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John Lang

Titanic

2012

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Background S. 28-94

„… 28BackgroundAnyone seeking to form a view about the circumstances that led to the loss of the …” „… background to everything that happened, and second, an introduction to the world of marine accident …”

Foreword S. 1-8

„… for over 40 yearsContentsForeword by Michael Grey MBE 7Preface 9Prologue 12Background 28 The North …”

Prologue S. 12-27

„… background and experience might be sufficient to be considered for it. I applied, and after a comprehensive …” „… chapter on the background to what happened on Titanic ’s maiden voyage and includes certain technicalities …”

The loss of RMS Titanic: a report S. 95-271

doi.org/10.5771/9781442218925

Lisa Marquardt - Looking Beyond The Dredges

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Lisa Marquardt

Looking Beyond The Dredges

Series: Umweltrechtliche Studien - Studies on Environmental Law

Volume 45 2014

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Background S. 29-64

„… 29 II. Background Chapter 2 first briefly reflects on the controversial nature of port development …” „… 208. Background 30 services for ships and cargo only. In recent decades, however, most major seaports …” „… Systems (Singapore 2011) at 53. Background 31 sult, ports need to ensure that their facilities and seaward …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-22

„… 23 2. Methodology and course of investigation 25 II. Background 29 1. The problematic nature of …” „… Policy Statement (BoP RPS) 244 (1) Background and relevant content 244 (2) The assessment of …” „… ) 249 (1) Background and relevant content 249 (2) The assessment of alternatives during the RCEP …”

Introduction S. 23-28

„… their culturally-specific legal, political and sociological background.9 Striking commonalities are …”

The assessment of alternatives during planning and consenting in New Zealand S. 191-264

The assessment of alternatives during planning and approval in Germany S. 65-190

„… the scope of judicial review that function as “background filters” for administrative and planning …”

Comparison, conclusions and recommendations S. 265-378

„… been developed that function as “background filters” for administrative and planning decisions …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845257792

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Frank Vollmer

Poverty Revisited

Series: Entwicklungstheorie und Entwicklungspolitik

Volume 12 2013

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Personal background S. 24-26

„… background and information about this study.Personal backgroundIn a due post-structuralist acknowledgement …” „… from the signifier, it might help to briefly illuminate this author’s personal background, in order to …” „… clarity in subsequence.However, my background also comprises studies in development and humanitarian …”

Motivation S. 24

„… background and information about this study.Personal backgroundIn a due post-structuralist acknowledgement …” „… from the signifier, it might help to briefly illuminate this author’s personal background, in order to …”

Methodology S. 23-24

„… background and information about this study.Personal backgroundIn a due post-structuralist acknowledgement …” „… from the signifier, it might help to briefly illuminate this author’s personal background, in order to …”

Ontological and epistemological considerations between Sen and Nussbaum: choosing capabilities S. 129-139

„… to assume that within a room filled with reasonable and/ or empathetic people of diverse backgrounds …” „… been influenced by her background as a feminist, moral philosopher and critic/ pundit of postmodernism …” „… , can be explained by specifying “ingreat detail a person’s background and other positional features in …”

Contents S. 9-14

„… Methodology 23Motivation 24Personal background 24Personal preference formation and Amartya Sen’s CA: meeting …”

Qual/ Quant: A Continuum with strengths and weaknesses S. 151-154

„… important to provide the reader with background information regarding thestrengths and weaknesses of the …”

The linear interlinkage between poverty definition, conceptualisation and categorisation S. 37-41

„… , suchas a person’s background and other context specific particularities, are taken intoaccount. While …”

The epistemological and ontological Q-squared debate S. 141-145

„… tooutline that a person’s background can shape, thought does not necessarily need to, oneschosen ontological …”

Last comment on “why”: multidimensionality and its place in the modern/ postmodern debate S. 154-158

„… important to provide the reader with background information regarding thestrengths and weaknesses of the …”

Liberalism and agency freedom S. 118-123

„… distinct academic backgrounds they are coming from.As a moral philosopher and feminist, Nussbaum aims to …”

Internet Sources S. 317-337

„… DChttp://tourisminvest.org/Mozambique/downloads/Investment%20climate%20background/General/Mozambique%20Pilot%20Investment%20Climate%20Assessment.pdf(accessed …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845244952

Stephan Wollbrink - A Violation of International Law as a Necessary Element of a "Threat to the Peace" under the UN Charter

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Stephan Wollbrink

A Violation of International Law as a Necessary Element of a "Threat to the Peace" under the UN Charter

Series: Nomos Universitätsschriften - Recht

Volume 840 2014

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Background S. 227-228

„… adoption of the resolution.Annex I:227Conflict in Palestine (1948)748BackgroundOn May 15, 1948, after the …” „… Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII ResolutionsThis annex will outline the situations in which …” „… . 77 ff.750 S/RES/54 (1948)751 S/RES/62 (1948)752 S/RES/54 (1948)Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of …”

Background S. 236-237

„… 502 (1982).Conflict between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Iraq (1987)BackgroundFrom the middle of …” „… the conflict.Conflict between Iraq and Kuwait (Gulf War) (1990)BackgroundIn 1990, Iraqi forces invaded …” „… .), United Nations: law, policies and practice, No. 28Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII …”

Background S. 261-262

„… international obligations.Situation in Zaire (today Democratic Republic of Congo) (1996)BackgroundIn 1996, the …” „… Albania (1997)BackgroundIn 1997, the Albanian state and population lost a large sum of funds following the …” „… ; S/PV.3713Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions262 …”

Background S. 262-263

„… international law.Situation in Albania (1997)BackgroundIn 1997, the Albanian state and population lost a large …” „… of international obligations.Situation in the Central African Republic (1997)BackgroundIn 1996, parts …” „… (1996)920 S/RES/1080 (1996)921 S/PV.3710; S/PV.3713Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII …”

Background S. 292-293

„… thepeace.Situation in Lebanon (assassination of Prime Minister Hariri) (2005)BackgroundIn 2005, the Lebanese Prime …” „… a breach of international law.Situation in Islamic Republic of Iran (2006)BackgroundIn 1970, Iran …” „… /1990 (2011)1063 E.g. S/RES/2032 (2011)1064 S/RES/1996 (2011)Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of …”

Background S. 235-236

„… Islands (Islas Malvinas) (1982)BackgroundEven though the UK had re-established its rule in the 1830s and …” „… 502 (1982).Conflict between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Iraq (1987)BackgroundFrom the middle of …” „… .), United Nations: law, policies and practice, No. 28Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII …”

Background S. 257-258

„… determineda threat to international peace.Situation in Rwanda (1994)BackgroundThe population in Rwanda is …” „… they often had better educational backgrounds than the Hutu population. Until 1990 the tensions between …” „… (1993)901 S/RES/929 (1994)902 E.g., S/RES/955 (1994)Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII …”

Background S. 297-298

„… (2007)BackgroundA civil war in Chad, which had already begun with minor clashes in 1960,broke out fully …” „… international law.Conflict between Eritrea and Djibouti (2009)BackgroundIn 2008, Eritrea and Djibouti began a …” „… (2007)1095 BBC News, France backing Djibouti in 'war'Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII …”

Background S. 246-248

„… international obligations.Situation in Somalia (1992)BackgroundIn the 1980s, several opposition movements were …” „… Nationen, p. 81 ff.839 S/RES/733 (2002)840 S/RES/794 (1992)841 S/RES/814 (1993)Annex I: Backgrounds and …” „… .), The Charter of the United Nations, Art. 2 (6) recital 74Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter …”

Background S. 237-240

„… between Iraq and Kuwait (Gulf War) (1990)BackgroundIn 1990, Iraqi forces invaded Kuwait and gained control …” „… (2002); S/RES/1454 (2002)796 S/RES/689 (1991); S/RES/806 (1993)Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of …” „… : Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions240 …”

Background S. 241-244

„… Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia andMontenegro) and Bosnia and Croatia (1991)BackgroundAfter …” „… ); S/RES/941 (1994); S/RES/1004 (1995)Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions242In the …” „… S/RES/713 (1991)Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions244 …”

Background S. 260

„… law.Situation in Sudan (failed attempt to assassinate President Mubarak)(1996)BackgroundIn 1995, an attempt to …” „… : Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions260 …”

Background S. 280

„… International Terrorism (2001)BackgroundInternational terrorism reached a new level of danger for …” „… /1566 (2004); S/RES/1787 (2007); S/RES/1805 (2008)1008 S/RES/1535 (2004)Annex I: Backgrounds and …”

Background S. 286

„… law.Non-proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction (2004)BackgroundAfter the September 11, 2001, attacks had proven to …” „… (2008); S/RES/1977 (2011)1036 Cf. S/RES/1540 (2004)Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII …”

Background S. 288

„… international law if it were tooccur.Situation in Burundi (2004)BackgroundFrom 1993 until 2005, a civil war …” „… : Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions288 …”

Background S. 296

„… Korea (2006)BackgroundNorth Korea had ratified the NPT in 1985. After diplomatic tensions, inparticular …” „… S/RES/1928 (2010); S/RES/1985 (2011)Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions296 …”

Background S. 232

„… Situation in Southern Rhodesia (today Zimbabwe) (1966)BackgroundSouthern Rhodesia had been a …” „… I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions232 …”

Background S. 300-301

„… Situation in Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (today Libya) (Arab Spring)(2011)BackgroundAfter the population …” „… : Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions300AnalysisWhile in the first resolution the Security …”

Background S. 230-231

„… law.Situation in the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) (today DR Congo)(1961)BackgroundIn 1960, the Republic …” „… , p. 269 ff.Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions230new Congolese government …”

Background S. 271-272

„… )BackgroundAfter the Portuguese colonial power had left East Timor in 1975, Indonesianforces occupied the territory …” „… : Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions272 …”

Background S. 293-294

„… a breach of international law.Situation in Islamic Republic of Iran (2006)BackgroundIn 1970, Iran …” „… /1929 (2010); S/RES/1984 (2011)1075 S/RES/1984 (2011)1076 Cf. Part I, E.III.1 p. 173Annex I: Backgrounds …”

Background S. 298-299

„… Eritrea and Djibouti (2009)BackgroundIn 2008, Eritrea and Djibouti began a border dispute that culminated …” „… Djibouti in 'war'Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions298ended, but Eritrea failed …”

Background S. 249-250

„… )BackgroundIn 1992 and 1993, two civilian airplanes crashed because of explosions ofbombs that terrorists had …” „… I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions250 …”

Background S. 251-252

„… Situation in Liberia (First Civil War) (1992)BackgroundIn 1989, rebels under the leadership of …” „… , Talmon in: Simma (ed.), The Charter of the United Nations,Art. 2 (6) recital 74Annex I: Backgrounds and …”

Background S. 253-254

„… Situation in Haiti (overthrow of President Aristide’s government)(1993)BackgroundIn 1990, after …” „… ); S/RES/875 (1993); S/RES/917 (1994)884 S/RES/940 (1994)Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII …”

Background S. 263-264

„… of international obligations.Situation in the Central African Republic (1997)BackgroundIn 1996, parts …” „… (1997) recital 3932 S/1997/561Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions264 …”

Background S. 265-266

„… its determination of the threat to the peace.Situation in Sierra Leone (1997)BackgroundThe civil war …” „… (2010)945 S/RES/1132 (1997)Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions266 …”

Background S. 275-276

„… threats to the peace.Conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrea (1999)BackgroundAfter gaining independence from …” „… )Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions276 …”

Background S. 284-285

„… determining thethreat in this conflict.Situation in Haiti (civil war) (2004)BackgroundAfter Jean Baptiste …” „… (2004)1027 S/RES/1542 (2004)Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions284adjustments to the …”

Background S. 233-234

„… internationallaw.Situation in South Africa (1977)BackgroundFrom independence in 1943, the South African Union’s government …” „… S/RES/919 (1994)775 S/RES/418 (1977)776 See Part I, E. III. 1.Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of …”

Background S. 255-256

„… refer tobreaches of international law.Situation in Angola (1993)BackgroundAngola had been a Portuguese …” „… . S/22609 and S/1994/1441, annexAnnex I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions256 …”

Background S. 267-268

„… Republic of Yugoslavia (1998)BackgroundUnlike in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia, where the tensions …” „… 74954 S/RES/1160 (1998) rec. 3Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions268 …”

Background S. 269-270

„… breaches of international obligations.Situation in Democratic Republic of Congo (1999)BackgroundAfter a …” „… of the Congo, 1993-2003, paras. 393 ff.965 S/RES/1234 (1999)966 S/RES/1291 (2000)Annex I: Backgrounds …”

Background S. 277-278

„… obligation.Situation in Liberia (Second Civil War) (2001)BackgroundThe government of Charles Taylor, who had been …” „… : Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions278 …”

Background S. 282-283

„… resolutions.1011Situation in Côte d’Ivoire (2003)BackgroundAfter years of political tensions in Côte d’Ivoire …” „… I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions282international missions in Côte d’Ivoire …”

Background S. 273-274

„… Situation in Afghanistan and Al-Qaida (1999)BackgroundIn the late 1990s, Usama bin Laden’s …” „… : Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions274 …”

Background S. 289-291

„… athreat inter alia on breaches of international law.Situation in Sudan (civil wars) (2004)BackgroundFrom …” „… : Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions290place and the UNMIS forces were not deployed in spite of …”

Background S. 281

„… International Criminal Court (2002)BackgroundOn July 1, 2002, the Rome Statute establishing the ICC …”

Background S. 295

„… Hezbollah (2006)BackgroundA conflict between Israel and Hezbollah erupted in 2006 on Lebanese territory …”

Background S. 229

„… international law.Conflict between the Republic of Korea and North Korea (1950)BackgroundIn 1910 the state of …”

Background S. 259

„… Ad hoc tribunals for Yugoslavia (1993) and Rwanda (1994)BackgroundIn the course of the particularly …”

Vorwort S. 5-17

„… ResolutionsAnnex I: 227Conflict in Palestine (1948)A. 228BackgroundI. 228AnalysisII. 228Conflict between the …” „… Republic of Korea and North Korea(1950)B.229BackgroundI. 229AnalysisII. 229Situation in the Republic of the …” „… Congo (Léopoldville) (today DRCongo) (1961)C.230BackgroundI. 230AnalysisII. 231Situation in Southern …”

Bibliography S. 307-318

„… .African Union Commission: AMISOM (African Union Mission in Somalia). Background and political Developments …” „… , 2008 [Source: http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/auc/departments/psc/amisom/AMISOM_Background …” „… d'Ivoire - MINUCI - Background [Source …”

Analysis S. 286-288

„… law.Non-proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction (2004)BackgroundAfter the September 11, 2001, attacks had proven to …” „… tooccur.Situation in Burundi (2004)BackgroundFrom 1993 until 2005, a civil war between the Hutu and the Tutsi …” „… (2008); S/RES/1977 (2011)1036 Cf. S/RES/1540 (2004)Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII …”

Analysis S. 295-296

„… Hezbollah (2006)BackgroundA conflict between Israel and Hezbollah erupted in 2006 on Lebanese territory …” „… )BackgroundNorth Korea had ratified the NPT in 1985. After diplomatic tensions, inparticular with the US, it …” „… : Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions296 …”

Analysis S. 260-261

„… law.Situation in Sudan (failed attempt to assassinate President Mubarak)(1996)BackgroundIn 1995, an attempt to …” „… Republic of Congo) (1996)BackgroundIn 1996, the Security Council addressed two Chapter VII Resolutions at …” „… : Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions260graph 4 of Resolution 1044 (1996)”.914 This request …”

Analysis S. 280-281

„… International Terrorism (2001)BackgroundInternational terrorism reached a new level of danger for …” „… analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions280International Criminal Court (2002)BackgroundOn July 1, 2002, the …” „… /1566 (2004); S/RES/1787 (2007); S/RES/1805 (2008)1008 S/RES/1535 (2004)Annex I: Backgrounds and …”

Analysis S. 281-282

„… International Criminal Court (2002)BackgroundOn July 1, 2002, the Rome Statute establishing the ICC …” „… d’Ivoire (2003)BackgroundAfter years of political tensions in Côte d’Ivoire, a rebel group attackedseveral …” „… (2003); S/RES/1514 (2003); S/RES/1527 (2004)1015 S/RES/1528 (2004)Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of …”

Analysis S. 296-297

„… Korea (2006)BackgroundNorth Korea had ratified the NPT in 1985. After diplomatic tensions, inparticular …” „… (2007)BackgroundA civil war in Chad, which had already begun with minor clashes in 1960,broke out fully …” „… S/RES/1928 (2010); S/RES/1985 (2011)Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions296 …”

Analysis S. 228-229

„… Conflict in Palestine (1948)748BackgroundOn May 15, 1948, after the British authorities had …” „… Republic of Korea and North Korea (1950)BackgroundIn 1910 the state of Korea ceased to exist following its …” „… S/RES/54 (1948)Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions228rights and duties.753 Thus …”

Analysis S. 229-230

„… international law.Conflict between the Republic of Korea and North Korea (1950)BackgroundIn 1910 the state of …” „… law.Situation in the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) (today DR Congo)(1961)BackgroundIn 1960, the Republic …” „… , p. 269 ff.Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions230 …”

Analysis S. 232-233

„… Situation in Southern Rhodesia (today Zimbabwe) (1966)BackgroundSouthern Rhodesia had been a …” „… Smith regime had breached internationallaw.Situation in South Africa (1977)BackgroundFrom independence …” „… I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions232ter VII Resolution was adopted. In addition …”

Analysis S. 256-257

„… peace.Situation in Rwanda (1994)BackgroundThe population in Rwanda is divided into different groups that …” „… , annexAnnex I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions256gated to respect human rights.893 In this …” „… backgrounds than the Hutu population. Until 1990 the tensions between the different groups continued but did …”

Analysis S. 259-260

„… Ad hoc tribunals for Yugoslavia (1993) and Rwanda (1994)BackgroundIn the course of the particularly …” „… attempt to assassinate President Mubarak)(1996)BackgroundIn 1995, an attempt to assassinate Egypt’s …” „… . Part I,A.I, p. 29912 S/RES/1054 (1996); S/RES/1070 (1996)913 S/RES/1372 (2001)Annex I: Backgrounds and …”

Analysis S. 288-289

„… international law if it were tooccur.Situation in Burundi (2004)BackgroundFrom 1993 until 2005, a civil war …” „… law.Situation in Sudan (civil wars) (2004)BackgroundFrom 1983 until 2005, the southern parts of Sudan fought for …” „… : Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions288region”1045), from Resolution 1641 (2005) on the …”

Analysis S. 244-246

„… Council with breaches of international obligations.Situation in Somalia (1992)BackgroundIn the 1980s …” „… )Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions244region. While at that point in time the …” „… Nationen, p. 81 ff.839 S/RES/733 (2002)840 S/RES/794 (1992)841 S/RES/814 (1993)Annex I: Backgrounds and …”

Analysis S. 278-280

„… )BackgroundInternational terrorism reached a new level of danger for states with theSeptember 11, 2001, attacks by Al-Qaida …” „… : Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions278child soldiers. This finding was later reaffirmed with …” „… (2008)1008 S/RES/1535 (2004)Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions280 …”

Analysis S. 262

„… international law.Situation in Albania (1997)BackgroundIn 1997, the Albanian state and population lost a large …” „… (1996)920 S/RES/1080 (1996)921 S/PV.3710; S/PV.3713Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII …”

Analysis S. 298

„… Eritrea and Djibouti (2009)BackgroundIn 2008, Eritrea and Djibouti began a border dispute that culminated …” „… Djibouti in 'war'Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions298 …”

Analysis S. 236

„… 502 (1982).Conflict between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Iraq (1987)BackgroundFrom the middle of …” „… .), United Nations: law, policies and practice, No. 28Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII …”

Analysis S. 231-232

„… ) (today DR Congo) (1961)231Situation in Southern Rhodesia (today Zimbabwe) (1966)BackgroundSouthern …” „… S/RES/221 (1966)768 S/RES/216 (1965)Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions232 …”

Analysis S. 294-295

„… by Iran.Conflict between Israel and Hezbollah (2006)BackgroundA conflict between Israel and Hezbollah …” „… /1929 (2010); S/RES/1984 (2011)1075 S/RES/1984 (2011)1076 Cf. Part I, E.III.1 p. 173Annex I: Backgrounds …”

Analysis S. 299-300

„… Djibouti (2009)299Situation in Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (today Libya) (Arab Spring)(2011)BackgroundAfter the …” „… : Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions300 …”

Analysis S. 240-241

„… Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia andMontenegro) and Bosnia and Croatia (1991)BackgroundAfter …” „… S/RES/1958 (2010)807 E.g., S/RES/1790 (2007)Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions …”

Analysis S. 250-251

„… of Chapter VII Resolutions250Situation in Liberia (First Civil War) (1992)BackgroundIn 1989, rebels …” „… S/RES/1503 (2003)861 Cf. S/RES/748 (1992) recital 5862 S/RES/883 (1993)Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses …”

Analysis S. 252-253

„… 252Situation in Haiti (overthrow of President Aristide’s government)(1993)BackgroundIn 1990, after …” „… the United Nations,Art. 2 (6) recital 74Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions …”

Analysis S. 254-255

„… not refer tobreaches of international law.Situation in Angola (1993)BackgroundAngola had been a …” „… ); S/RES/875 (1993); S/RES/917 (1994)884 S/RES/940 (1994)Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII …”

Analysis S. 264-265

„… (1997)BackgroundThe civil war in Sierra Leone commenced upon Charles Taylor’s invasionof the country …” „… ); S/RES/1159 (1998)930 S/RES/1125 (1997)931 S/RES/1125 (1997) recital 3932 S/1997/561Annex I: Backgrounds …”

Analysis S. 266-267

„… international law.Situation in Kosovo, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1998)BackgroundUnlike in Bosnia and …” „… (2010)945 S/RES/1132 (1997)Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions266the abduction of …”

Analysis S. 268-269

„… breaches of international obligations.Situation in Democratic Republic of Congo (1999)BackgroundAfter a …” „… Nations,Art. 2 (6) recital 74954 S/RES/1160 (1998) rec. 3Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII …”

Analysis S. 272-273

„… : Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions272Situation in Afghanistan and Al-Qaida (1999)BackgroundIn …”

Analysis S. 276-277

„… ) (2001)BackgroundThe government of Charles Taylor, who had been elected president in 1997,did not succeed …” „… )Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions276Security Council justified the …”

Analysis S. 283-284

„… )BackgroundAfter Jean Baptiste Aristide had been reinstated, he remained president until1996. Since Haiti’s …” „… StabilizationMission in Haiti)1026 S/RES/1529 (2004)1027 S/RES/1542 (2004)Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter …”

Analysis S. 285-286

„… law.Non-proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction (2004)BackgroundAfter the September 11, 2001, attacks had proven to …” „… (2008); S/RES/1977 (2011)1036 Cf. S/RES/1540 (2004)Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII …”

Analysis S. 291-292

„… )BackgroundIn 2005, the Lebanese Prime Minister and 19 other people were killed by abomb explosion. A UN …” „… assassinationII.I.1062 S/RES/1990 (2011)1063 E.g. S/RES/2032 (2011)1064 S/RES/1996 (2011)Annex I: Backgrounds and …”

Analysis S. 234-235

„… of international law.Conflict concerning the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) (1982)BackgroundEven …” „… .Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions234and to illegally invade neighboring …”

Analysis S. 248-249

„… )BackgroundIn 1992 and 1993, two civilian airplanes crashed because of explosions ofbombs that terrorists had …” „… the United Nations, Art. 2 (6) recital 74Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions …”

Analysis S. 258-259

„… (1993) and Rwanda (1994)BackgroundIn the course of the particularly violent conflicts in Yugoslavia and …” „… (1994)Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions258Ad hoc tribunals for Yugoslavia …”

Analysis S. 270-271

„… )BackgroundAfter the Portuguese colonial power had left East Timor in 1975, Indonesianforces occupied the territory …” „… /1234 (1999)966 S/RES/1291 (2000)Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions270rights …”

Analysis S. 274-275

„… threats to the peace.Conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrea (1999)BackgroundAfter gaining independence from …” „… S/RES/1386 (2001) recital 11Annex I: Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII Resolutions274lations by …”

Annex II: Chronological list of Chapter VII Resolutions S. 302-307

„… Union Mission in Somalia). Background and political Developments, 2008 [Source …” „… : http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/auc/departments/psc/amisom/AMISOM_Background.htm (30.12.2011)].Alter, Karen J.: The European Union's Legal System and Domestic Policy: Spillover …”

Analysis S. 293

„… a breach of international law.Situation in Islamic Republic of Iran (2006)BackgroundIn 1970, Iran …”

Analysis S. 237

„… between Iraq and Kuwait (Gulf War) (1990)BackgroundIn 1990, Iraqi forces invaded Kuwait and gained control …”

Analysis S. 263

„… of international obligations.Situation in the Central African Republic (1997)BackgroundIn 1996, parts …”

Schlussbemerkung S. 226-227

„… .747 Part I, F. IV.Part II: Deutsche Zusammenfassung226Backgrounds and analyses of Chapter VII …”

European Court of Justice and its extensive interpretation of own competences S. 114-118

„… respect is that the cultural, developmental andreligious backgrounds of the Member States of the UN are of …”

Reason for investigation S. 19-24

„… requirements. With this background, it is the predominant opinion thatthe Security Council is obliged to comply …”

Enhancing morality and legitimacy S. 126-136

„… depend to a large extent on the cultural,economic and political background of each state.414In …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845252285

Victoria Asaba Chege - Multidimensional Discrimination in EU Law: Sex, Race and Ethnicity

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Victoria Asaba Chege

Multidimensional Discrimination in EU Law: Sex, Race and Ethnicity

Series: Arbeits- und Sozialrecht

Volume 118 2011

Results in this title

Background S. 43-45

„… . Background The concept of multidimensionality is a relatively new concept that developed out of, and as a …” „… Aspects of Race Discrimination. Background Paper for the Expert Meeting on the Gender-Related Aspects of …” „… also interact with the structural background features like unemployment, poverty, lack of skills, among …”

General background S. 94-96

„… hand and secondary sources. B. Analysis of social data I. General background A number of studies …” „… 14,784,800 persons with a migrant background living in Germany.49 Out of these, 7,464,100 had acquired German …” „… , (women: 238,500 or around 53 per cent).52 Though Germany did not have a vibrant colonial background, the …”

Germany S. 96-113

„… 14,784,800 persons with a migrant background living in Germany.49 Out of these, 7,464,100 had acquired German …” „… , (women: 238,500 or around 53 per cent).52 Though Germany did not have a vibrant colonial background, the …” „… . Accordingly, 3.4 million pupils attending the general schools and vocational training had a migrant background …”

Research question S. 23-26

„… sex discrimination. At the same time, the existing structural background features or context within …” „… related factors, also contribute to the effects of discriminatory experience. The structural background …” „… , nation- 1 See K. Crenshaw, Gender Related Aspects of Race Discrimination. Background Paper for the Expert …”

Identifying the socio-context S. 333-335

„… background features including class, patriarchy, unemployment, poverty, or other discriminatory practices.218 …” „… a given socio-economic background, groups have varying levels of socioeconomic vulnerability and …” „… Aspects of Race Discrimination. Background Paper for the Expert Meeting on the Gender-Related Aspects of …”

The United Kingdom (UK) S. 91-94

„… persons with different migrant origins, professional ranks and educational backgrounds. To capture the …” „… persons from different origins, age and professional backgrounds, marital status and parenthood.13 The …” „… social data I. General background A number of studies indicate that both ethnic minorities and women in …”

Concluding remarks S. 347-348

„… the EES. Background Paper. Social Inclusion, 2002. Online. Available at …” „… contribute to making the social-economic background of different groups vulnerable. …”

Addressing inconsistencies S. 317-326

„… interactions between some categories with each other or with existing background features may be associated …” „… structural backgrounds varied along ethnic and gender lines. Addressing such structural disadvantage or …” „… that the EU immigration policy served as a background for the growth of racism in the EU through the …”

External barriers S. 124-129

„… that irrespective of qualifications or school marks, persons with a migrant background tend to be more …” „… disadvantaged in the labour market than non-migrant Germans.273 Thus, young adults with a migrant background are …” „… background was only 32 per cent.275 According to the European Network Against Racism (ENAR), 29 per cent of …”

Final remarks S. 229-230

„… interaction of grounds with each other and with the prevailing background features. Apart from the concept of …” „… structural background is to be ameliorated by the directives. This too might need to be redressed. C. Final …”

Issues not addressed S. 228-229

„… interaction of grounds with each other and with the prevailing background features. Apart from the concept of …” „… structural background is to be ameliorated by the directives. This too might need to be redressed. C. Final …”

Table of Contents S. 9-16

„… multidimensionality 43 I. Background 43 II. Conceptual structure: Additive and intersectional discrimination 45 III …” „… ) 91 B. Analysis of social data 94 I. General background 94 II. Germany 96 1. Immigrant demographics 96 …”

The inconsistent levels of protection S. 189-205

„… sphere, in many countries, women from racial and ethnic minority backgrounds are increasingly working as …” „… minority women is underlined by the fact that their structural background is at the same time made …” „… backgrounds and with refugee status, with a resulting increase in the mortality death rate.126 117 See …”

Germany S. 89-91

„… educational backgrounds. To capture the gender-aspect of migration, 14 female and 13 male participants were …” „… . The interviewees represented persons from different origins, age and professional backgrounds, marital …”

The concepts and conceptions in equality law S. 326-333

„… interacted with each other and with the underlying structural background features including class, patriarchy …” „… background, groups have varying levels of socioeconomic vulnerability and this greatly impacts on the way …” „… Discrimination. Background Paper for the Expert Meeting on the Gender-Related Aspects of Race Discrimination …”

Intersectionality revisited S. 53-61

„… interactions between grounds, between grounds and prevailing background features, and the resulting …” „… undergone combines with existing background structures like class, patriarchy, unemployment, or other …” „… role played by structural background features in social reality, the next section examines the extent …”

Ethnic minority women S. 39-41

„… minority women with a migrant background. These may be EU citizens as well as ethnic minority women who are …” „… The Roma may also have a migrant background from an historic point of view;113 however, since they …”

Reasons associated with immigrants S. 121-124

„… than either White women or men from the same ethnic backgrounds.234 C. Reasons for disadvantage faced …” „… cent for German men with no migrant background. Conversely, disproportionately more non-migrant women …”

Beyond equality law – structural intersectionality at the interface of anti-discrimination law and other policies – The European Employment Strategy (EES) S. 338-347

„… that were identified as constituting the socioeconomic background features faced by ethnic minority …” „… participation for older workers and people with a migrant background. There is no indication of any …” „… bad for you’, p. 334. 325 Hatzopolous, ibid. 326 Commission, Impact Evaluation of the EES. Background …”

Conceptual structure: Additive and intersectional discrimination S. 45-51

„… also interact with the structural background features like unemployment, poverty, lack of skills, among …” „… not just a sum of sex and race discrimination per se.18 In her background paper delivered at the …”

Conceptual structure S. 182-189

„… backgrounds which might for example lead to unequal starting points.20 Both the formal and substantive …” „… a policy which is aimed at increasing the number of teachers with a migration background with a view …”

Effects of gender and ethnicity S. 130

„… and sex. These are notably groups with a predominantly Muslim background. The Moving on Up …”

Intra-group differences S. 130

„… and sex. These are notably groups with a predominantly Muslim background. The Moving on Up …”

Equality and equal treatment S. 41-42

„… laws of the EU Member States in which they reside.112 The Roma may also have a migrant background from …”

Preliminary remarks S. 129-130

„… addition to ethnicity and sex. These are notably groups with a predominantly Muslim background. The Moving …”

Position of ethnic minority women beyond education and the labour market S. 133-134

„… White women and women from higher socio-economic backgrounds. The maternity mortality rates among …”

Research objective S. 31-32

„… with the view of developing a conceptual framework and a working background for addressing …”

Need for a religious dimension? S. 130-131

„… and sex. These are notably groups with a predominantly Muslim background. The Moving on Up …”

Methodology S. 32-34

„… developing a conceptual framework and a working background for addressing multidimensionality in EU equality …”

Redressing the social context through anti-discrimination law S. 335-338

„… based on ad hoc individual claims and may not affect the structural background itself. Also …”

Peculiarities of EU equality law S. 217-220

„… intensity of discrimination might vary according to other background factors is not new in EU law. This …”

USA S. 61-76

„… background features in social reality, the next section examines the extent to which equality law has taken …” „… than White American women. Due to their vulnerable structural background, which includes high rates of …”

Approach of UK Courts S. 250-256

„… assist children from ethnic minority backgrounds who had special needs. They basically ranged from …”

Introducing a provision on multidimensionality S. 293-317

„… imply that certain interactions between some categories with each other or with existing background …” „… revealed that the structural backgrounds varied along ethnic and gender lines. Addressing such structural …”

The United Kingdom S. 113-121

„… and significant wage gaps than either White women or men from the same ethnic backgrounds.234 C …”

Racial or ethnic origin S. 142-150

„… , some immigrants might acquire citizenship rights and become nationals. Their immigrant background might …”

Concept of discrimination S. 156-164

„… directive adopted under this legal basis must be undertaken against the background of the Court’s caselaw on …”

Literature S. 377-412

„… : 1241-1299. Crenshaw, K., Gender Related Aspects of Race Discrimination. Background Paper for the Expert …” „… . Background Paper. Social Inclusion, 2002. Online. Available at …”

Enforcement S. 205-217

„… and acknowledging that the intensity of discrimination might vary according to other background …”

Reasons for restricted approach S. 279-291

„… special support of women in the work place.354 Within the background of these varying concepts of …”

Conclusion and final theses S. 349-376

„… level to address disadvantage that arises due to the interplay of the structural background features …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845227825

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