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Richard M. Pious

Why Presidents Fail

2008

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2: Power Stakes: Kennedy and the Bay of Pigs S. 29-46

„… 2 Power Stakes Kennedy and the Bay of Pigs THE U-2 CASE IN THE PREVIOUS CHAPTER demonstrates the …” „… . The Bay of Pigs is such a case. -29-30 Chapter 2 A Perfect Failure President John Kennedy's decision …” „… . Power Stakes: Kennedy and the Bay of Pigs 31 From the first moments ashore the exiles faced stiff …”

For Further Reading S. 299-302

„… -2 Affair (New York: Random House, 1962). The Bay of Pigs Invasion Luis Aguilar, ed. Operation Zapata …” „… : The "Ultrasensitive" Report and Testimony of the Board of Inquiry on the Bay of Pigs (Frederick, MD …” „… Reading Trumbull Higgins, The Perfect Failure: Kennedy, Eisenhower, and the CIA at the Bay of Pigs (New …”

Index S. 303-316

„… alliance with, 223 Bissell, Richard, 13; Bay of Pigs invasion and,33,36,37-38 Blair, Tony: Bush, George W …” „… (CIA): Bay of Pigs invasion and, 30-44; Contras support of, 116; forecasting problems by, 249; Iranian …” „… analysis, 2, 6; of Bay of Pigs invasion, 37; Johnson and, 70; of lying, 11 Council of Economic Advisers …”

Introduction: Presidential Fiascoes S. 1-10

„… that led President John Kennedy to groan after the Bay of Pigs invasion, "How could I have been so …” „… Eisenhower approved the Bay of Pigs concept and Kennedy authorized the operation, yet the personalities of …” „… :' about Mayday, Mayday blunders, about quagmires and swamps and risky business, about the kind of failure …”

Preface

„… Flights 11 2 Power Stakes: Kennedy and the Bay of Pigs 29 3 Compellence: Johnson and the Vietnam …” „… the United States of America by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The …” „… reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in …”

4: Command and Control: Ford and the Mayaguez S. 77-90

„… an operation, as we have seen in both the U-2 and Bay of Pigs fiascoes, then perhaps the converse …” „… -2 crisis and Kennedy after the Bay of Pigs: The country rallies around a president after a debacle …” „… 4 Command and Control Ford and the Mayaguez PRESIDENT GERALD FORD and his Secretary of State Henry …”

10: Presidents Unbound: Crises of Authority and Legitimacy S. 245-278

„… the Bay of Pigs, but Bush 43 succeeded in Afghanistan with a proxy force; Johnson failed with …” „… (however belated) with Soviet trickery. Kennedy was able to restore his authority after the Bay of Pigs …” „… his stakes even as it lowers the odds of success. Kennedy shifted the location of the Bay of Pigs …”

11: Risk and Resilience: Toward a White House Learning Curve S. 279-298

„… suicide was not at issue in fiascoes such as the Bay of Pigs, the Mayaguez rescue effort, or the …” „… parentage can be determined by backward mapping of presidential decision making. Foul-ups occur in tightly …” „… coupled operations demanding high performance because there is no margin of error and no way to recover …”

3: Compellence: Johnson and the Vietnam Escalation S. 47-76

„… manipulated the Chiefs of Staff to obtain their concurrence. As with the Bay of Pigs incident, the chiefs …” „… 3 Compellence Johnson and the Vietnam Escalation (( JWAS DETERMINED TO BE A LEADER OF WAR and a …” „… leader of peace:' President Lyndon Johnson said about his decision to fight a war in Vietnam. "I refused …”

doi.org/10.5771/9780742563391

James G. Blight, janet M. Lang - The Armageddon Letters

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James G. Blight, janet M. Lang

The Armageddon Letters

2012

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CAST OF CHARACTERS S. 17-28

„… : April 17, 1961. The locale: the Bay of Pigs.Shortly after midnight on that April evening, approximately …” „… failed U.S.-backed inva-sion at the Bay of Pigs, and actions taken by the three leaders over the next …” „… the show, beginning with some background on the Bay of Pigs, followed by brief sketches—verbal and …”

PRELUDE S. 29-62

„… memory of the humiliation of the Bay of Pigs—es-pecially his failure to question the rosy estimates of …” „… just as we kicked your ass at the Bay of Pigs, we will also prevail the next time around, even if you …” „… out of control—someone who is moved by the events at the Bay of Pigs Prelude: Sleepwalk 45to violate …”

Index S. 289-302

„… on the Cuban Missile Crisis of Autumn 1962,” 272n1Bahia de Cochinos. See Bay of PigsBailey, Charles …” „… , 102, 121Petrovna, Nina, 107Playa Giron (Giron Beach), 20, 46. See also Bay of PigsPliyev, Issa, 92 …” „… , Fulgencio, 34, 44, 50, 56Bay of Pigs (Bahia de Cochinos), 19, 44; arrests after, 46; Castro, Fidel, and …”

APPENDIX A S. 239-260

„… ’ would conclude after the April 1961 Bay of Pigs debacle that he would soon order a full-scale attack and …” „… Soviets following the Bay of Pigs invasion of April 1961 and discussed how the Soviets might be able to …” „… , according to Castro, is where the October crisis began, with the Bay of Pigs operation. Castro made no …”

Acknowledgments S. 285-288

„… April 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion and the October 1962 missile crisis. Specialists on Cuba have been very …” „… in the end of the entire world as we know it. It is our attempt to reinsert some dread into our …” „… understanding of the October 1962 Cuban missile crisis. Not sci-fi dread; not dread elicited falsely, just for …”

ACT III S. 123-164

„… can’t be trusted? Comrade Nikita, have you forgotten what happened last year at the Bay of Pigs? Kennedy …” „… military brass resent the restraint he ex-ercised over the Bay of Pigs invasion, as well as the restraint …” „… Lettersauthorized the invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs, and whose forces are now, at this very moment, poised to …”

ACT II S. 79-122

„… Cubans. You started this. You ordered the Bay of Pigs invasion, proving to the world that your intention …” „… the onslaught he has been expecting ever since the failed Bay of Pigs invasion of April 1961. Every so …” „… of the stage—images of a watery maelstrom, the three leaders, U.S. missile silos, Soviet jets on …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781442216815

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Thomas J. Whalen

JFK and His Enemies

2014

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Index S. 191-198

„… Bissell, Richard M., 102; on Bay of Pigs,Arnold, Bill, 76 102; resignation of, 108Arvad, Inga Marie, 7 …” „… , 172; military service Rockefeller, Nelson, 72; on Bay of Pigs,of, 170; Paine on, 173; personality …” „… IndexAcheson, Dean, 78; on Bay of Pigs, 101, Rockefeller on, 107–108; Schlesinger115–116; on Rusk …”

Preface

„… 1961 Bay of PigsInvasion 936 To the Brink: Nikita Khrushchev and the 1962 CubanMissile Crisis 1157 …” „… to topple Cuba’s Fidel Castro during the spectacularlymismanaged Bay of Pigs invasion of 1961, Soviet …” „… the Bay of Pigs and several CIA assassination attempts to bumpoff the Cuban dictator. “We were doing …”

Chapter Five: The Perfect Failure S. 93-114

„… FIVEThe Perfect FailureFidel Castro and the 1961 Bay of Pigs InvasionNot even bone-chilling …” „… flotilla of transportships and invade the island at the Bay of Pigs, a small inlet along thesouthern coast …” „… Trinidad to the more secluded Bay ofPigs region a hundred miles away. “[It] was selected because its …”

Selected Bibliography S. 185-190

„… ColdWarrior: From Yalta to the Bay of Pigs. New Haven, Connecticut, 1996.Blair, Anne E. Lodge in Vietnam: A …” „… Bay ofPigs. New York, 1989.Hilty, James W. Robert Kennedy: Brother Protector. Philadelphia, 1997 …” „… , and America’s Doomed Invasion ofCuba’s Bay of Pigs. New York, 2011.Reeves, Richard. President Kennedy …”

Chapter Six: To the Brink S. 115-136

„… Eisenhower that he had learned his lessonand that there would be no further Bay of Pigs in his administration …” „… indecisiveness at theBay of Pigs, Khrushchev spent the bulk of the conference browbeating hisyounger counterpart …” „… pos-ing a direct threat to Castro’s life. “We were quite certain that the [Bay ofPigs invasion] was only …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781442213760

W. R. Smyser - Kennedy and the Berlin Wall

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W. R. Smyser

Kennedy and the Berlin Wall

2009

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Chapter 05. “I Never Met a Man Like That” S. 57-80

„… confrontation as Khruschev did. That—combined with Kennedy’s failure at The Bay of Pigs—may have given Khruschev …” „… summit with a Soviet leader. Having suffered a humiliating defeat at the Bay of Pigs, he wanted very much …” „… any compromise.Kennedy’s vacillation at the Bay of Pigs had convinced Khrushchev that a firm and …”

Chapter 03. “Let the Word Go Forth” S. 23-42

„… Castro.The Bay of PigsKhrushchev’s intelligence had been correct. On April 17, 1961, the United States landed …” „… a contingent of Cuban exiles at the Bay of Pigs on the southern shore of Cuba. The exiles had been …” „… ineffective. “Bay of Pigs” became a code word for incompetence. Kennedy was able to recover politically in the …”

Chapter 04. “Alas, Mr. Ambassador, We Shall Die Together” S. 43-56

„… on America, Adenauer suffered a major shock over the Bay of Pigs disaster. His intelligence chief …” „… Moscow in 1955. After the Bay of Pigs, he was not sure if Kennedy could take the heat. If Kennedy could …” „… of allies ready and willing to support a common policy. But he would have been badly mistaken. His …”

Index S. 289-294

„… , 118–20, 129, 164, 201Bahr, Egon, 89, 104, 107, 112–13, 200, 228, 236–39, 241–42Ball, George, 210Bay of …” „… Pigs, 33–35, 41, 59Berlin, xiii–xv, 2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12–13, 184, 207; attitudes of citizens, 39–41 …” „… , 169, 175, 194, 197–98, 203, 218, 225, 243; in Berlin, 125–66; on cause of Cuban missile crisis, 203–4 …”

Chapter 01. “Ich bin ein Berliner” S. 1-6

„… Vienna sum-mit discussion about Berlin. Confident that Kennedy’s failure at the Bay of Pigs in Cuba had …” „… 1C H A P T E R O N EP“Ich bin ein Berliner”On the morning of June 26, 1963, U.S. President John F …” „… , including an open-air address in front of the West Berlin city hall.Kennedy was making his second trip to …”

Chapter 06. “This Is the Answer!” S. 81-100

„… “the Berlin Desk Officer.”13 Kennedy had learned during the Bay of Pigs episode and at the summit that …” „… and tie.The words miscalculation and escalation became central to every discus-sion. After the Bay of …” „… , it now domi-nated most of his waking moments. He would sometimes doodle Berlin over and over again on …”

Chapter 07. “The East Germans Have Done Us a Favor” S. 101-124

„… political price if he did not act. Having failed at the Bay of Pigs and having ap-parently not stood up to …” „… officer hesitated, but he evidently had orders not to interfere with the movement of Western allied …” „… officials. He ordered the one roll of barbed wire to be pulled aside so that we could enter East Berlin.We …”

doi.org/10.5771/9780742599789

James G. Blight, janet M. Lang, David A. Welch - Vietnam If Kennedy Had Lived

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James G. Blight, janet M. Lang, David A. Welch

Vietnam If Kennedy Had Lived

2009

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chapter 6 S. 199-250

„… long 1964?’’ This is striking because we believe that JFK’s han-dling of the Bay of Pigs fiasco of …” „… another imminent ThirdWorld loss like the Bay of Pigs fiasco. To Naftali, the point of the failed Bayof …” „… strongly implied that no learning occurred based on whathappened at the Bay of Pigs or any other …”

chapter 1 S. 1-29

„… : Avoiding War Over the Bay of Pigs, Laos, the BerlinWall, and the Cuban Missile CrisisWe had been circling …” „… investi-gated before deciding to tackle the issue addressed in this book.• April 1961, the Bay of Pigs debacle …” „… almostwithin site of the Bay of Pigs. His advisers at the CIA and at the JointChiefs of Staff are almost …”

endnotes S. 352-399

„… the failed Bay ofPigs invasion of April 1961. See James G. Blight and Peter Kornbluh, Politics …” „… ofIllusion: The Bay of Pigs Invasion Reexamined (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner,1998). Our inquiries into the …” „… missile crisis and the Bay of Pigs invasion continuedall through the 1990s and into the twenty-first …”

index S. 406-423

„… Vietnam (Document 4-2), 61, 110, 131, 291–93Barry, Dave, 26Bartlett, Charles, 136–37, 373n47Bay of Pigs, 7 …” „… (Mac), 67, 92, 216,283, 372n42; and Bay of Pigs, 232;and combat troops, 53–58, 60–61,76–79, 360n20; and …” „… , 82,88–89Cater, Douglass, 166, 379n44Central Intelligence Agency (CIA):and Bay of Pigs, 7, 233, 334,392n47 …”

epilogue S. 251-274

„… send U.S.Marines into Cuba to support the Cuban exiles at the Bay of Pigs. Therewas one exception, an …” „… Kennedy’s successors.Recall that 1961 was, for Kennedy, the presidential year from hell,with the Bay of Pigs …” „… de-ployment of U.S. combat troops. Especially after the Bay of Pigs fiascoof April 1961, he was a minimalist …”

appendix a S. 275-340

„… president and the adoption of the platform, through the Bay ofPigs, through the Dominican Republic and Diem …” „… “Only in the last decade or two have some of the most revealing documents andaudiotapes been …” „… the President, No-vember 8, 1961]1In the fall of 1961, President Kennedy responds to the pleas of his …”

chapter 3 S. 53-96

„… . He was burned at the Bay of Pigs and the Chiefs never regainedtheir credibility. The disarray over …” „… of the Bay of Pigs, he is the championof the missile crisis, and he is personally liberated from …” „… whole year of bad luck, if not failure, for Kennedy: the Bay ofPigs, the Vienna summit, the Berlin Wall …”

chapter 4 S. 97-142

„… . As the members of the U.S.-backed Cuban exile brigade were being killed or captured at the Bay ofPigs …” „… of when we were going to withdraw troops.Six months later [when Johnson is president], the same two …” „… , 1963In the period immediately following the flurry of activity in November1961, Vietnam diminished in …”

chapter 2 S. 30-52

„… conferences at Musgrove on nuclear arms control (Soviets andAmericans) and on the Bay of Pigs invasion (Cubans …” „… adventure.THE FOREIGN POLICY EDUCATION OF JOHN F. KENNEDYBay of Pigs, Cuba, April 196117197-Photospread 12/3/08 …” „… conference table. The room in whichthe conference occurred is the main living room of Musgrove Plantation,the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9780742557659

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