agreement on fixed-term work S. 882-894

„… Court provides with a detailed analysis on whether employment conditions should include contractual …” „… sufficiently precise obligation capable of being relied upon, in the absence of transposing measures taken …” „… and, on the other hand, this obligation is applicable only “where there are no equivalent legal …”

Ellen Birkhahn, Ulla Gläßer Directive 2008/52/EC on certain aspects of mediation in civil and commercial matters S. 1650-1678

„… should not apply to rights and obligations on which the parties are not free to decide themselves under …” „… the relevant applicable law. Such rights and obligations are particularly frequent in family law and …” „… cross-border disputes, to civil and commercial matters except as regards rights and obligations which are not …”

Sudabeh Kamanabrou, Anne Christin Wietfeld Directive 2010/18/EU implementing the revised Framework Agreement on parental leave concluded by BUSINESSEUROPE, UEAPME, CEEP and ETUC S. 1026-1049

„… the national level are useful or necessary to support these parents. There is yet no obligation to …” „… deprivation of their rights. The obligation includes that employers must ensure that parents who return from …” „… the contract of employment, and with this a suspension of the respective obligations of the employer …”

Elise Muir, Lisa Waddington Directive 2000/78/EC establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation S. 520-547

„… demonstrated that it was cognisant of its obligation to interpret the Employment Equality Directive …” „… on the rights and obligations of the spouses and registered life partners as they result from the …” „… law which placed the couple within a specific legal framework entailing rights and obligations. At the …”

Vito Leccese Directive 2003/88/EC concerning certain aspects of the organisation of working time S. 1285-1321

„… equivalent compensatory rest periods. (17) This Directive should not affect the obligations of the Member …” „… obligations: to be present at the place determined by the employer and to be available to the employer in …” „… order to be able to provide their services immediately in case of need; in fact, those obligations …”

Giovanni Orlandini Article 45 TFEU S. 41-66

„… horizontal direct effect, and it can be invoked by the worker to challenge both contractual clauses and …” „… legislation applicable in relation to non-contractual liability, the nature of the compensation which the …” „… obligation for a national of another Member State already qualified to pass a competition;111 the need to …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845266190

Jens Peter Schmidt, Fabian Hübener - New Digital Markets Act

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Jens Peter Schmidt (ed.), Fabian Hübener (ed.)

New Digital Markets Act

2023

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Francesco Maria Salerno, Edoardo Ricci H. Private enforcement in Italy S. 149-153

„… bound not only by contractual obligations but also by those arising from all regulatory sources that …” „… obligations.JurisdictionWhere the plaintiff is a consumer, the rules of the Italian Consumer Code provide that the court of the …” „… addition, business and end users will be able to defend their rights by taking contractual action against …”

Pablo Figueroa, Jorge Masía, Ana Parés K. Private enforcement in Spain S. 171-175

„… cial contractual obligations, a Portuguese court will determine the law applicable based on Reg …” „… contractual obligations (Rome I); when it comes to extracontractual obligations, it is Reg. (EC) No 864/2007 …” „… tortious damage arising from non-contractual obligations (until the Spanish legislature transposes the …”

Annex: Digital Markets Act S. 177-254

„… obligations.The Commission should have discretion as to whether and when such further specification should be …” „… set of harmonised legal obligations should therefore be established at Union level to ensure …” „… not affect the obligations imposed on gatekeepers under this Regulation and their uniform and …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… obligations/dos and don’tsIf an undertaking has been designated as a gatekeeper, it is subject to specific …” „… obligations designed to ensure fair and open digital markets.This Practitioner’s Guide provides a …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I. 40Review options for, and obligations of, the European Commission …”

Gonçalo Machado Borges, Sofia Vaz Sampaio, Leonor Martins Machado J. Private enforcement in Portugal S. 165-171

„… 277278279280281282283cial contractual obligations, a Portuguese court will determine the law applicable based on Reg …” „… contractual obligations (Rome I); when it comes to extracontractual obligations, it is Reg. (EC) No 864/2007 …” „… tortious damage arising from non-contractual obligations (until the Spanish legislature transposes the …”

Henner Schläfke, Immo Schuler B. Basis for private enforcement of the DMA S. 116-125

„… being further specified or, in the event of circumvention, with all obligations’.B. Basis for private …” „… imposes obligations on them that serve to ensure the proper functioning of the internal market.6 In order …” „… to be able to make these obligations the subject of private enforcement, they must be directly …”

Index S. 255-260

„… requirements 10 43– grounds for annulment 10 44 et seq.– obligations of gatekeepers 10 45– right to …” „… et seqq.– burden of proof 13 225– claim vehicle 13 224 et seqq.– obligation to furnish facts …” „… 7 3Condemnatory relief 13 218 et seqq.– preliminary relief proceedings 13 220Conduct obligations …”

Henner Schläfke, Immo Schuler A. Private enforcement – a key implementation mechanism of the DMA S. 114-116

„… ) Obligations under Art. 5 DMA …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7b) Obligations under Art. 6 DMA …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9c) Obligations under Art. 7 DMA …”

Franck Audran, Elsa Mandel E. Private enforcement in France S. 128-135

„… 18 Brussels I Regulation). Accordingly, in contractual disputes, consumers can opt to bring …” „… considered to […] be unfair where: […] there is an imbalance between the rights and obligations of business …” „… PRCs to indirectly enforce obligations contained in the DMA, without its actual implementation into …”

Henner Schläfke, Immo Schuler C. Civil law claims under the DMA S. 125-127

„… – obligations can be identified here. Specifically, the DMA requires gatekeepers to provide access and use …” „… with regard to the use of data. Finally, various provisions also address the structuring of contractual …” „… relationships between gatekeepers and business users.These rights and obligations may in themselves already be …”

Juliane Mendelsohn, Oliver Budzinski Chapter 2 DMA: background, objectives, and its relationship to competition law S. 3-22

„… /digital-markets-act-obligations-big-tech-uk-dmu/> (last accessed: 12.7.2023); Caillaud/Jullien, ‘Chicken and Egg: Competition among …” „… through regulation that ensures, by way of interoperability obligations,8 that members of different …” „… digital ecosystems as gatekeepers. Obligations regarding interoperability and the prevention of …”

Henner Schläfke L. Conclusion and outlook S. 175-176

„… the review of contractual terms, often located in the respective Civil Codes or laws governing proper …” „… enforceable without a prior decision by the European Commission. In addition, the national court’s obligation …”

Henner Schläfke, Immo Schuler D. International jurisdiction S. 127-128

„… Brussels I Regulation (Art. 17 and 18 Brussels I Regulation). Accordingly, in contractual disputes …” „… obligations of business users and the gate1.a)69 Cf. Stadler in Musielak/Voit EuGVVO Art. 7 mn. 20b. On the …”

Henner Schläfke, Immo Schuler F. Private enforcement in Germany S. 135-145

„… required by the DMA in the context of contractual relationships – to the extent that a provision of the DMA …” „… obligations – a review on general terms and conditions, in particular pursuant to § 307(2) no. 1 BGB.Claims …” „… the obligations for gatekeepers set out in Art. 5 to 7 DMA give rise to corresponding rights.92 …”

Lucas Gasser, Jochen Hegener Chapter 6 Conduct obligations for gatekeepers (Art. 5–7 DMA) S. 41-58

„… CHAPTER 6CONDUCT OBLIGATIONS FOR GATEKEEPERS (ART. 5–7 DMA)Lucas Gasser/Jochen HegenerBibliography …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1B. Conduct obligations pursuant to Art. 5 DMA …” „… . Prohibition of the use of most-favoured nation clauses (Art. 5(3) DMA) . . . . 17IV. Obligation to allow …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748937067

ZfRV Zeitschrift für Europarecht, Int. Privatrecht und Rechtsvergleichung

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ZfRV Volume 64 (2023) Issue 6 ISSN Online: 2078-1059

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Olmos Giupponi The Regulation of the Data Economy S. 5-11

„… non-perfor-mance of contractual obligations or the liability of the partythat unilaterally imposed the term in case …” „… effect is to:▷ inappropriately limit the remedies in case of non-perfor-mance of contractual obligations …” „… user to the data holder or in accordancewith a legal obligation under Union law or national …”

doi.org/10.5771/2078-1059-2023-6

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