„… representative of any of the following political parties or candid‐ates contact you in person during the …” „… campaign?”“Did a representative of any of the following political parties contact youin any other way such as …” „… parties have long been committed to as a major tool in political campaigns. The U.S. has a tradition of …”

„… parties and their rep‐resentatives – e.g., candidates for political offices or the party leaders –provide …” „… meanstrong substantive effects.Education, political sophistication, cohesive policy signals279parties …” „… signals sent by the representatives of political parties inMarc Debus284the final weeks of an election …”

„… Meguid’s theory of competition between unequalparty types (Meguid 2005, 2008), mainstream parties should …” „… shifts–howgreen and radical right parties differ in their impact. British Journal of PoliticalScience, 46(2 …” „… parties’ policy positions: A regression discontinuity approach. BritishJournal of Political Science, 50(3 …”

„… competition and the sum of all parties’efforts to attract voters can lead to some political learning on the …” „… parties may be un‐fairly attacked, they will simplify some political issues, frame them in waysthat they …” „… always communicate the political contentof campaigns even if parties and candidates take distinct and …”

„… campaign.Among potential information channels, political parties can always becounted on to occupy the ground …” „… office; the effective number of competitive political parties; andthe degree of polarization.3.2.1 …” „… among the system’s core parties.4. Data and Estimation Strategy4.1 The rolling cross-sectionThe ideal …”

„… important for citizens to orient themselvesin the political world since they provide a baseline for …” „… therefore vary widely in theirestimates of public support and opposition across various political …” „… , inevit‐ably leads to different expectations about political outcomes in representat‐ive democracies. If …”

„… , political and economic problems: sharp inequality,poverty, corruption, recurrent violent civil unrest to …” „… ’ perception and support of democracyin emerging democracies highlights the problems of political culture …” „… consistency of political theorists (Held 2006; Saward 2003), butrarely capture the messiness of democratic …”

„… political competition, as parties try to “appropriate a deontologi‐cally positive word for itself, and to …” „… Vries et al. 2013, a.a.O.Comparing the concepts of solidarity of German political parties193Competition …” „… );among democratic political parties (7); the planet (5); artists (4); police (4);sexual minorities (4 …”

„… ): A Methodological Critique of Duverger's 'Political Parties'.In: Journal of Politics 21 (2), 238-318 …” „… Number of Parties. In: American Journal of Political Science 41 (1), 149-174.Amy, Douglas (2000): Behind …” „… , Russell J. (1985): Political Parties and Political Representation. Party Supportersand Party Elites in …”

„… . Political Globalization and the Competition State. In: STUBBS R. & UNDER- HILL, G.R. (eds.). Political …” „… . & WATTENBERG, M.P. 2002. Parties Without Partisans. Political Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies, Oxford …” „… Political Parties in Policy Space. A Reanalysis of Party Manifesto Data. Party Politics, 12, 163–188 …”

„… . (1983). A Theory of Competition among Pressure Groups for Political Influence. The Quarterly Journal of …” „… . (1977). Political Parties and Macroeconomic Policy. The American Political Science Review, 71 (4 …” „… . Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Hix, S. und Lord, C. (1997). Political Parties in the European Union …”