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Jasper Habicht - The Role of Campaigns in Law Enforcement

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Jasper Habicht

The Role of Campaigns in Law Enforcement

Series: Studien zu Recht und Rechtskultur Chinas

Volume 9 2020

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Targeting Regulatory Failure with Sanfei Campaigns S. 115-190

„… campaign-style policing itself and thus interlace both means of governance, that of campaigns and that of legal …” „… flexibility in administrative application,19 which facilitated the use of campaign-style enforcement. Apart …” „… campaigns—called yanda or ‘strike hard’ campaigns —during the mid-1980s and later in the early 2000s, which are …”

Reform of Immigration Law: An Example of Symbolic Governance? S. 309-320

„… campaigns—not only of ‘strike hard’ campaigns, but also of the more recent regulatory failure campaigns—which …” „… locally, but it also incorporates measures that originate in campaign-style policing. The extension of …” „… the deployment of campaign-style enforcement and the parallel revision of legal provisions. The …”

Introduction S. 15-34

„… , different regional specialised actions—so called sanfei campaigns—were deployed that aimed at thoroughly …” „… authors. While literature often questioned the efficiency of campaign-style policing or rather looked at …” „… campaign-style governance.43 WANG argues that the public perceives the very action of the government as a proxy …”

List of References S. 321-0

„… Government Campaign-Style Governance Becomes Routinised – An Analysis Based on the ‘Qingwu’ campaign of the …” „… of the County of Qinghe on the Launch of the Campaign to Clear Up and Correctively Punish ‘Sanfei …” „… ’ Foreigners (2012): Action Plan of the County of Qinghe on the Launch of the Campaign to Clear Up and …”

Current Legal Framework of Exit–Entry Administration S. 191-308

„… administrative coordination schemes like the da waiguan or the xiao waiguan system2 as well as campaigns as a …” „… prosecution by the police. In the context of campaigns, legal norms in the past were amended, interpreted …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-14

„… The Role of Campaigns in Law Enforcement Jasper Habicht The Example of Sanfei Campaigns in …” „… 19.03.20 08:30 Jasper Habicht The Role of Campaigns in Law Enforcement The Example of Sanfei Campaigns …” „… , Jasper The Role of Campaigns in Law Enforcement The Example of Sanfei Campaigns in Chinese Immigration …”

Framework of Chinese Immigration Legislation S. 35-114

„… between law-making processes and campaigns in the context of immigration law, which is the aim of this …” „… the deployment of campaigns was a direct result of the revision process. The making of the current …” „… Exit–Entry Administration Law of 2012 and the enforcement of its provisions via campaigns cannot be …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748907817

Sebastian Heer - Institutionenwandel durch evolutorisches Lernen

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Sebastian Heer

Institutionenwandel durch evolutorisches Lernen

Series: Studien zum Parlamentarismus

Volume 22 2014

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Campaigner S. 206-207

„… 206 (2) Campaigner Hinsichtlich der Campaigner gestaltete sich das Feld der Akteure naturgemäß …” „… entsprechende Institutionalisierungen herbeizuführen bzw. zu verhindern, spalteten sich Neuseelands Campaigner …” „… ausgestattete Campaign for Better Government (CBG) ins Leben.463 Diese konnte auf ein durchaus üppiges Budget …”

Designer S. 204-206

„… Reformdebattenakteure in Designer, Campaigner und Entscheider aufzugreifen.458 Als Designer gelten dabei akademische …” „… Experten, Kommissionen, aber auch Ministerialbeamte auf der Suche nach der ‚besten Lösung’; Campaigner …” „… . 206 (2) Campaigner Hinsichtlich der Campaigner gestaltete sich das Feld der Akteure naturgemäß etwas …”

Bruch der Mandatsnorm S. 175-180

„… Democracy, S. 244f. 415 Ausführlich dazu Denemark, David (2003): Electoral Change, Inertia and Campaigns …” „… in New Zealand. The First Modern FPP Campaign in 1987 and the First MMP Campaign in 1996, in: Party …”

Design – die ‚geplante’ Reform S. 243-244

„… institutionellen Lernprozess Beteiligten in Designer, Campaigner und Entscheider, wobei Akademiker, Kommissionen …” „… Geoffrey Palmer, denn an dessen Karriere ließe sich nachweisen, wie die Rollen des Designers, Campaigners …”

Strukturelle Anlagen des Lernprozesses aus der institutionellen Form des Parlaments S. 197-204

„… Reformdebattenakteure in Designer, Campaigner und Entscheider aufzugreifen.458 Als Designer gelten dabei akademische …” „… Experten, Kommissionen, aber auch Ministerialbeamte auf der Suche nach der ‚besten Lösung’; Campaigner …”

Institutionalisierung des Lernergebnisses S. 230-238

„… die erst 1992 unter dem Titel „Campaign for First-Past-the-Post“ gemeinsam von National und Labour …” „… Campaign for Better Government (CBG), die als professionell geführtes Unternehmen aufgebaut war, verstand …”

Literatur S. 259-276

„… : Ergon, S. 641-687. Denemark, David (2003): Electoral Change, Inertia and Campaigns in New Zealand. The …” „… FirstModern FPP Campaign in 1987 and the First MMP Campaign in 1996, in: Party Politics 9, S. 601-618 …”

Entscheider S. 207-208

„… Finanz- oder Argumentationskraft der meist gut sichtbaren Campaigner-Akteure ist es die Gruppe der …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-14

„… 204 (1) Designer 205 (2) Campaigner 206 (3) Entscheider 207 (4 …”

Unfall – die ‚versehentliche’ Reform S. 239-243

„… Lernprozess Beteiligten in Designer, Campaigner und Entscheider, wobei Akademiker, Kommissionen, aber auch …”

Akteure S. 210-214

„… , Campaigners und Entscheiders ineinander: Ursprünglich Professor für Politik- und Rechtswissenschaft, sah er …”

Evolution – die ‚lernend-anpassende’ Reform S. 244-255

„… , Campaigners und Entscheiders wirkmächtig ineinanderflossen und Handlungsfreiheiten eröffneten, die der …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845252797

Karl-Heinz Nassmacher - The Funding of Party Competition

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Karl-Heinz Nassmacher

The Funding of Party Competition

2009

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Election campaigns (campaign spending) S. 73-79

„… innovations in campaign technology may all be in? uential. How ever, political ? nance research can hardly put …” „… , the traditional Anglo-Saxon approach contrasts expenses for election campaigns to spending on …” „… : current opera tions, intra-party bodies and information,113 public relations and election campaigns.114 Ac …”

(Campaign) Spending by individual candidates S. 335-341

„… of researchers has frequently been on the role of money in campaigns. That is, can you spend your way …” „… matters in political competition.1. (Campaign) Spending by individual candidatesFairness in political …” „… in campaigns, which is leading to a commercial style of campaigning, the hypothesis that money wins …”

Costs of small democracies: Austria, Switzerland, Israel, Denmark, Ireland S. 105-109

„… for both campaigns.The estimate does not include the costs of nominations by internal party primaries …” „… frequently, because the parties run everyday politics as well as election campaigns. The annual reports ? led …” „… party and all local parties has to be included. Sickinger estimates campaign costs for the federal …”

Index S. 451-467

„… expenditure 74-9, 184, 258, 292, 336-8, 242-3, 377, 380-2 see also election campaign(s)campaign ? nance …” „… campaign expenditure, election campaignsCanada 33, 394-5, 397– impacts of political money 349-51, 353 …” „… , 303-4, 318, 376 see also campaign expenditure, constituency campaignselection cycle 76, 109-10, 164-5 …”

Organisation maintenance S. 79-84

„… organisation than on campaigns.Between 1973 and 1992, Mendilow assumes a relative decline of current expenses …” „… campaign spending per capita is lowest in the U.K. and Canada, and highest in the U.S. In Germany and …” „… least, serve as a measure of campaign readiness by coaching potential party workers and attending to the …”

Comparison of spending levels S. 115-120

„… for their campaigns.The intermediate range of 0.4 to 1.6 can be divided up into an upper (0.8 to 1.6 …” „… 115Table 3-4: Averages of party and campaign expenses per eligible voter and year (Index of …” „… election campaigns?” The ? rst was Alexander Heard who in his pioneering work presented the “cash costs of …”

Paid TV advertising S. 167-172

„… ranged bet ween 35.1 and 42.8% of total U.S. campaign spending. The impact of individual years (e.g. the …” „… competitive situation of each election campaign may differ in many respects from previous years, portions of …” „… increased spending can be attributed to changes in profes sional services, such as improvement of campaign …”

Costs of medium sized democracies: Canada, Australia, the Netherlands, Sweden S. 101-105

„… ) Parties and candidates in Canada report their federal campaign expenses to the Chief Electoral Of? cer …” „… , who publishes accounts of spending for routine operations and campaign purposes by federal parties and …” „… expenses and CAD 34.9 million in campaign expenses. In addition to party headquarters, 1672 constituency …”

Costs of major democracies: Italy, Britain, France, Spain, Poland S. 96-101

„… of salt.50 From the limited evidence available, we can gather that the campaign expenses of Italian …” „… parties are unusually low. For the 1996 election campaign Italian parties spent about ITL 52 billion, i.e …” „… (not counting large pre-campaign spending and subsidies to its allies Lega Nord and Aleanza Nazionale …”

New technology S. 172-177

„… an explo sion in the costs of political campaigns.”75 Modern campaign technology is helping parties …” „… campaign technology, which is taking less and less time to export this technology. The cam paigns of Tony …” „… Bill Clinton’s campaigns in 1992 and 1996. Jacques Chirac in France and Junichiro Koizumi in Japan are …”

Cost push or demand pull? S. 183-192

„… campaign technology, central of? ce spending on campaigns is not a cause of increas ed party spending. Each …” „… national level (which is most likely a consequence of a potential gap between rising campaign expenses and …” „… staff. Although new campaign technology is im portant in all the cases studied in-depth (including Japan …”

Intensified competition S. 164-167

„… distinguished two sets of causes for an extraor dinary level of campaign costs. One group “includes factors …” „… , which must be considered conti nuing components of … campaigns.”34 Such factors will be discussed as …” „… tition is at its most ? erce, i.e. during the election year. Campaign expenses add extra outlays to …”

Costs of the biggest democracies: USA, Japan, Germany, Mexico S. 87-96

„… whether ‘too much’ is spent on political campaigns”5 and party organisations.For a scholarly effort it is …” „… pre-1960 U.S.).4 This kind of phrasing – although limited to campaign expenses – has been introduced …” „… methodology. How can levels of spending for organisation maintenance (party routine) and election campaigns …”

Bibliography S. 407-450

„… 407BibliographyAdamany, David W. (1972): Campaign Finance in America. North Scituate MA …” „… ): The Cost of Election Campaigns in Brazil. In: Alexander, Herbert E./ Shirato ri, Rei (eds.), 1994a, pp …” „… , Stephen/ Gerber, Alan S./ Snyder, James M. (2001): Does TV Advertising Explain the Rise of Campaign …”

External influences (electorate and inflation) S. 155-162

„… activity and election campaigns seem to be exploding. “Each year the cost of campaigning rises …” „… progressively to fantastic heights.”1 The leading scholar on U.S. campaign funds observed that in four decades …” „… , Canada, Sweden, Austria and the U.K. “In absolute terms campaign expendit ures have sky-rocketed almost …”

More comprehensive data S. 162-164

„… campaign spending, on the other hand, grew more than 9-fold (Table 5-1above). This difference hints at the …” „… additional campaigns (e.g. for ballot issues or by issue advocacy groups) as well as party-building …” „… increase in total campaign spending in 1988 over the 1984 ? gure may indicate a way to understand the …”

Subsidies-in-kind S. 296-300

„… centrated on only a few campaigns or a few candidates, as in New Jersey and Michigan, pub lic funds have a …” „… signi? cant impact on the election campaign process.” In general, high hopes concerning the impact of …” „… of campaign funds) were not ful? lled.36 This suggests a dual approach to such programmes. Probably …”

Donations by wealthy individuals (contributions from personal wealth) S. 254-260

„… 527 committees, which became very popular in 2004, knocked a hole in the campaign-? nance laws. “In …” „… campaign chest.89 A general difference between fundraising by PACs and solicitation by ? nance committees …” „… campaign funds. To date, this donation is the largest of? cial do nation in Polish politics.92Although the …”

Other goods and services S. 71-73

„… campaign periods. Finally some residual issues need to be discussed.5. Other goods and servicesThis item …” „… 2002 campaign.The costs of fundraising are considerable in the U.S. The Republicans spends more money …” „… donors.105 These costs may include staff and of? ces to conduct the campaigns.100 Transfers between …”

Earmarked funds S. 300-302

„… constituency candidates has been insigni? cant.In Ireland eligible parties are entitled to a campaign …” „… minimum of votes.57 In France campaign reimbursements are provided for elections of parliaments …” „… strengthen grass-root activity or to support (speci? c) campaigns, may be a 54 See above in chapter VII …”

Party organisations S. 304-306

„… public purse subsidises not only the presidential election but also parliamentary campaigns. In …” „… presidential candidates in France are entitled to a campaign subsidy. However, candidates have to win more than …” „… contribution towards their campaign expenses.72 The amounts of presidential campaign grants depend on the …”

Professional politics S. 177-183

„… campaign technology options are legal re strictions (as perceived by the competing parties), party leaders …” „… presidential to congressional campaigns, may be as equally important as technological innovations and the price …” „… campaign expenses depends on precise phrasing (i.e. no paid political advertising on TV) as well as on …”

Candidates (for parliament or the presidency) S. 303-304

„… candidates, not to their par ties, and this happens to be the only campaign sponsored by federal funds …” „… presidential campaigns, a third party’s candidate is entitled to a general elec tion grant from public funds …” „… campaigns. In accordance with electoral rules (second ballot majority system), the public purse reimburses …”

Capital-intensive campaigning vs. labour-intensive party apparatus S. 132-135

„… electoral politics to go for the marginal seat, not for the marginal vote in a nation-wide campaign. If the …” „… sophistication of capital-intensive campaigns were a major cause of political spending, then the fact that all …” „… expensive campaign technology is deployed in the U.S. ? rst, should make this country the leading political …”

Parties and their candidates S. 374-378

„… to pay for their campaign or party assistance in staff and expertise to make their campaign a success …” „… party list, a letter of assent or a primary), campaign workers (volunteers or paid agents), campaign …” „… expertise (e.g. political consultants, accountants and ? nancial agents), campaign funds (donations …”

Institutional fundraising S. 244-254

„… of funds into party or campaign coffers can be analysed by the democratic sovereign, the voter, at …” „… . Sometimes Danish unions split their funds, which are earmarked for campaigns or newspapers, between …” „… .43 The Australian Labor Party is heavily dependent on trade union contribu tions for its campaign …”

Different levels of the party organisation (headquarters, branches and chapters) S. 378-387

„… everywhere because volunteers sometimes prefer to stow away the campaign sur plus into a bank account for the …” „… ‘party’ that incumbents and candidates deal with.” At the state level, the legislative campaign …” „… reimbursement), the P.C. [during the heyday of its fundraising power] increased pre-campaign publicity in order …”

Publicity S. 68-71

„… are inevitably lead to election campaigns. In general, the idea of „permanent campaigning” suggests …” „… that there is no borderline between publicity (PR) and campaign. However, for the purpose of this study …” „… , “campaign” is de? ned as the aggregate of all activities to in? uence the outcome of an election,93 and …”

Groups of party activists S. 54-56

„… . Another case in point is Canada, where the in? ux of public and private funds (caused by generous campaign …” „… organisation may aim at the general public, especially people entitled to vote. This applies to all campaigns …” „… German MMP system some constituency candidates run their own campaigns, whereas others rely completely on …”

National, regional and local tiers (levels of party organisation) S. 47-54

„… a continuously increasing number of reports on campaign funds and/ or annual balances regarding …” „… product or service, which created those costs. As parties “produce” regular campaigns and current opera …” „… ) election campaigns, (2) organisation maintenance, (3) policy development (research and training).Readers …”

List of tables and graphs S. 15-16

„… cost), 1997-2006 (reported as a percentage of total election expenses) 70Table 2-8: Campaign expenses …” „… of national campaigns, election years 1971-2000 (in million CAD, DEM, GBP, USD) 77Table 2-9 …” „… and early 1980s 88Table 3-2: Campaign and party expenditure totals (per year and eligible voter) 110 …”

General grants S. 302-303

„… public subsidies prefer general purpose grants, even if publicity or campaigns are identi? ed as the …” „… ) the public subsidy, due to a supre me court ruling, was “earmarked” for campaign purposes. Because the …” „… a demarcation line between on-going activities and campaigns cannot be drawn, and Ger man parties …”

Areas of interest: issues in political finance S. 19-26

„… political campaign matters, although it can even be counterproductive. The use of too much money may destroy …” „… election campaign. Moreover money may in-1 Weber 1925, p. 169.2 Paltiel 1966; Paltiel 1967; Paltiel 1970a …” „… the funding of parties, campaigns and candidates are of major interest. Such rules, the political …”

Party spending S. 37-40

„… the funding of parties, candidates and election campaigns.”101 Nevertheless the funding of party …” „… be campaign expenses, in others the emphasis is on the routine operation of party headquarters and …” „… ? eld organisations. A reasonable compari son has to inclu de both kinds of costs (routine and campaign …”

Sources of revenue S. 40-43

„… single democracy or even compare such trends for various democracies? In four decades (1956-96) campaign …” „… spending in the U.S. increased 27-fold.109 In the U.K. the 1997 campaign expenses were more than nine times …” „… professional politics and commercialised campaigns. Other scholars argue that the impacts of extended …”

Modes of party competition S. 135-141

„… excessive political spending. Neither highly sophisticated (capital-intensive) campaigns for national …” „… campaigns (as in Spain) and an abundance of ? eld of? ces (as in Sweden) are more likely to have this impact …” „… campaign spending by the Conservative Central Of? ce (at 1980 prices), the most expensive years were 1935 …”

Income from foreign funds S. 272-274

„… between elections, and within seven days during a campaign period. (All of this ob viously does not apply …” „… contributing to indi vidual campaigns there is no evidence of continued interference. The same, in all …” „… campaign.195 This is also true for Britain where such funds have been important occasionally, e.g …”

Adjustment for election cycle, country size and economic performance S. 109-115

„… development of campaign expenses, this estimate may be too generous. A more conservative approach would set …” „… campaign and IEP 5.3 million for the 1997 parliamentary campaign. We must add to this the 1997 campaign …” „… estimates for the routine spending by local party branches and for the nation-wide campaign concerning the …”

Distribution of subsidies S. 314-317

„… contributions) is used for campaign reimbursements to parties in Canada.125 New political groups in France …” „… 30 percent of the total subsidy (for current operations and for campaign purposes) is distribut ed in …” „… dition to the annual grant, parties receive campaign subsidies for the national and the Europe an …”

Party organisation and party penumbra S. 387-389

„… campaign support. Although there is often no close connection between com mittees belonging to the same …” „… ? uence the selection of candidates at the national level and thus to have a say in campaign issues. The …” „… sations.118 PACs support and in? uence candidates and incumbents through campaign funds, other types of …”

Interaction of causal factors S. 149-154

„… countries in the sample. Nevertheless the most in? uential can be identi? ed. Neither campaign-centred and …” „… nomination of candidates by primary and campaign ? nance laws. Both have dismantled the countervailing power …” „… political ? nance analysis is the assumption that the most recent campaign “may well have been the most …”

Catch-all parties S. 398-402

„… vs. party bureaucracy) and a speci? c source of funds (campaign-centred donations from interested …” „… party structure, based on the campaign practice of parties in elections. However, differences between …” „… U.S. parties as campaign-oriented organisations and European parties, classi? ed as modern mass …”

Corporate contributions (money from the business community) S. 260-269

„… election campaigns, relevance of party apparatus, intra-party innovations).137 Reli able time series data …” „… , dependence upon large donors had been reduced for three decades. Whereas most campaign funds came from this …” „… . In general, the fund ing of presidential campaigns has given way to soft money, independent …”

Definition of the subject: political finance S. 30-34

„… campaigns at election times. A lot of things look different after crossing the Atlantic Ocean. The political …” „… cultures of North America (U.S., Canada) are campaign oriented.83 The term political ? nance is frequently …” „… substituted by campaign funds, i.e. money spent in order to in? uence the outcome of an election. In …”

Revenue sharing S. 234-238

„… treasurers. Some local treasurers are able to set aside bank accounts to be prepared for a campaign; others …” „… bank accounts due to fund-raising activities and campaign subsidies.253 In the 1980s most constituency …” „… , sub-section B1 (membership dues).253 Nassmacher/ Suckow 1992, pp. 143, 145.236didate’s public campaign …”

Means to increase the legitimacy of public subsidies S. 294-296

„… Presidential Election Campaign Fund. Over time 11 to 29 percent of the American taxpayers have participated in …” „… . check-off programmes are mixed. “When ample funds can be con centrated on only a few campaigns or a few …” „… candidates, as in New Jersey and Michigan, pub lic funds have a signi? cant impact on the election campaign …”

Small donations S. 215-222

„… , combed areas where Dollars for Democrats programmes had carried on.126 After campaign ? nance reform in …” „… the DNC, the direct mail approach brought a lot of individual contributions into party campaign chests …” „… for small dona tions using the direct mail approach.137 The 2004 campaign added a new channel of …”

Reimbursement of costs incurred S. 300

„… constituency candidates has been insigni? cant.In Ireland eligible parties are entitled to a campaign …” „… minimum of votes.57 In France campaign reimbursements are provided for elections of parliaments …” „… strengthen grass-root activity or to support (speci? c) campaigns, may be a 54 See above in chapter VII …”

Demarcation of the subject of this study: party funding S. 34-37

„… contributions from interest ed money. Only as long as such funds go into party coffers or candidate campaigns …” „… policies among the citizens. This activity may increase during an election campaign.95 For practical …” „… , a complete aggregate of money in political competition “would include: (1) Election campaign funds …”

Stages of political and economic development S. 121-124

„… the “challenge of Labour led the Conservative party managers to invest heavily in propaganda campaigns …” „… party’s routine and campaign expenditure. … In general election campaigns, the extra money for advertising …” „… contention (mentioned above in this chapter) that rising expenses are due to modern campaign technology.13 …”

Cornerstone of democracy or demand from never-land? S. 193-199

„… of reasons for making contributions … Many people donate money to political campaigns sim ply because …” „… general ideological invol vement decreases. Before the most recent (2008) campaign U.S. fundraising …” „… ideal point than that of the other candidate. In settings where voters can be in? uenced by campaign …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-14

„… types of cost 72c) Residual costs 72C) Cost objects (purposes of spending) 731. Election campaigns …” „… (campaign spending) 742. Organisation maintenance 793. Policy development (research and training) 84CHAPTER …” „… (without or with strings attached) 255b) Buying honours and of? ces 257c) Paying for campaigns from …”

Abuse of public resources S. 276-279

„… , state visits planned as campaign events are the more serious abuses of executive privilege.217 However …” „… partisan task of coordinating the preparation of Labour’s campaign effort for 2005.278Legislative privilege …” „… by parlia ment funds to cover expenses of party competition, such as sending campaign mail or travel …”

Access to public funding S. 310-314

„… are not entitled to a subsidy for campaign purposes or current operations. This may have serious …” „… is entitled to state aid for current and campaign activity. The latter is paid to parties of the …” „… relevant. A higher barrier (of about six percent) is enforced for the subsidy linked to campaigns for the …”

Revenue/ income S. 393-397

„… , especially the variety of election campaigns and different patterns of organisational maintenance. However …” „… the sample. Nevertheless the most in? uential can be identi? ed: Neither campaign-centred and …” „… political change rather than the unavoidable cause for ? nancial needs. Neither is new campaign tech nology …”

Energising fundraisers (matching funds) S. 224-225

„… , campaign workers, party activists and political fundraisers, public funds can be distributed in addition to …” „… and provincial) in Canada has a similar impact. If contestants qualify for state aid, their campaign …” „… workers will have to raise exactly half of the total campaign outlay from corporate or indi-184 Cf …”

Equalisation transfers S. 233-234

„… for election campaigns was quite fre quent. The U.K. Liberals (between 1910 and 1920) and the …” „… and occasionally funds to support campaign efforts by weaker branches. This sort of subsidies-in-kind …” „… treasurers. Some local treasurers are able to set aside bank accounts to be prepared for a campaign; others …”

Impacts of funding S. 43-46

„… focus on the role of money in campaigns. Whereas Heard argued that no “neat correlation is found between …” „… campaign expenditures and campaign results,”124 other studies claimed 122 For details see below in chapters …”

Contribution to party revenue (Income situation of parties) S. 317-322

„… are entitled to a grant of one ? nancing unit for each MP to cover campaign expenses. In addition each …” „… of the millennium. In New Zealand a subsidy is earmarked for media campaigns and survey research, in …” „… the U.S. it is limited to presidential campaigns. In the U.K. considerably increased pub lic funding …”

Communication S. 66-68

„… campaigns. In general, the idea of „permanent campaigning” suggests that there is no borderline between …” „… publicity (PR) and campaign. However, for the purpose of this study, “campaign” is de? ned as the aggregate …”

Fundraising events (social activities) S. 222-224

„… funds)In order to provide an incentive for candidates, campaign workers, party activists and political …” „… contestants qualify for state aid, their campaign workers will have to raise exactly half of the total …” „… campaign outlay from corporate or indi-184 Cf. Paltiel 1981, p. 138.185 See below in chapter VII …”

Problems of public funding S. 292-294

„… democracies the party, which ? elds a candidate will have to organise and to fund the campaign (nationally as …” „… campaign activity are a public service and hence should be supported by public funds. Perhaps this would …” „… that compete for power, nominate candidates for elections, campaign for speci? c elites and poli cies …”

Approaching members and supporters by direct mailings S. 370-372

„… donations and recruiting new members. Labour tried the device in the run-up to the 1987 campaign. The …” „… new political ? nance regime and funded the 2005 campaign through loans from wealthy backers, which …” „… technique is underdeveloped. The value of direct mail campaigns as a tool for linkage with the grass-roots …”

Assessment of party/ political officeholders (graft from public office) S. 284-288

„… , be it devoted to campaign or organisation purposes.251 A different kind of graft is not raised from …” „… their careers. This “macing” of public servants (for periodic campaign contributions to the party in …” „… fundraising) has not ceased, it is in decline. If a candidate for public of? ce pays for his or her campaign …”

Moral hazard of democracy? S. 239-244

„… a campaign, than to those who simply vote for the party or its candidate.11 As long as many people …” „… control of both campaign expenses and political contributions. Disclosure of the donor’s identity and the …” „… of funds into party or campaign coffers can be analysed by the democratic sovereign, the voter, at …”

Skewed competition between individual parties S. 341-346

„… the Democratic edge in non-cash contributions (e.g. labour-intensive campaign support) has offset the …” „… sta bilising role in the ? nancing of election campaigns in those states that allocate the money to …” „… , and the “sleaze” factor respectively) and the fact that it was not campaign spending but the general …”

Graft from business sources S. 279-284

„… campaigns in 1993, a „signi? cant number of the large donations were given by building contractors“, some of …” „… campaign or organisation purposes.251 A different kind of graft is not raised from outside the party, but …” „… ” of public servants (for periodic campaign contributions to the party in power) was common in the …”

Policy development (research and training) S. 84-86

„… , section D (returns on investment).86 Although most of these (a variety of campaigns, a party organisation …” „… election campaigns and the different patterns of organisation maintenan ce. Nevertheless all three …”

Public funding as a result of government structure S. 326-332

„… ) simultaneously. They added more campaign grants in 1989 and 1996. The annual amount of direct cash subsidies to …” „… addition to subsidies-in-kind for candidate campaigns and free election broadcasts. Consideration of public …” „… special tasks in election campaigns, most of them as subsidies-in-kind.1963. Public funding in …”

Returns on investment: dividends and interest (parties as entrepreneurs) S. 274-276

„… , printing shops produce newspapers, brochures, ? yers and posters, campaign funds are set aside in a bank …” „… non-campaign periods. Oversized ? nancial reserves or funds held in a “blind trust” may carry considerable …”

Summary of findings for party competition S. 360-362

„… state money for campaign purposes seems to be associated with a dispersal of the vote“ (quote by Kenneth …” „… help them to run a successful campaign.Although ? ndings in this chapter concerning the in? uence of …”

Cartel parties S. 402-406

„… large competitors to conduct campaigns geared to exchan ge width for depth of support.” Funded from the …” „… they pursue, the managerial skills they offer and the leadership they support.Between campaigns a …”

Party caucuses (parliamentary groups) S. 306-308

„… participating successfully in local elections; the public purse provides pub lic funding for campaigns only, but …” „… campaigns and national party organisa tions) in Austria each of the nine states (Länder) grants subsidies to …”

Measurement of and incentives for grass-roots linkage S. 372-374

„… political ? nance regime and funded the 2005 campaign through loans from wealthy backers, which (unlike …” „… underdeveloped. The value of direct mail campaigns as a tool for linkage with the grass-roots is very limited …”

Association quotas S. 230-233

„… campaigns was quite fre quent. The U.K. Liberals (between 1910 and 1920) and the traditional parties …” „… and occasionally funds to support campaign efforts by weaker branches. This sort of subsidies-in-kind …”

Public disincentives to discourage interested contributions S. 269-272

„… 269revenue in the 1991 parliament ary campaign, compared to about 87 percent of the annual proceeds …” „… days during a campaign period. (All of this ob viously does not apply to loans, which have become a …”

Developing a case for public funding S. 289-292

„… to organise and to fund the campaign (nationally as well as locally) and its own dayto-day …” „… their routine operations as well as their campaign activity are a public service and hence should be …”

Routines of conflict resolution S. 128-132

„… ? nancing” (read: political ? nance regulation).34 Adding the campaign centred U.S., this would lead to an …” „… Anglo-Saxon view of political ? nance. If campaigns cause the problem, regulators will approach the issue from …”

List of abbreviations S. 17-18

„… Freisinnig-demokratische Partei (Switzerland)FEC Federal Election Commission (USA)FECA Federal Election Campaign Act …”

Public funding in (comparative) perspective: parties and other organisations S. 332-334

„… tasks in election campaigns, most of them as subsidies-in-kind.1963. Public funding in (comparative …”

Impacts of political funding S. 397-398

„… funds (campaign-centred donations from interested money vs. regular dues from a mass membership …”

Offices (rent of premises etc.) S. 64-66

„… ) are needed in Australia and for U.S. campaign activities as well, albeit mostly on a temporary basis …”

Party penumbra (ancillary bodies and affiliated organisations) S. 56-58

„… Pinto-Duschinsky 1991b, p. 210.58pre-campaign polls on voting behaviour,53 are more important for politics than …”

Summary of findings for party organisation S. 389-392

„… parties concentrate their campaign efforts on marginal seats, in proportional systems the lower level is …”

Parliamentary party groups (caucuses) S. 58-60

„… 58pre-campaign polls on voting behaviour,53 are more important for politics than others. Most of …”

Size of the electorate (economies of scale) S. 124-128

„… put up with the basic costs of running an election campaign and/or competing party organisations …”

Paid labour S. 60-64

„… in Australia and for U.S. campaign activities as well, albeit mostly on a temporary basis …”

Membership dues S. 199-215

„… electorate. However, this ? gure is variable. Before campaigns start, the number of party members increases …” „… receive donations from their members, especially to ? ll the campaign chest.87 In Belgium all parties …”

Unlimited sources of funding S. 141-146

„… series data become available, especially for trends in staff deployment, of? ce provision and campaign …”

Access for new parties: Openness of the party system? S. 346-352

„… subsidy, for example those in the U.S. (established in the 1970s for presidential campaigns), in the U.K …”

Changes of grass-roots linkage via membership dues and small donations S. 363-370

„… to a commercialisation of campaign activities.6 This may increase aliena tion between party elite and …”

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Mark Lehmann

Voice Branding

Series: Praxisforum Medienmanagement

Volume 10 2008

Results in this title

Campaign Voice - Kampagnenstimmen S. 83-85

„… werden. Campaign Voice - Kampagnenstimmen Eine Stimme, die innerhalb einer Kampagne eingesetzt wird …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… der Werbung ................................................... 83 Campaign Voice …”

Teil der Kommunikation S. 78-83