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Veronika Heid - Die Haftung bei Urheberrechtsverletzungen im Netz

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Veronika Heid

Die Haftung bei Urheberrechtsverletzungen im Netz

Series: Schriftenreihe des Archivs für Urheber- und Medienrecht

Volume 270 2013

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Server-Client-basierte Netzwerke S. 19-23

„… Netzwerkes zu erkennen geben muss.Server-Client-basierte NetzwerkeDer den P2P-Systemen gegenüberstehende …” „… Ansatz ist das so genannte Server-Client-Prinzip. Hier erfolgt die gesamte Kommunikation und damit auch …” „… zwischen den Nutzern – „Clients“ – auf der einen und einer zentralenStelle – dem „Server“ – auf der anderen …”

P2P-Netzwerke S. 17-19

„… Netzwerkes zu erkennen geben muss.Server-Client-basierte NetzwerkeDer den P2P-Systemen gegenüberstehende …” „… Ansatz ist das so genannte Server-Client-Prinzip. Hier erfolgt die gesamte Kommunikation und damit auch …” „… zwischen den Nutzern – „Clients“ – auf der einen und einer zentralenStelle – dem „Server“ – auf der anderen …”

Erstellung der digitalen Kopie S. 25-30

„… des Netzwerkes von dort aus anbieten zu können. Bei Server-Client-basierten Systemen muss zudem eine …” „… Zugriffsmöglichkeit auf den eigenen Rechner für alle anderen Beteiligten des Netzwerkes, bei Server-Client …”

Ausgangslage S. 151-156

„… unten.SharehosterAnders ist die Ausgangssituation bei den meisten Server-Client-basierten Systemen, da die Nutzer hier …” „… Tatsachengrundlagen als oftmals schwierig,vor allem wenn dieser sich Server-Client-basierter Strukturen bedient und …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… Datenaustausch im InternetA. 15Grundformen illegaler NutzungB. 17P2P-NetzwerkeI. 18Server-Client …”

Veröffentlichung S. 30-44

„… eigenen Rechner für alle anderen Beteiligten des Netzwerkes, bei Server-Client-basierten Systemen über die …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845245843

Matthias Lehmann, Christoph Kumpan - European Financial Services Law

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Matthias Lehmann (ed.), Christoph Kumpan (ed.)

European Financial Services Law

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2019

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Article 28 Client order handling rules S. 202-205

„… disclose appropriate information to their clients about their order execution policy which explains …” „… , clearly, in sufficient detail, and in a way that can be easily understood by clients, how orders will be …” „… executed by the investment firm for the relevant client (see Art 27(5)). Article 27(5) regulates the manner …”

Article 15 Execution of client orders S. 458-463

„… Execution of client orders 1. Systematic internalisers shall make public their quotes on a regular and …” „… clients in relation to the shares, depositary receipts, ETFs, certificates and other similar financial …” „… orders they receive from their professional clients at prices different than their quoted ones without …”

Article 24 General principles and information to clients S. 157-180

„… the balance between the interests of investment firms and their clients should be different only …” „… 24 General principles and information to clients 1. Member States shall require that, when providing …” „… investment services or, where appropriate, ancillary services to clients, an investment firm act honestly …”

Article 25 Assessment of suitability and appropriateness and reporting to clients S. 180-193

„… business within the body of MiFID II specify the duty to act in accordance with a client’s best interest …” „… appropriateness and reporting to clients 1. Member States shall require investment firms to ensure and demonstrate …” „… about financial instruments, investment services or ancillary services to clients on behalf of the …”

Article 42 Provision of services at the exclusive initiative of the client S. 242-246

„… – Article 24 MiFID (general principles and information to clients), – Article 25 MiFID (Assessment …” „… of suitability and appropriateness and reporting to clients), – Article 27 MiFID (Best execution …” „… ) – Article 28 (1) MiFID (a part of the client order handling rules) – Article 30 MiFID (Transactions executed …”

Article 27 Obligation to execute orders on terms most favourable to the client S. 195-202

„… service.2 Article 27 Obligation to execute orders on terms most favourable to the client 1. Member States …” „… possible result for their clients taking into account price, costs, speed, likelihood of execution and …” „… , where there is a specific instruction from the client the investment firm shall execute the order …”

Index S. 1785-1803

„… – client-serving transactions TD 9 29, 13 33 – contracts for difference TD 13 2, 17 et seq. – controlled …” „… 2 5 Client agreements MiFID II 25 24 Client clearing EMIR 5 Client order MAR 7 33 Client order …” „… threshold EMIR 10 4 – client clearing EMIR 36-39 5 – collateral requirements EMIR 50 11 – college of …”

Article 9 Notification of the acquisition or disposal of major holdings S. 1140-1148

„… so-called client-serving transactions, referring to financial instruments held when ‘fulfilling orders …” „… 13.50 In such transactions, the long position held (typically) by the bank or another client-serving …” „… holding shares in their own name, but on behalf of their clients; and holdings of depository receipts.13 …”

Article 13 S. 1163-1172

„… 9(4)-(6)).39 The exemption referred to in Article 9(6) even applies to client-serving transactions.40 …” „… , Article 6. For more detail on such client-serving transactions, see above, → Art 9 mn 29. 41 For details …” „… financial instruments held by a natural person or a legal entity fulfilling orders received from clients or …”

Chapter 2 Conduct of business rules S. 1637-1643

„… clearing members, and where relevant, to their clients, a CCP shall act fairly and professionally in …” „… accordance with the best interests of such clearing members and clients and sound risk management. 2. A CCP …” „… its clearing members. 3. Clearing members that clear transactions on behalf of their clients shall …”

Article 16 Organisational requirements S. 65-120

„… specified in Art 4 (1) CRR that do not hold client money on their own balance sheet, nor securities, and …” „… MiFID’s scope if they are neither market makers, do not deal on their own account when executing client …” „… interests of its clients. An investment firm which manufactures financial instruments for sale to clients …”

Article 30 Indirect clearing arrangements S. 513-517

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 4. Protection of indirect clients in case of default of the direct client . . . . . . . . 16 5 …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 I. General features Purpose The purpose of the provision is to ensure that the indirect client …” „… enjoys the same protection as a direct client. It also aims at avoiding that indirect clearing …”

Article 26 Provision of services through the medium of another investment firm S. 193-195

„… client whether the recommended services or instruments are likely to require the retail client to seek a …” „… , suitable for the client. It should contain the date and time of the day when the relevant advice was given …” „… made available to a client in a secured area of an investment firm’s website, so long as the client …”

Article 17 Algorithmic trading S. 120-134

„… context of contingent liability transactions or repos for non-retail clients. (8) While some securities …” „… financing transactions may require the transfer of title of clients’ assets, in that context investment …” „… .” Safeguarding client assets in exceptional cases (Art 16 (11) MiFID) If Member States believe that in addition …”

Article 23 Conflicts of interest S. 151-155

„… any person directly or indirectly linked to them by control and their clients or between one client …” „… adversely affecting the interest of its client are not sufficient to ensure, with reasonable confidence …” „… , that risks of damage to client interests will be prevented, the investment firm shall clearly disclose …”

Article 18 Obligation for systematic internalisers to make public firm quotes in respect of bonds, structured finance products, emission allowances and derivatives S. 465-471

„… internalisers to decide the clients to whom they give access to quotes. However, any decision must be made in an …” „… as the client credit status, counterparty risk and the final settlement of the transaction can be the …” „… transactions (Art 17(2) MiFIR) When a single client makes a large number of transactions, a systematic …”

Foreword to Articles 24 to 30 Foreword to Arts 24 to 30 S. 155-157

„… business across all client types and in respect of all services. Like the MiFID I Implementing Directive …” „… efficiency.2 Conduct that increases risk, or appears to, for clients may lead to loss of investor confidence3 …” „… particular the improved protection of professional clients and the product governance regime, is also a …”

Article 29 Obligations of investment firms when appointing tied agents S. 205-207

„… will be considered to be detrimental to a client if unfair precedence is given to the relevant …” „… investment firm or to any particular client.7 IV. Client limit orders (Art 28(2)) Article 28(2) introduces a …” „… . The rule requires firms to publicize such client limit orders, and aims to ensure that investment …”

Article 3 Optional exemptions S. 18-22

„… persons: (a) are not allowed to hold client funds or client securities and which for that reason are not …” „… allowed at any time to place themselves in debit with their clients; (b) are not allowed to provide any …” „… derivatives thereof for the sole purpose of hedging the commercial risks of their clients, where those clients …”

Article 30 Transactions executed with eligible counterparties S. 207-210

„… acting, and for what firm, to a client before the agent deals with that client (see paragraph 1 of Art …” „… territory to hold clients’ money and financial instruments within its territory, in accordance with the …” „… is not required to, allow a tied agent registered in its territory to hold a client’s money and …”

Article 17 Access to quotes S. 463-465

„… in an objective non-discriminatory way, the clients to whom they give access to their quotes. To that …” „… refuse to enter into or discontinue business relationships with clients on the basis of commercial …” „… considerations such as the client credit status, the counterparty risk and the final settlement of the …”

Chapter 3 Prudential requirements S. 1643-1653

„… sions to offer clients and indirect clients certainty that in the case of default by a clearing …” „… member or client providing clearing services, their assets are protected and can be transferred to other …” „… clearing members or clients that provide indirect clearing services. A new paragraph should be added to …”

Article 4 Definitions S. 22-34

„… of Annex I; (4) ‘investment advice’ means the provision of personal recommendations to a client …” „… transactions relating to financial instruments; (5) ‘execution of orders on behalf of clients’ means acting to …” „… conclude agreements to buy or sell one or more financial instruments on behalf of clients and includes the …”

Article 20 Specific requirements for OTFs S. 145-149

„… and a market operator operating an OTF establishes arrangements preventing the execution of client …” „… derivatives only where the client has consented to the process. An investment firm or market operator …” „… operating an OTF shall not use matched principal trading to execute client orders in an OTF in derivatives …”

Article 46 General provisions S. 560-566

„… clients within the meaning of Section I of Annex II to Directive 2014/65/EU established throughout the …” „… services to eligible counterparties and professional clients within the meaning of Section I of Annex II to …” „… . Third-country firms providing services in accordance with this Article shall inform clients established in the …”

Article 58 Position reporting by categories of position holders S. 334-339

„… participants and the clients thereof, on that trading venue, at least on a daily basis. The obligation laid …” „… equivalent OTC contracts, as well as of those of their clients and the clients of those clients until the end …” „… client is reached, in accordance with Article 26 of Regulation (EU) No 600/2014 and, where applicable, of …”

Article 13 S. 1073-1081

„… provision of a personal recommendation such as buy, sell or hold given to a client in respect of one or more …” „… representative and the party represented belong to different client groups. If a retail client is represented by …” „… a professional client, as defined in the MiFID II,21 there is no consensus as to whether a PRIIP for …”

Article 15 Initial capital endowment S. 64-65

„… investment firms that do not hold client assets (see → Art 29 et seq.). In such cases, the client assets are …” „… not hold client assets where the assets are held by scheme members should be considered. Article 15 …” „… client money tend to be treated by EU law similar to credit institutions and are subject to most of the …”

Chapter 1 Organisational requirements S. 1628-1637

„… that board shall be independent. Representatives of the clients of clearing members shall be invited to …” „… members, independent members of the board and representatives of its clients. The risk committee may …” „… clients known to the CCP. It shall maintain and implement adequate procedures aiming at resolving possible …”

Article 9 Management body S. 43-50

„… in a manner that promotes the integrity of the market and the interest of clients. Without prejudice …” „… characteristics and needs of the clients of the firm to whom they will be offered or provided, including carrying …” „… the provision of services to clients aiming to encourage responsible business conduct, fair treatment …”

Article 19 Specific requirements for MTFs S. 142-145

„… obligations of Arts 24, 25, 27(1), (2), (4) through (10) and 28 MiFID II, regarding the market-client duties …” „… with the obligations provided for in Articles 24, 25, 27 and 28 with respect to their clients when …” „… , acting on behalf of their clients, they execute their orders through the systems of an MTF. 5. Member …”

Article 21 Regular review of conditions for initial authorisation S. 149-151

„… client’s order, and may exercise judgement as to the decision.22 More specifically, an OTF operator may …” „… level, an OTF operator must comply with the clients’ specific instructions or its best execution policy …” „… . However, complying with instructions of a client and acting in accordance with best execution policies …”

Article 41 Granting of the authorisation S. 240-242

„… principles and information to clients), – Article 25 MiFID (Assessment of suitability and appropriateness and …” „… reporting to clients), – Article 27 MiFID (Best execution) – Article 28 (1) MiFID (a part of the client …” „… to clients adopted by Member States, in exceptional cases, subject to Article 24(12) MiFID. From the …”

Article 16 Obligations of competent authorities S. 463

„… in an objective non-discriminatory way, the clients to whom they give access to their quotes. To that …” „… refuse to enter into or discontinue business relationships with clients on the basis of commercial …” „… considerations such as the client credit status, the counterparty risk and the final settlement of the …”

Article 8 Withdrawal of authorisations S. 41-43

„… services. No business indicates there are no clients and – for the most part – no experience on the side of …” „… the firm and its organisation. Further, if a firm has no clients it can be rationally expected to get …” „… for the clients, a withdrawal is not justified if the irregularity is settled; for instance, the firm …”

Article 24 Obligation to uphold integrity of markets S. 492-494

„… transmits an order placed by a client in the EU to an execution venue or a foreign broker outside of the EU …” „… execution for clients. However, a narrow interpretation of “undertake” that allows the arranger model may …” „… in shares also affects matched principal trading.49 When an investment firm in the EU gets a client …”

Article 34 Freedom to provide investment services and activities S. 222-227

„… allowed to provide direct and remote services to their clients. The European passport not only includes …” „… the client contact itself, but also the arrangements for contacting clients (such as websites, mail …” „… ) MiFID is not restricted to services and activities performed to certain client types. All client types …”

Article 43 Withdrawal of authorisations S. 246-247

„… allows sales to clients of new products (without marketing) but prohibits marketing (as communication …” „… only client-directed activities are excluded from the passive freedom to provide services: “Where a …” „… third-country firm solicits clients or potential clients in the Union or promotes or advertises investment …”

Article 66 Organisational requirements S. 351-357

„… arrangements designed to prevent conflicts of interest with its clients. In particular, an ARM that is also a …” „… can also impact the contractual duties that the data reporting service provider owes its clients. This …” „… standard for obligations under the contract with their clients.1 They may thus also have private law …”

Article 13 Remuneration S. 1489-1492

„… referred to in point (a) of Article 6(4) shall: (a) not be permitted to invest all or part of the client’s …” „… client; (b) with regard to the services referred to in Article 6(4), be subject to Directive 97/9/EC of …” „… specific conflict of interest by prohibiting such AIFM from investing a client’s portfolio in units or …”

Article 12 General principles S. 1488-1489

„… in point (a) of Article 6(4) shall: (a) not be permitted to invest all or part of the client’s …” „… client; (b) with regard to the services referred to in Article 6(4), be subject to Directive 97/9/EC of …” „… specific conflict of interest by prohibiting such AIFM from investing a client’s portfolio in units or …”

Commentary on Articles 40 and 41 Art. 40, 41 S. 545-549

„… the relation to the type of client to whom it is marketed and sold; (b) the size or the notional value …” „… appropriateness or suitability for the client are properly explored at the level of the distributor. Therefore …” „… authority can also adopt a restriction, e.g., the limitation to sales up to a certain amount per client or …”

Article 7 Inside information S. 673-692

„… , it also means information conveyed by a client and relating to the client’s pending orders in …” „… ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 4. Client orders, Art 7(1)(d …” „… information about pending orders given by a client to a broker or other intermediary charged with the …”

Article 2 Exemptions S. 10-18

„… algorithmic trading technique; or (iv) deal on own account when executing client orders; Persons exempt under …” „… emission allowances, do not execute client orders and who do not provide any investment services or perform …” „… account when executing client orders; or (ii) providing investment services, other than dealing on own …”

Article 25 Obligation to maintain records S. 494-495

„… provision is modelled, adds that investment firms must also act “in the best interest of their clients …” „… best interests of the client.3 The formula “integrity of the market” is very wide. It functions as a …” „… client. In the case of transactions carried out on behalf of clients, the records shall contain all the …”

Article 22 General obligation in respect of on-going supervision S. 151

„… any person directly or indirectly linked to them by control and their clients or between one client …” „… adversely affecting the interest of its client are not sufficient to ensure, with reasonable confidence …” „… , that risks of damage to client interests will be prevented, the investment firm shall clearly disclose …”

Article 12 Prudential regulation S. 1334-1336

„… structured and organised in such a way as to minimise the risk of UCITS’ or clients’ interests being …” „… prejudiced by conflicts of interest between the company and its clients, between two of its clients, between …” „… one of its clients and a UCITS, or between two UCITS. 2. Each management company the authorisation of …”

Article 20 Post-trade disclosure by investment firms, including systematic internalisers, in respect of shares, depositary receipts, ETFs, certificates and other similar financial instruments S. 472-478

„… which a firm shall enter into transactions with any other client to whom the quote is made available …” „… instruments 1. Investment firms which, either on own account or on behalf of clients, conclude transactions in …” „… features Purpose Competition between trading venues which execute client orders results in fragmentation of …”

Article 1 Subject matter and scope S. 392-396

„… for systematic internalisers that allow their clients to trade against their (the systematic …” „… of clients’ means execution on behalf of clients as defined in Article 4(1)(5) of Directive 2014/65 …” „… 2014/65/EU; (7) ‘client’ means a client as defined in Article 4(1)(9) of Directive 2014/65/EU; (8 …”

Article 6 Inciting, aiding and abetting, and attempt S. 629-637

„… emission allowances or auctioned products based on emission allowances7 and pending orders of clients of …” „… of their business and in accordance with client instructions, or where the transaction was carried …” „… discussed controversially in the literature whether a broker who executes a client order in the knowledge …”

Introduction to Title VIII Intro Title VIII S. 558-560

„… concentrated in the hands of ESMA; further, it requires the Third Country investment firm to inform clients …” „… services to eligible counterparties and to professional clients within the meaning of Section I of Annex II …” „… activities together with ancillary services to eligible counterparties and professional clients within the …”

Article 26 Obligation to report transactions S. 495-498

„… 495 tion, the transaction prices, a designation to identify the clients on whose behalf the investment …” „… Regulation in accordance with paragraphs 1 and 3. (6) In reporting the designation to identify the clients as …” „… identify clients that are legal persons. ESMA shall develop by 3 January 2016 guidelines in accordance with …”

Article 51 Interoperability arrangements S. 1653

„… Problem: What is the requirement on a CCP for portability of client assets in a member default …” „… clients of the defaulted clearing member if the conditions provided under Article 48 are met. Otherwise …” „… returned to the clients when they become known to the CCP or, if unknown, to the clearing member for the …”

Chapter 4 Calculations and reporting for the purposes of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 S. 1653

„… Problem: What is the requirement on a CCP for portability of client assets in a member default …” „… clients of the defaulted clearing member if the conditions provided under Article 48 are met. Otherwise …” „… returned to the clients when they become known to the CCP or, if unknown, to the clearing member for the …”

Article 81 Availability of key investor information S. 1423-1425

„… information to their clients or potential clients. 3. Key investor information shall be provided to investors …” „… the complexity of the product and the sales history of the respective client, the key investor …” „… required to distribute the key investor information to their clients. Art 80(3) of UCITSD prohibits …”

Article 13 Obligation to make pre-trade and post-trade data available on a reasonable commercial basis S. 451-454

„… equivalent to the term “clients” as used in Arts 4(1)(10) and (11) MiFID II. There appears to be no reason …” „… elsewhere. Article 19(2)(c) of the Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2017/567 distinguishes among clients …” „… on the basis of “whether the client is a retail client, a professional client or an eligible …”

Article 39 Establishment of a branch S. 237-239

„… investment activities with or without any ancillary services to retail clients or to professional clients …” „… retail clients and clients who have been upgraded to professionals on their request (cf. Section II of …” „… bear them only under the condition that the expected client base or turnover in the Member State is …”

Article 35 Establishment of a branch S. 227-233

„… system as well as clients of financial services providers. Recitals Recitals 2, 7, 58, 90 MiFID …” „… compliance with certain obligations most of which relate to clients which can be expected to be located in …” „… information to clients), – Article 25 MiFID (assessment of suitability and appropriateness and reporting to …”

Article 53 Access to a regulated market S. 308-312

„… with respect to their clients when they, acting on behalf of their clients, execute their orders on a …” „… (best execution) and 28 (order handling) MiFID II.12 However, with respect to their clients, the …” „… obligations apply when a member or participant acts on behalf of a client and executes a client-order on a …”

Article 52 Risk management S. 1653-1654

„… Problem: What is the requirement on a CCP for portability of client assets in a member default …” „… clients of the defaulted clearing member if the conditions provided under Article 48 are met. Otherwise …” „… returned to the clients when they become known to the CCP or, if unknown, to the clearing member for the …”

Article 80 Use of key investor information documents when directly and indirectly marketing UCITS S. 1422-1423

„… advising investors on potential investments in UCITS, provide key investor information to their clients or …” „… potential clients. 3. Key investor information shall be provided to investors free of charge. I. Purpose …” „… sales history of the respective client, the key investor information shall be at least available at a …”

Article 12 Procedures on the notification and disclosure of major holdings S. 1156-1163

„… Articles 9 and 10 with the holdings which such investment firm manages on a client-by-client basis within …” „… ‘client-by-client basis’.28 This requires, however, that the investment firm only exercises the voting rights under …” „… portfolios in accordance with mandates given by clients on a discretionary client-by-client basis where such …”

Article 2 Definitions S. 396-403

„… Directive 2014/65/EU; (4) ‘execution of orders on behalf of clients’ means execution on behalf of clients as …” „… defined in Article 4(1)(7) of Directive 2014/65/EU; (7) ‘client’ means a client as defined in Article …” „… 4(1)(9) of Directive 2014/65/EU; (8) ‘professional client’ means a professional client as defined in …”

Article 3 Intragroup transactions S. 1579-1584

„… different actors: CCPs, clearing members and member clients. The CCP is a legal entity that is interposed …” „… its rules if the CCP becomes insolvent. The member client is an undertaking that has a contractual …” „… Article 2(14) EMIR. Member clients may have clients themselves to which they provide so-called indirect …”

Article 19 Monitoring by ESMA S. 471-472

„… enter into with the same client under the terms of a given quote as long as the established limits are …” „… at which quotes are made available to clients of the investment firm and to other market participants …” „… which a firm shall enter into transactions with any other client to whom the quote is made available …”

Article 1 S. 1033-1036

„… 141-176 (2015) (https://ssrn.com/abstract=2732522); Schaeken W G, ‘Client Protection on European Financial …” „… Markets – From Inform Your Client to Know Your Product and Beyond: An Assessment of the PRIIPs Regulation …” „… civil law liability if a PRIIP is distributed to both EU retail clients and third-country retail clients …”

Article 14 Membership of an authorised investor compensation scheme S. 63-64

„… , however, why the same rationale does not apply to investment firms that do not hold client assets (see …” „… → Art 29 et seq.). In such cases, the client assets are held by credit institutions or other investment …” „… deposits mutatis mutandis to investment firms that do not hold client assets where the assets are held by …”

Article 11 Notification of acquisitions and disposals of qualifying holdings S. 53-58

„… status of a subsidiary (cf. Art 4(1)(33) MiFID). Shares acquired on behalf of clients (including …” „… clients, not the acquirer, regardless of the legal nature of the acquisition (for instance, some firms may …” „… provide portfolio administration for clients on a per commission basis where the formal acquirer is the …”

Article 14 Obligation for systematic internalisers to make public firm quotes in respect of shares, depositary receipts, ETFs, certificates and other similar financial instruments S. 454-458

„… internalisers shall disclose quotes to their clients upon request. 2. This Article and Articles 15, 16 and 17 …” „… best deal for their clients, ESMA shall develop draft regulatory technical standards to specify further …” „… which there is a liquid market.5 They should disclose quotes to their clients upon request if there is …”

Article 1 Scope S. 6-10

„… institutions authorised under Directive 2013/36/EU when selling or advising clients in relation to structured …” „… account when executing client orders outside a regulated market, an MTF or an OTF shall operate in …” „… ancillary services or when they are selling or advising clients in relation to structured products4, they …”

Article 48 Systems resilience, circuit breakers and electronic trading S. 268-292

„… Pursuant to Art 47(2) MiFID II,16 market operators are not allowed to execute client orders against their …” „… their clients; market operators must be neutral.17 Furthermore, market operators are forbidden to engage …” „… access by a member or participant to a client in the case of non-compliance with this paragraph. 8 …”

Article 18 Trading process and finalisation of transactions in an MTF and an OTF S. 134-142

„… Regulation 2017/589 Topic Content out the consequences for clearing clients that do not comply with …” „… clients appropriate trading and position limits to mitigate and manage its own counterparty, liquidity …” „… , operational and other risks. 2. A clearing firm shall monitor its clearing clients’ positions against the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 General principles and information to clients …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 24 157 Assessment of suitability and appropriateness and reporting to clients …” „… . . . . . . . . . . .Article 26 193 IX Obligation to execute orders on terms most favourable to the client …”

Article 8 Insider dealing S. 692-705

„… the client’s order is more likely to be inside information, the more defined these characteristics …” „… timing,117 and the client’s identity.118 Article 8 Insider dealing 1. For the purposes of this Regulation …” „… more likely, the quicker the client wants the order to be executed. The execution timing is also …”

Article 57 Position limits and position management controls in commodity derivatives S. 317-334

„… by all persons, including the members or participants and the clients thereof, on that trading venue …” „… venue and economically equivalent OTC contracts, as well as of those of their clients and the clients of …” „… those clients until the end client is reached, in accordance with Article 26 of Regulation (EU) No …”

Article 23 Trading obligation for investment firms S. 487-492

„… matching system which executes client orders in shares, depositary receipts, ETFs, certificates and other …” „… matching system which executes client orders in shares, depositary receipts, ETFs, certificates and other …” „… transmits an order placed by a client in the EU to an execution venue or a foreign broker outside of the EU …”

Article 11 General and periodic disclosures S. 1280-1281

„… annually, every 31 March, a list of fees charged to each client for its ratings and ancillary services, its …” „… pricing policy, a list of clients that have disproportionately contributed to the growth of the agency’s …” „… revenue (that is, fees of a certain size derived from a single client which have a growth rate at least …”

Article 21 Post-trade disclosure by investment firms, including systematic internalisers, in respect of bonds, structured finance products, emission allowances and derivatives S. 478-482

„… and derivatives 1. Investment firms which, either on own account or on behalf of clients, conclude …” „… client orders results in fragmentation of the market to execute orders. Fragmentation means that …” „… are transactions where an investment firm passes a client trade to, or receives a client trade from …”

Article 1 Purpose and scope S. 951-958

„… ) “professional client” and “eligible counterparty” in MiFID – is alignment needed? (November 2008) 10 …” „… professional clients in accordance with Annex II to Directive 2004/39/EC, or recognised as eligible …” „… treated as non-professional clients. Investment firms and credit institutions shall communicate their …”

Article 4 S. 1039-1046

„… ) ‘retail investor’ means: (a) a retail client as defined in point (11) of Article 4 (1) of Directive …” „… qualify as a professional client as defined in point (10) of Article 4(1) of Directive 2014/65/EU; (7 …” „… predominantly used by retail clients for hedging purposes, the term ‘investment’ is interpreted very broadly. As …”

Article 11 a European rating platform S. 1281-1283

„… fees charged to each client for its ratings and ancillary services, its pricing policy, a list of …” „… clients that have disproportionately contributed to the growth of the agency’s revenue (that is, fees of a …” „… certain size derived from a single client which have a growth rate at least 1.5 times that of the growth …”

Article 40 ESMA temporary intervention powers S. 542-544

„… marketed, distributed or sold to clients. (3) When taking action under this Article, ESMA shall ensure that …” „… of client to whom it is marketed and sold; (b) the size or the notional value of an issuance of …” „… deposit has been marketed, distributed or sold to clients. (3) When taking action under this Article, EBA …”

Article 2 S. 1036-1038

„… might face potential civil law liability if a PRIIP is distributed to both EU retail clients and …” „… third-country retail clients because of the different treatment of clients. Such risk could be addressed by …”

Article 47 Equivalence decision S. 566-571

„… counterparties and professional clients within the meaning of Section I of Annex II to Directive 2014/65/EU in …” „… EU/EEA clients. For that reason, Art 47 MiFIR and Art 39 to 41 MiFID enable the cross-border provision of …” „… clients (cf. Section I of Annex II to Directive 2014/65/EU) in all EU/EEA countries. For that purpose, the …”

Article 2 Definitions S. 958-965

„… clients in accordance with Annex II to Directive 2004/39/EC, or recognised as eligible counterparties in …” „… non-professional clients. Investment firms and credit institutions shall communicate their classification on …” „… authorised to continue considering existing professional clients as such in accordance with Article 71(6) of …”

Article 4 Clearing obligation S. 1584-1588

„… clearing member, a client, or shall establish indirect clearing arrangements with a clearing member …” „… direct arrangement with the CCP – through a clearing member or a client as defined under Article (2)(14 …” „… ) the obligations of the clearing members and (iv) the obligations of the clients. DLT could support …”

Article 24 Competent authorities and their powers S. 1204-1208

„… clients on a discretionary client-by-client basis where such portfolios include one or more financial …”

Foreword: The new transparency regime under MiFIR S. 389-392

„… implementation of the MiFID I of 20041, the rising competition to execute client orders among trading venues …” „… clients always trade with the system operator) of shares had to publish firm quotes in those shares …” „… clients to trade against their (the systematic internalisers’) own books (bilateral trading) applied …”

Article 33 Addressees S. 1032-1033

„… 141-176 (2015) (https://ssrn.com/abstract=2732522); Schaeken W G, ‘Client Protection on European Financial …” „… Markets – From Inform Your Client to Know Your Product and Beyond: An Assessment of the PRIIPs Regulation …”

Article 23 Third countries S. 1200-1204

„… management’ means managing portfolios in accordance with mandates given by clients on a discretionary …” „… client-by-client basis where such portfolios include one or more financial instruments. See Directive 2014/65/EU …”

Commentary on Articles 25-27 Art. 25-27 S. 499-503

„… carried out the transaction on behalf of a client or for its own account (Art 25(1)1 MiFIR). This allows …” „… transaction prices – the identity of the client – the persons and the computer algorithms within the …” „… regard to transactions concluded on behalf of a client, the investment firm must in addition store the …”

Article 20 Investment recommendations and statistics S. 824-833

„… when it is intended or expected to be distributed to clients or to a specific segment of clients …” „… investment service or investment advice). No minimum number of clients is required, in contrast to US rules …” „… within the scope of Art 20 when they are disseminated to more than one client.30 III. Obligations …”

Introduction S. 644-650

„… Carsten Gerner-Beuerle 3 torney-client, doctor-patient, or tax adviser-client.17 Family relationships may …” „… delay the disclosure of inside information, when information relating to a client’s pending orders …”

Introduction to Chapter IV S. 236-237

„… retail clients or to professional clients within the meaning of Section II of Annex II in its territory …”

Article 47 Organisational requirements S. 264-268

„… States shall not allow market operators to execute client orders against proprietary capital, or to …” „… .15 Pursuant to Art 47(2) MiFID II,16 market operators are not allowed to execute client orders …” „… market operators and their clients; market operators must be neutral.17 Furthermore, market operators are …”

Article 6 Authorisation requirement for management company S. 1327-1328

„… investors on a discretionary, client-by-client basis, where such portfolios include one or more of the …”

Article 41 EBA temporary intervention powers S. 544-545

„… been marketed, distributed or sold to clients. (3) When taking action under this Article, EBA shall …” „… to the type of client to whom it is marketed and sold; (b) the size or the notional value of an …”

Introduction S. 1563-1574

„… ’ (2017), 17 Journal of Corporate Law Studies 291; Braithwaite J, ‘The dilemma of client clearing in the …” „… OTC derivatives markets’ (2016) 17 EBOLR 355; Braithwaite J, ‘Legal Perspectives on Client Clearing …” „… has the potential to make client clearing services too costly for them to offer. Regarding pension …”

Article 5 Determination of the AIFM S. 1477-1478

„… Directive 2003/41/EC, in accordance with mandates given by investors on a discretionary, client-by-client …”

Article 5 Clearing obligation procedure S. 1588-1593

„… ) the obligations of the clearing members and (iv) the obligations of the clients. DLT could support …” „… clearing arrangements, namely client clearing and indirect client clearing. The Commission has postponed …”

Article 14 Conflicts of interest S. 1492-1493

„… or the investors in that AIF; (c) the AIF or the investors in that AIF, and another client of the …” „… that UCITS; or (e) two clients of the AIFM. AIFMs shall maintain and operate effective organisational …”

Article 4 Waivers for equity instruments S. 408-417

„… trading venue involved in the transaction are dealing on their own account or on behalf of a client,37 or …” „… one member/participant acts on behalf of the buyer and the seller or is dealing against a client order …” „… acting on behalf of client, (ii) both parties are dealing on own account, or (iii) both parties are …”

Article 5 Authorisation requirement for the fund S. 1325-1327

„… pension funds, in accordance with mandates given by investors on a discretionary, client-by-client basis …”

Article 31 Portfolio compression S. 517-519

„… clearing members and clients providing such services.29 Article 31 Portfolio compression (1) When providing …” „… procedure as well as the legal effects.8 This agreement must be preceded by information of the clients and …”

Article 4 Definitions S. 1471-1477

„… behalf of such non-EU AIFM vis-à-vis the authorities, clients, bodies and counterparties to the non-EU …” „… considered to be a professional client or may, on request, be treated as a professional client within the …”

Article 1 Subject matter and scope S. 1574-1576

„… cash from their clients, which are then passed on to CCPs to facilitate the access to clearing while …” „… diminishing the capital required to offer client or indirect clearing services. TITLE I SUBJECT MATTER, SCOPE …”

Article 6 Conditions for taking up activities as AIFM S. 1478-1480

„… given by investors on a discretionary, client-by-client basis; (b) non-core services comprising: (i …”

Article 2 Scope S. 1234-1236

„… to be forwarded to subscribers, but are delivered to only one client as the result of a single order …” „… disclosure to any client of an institution which ordered a rating. The exclusion of private ratings from the …”

Article 5 S. 1046-1048

„… is in the form of trading on their own account at a fixed price or executing orders for clients on …” „… clients. ‘to retail investors’ If a product is not intended to be made available to retail investors, a …”

Article 22 a Delegation by depositary S. 1357-1359

„… clients of the depositary from its own assets and from the assets of the depositary in such a way that …” „… they can, at any time, be clearly identified as belonging to clients of a particular depositary; (d …”

Article 43 Marketing of AIFs by AIFMs to retail investors S. 1561-1563

„… Corporate Law Studies 291; Braithwaite J, ‘The dilemma of client clearing in the OTC derivatives markets …” „… ’ (2016) 17 EBOLR 355; Braithwaite J, ‘Legal Perspectives on Client Clearing’ (2015) LSE Law, Society and …”

Article 7 Rating analysts, employees and other persons involved in the issuing of credit ratings S. 1261-1263

„… participate in negotiations with a client about fees and payments.2 Relatedly, it is prohibited to make the …” „… from a client or third party.3 Annex I, Section C No 2(b) and (c) prohibit conflicts or situations …”

Article 6 S. 1048-1051

„… respect of information provided by an investment firm to clients or potential clients falling in the scope …”

Article 7 Procedures for granting and refusing requests for authorisation S. 38-41

„… there are no clients and – for the most part – no experience on the side of the firm and its …” „… organisation. Further, if a firm has no clients it can be rationally expected to get into financial …”

Article 21 Depositary S. 1504-1512

„… of clients in accordance with point (1) of Section B of Annex I to Directive 2004/39/EC; such …” „… ) the third party segregates the assets of the depositary’s clients from its own assets and from the …” „… Christian Schmies 1507 they can at any time be clearly identified as belonging to clients of a particular …”

Article 25 Recognition of a third-country CCP S. 1623-1628

„… services to clearing members or clients established in the Union; (d) the procedures concerning the …” „… services to clients established in the EU through a clearing member established in a third country.1 Level …”

Article 3 Obligation to publish a prospectus S. 965-969

„… professional clients prepared by investment firms in accordance with the MiFID’s classification of clients …”

Article 22 Mandatory depositary; appointment and duties of depositary S. 1353-1357

„… the investor, as asset separation rules seek to reduce the manager’s access to the client’s monies and …”

Article 42 Product intervention by competent authorities S. 549-554

„… been marketed, distributed or sold to clients. A prohibition or restriction may apply in circumstances …” „… type of client to whom it is marketed, distributed and sold; (b) the degree of innovation of a …”

Commentary to Articles 35-37 Art. 35-37 S. 532-537

„… , although it provided the same service swiftly to other clients. Allegedly, Clearstream also had applied …” „… clearing services is made by the clients, which are protected under Art 37 MiFID II and implementing Member …”

Article 2 Definitions S. 883-888

„… fulfilling orders initiated by clients or in response to clients’ requests to trade; (iii) by hedging …”

Article 2 Definitions S. 1317-1323

„… ) No 583/2010.2 Client. In accordance with the first pargraph of Art 3 of Commission Directive 2010/43 …” „… /EU, list number 1, ‘client’ means any natural or legal person, or any other undertaking, including a …”

Article 70 Sanctions for infringements S. 362-368

„… being a member of or participant in regulated markets or MTFs or any client of OTFs; (f) in the case of …” „… participation, in regulated markets, MTFs or from being a client of OTFs (point (e)). This power differs from …”

Article 63 Requirements for the management body of a data reporting services provider S. 341-347

„… integrity of the market and the interest of its clients. Title V Data reporting services Art. 63 MiFID II …” „… the adequate consideration of the interest of its clients and the integrity of the market …”

Article 13 Accepted market practices S. 756-767

„… the beneficiary and the clients of the person performing the AMP.33 Of crucial importance is the …” „… dedicated to the performance of the AMP are clearly identified as either client assets or the person’s own …” „… institution and are not influenced by orders to trade received from clients, portfolio management or …”

Article 17 Exemption for market making activities and primary market operations S. 924-929

„… of comparable size and at competitive prices; (ii) fulfilling orders initiated by clients or in …” „… response to clients’ 2. 3. 2 Art 17(2) SSR originally referred to Directive 2004/39/EC of 21 April 2004 on …”

Article 10 Acquisition or disposal of major proportions of voting rights S. 1148-1155

„… empowered to exercise the voting rights on behalf of its clients. Even if such an institution needs to take …” „… into account their clients’ interest when voting does not change their principally own discretion in …”

Article 16 Prevention and detection of market abuse S. 772-778

„… account of a client and on own account.4 Level 2 and 3 measures Pursuant to Art 16(5), ESMA has developed …” „… , stressing that where a client uses more than one broker, each broker is ‘unable to see the full trading …”

Article 9 Legitimate behaviour S. 705-711

„… makes use of the knowledge that a client order is pending by dealing for its own account (‘front-running …” „… protect a broker who receives a discretionary client order, since the knowledge of inside information may …”

Article 62 Withdrawal of authorisations S. 341

„… integrity of the market and the interest of its clients. Title V Data reporting services Art. 63 MiFID II …”

Article 105 Implementing legislation S. 1457-1458

„… prudential supervision of UCITS and to protect UCITS’ clients.1 1 Cf. UCITSD IV, Recital 80. Art. 106 UCITSD …”

Article 106 Reporting of auditors to competent authorities S. 1458-1459

„… ’ clients.1 1 Cf. UCITSD IV, Recital 80. Art. 106 UCITSD 4. Funds 1458 Dirk Zetzsche and Dominik Nast 3 1 …”

Article 36 Access to regulated markets Christoph Kumpan and Ronny Grütze S. 233-234

„… other Member States which are authorised to execute client orders or to deal on own account have the …”

Article 99 e Reporting of penalties to ESMA S. 1447-1448

„… clients and service providers. To a certain extent, Art 99e(2) of UCITSD contradicts the objective of Art …”

Article 27 Obligation to supply financial instrument reference data S. 498-499

„… ignation to identify the clients in the transaction reports they are required to establish pursuant …”

Article 61 Procedures for granting and refusing requests for authorisation S. 340-341

„… manner that promotes the integrity of the market and the interest of its clients. Title V Data …”

Article 100 Consumer complaints and alternative dispute resolution S. 1448-1449

„… sends a warning notice to the other competent authorities and protects potential clients and service …”

Article 61 Request for information S. 1661-1662

„… duly authorised to act may supply the information on behalf of their clients. The latter shall remain …”

Article 13 Delegation S. 1336-1337

„… receives prior general approval from the client. This rule shall prevent conflict of interest. On the other …”

Article 55 Provisions regarding CCP and clearing and settlement arrangements S. 315-316

„… running behaviours of participants or members, i.e. trading for their own account ahead of their clients …”

Article 62 General investigations S. 1662-1663

„… may supply the information on behalf of their clients. The latter shall remain fully responsible if …”

Article 49 Withdrawal of registration S. 572-574

„… Dirk Zetzsche 1 2 3 with European clients, ESMA can revoke the license. The third reason for revoking …”

Article 8 Access to a trading venue S. 1594-1596

„… transactions for one trading venue, but not for others. This has negative effects regarding costs and client …”

Article 16 Additional information S. 1177-1179

„… effective by Implementation Act in the Netherlands, Client Briefing (February 2016). 4 For an overview, see …”

Article 64 Organisational requirements S. 347-349

„… conflicts of interest with its clients. In particular, an APA who is also a market operator or investment …”

Article 20 Delegation S. 1502-1504

„… service of safe-keeping and administration of financial instruments for the account of clients in …”

Article 25 Professional secrecy and cooperation between Member States S. 1208-1210

„… disclose information concerning their clients under Article 24.2 According to Article 25(3), the obligation …”

Article 88 Exchange of information with third countries S. 387-389

„… implementation of the MiFID I of 20041, the rising competition to execute client orders among trading venues …”

Article 5 Requirement for authorisation S. 35-37

„… place of the clients does not matter since the European passport is open to cross-border business …”

Article 65 Organisational requirements S. 349-351

„… arrangements designed to prevent conflicts of interest with its clients. In particular, an ARM that is also a …”

Article 2 Definitions S. 1576-1578

„… the financial obligations arising from that participation; (15) ‘client’ means an undertaking with a …”

Article 12 Market manipulation S. 730-756

„… schemes, under which securities are bought by the intermediary on credit for the account of one client and …” „… rolled over to other clients at or before the settlement date, constitute market manipulation if the …” „… . The matching of the orders of a broker’s clients (also called a ‘cross trade’),58 of itself, is not a …”

Article 12 Assessment procedures S. 58-61

„… running the firm and their clients. For this reason, the NCA may fix a maximum period for “concluding” the …”

Article 10 Disclosure and presentation of credit ratings S. 1277-1280

„… disadvantage because clients are unlikely to pay for a subscription to obtain ratings which must be made …”

Article 6 b Maximum duration of the contractual relationship with a credit rating agency S. 1258-1261

„… small rating agencies to establish themselves in a market by keeping clients. At the same time, the 4 …”

Article 54 Monitoring of compliance with the rules of the regulated market and with other legal obligations S. 312-315

„… account ahead of their clients.17 With regard to front running, an operator must use order book data that …”

Article 10 Shareholders and members with qualifying holdings S. 50-53

„… makes it impossible to access the clients’ assets without consent by an independent third party (for …”

Article 9 S. 1702-1706

„… intermediaries, e.g. by banks, who hold the interests in such financial instruments for their clients.5 It is …”

Article 9 Conflict of laws S. 1739-1743

„… for investor B. The Bank has a subsidiary in Outlandia where B is a client and from which B receives …”

Article 32 Trading obligation procedure S. 519-524

„… legal effects.8 This agreement must be preceded by information of the clients and include the full set …”

Article 6 Independence and avoidance of conflicts of interest S. 1252-1257

„… , rating agencies must disclose the names of major clients (those generating more than 5% of the 7 Berger …”

Article 22 Providing information for the purposes of transparency and other calculations S. 482-487

„… matching system which executes client orders in shares, depositary receipts, ETFs, certificates and other …”

Article 8 S. 1054-1063

„… with regard to safeguarding of financial instruments and funds belonging to clients, product governance …”

Article 2 Definitions S. 1104-1114

„… behalf of their clients, and (iii) holdings of DRs. The definition is crucial to clarify who is …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845279893

Robert Kramer - The Birth of Relationship Therapy

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Robert Kramer

The Birth of Relationship Therapy

Series: Forum Psychosozial

Volume 2019

Results in this title

The “Birth” of Client-Centered Therapy S. 91-97

„… XXI The “Birth” of Client-Centered Therapy “It would seem quite absurd to suppose that one could …” „… name a day on which client-centered therapy was born,” said Rogers. “Yet I feel it is possible to name …” „… ‘client’ first appeared” (p. 13). And it was inClient-CenteredTherapy (1951) that Rogers for the first …”

Daimonic S. 98-103

„… affirmationof the client’sdifference.There is a dark, or daimonic, side to love, just as there is to willing. To …” „… never felt entirely comfortable in accepting his client’s angry or hateful feelings toward him …” „… need for acceptance and love from clients clouded his vision of the daimonic, leading him to downplay …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-14

„… the giving of interpretations, as psychoanalysts did, in order to changehis clients.Afterwards,Rogers …” „… Whole 85 XX I Became Infected with Rankian Ideas 87 XXI The “Birth” of Client-Centered Therapy 91 XXII …” „… Rank (1935), shortly beforemeeting Rogers. “Real therapy has to be centered around the client, his …”

This, Then, Is the New S. 82-84

„… “a Philosophy of Helping” (ibid., p. 2). The feeling relationship between client and therapist is …” „… itself therapeutic, not the therapist’s interpretation of the client’s infantile past or presenting …” „… problem. It is not what the client learns from the therapist’s insights that is healing. It is, rather …”

Is This the Only Reality? S. 104-107

„… close to an epiphany. Empathic exploration of the feelings of countless clients had brought him, without …” „… within the therapist-client relationship that Rogers was finding themost compelling data to support his …” „… closest and most familiar to Rogers: the relationship between client and therapist. “I am impelled to …”

I Became Infected with Rankian Ideas S. 87-90

„… : “Otto Rank and my clients” (Rogers, 1983). It is impossible now, over eighty years later, to reconstruct …” „… performing art, Rank honored the uniqueness of every client. Each person’s life is different. No person is …” „… best response was to ‘reflect’ these feelings back to the client” (Rogers, 1980, pp. 137–138 …”

References S. 124-133

„… . (1997). Between therapist and client: The new relationship (2nd ed.) New York: W. H. Freeman and Company …” „… . (1951). Client-centered therapy: Its current practice, implication, theory. Boston: Houghton Mifflin …” „… the client-centered framework. In Koch, S. (Ed.), Psychology: A study of a science (Vol. 3, 184–256 …”

Maximum Individuality and Maximum Community S. 79-81

„… XVII Maximum Individuality andMaximumCommunity For Rank, the quality of the client’s feeling …”

Mother Love S. 31-33

„… person” (p. 6). Instead, said Rank, he was choosing to place the client “as chief actor, in the center of …” „… Rank’s term “creative will,” his focus after 1936 increasingly became client-centered, for the same …”

Learning to Will … Learning to Feel S. 57-59

„… “permit the client the utmost freedom to become himself ” (p. 185). Neurosis is not a failure in sexuality …”

He Was Always Wrapped Upin His Deep Feelings S. 42-44

„… circuit, between a client and himself, Rank was transgressing the norms of psychoanalytic practice. In the …”

What Does a Woman Want? S. 38-41

„… Virginia Robinson to empower themselves as servant-leaders, while simultaneously helping their clients …”

I Sense an Intelligence Rendered Clairvoyant by Feeling S. 34-37

„… V I Sense an Intelligence Rendered Clairvoyant by Feeling Vignettes from five clients – Wilda Peck …”

Otto Rank, Midwife of the Subject S. 27-30

„… understanding (Einfühlung) helped shape the client-centered practices of Taft, Robinson and Carl Rogers. ➢ Over …”

An Identity with the Cosmic Process S. 108-112

„… andThou, client and therapist, separateness is dissolved only to be rediscovered, enriched, and renewed …”

doi.org/10.30820/9783837974690

Thorsten B. Behling - Der Zugang elektronischer Willenserklärungen in modernen Kommunikationssystemen

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Thorsten B. Behling

Der Zugang elektronischer Willenserklärungen in modernen Kommunikationssystemen

Series: Internet und Recht

Volume 3 2007

Results in this title

E-Mail-Kommunikation unter Verwendung von Client-Anwendungen S. 69-74

„… Softwareplattform wird entweder durch einen so genannten E-Mail-Client oder aber durch ein so genanntes …” „… Webmailinterface gestellt. Bei dem E-Mail-Client handelt es sich um eine auf dem Computer des Nutzers installierte …” „… Internetseite258. Da sowohl Clients259 wie auch Webmailinterfaces260 unentgeltlich bezogen bzw. genutzt werden …”

Instant Messaging Systeme (IMS) S. 98-107

„… vielmehr eine Client-Server-Architektur auf489. D.h. der Nutzer oder vielmehr sein IM-Client muss, bevor er …” „… client-spezifischen Protokolltechnologie die Verbindung zum Server her490. Ist dies geschehen, muss der Nutzer seinen …” „… von Client-Anwendungen (1) Überblick Das klassische IM zeichnet sich dadurch aus, dass es seinen …”

Internet-Relay-Chat (IRC) S. 107-111

„… . Grundlage des IRC ist also genauso wie beim IM eine Client-Server-Architektur547. Allerdings ist nicht ein …” „… für den Adressaten. Da aber der adressatenseitige Client bzw. Browser über das Internet mit dem …” „… zum anderen eine entsprechende Zugangssoftware537. Diese kann als Client-Anwendung von einer Vielzahl …”

Webchat-Systeme S. 111-115

„… streng genommen nach dem Client-Server-Prinzip. Anders jedoch als beim klassischen IM oder beim IRC ist …” „… (virtuellen) Internetleitung eingetreten ist, die den Server mit dem adressatenseitigen Client verbindet. Denn …” „… der Aufbau dieser Leitung wird durch den adressatenseitigen Client initiiert und ist folglich der …”

Sachverzeichnis S. 301-309

„… - Client-Server-Prinzip 113 - Forum 112 - Funktionsweise Überblick 112 - Ignorierbefehl 115 - Kenntnisnahmemöglichkeit …” „… Abrufbarkeit 268 Instant-Messaging-System - Abwesenheitsmeldung 101 - Begriff 98 - Buddylist 100 - Client …” „… 269, 270 Internet-Relay-Chat - Abwesenheitsmeldung 109 - Baumstruktur 109 - Client 108, 109, 110 …”

Zugang S. 269-276

„… über einen IM-Client oder ein Internetportal erfolgt. (1) Für den Fall direkter Erklärungsübermittlung …” „… Sofern sich Erklärender und Adressat mit einem IM-Client bei einem IM-Server anmelden und der Server die …” „… Clients mit den Verbindungsinformationen des jeweils anderen versorgt, können Erklärungen zwischen den …”

Zugangsrelevanz S. 267-269

„… Erklärungsadressat sich über einen IM-Client beim IM-Server angemeldet hat, vgl. oben § 3 VII. 2. b) aa) (2) a.E …” „… übermittelt werden, erscheint dies aufgrund des Umstandes, dass nicht alle IM-Clients jeden IM-Dienst …” „… Adressat über einen mit seinem IM-Dienst kompatiblen Client verfügt oder sich über ein ohnehin kompatibles …”

Einführung S. 68-69

„… einen so genannten E-Mail-Client oder aber durch ein so genanntes Webmailinterface gestellt. Bei dem …” „… E-Mail-Client handelt es sich um eine auf dem Computer des Nutzers installierte spezielle E-Mail-Software257 …” „… sowohl Clients259 wie auch Webmailinterfaces260 unentgeltlich bezogen bzw. genutzt werden können, hängt …”

Zugang S. 236-241

„… 236 Client implementierten Sendebuttons eingeleitet wird, ist hierin dieser letzte Schritt, also …” „… E-Mail-Nachricht innerhalb des Mailservers nimmt, nachdem sie vom E-Mail-Client oder Webmailinterface ihres …” „… nicht auf Anhieb im Posteingang des adressatenseitigen Clients auffindbar sind, dies aber geht stets zu …”

E-Mail-Kommunikation unter Verwendung von Webmailinterfaces S. 74-75

„… auf ihrem Computer installierten Client nutzen, sondern auf ein Webmailinterface zurückgreifen295 …” „… keinen auf seinem Computer installierten E-Mail-Client. Vielmehr genügt als Zugriffssoftware ein normaler …” „… E-Mail-Client, nutzen. Anders jedoch als beim Versenden einer E-Mail mit einer Client-Anwendung, wird die …”

Abgabe S. 269

„… über einen IM-Client oder ein Internetportal erfolgt. (1) Für den Fall direkter Erklärungsübermittlung …” „… Sofern sich Erklärender und Adressat mit einem IM-Client bei einem IM-Server anmelden und der Server die …” „… Clients mit den Verbindungsinformationen des jeweils anderen versorgt, können Erklärungen zwischen den …”

Übermittlung von SMS-Nachrichten S. 52-59

„… zwei Möglichkeiten offen. Zum einen kann er die Kurznachricht mit Hilfe eines E-Mail-Clients verfassen …” „… und übermitteln lassen, zum anderen kann er hierzu ein Webinterface nutzen. Ein E-Mail-Client ist ein …” „… E-Mail-Clients bedienen, zunächst im E-Mail-Format übermittelt wird. Da unter einem Webinterface eine Website zu …”

Zugangsrelevanz S. 232-235

„… E-Mail-Client so geöffnet werden, dass der Erklärungsinhalt lesbar ist. 233 Fraglich ist allerdings, wie es …” „… kodiert ist. Auf dieses Format greifen zahlreiche E-Mail-Clients und Webmailinterfaces zurück, weil nur …” „… adressatenseitige Client oder das adressatenseitige Mailinterface aber über keine MIME-Funktionalität, so kommt es …”

Abschlussanmerkung S. 115-116

„… 115 bb) Beginn bei Nachrichtenübermittlung nach dem Client-Pull-Verfahren Arbeitet der Server nach …” „… dem Client-Pull-Verfahren, speichert er vom Absender übermittelte Nachrichten bzw. genauer gesagt die …”

Abgabe S. 235-236

„… Client implementierten Sendebuttons eingeleitet wird, ist hierin dieser letzte Schritt, also die Abgabe …” „… Mailservers nimmt, nachdem sie vom E-Mail-Client oder Webmailinterface ihres Absenders übertragen worden ist …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-24

„… E-Mail-Dienstes 69 2. E-Mail-Kommunikation unter Verwendung von Client-Anwendungen 69 a) Nachrichtenerstellung …” „… ) IM-Kommunikation zwischen Computernutzern unter Beteiligung von Client-Anwendungen 99 (1) Überblick 99 (2 …” „… Nachrichtenübermittlung nach dem Client-Pull-Verfahren 115 cc) Beginn bei Nachrichtenübermittlung nach dem …”

Zugangsvereitelungen S. 276-278

„… Zugriffsbereiches abzufangen. Zwar kann er eine Erklärung durch seinen Client oder den Chat-Server zurückweisen bzw …” „… sollen1233. Teilt etwa Nutzer A dem IM-Server über seinen IM-Client mit, dass sein langjähriger …”

Übermittlung von MMS-Nachrichten S. 59-66

„… Hilfe eines E-Mail-Clients herunterladen. 240 Walke/Althoff/Seidenberg, UMTS, S. 32 (Abb. 3.4). 241 …” „… PC-Nutzer eine MMS-Nachricht versenden, muss er daher mittels einer Client-Anwendung angeben, welcher Text …”

Funktionsweise S. 82-97

„… (http://www.networks.siemens.de/solutionprovider/_ online_lexikon/4/f007324.htm). 93 mit einer Client-Anwendung verfasst, übertragen und empfangen …” „… E-Mail-Client auf440, wird allerdings nicht als Client, sondern als User Agent (UA) bezeichnet441. Daher muss …”

Zugang bei Erklärungsübermittlung per MMS-Nachricht S. 222-232

„… , entweder mittels eines Webmailinterfaces oder unter Zuhilfenahme eines E-Mail-Clients, öffnen und ihren …” „… nicht verschlüsselt ist, mit jedem Webmailinterface und jedem E-Mail-Client so geöffnet werden, dass der …”

Die Zugangsfrage bei Beteiligung eines Web-EDI-Systems S. 263-267

„… einen IM-Client beim IM-Server angemeldet hat, vgl. oben § 3 VII. 2. b) aa) (2) a.E. 1209 Dies ist …”

Zu § 4 II./§ 5 Der Zugang elektronischer Willenserklärungen aus dogmatischer Sicht: Die Zugangsfrage in Bezug auf elektronische Willenserklärungen / Der Zugang elektronischer Willenserklärungen in der Praxis S. 282-300

„… ; Steinwede, Andreas: Globales Palaver; 20 Instant Messaging Clients im Test, Magazin für Computer-Technik …” „… Draht zum Chat – IRC Clients für den Rest der Welt, Magazin für Computer-Technik (c’t), Jahrgang 1998 …”

Die Zugangsvoraussetzungen im Übrigen S. 193-206

„… . Je nach Einstellung des E-Mail-Clients besteht bei in HTML kodierten E-Mails die Gefahr, dass durch …”

Bedeutung S. 117-137

„… möglich, weil man jede Mail, zumindest wenn man sie über einen eigenen E-Mail-Client versendet, mit einem …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845200552

Eric Pfeifer - Natur in Psychotherapie und Künstlerischer Therapie

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Eric Pfeifer (ed.)

Natur in Psychotherapie und Künstlerischer Therapie

Series: Therapie & Beratung

Volume 2019

Results in this title

Klára Čížková Body – Movement – Landscape. Dance Movement Therapy in Nature with Psychosomatic Clients

„… 351 Body – Movement – Landscape Dance Movement Therapy in Nature with Psychosomatic Clients Klára …” „… practice in nature and to describe interventions and work processes with clients suffering from …” „… to their physical bodies. Through attunement to the landscape and its living forms, clients find …”

Mali Nevo The Eco-Appreciation Perspective. Implementing a practical approach in Nature Therapy

„… empowering the clients/group to explore their own relations with nature. Thus, it may limit people’s ability …” „… ., therapist-client-nature, that seeks to broaden the classical therapeutic relationship between the therapist and the …” „… client by »bringing in« a third partner – nature (Berger, 2008; Berger, 2016; Berger & Lahad, 2010 …”

Heather P. Kuhn Making Waves. A Model for Aquatic Dance/Movement Therapy Intervention Conceptualization

„… chord, and brain injuries, as well as clients who 1 See https://allisonfwinters.com/tag/veterans …” „… wherein a client has the opportunity to relate to the outside world from the womb-like inside (Sawyer …” „… or ailments. Movement and Mental Health Where many clients get stuck in compulsive behaviors that …”

Ronen Berger The theoretical framework of Nature Therapy

„… triangular therapist-client-nature relationship, and choosing the right space. It then presents two basic …” „… deepen a person’s connection with his/her own nature. In other words, it can connect clients to a …” „… therapist-client-nature relationship The triangular therapist-client-nature relationship is a central concept in Nature …”

Alexander Kopyti Theorising eco-arts therapies. Inviting nature and creativity to promote public and environmental health and well-being

„… methods characterized by the active stance in clients’ relationship to nature. Its status is however …” „… the therapeutic process, and how it impacts therapeutic relations, clients’ perception of themselves …” „… within therapy exist that tend to give significance not only to clients’ relations with a human world …”

Lia Naor, Ofra Mayseless The therapeutic objective. An overall perspective on methods and tools for intervention in Nature Therapy

„… means by which the therapist helps the client to gain awareness, expand consciousness, and discover new …” „… therapists in the field, supported by empirical evidence. The case of Sarah, who was a client of the first …” „… provides the therapist with a framework for intervention based on the intent to help the client develop an …”

Lars Ole Bonde, Bolette Daniels Beck Imagining nature during music listening. An exploration of the meaning, sharing and therapeutic potential of nature imagery in Guided Imagery and Music

„… GIM, a client or a group listens to music in a relaxed state and multi-modal imagery is evoked and …” „… experiences at different levels of consciousness. In the music travel the client has the opportunity to …” „… transcripts from sessions with clinical and non-clinical clients is carried out. The descriptive part of the …”

Alexander Kopytin The »green« mandala. Co-creating with the perennial matrix of life

„… created mandalas of their clients as the symbolic mirror of the psyche, a means of containing and …” „… instrument in different ways. It is often applied in psychodynamic, insight-oriented therapy giving a client …” „… series of spontaneous or encouraged circular images created or visualized by a client (Bonny & Kellogg …”

Mary-Jayne Rust Earth as lover. Finding Eros in a fractured world

„… give peace and company. One of my clients, who suffered the most horrendous sexual torture as a child …” „… Another client grew up in the Middle East until she was 11 years old, when her family moved to the …” „… client brings, I also believe that practicing therapy while holding the earth in mind can invite a wider …”

Lia Naor, Ofra Mayseless Nature Therapy. Cultivating full human potential and personal wholeness through nature

„… , human and beyond) toward wholeness. It is implemented in groups and with private clients, among …” „… or climate in which the client can begin to flourish. Positive Psychology (Csikszentmihalyi …” „… therapy is for clients to become aware of what they are doing, how they are doing it, and how they can …”

Inhalt

„… Psychosomatic Clients Klára Čížková Making Waves 361 A Model for Aquatic Dance/Movement Therapy Intervention …”

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„… psychodynamisch 180 Psychoedukation 444, 463 Psychologie 54 Psychologisierung 55 psychosomatic clients 352 …”

Eva Sahlin, Eva-Lena Larsson Theories leading to the start of Nature-Based Therapy in Sweden

„… ). The Journey of Recovery and Empowerment Embraced by Nature – Clients’ Perspectives on Nature-Based …”

Stefan Klar Integrative klinische Musik- und Naturtherapie. Einige salutogenetische Beispiele aus der Praxis eines Integrativen Outdoor Musiktherapeuten

„… Möglichkeit einer guten Erfahrung von Selbstbewusstsein schenken kann. Die Haltung des client dignity dem …”

doi.org/10.30820/9783837974409

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